2726:
429:
320:
living area, a small galley, exercise area, and hygiene facilities with closed-cycle water purification. The lower deck of the Mars
Habitat Unit provides the primary working space for the crew: small laboratory areas for carrying out geology and life science research; storage space for samples, airlocks for reaching the surface of Mars, and a suiting-up area where crew members prepare for surface operations. Protection from harmful radiation while in space and on the surface of Mars (e.g. from
56:
563:" proposals involve not returning the first immigrant/explorers immediately, or ever. It has been suggested the cost of sending a four or six person team could be one fifth to one tenth the cost of returning that same four or six person team. Depending on the precise approach taken, a quite complete lab could be sent and landed for less than the cost of sending back even 50 kilos of Martian rocks. Twenty or more persons could be sent for the cost of returning four.
2590:
2602:
673:
1336:
246:. Precise landing would be supported by a radar beacon started by the first lander. Once on Mars, the crew would spend 18 months on the surface, carrying out a range of scientific research, aided by a small rover vehicle carried aboard their Mars Habitat Unit, and powered by the methane produced by the Earth Return Vehicle.
436:
Zubrin and Weaver developed a modified version of Mars Direct, called Mars Semi-Direct, in response to some specific criticisms. This mission consists of three spacecraft and includes a "Mars Ascent
Vehicle" (MAV). The ERV remains in Mars orbit for the return journey, while the uncrewed MAV lands and
331:
Since it was first proposed as a part of Mars Direct, the Mars
Habitat Unit has been adopted by NASA as a part of their Mars Design Reference Mission, which uses two Mars Habitat Units – one of which flies to Mars uncrewed, providing a dedicated laboratory facility on Mars, together with the capacity
217:
trajectory to Mars, and would carry a crew of four astronauts (the minimum number required so that the team can be split in two without leaving anyone alone). The
Habitat Unit would not be launched until the automated factory aboard the ERV had signaled the successful production of chemicals required
88:
By
December 1990, a study to estimate the project's cost determined that long-term expenditure would total approximately 450 billion dollars spread over 20 to 30 years. The "90 Day Study" as it came to be known (also “90 Day Report” from people such as Zubrin), evoked a hostile Congressional reaction
371:
After being granted a small research fund at Martin
Marietta, Zubrin and his colleagues successfully demonstrated an in-situ propellant generator which achieved an efficiency of 94%. No chemical engineers partook in the development of the demonstration hardware. After showing the positive results to
535:
program. These are two or three decked vertical cylinders ~8 m in diameter and 8 m high. Mars
Society Australia plans to build its own station based on the Mars Oz design. The Mars Oz design features a horizontal cylinder 4.7 m in diameter and 18 m long, with a tapered nose. A second similar module
265:
Follow-up missions would be dispatched at 2 year intervals to Mars to ensure that a redundant ERV would be on the surface at all times, waiting to be used by the next crewed mission or the current crew in an emergency. In such an emergency scenario, the crew would trek hundreds of kilometers to the
522:
reference mission, based on Mars Semi-Direct. This study uses horizontally landing, bent biconic shaped modules, and relies on solar power and chemical propulsion throughout, where Mars Direct and the DRMs used nuclear reactors for surface power and, in the case of the DRMs for propulsion as well.
495:
acting as their interplanetary cruise habitat. Additional living space for the journey would be enabled through the use of inflatable add-on modules if required. The problems associated with long-term weightlessness would be addressed in the same manner as the baseline Mars Direct plan, a tether
319:
The Mars
Habitat Unit is a 2- or 3-deck vehicle providing a comprehensive living and working environment for a Mars crew. In addition to individual sleeping quarters which provide a degree of privacy for each of the crew and a place for personal effects, the Mars Habitat Unit includes a communal
399:
that could affect long-duration expeditionary space missions. Early human spaceflight missions to Mars are expected by some to have significant psycho-social problems to overcome, as well as provide considerable data for refining mission design, mission planning, and crew selection for future
188:
of the
Martian atmosphere to create up to 112 tonnes of methane and oxygen. This relatively simple chemical-engineering procedure was used regularly in the 19th and 20th centuries, and would ensure that only 7% of the return propellant would need to be carried to the surface of Mars.
503:
has demonstrated that a robotic Dragon would be capable of a fully propulsive landing on the
Martian surface. On the surface, the crew would have at their disposal two Dragon spacecraft with inflatable modules as habitats, two ERVs, two Mars ascent vehicles and 8 tonnes of cargo.
327:
The Mars Habitat Unit would also include a small pressurized rover that is stored in the lower deck area and assembled on the surface of Mars. Powered by a methane engine, it is designed to extend the range over which astronauts can explore the surface of Mars out to 320 km.
310:
The Earth Return Vehicle is a two-stage vehicle. The upper stage comprises the living accommodation for the crew during their six-month return trip to Earth from Mars. The lower stage contains the vehicle's rocket engines and a small chemical production plant.
467:, on version 5.0 as of September 1, 2012, calls for a significant upgrade in hardware (at least three launches per mission, rather than two), and sends the ERV to Mars fully fueled, parking it in orbit above the planet for subsequent rendezvous with the MAV.
143:. After receiving approval from management at Marietta, a 12-man team within the company began to work out the details of the mission. While they focused primarily on more traditional mission architectures, Zubrin began to collaborate with colleague
896:
367:
and advanced propulsion concepts. The NASA administration rejected Mars Direct. Zubrin remained committed to the strategy, and after parting with David Baker attempted to convince the new NASA administration of Mars Direct's merits in 1992.
391:
was tentatively developed for implementation in the 2030s. In 2009 the Obama administration began a review of the Constellation program, and after budgetary concerns the program was cancelled in 2010.
355:
in April 1990, where reception was very positive. The engineers flew around the country to present their plan, which generated significant interest. When their tour culminated in a demonstration at the
196:
on a trajectory back home at the conclusion of the surface stay; the rest would be available for Mars rovers. The process of generating fuel is expected to require approximately ten months to complete.
437:
manufactures propellants for the ascent back up to Mars orbit. The Mars Semi-Direct architecture has been used as the basis of a number of studies, including the NASA Design Reference Missions.
222:
would be generated by tethering the Habitat Unit to the spent upper stage of the booster, and setting them rotating about a common axis. This rotation would produce a comfortable 1
387:, a human spaceflight initiative with the goal of sending humans to the Moon by 2020. While a Mars mission was not specifically detailed, a plan to reach Mars based on utilizing the
144:
35:
103:
on April 1, 1992, officially abandoning plans for near-term human exploration beyond Earth orbit with the shift towards a "faster, better, cheaper" strategy for robotic exploration.
258:, leaving the Mars Habitat Unit for the possible use of subsequent explorers. On the return trip to Earth, the propulsion stage of the Earth Return Vehicle would be used as a
396:
127:
Zubrin's alternative to this "Battlestar Galactica" mission strategy (dubbed so by its detractors for the large, nuclear powered spaceships that supposedly resembled
147:'s extremely simple, stripped-down and robust strategy. Their goal to "use local resources, travel light, and live off the land" became the hallmark of Mars Direct.
432:
Artist's rendering of Mars Semi-Direct/DRA 1.0: The Manned Habitat Unit is "docked" alongside a pre placed habitat that was sent ahead of the Earth Return Vehicle.
119:'s plan was to fully utilize as many technologies as possible in support of sending the mission to Mars, it would become politically untenable. In his own words:
2670:
332:
to carry a larger rover vehicle. The second Mars Habitat Unit flies to Mars with the crew, its interior given over completely to living and storage space.
1106:
A Practical Architecture for Exploration-Focused Manned Mars Missions Using Chemical Propulsion, Solar Power Generation and In-Situ Resource Utilisation
499:
The Dragon's heatshield characteristics could allow for a safe descent if landing rockets of sufficient power were made available. Research at NASA's
1205:
115:
designing interplanetary mission architectures, Robert Zubrin perceived a fundamental flaw in the SEI program. Zubrin came to understand that if
512:
The Mars Society and Stanford studies retain the original two-vehicle mission profile of Mars Direct, but increase the crew size to six.
274:
The Mars Direct proposal includes a component for a Launch Vehicle "Ares", an Earth Return Vehicle (ERV) and a Mars Habitat Unit (MHU).
379:
In November 2003, Zubrin was invited to speak to the U.S. Senate committee on the future of space exploration. Two months later the
523:
The Mars Oz reference mission also differs in assuming, based on space station experience, that spin gravity will not be required.
2639:
26:
which purports to be both cost-effective and possible with current technology. It was originally detailed in a research paper by
1850:
1920:
1449:
1437:
1432:
1166:
836:
340:
2059:
2044:
444:, Mars Semi-Direct was predicted to cost 55 billion dollars over 10 years, capable of fitting into the existing NASA budget.
2518:
744:
139:
and craft launched directly from the surface of Earth to Mars as opposed to be being assembled in orbit or by a space-based
1775:
1198:
2273:
1860:
2513:
1149:
767:
295:
1130:
2142:
1401:
1229:
937:
706:
408:
Since Mars Direct was initially conceived, it has undergone regular review and development by Zubrin himself, the
2781:
1795:
1191:
1306:
2716:
Merchants of Despair: Radical Environmentalists, Criminal Pseudo-Scientists, and the Fatal Cult of Antihumanism
1835:
1672:
1629:
1275:
880:
532:
302:
of the payload. Ares would put 121 tonnes into a 300 km circular orbit, and boost 47 tonnes toward Mars.
915:
1396:
82:
2248:
1442:
1379:
1321:
1280:
496:
between the Dragon habitat and the TMI (Trans-Mars Injection) stage acting to allow rotation of the craft.
452:
380:
160:
The first flight of the Ares rocket (not to be confused with the similarly named rocket of the now defunct
136:
78:
2725:
1569:
1104:
226:
working environment for the astronauts, freeing them of the debilitating effects of long-term exposure to
2632:
2478:
2233:
2228:
2137:
1745:
1316:
642:
352:
128:
2410:
2243:
2114:
2000:
1887:
2755:
2530:
2345:
2037:
1855:
1564:
1010:(2nd ed.). El Segundo, California, and Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Microcosm Press and Springer.
637:
476:
2448:
2440:
2017:
1031:
632:", a short clip shows the first man on Mars with a spacecraft that resembles the Mars Habitat Unit.
464:
448:
1780:
1830:
1687:
1359:
1113:
629:
44:. It now serves as a staple of Zubrin's speaking engagements and general advocacy as head of the
2750:
2625:
2220:
2195:
2032:
1935:
1877:
1809:
1697:
1591:
1026:
515:
357:
479:, Zubrin has posited a dramatically lower cost human Mars mission using hardware developed by
168:
to Mars after a 6-month cruise phase, with a supply of hydrogen, a chemical plant and a small
89:
towards SEI given that it would have required the largest single government expenditure since
85:
he described long-term plans which would culminate in a human mission to the surface of Mars.
2415:
2395:
2268:
2079:
2027:
2022:
2005:
1882:
1867:
1581:
1523:
1480:
1214:
1165:
Zubrin, Baker. (1990). "Mars Direct, Humans to the Red Planet by 1999." 41st Congress of the
872:
866:
691:
384:
364:
360:
they received a standing ovation. The plan gained rapid media attention shortly afterwards.
161:
132:
23:
282:
The plan involves several launches making use of heavy-lift boosters of similar size to the
2430:
2425:
2212:
1586:
1549:
1418:
656:
Both Mars Direct and Mars for Less concepts figure prominently in Brian Enke's 2005 novel,
500:
373:
299:
49:
8:
2606:
2562:
2375:
1985:
1965:
1930:
1682:
1554:
1413:
1259:
982:
686:
678:
531:
The Mars Society has argued the viability of the Mars Habitat Unit concept through their
417:
343:(MARS), which has established a number of prototype Mars Habitat Units around the world.
214:
2303:
2012:
1925:
1915:
1664:
1622:
1080:
1055:
581:
219:
100:
1025:. AIAA93-2089,29th AIAA/ASME Joint Propulsion Conference. Monterey CA, United States.
2663:
2535:
2472:
2323:
2313:
2200:
2178:
2156:
2094:
2084:
2069:
1995:
1980:
1945:
1940:
1785:
1513:
1454:
1390:
1085:
1056:"An efficient approach for Mars Sample Return using emerging commercial capabilities"
876:
540:
492:
441:
173:
74:
40:
1071:
2540:
2465:
2122:
2104:
2089:
2049:
1960:
1872:
1353:
1301:
1075:
1067:
1036:
818:
Scott J. Gill (Director), Joshua B. Dasal (Writer), Scott J. Gill (Writer) (2007).
697:
388:
964:
428:
294:
components. This proposed rocket is dubbed "Ares", which would use space shuttle
2572:
2525:
2183:
2074:
1970:
1955:
1950:
1902:
1892:
1845:
1840:
1750:
1735:
1710:
1677:
1647:
1559:
615:
573:
480:
169:
112:
27:
731:
2704:
2483:
1805:
1760:
1715:
1485:
1364:
1254:
547:
in which issues were discussed surrounding NASA funding of the project, and on
324:) would be provided by a dedicated "storm shelter" in the core of the vehicle.
287:
238:
Upon reaching Mars, the upper stage would be jettisoned, with the Habitat Unit
227:
185:
941:
180:) would be used to combine a small amount of hydrogen (8 tons) carried by the
2775:
2760:
2687:
2648:
2593:
2361:
2190:
2173:
2165:
2099:
2054:
1975:
1910:
1825:
1740:
1730:
1720:
1615:
862:
606:
586:
291:
259:
31:
774:
2745:
2552:
2547:
2488:
2420:
2400:
2064:
1820:
1765:
1705:
1528:
1508:
1490:
1285:
1134:
1089:
840:
596:
560:
488:
409:
336:
321:
218:
for operation on the planet and the return trip to Earth. During the trip,
177:
90:
55:
45:
376:, the NASA administration still held several reservations about the plan.
298:, a modified shuttle external tank, and a new Lox/LH2 third stage for the
59:
Artist depiction of the Habitat Unit and the Earth Return Vehicle on Mars.
2297:
2292:
1755:
1576:
1374:
646:
591:
487:. In this simpler plan, a crew of two would be sent to Mars by a single
239:
1183:
1040:
819:
714: – Defunct organization and company that promoted Mars colonization
2405:
2390:
1725:
1655:
1596:
1533:
650:
96:
2557:
2493:
2127:
1990:
1518:
1815:
768:"90 Day Review: The 90 day review of President H.W. Bush's SEI plan"
2567:
2279:
2260:
2132:
1427:
1311:
711:
624:
283:
2682:
Mars On Earth: The Adventures of Space Pioneers in the High Arctic
363:
Resistance to the plan came from teams within NASA working on the
1770:
1459:
140:
2699:
Benedict Arnold: A Drama of the American Revolution in Five Acts
2617:
93:. Within a year, all funding requests for SEI had been denied.
1335:
745:"Remarks on the 20th Anniversary of the Apollo 11 Moon Landing"
484:
1178:
1464:
192:
96 tonnes of methane and oxygen would be needed to send the
1638:
1218:
413:
116:
1114:
Proceedings of the 6th Australian Space Science Conference
536:
will function as a garage and power and logistics module.
1369:
645:", a NASA staffer describes Mars Direct to the skeptical
209:
is originally launched from Earth, a second vehicle, the
1021:
Zubrin, Robert M.; Weaver, David B. (June 28–30, 1993).
913:
242:
into Mars orbit before soft-landing in proximity to the
123:
The exact opposite of the correct way to do engineering.
2671:
Islands in the Sky: Bold New Ideas for Colonizing Space
1607:
702:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
38:
in 1990, and later expanded upon in Zubrin's 1996 book
1023:
Practical methods for near-term piloted Mars missions
865:; Wagner, Robert; Clarke, Arthur (October 16, 1996).
835:
Thompson, Elvia; Davis, Jennifer (November 4, 2009).
335:
To prove the viability of the Mars Habitat Unit, the
668:
2677:
Entering Space: Creating a Spacefaring Civilization
1054:Gonzales, Andrew A.; Stoker, Carol R. (June 2016).
1150:"Aldrin: Mars Pioneers Should Not Return to Earth"
861:
813:
811:
809:
807:
805:
803:
801:
799:
797:
795:
526:
290:missions, which would potentially be derived from
262:to generate artificial gravity for the trip back.
172:. Once there, a series of chemical reactions (the
475:With the potentially imminent advent of low-cost
233:
77:announced plans for what came to be known as the
2773:
855:
700: – Defunct, proposed a crewed flyby mission
440:When subjected to the same cost-analysis as the
249:
1103:Willson, D.; Clarke, J.D.A. (19–21 July 2006).
1005:
871:(1st Touchstone ed.). Free Press. p.
792:
68:
1053:
613:Mars Direct forms the basis for the 2000 film
129:the science-fiction spaceship of the same name
2633:
1623:
1199:
1102:
965:"Mars Direct: Humans to Mars in 1999! (1990)"
834:
732:http://www.marssociety.org/home/about/purpose
551:, where the plan is discussed more in-depth.
1020:
135:in the form of a conjunction class mission,
1147:
458:
2640:
2626:
1630:
1616:
1206:
1192:
1213:
1131:"Mars Society Australia Mars-Oz web site"
1079:
1030:
999:
653:and is able to convince him of its merit.
470:
447:Mars Semi-Direct became the basis of the
572:Mars Direct is the mission mode used in
427:
54:
983:"Constellation program | space program"
914:Professor H.G. Söderbaum (2 Sep 2012).
305:
266:other ERV in their long-range vehicle.
81:(SEI). In a speech on the steps of the
2774:
1450:Arctic Mars Analog Svalbard Expedition
1433:Mars Analogue Research Station Program
1167:International Astronautical Federation
341:Mars Analogue Research Station Program
213:, would be launched on a 6-month long
2621:
1611:
1187:
935:
824:(Documentary). Denver, Colorado, USA.
765:
397:psychological and sociological issues
1006:Kanas, Nicholas; Manzey, D. (2008).
314:
962:
916:"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1912"
463:The NASA model, referred to as the
423:
150:
13:
254:To return, the crew would use the
131:) involved a longer surface stay,
16:Proposal for a crewed Mars mission
14:
2793:
2647:
1230:List of crewed Mars mission plans
1172:
1148:O'Neill, Ian (October 23, 2008).
766:Cohen, Aaron (October 19, 2010).
707:List of crewed Mars mission plans
604:, as well as Zubrin's own novel,
351:Baker pitched Mars Direct at the
277:
48:, an organization devoted to the
2724:
2600:
2589:
2588:
1334:
671:
518:developed their own four-person
507:
200:
1141:
1123:
1096:
1072:10.1016/j.actaastro.2016.02.013
1047:
1014:
1008:Space Psychology and Psychiatry
975:
956:
554:
527:Mars Analogue Research Stations
155:
73:On July 20, 1989, US President
1276:Austere Human Missions to Mars
929:
907:
903:. Colorado Secretary of State.
889:
828:
759:
737:
724:
539:Mars Direct was featured on a
533:Mars Analogue Research Station
383:announced the creation of the
296:Advanced Solid Rocket Boosters
234:Landing and surface operations
106:
1:
1397:Mars Design Reference Mission
1119:. Canberra. pp. 186–211.
718:
566:
269:
250:Return and follow-up missions
83:National Air and Space Museum
2045:Recurring slope lineae (RSL)
1380:Space Exploration Initiative
1322:Vision for Space Exploration
1281:Mars Piloted Orbital Station
453:Space Exploration Initiative
403:
346:
137:in situ resource utilization
79:Space Exploration Initiative
69:Space Exploration Initiative
7:
2479:Inspiration Mars Foundation
664:
643:The Warfare of Genghis Khan
600:, Robert M. Blevins' novel
451:1.0 of NASA, replacing the
353:Marshall Spaceflight Center
10:
2798:
2514:Artificial objects on Mars
971:– via www.wired.com.
63:
2756:Nuclear salt-water rocket
2733:
2722:
2655:
2583:
2531:List of films set on Mars
2506:
2457:
2439:
2383:
2374:
2354:
2346:C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring)
2338:
2259:
2211:
2164:
2155:
2143:Classical albedo features
2113:
1901:
1794:
1696:
1663:
1654:
1645:
1542:
1499:
1473:
1412:
1343:
1332:
1294:
1268:
1247:
1238:
1225:
901:Colorado Business Records
694: – Proposed concepts
602:The 13th Day of Christmas
205:Some 26 months after the
164:) would take an uncrewed
2449:List of missions to Mars
1637:
465:Design Reference Mission
459:Design Reference Mission
449:Design Reference Mission
2607:Solar System portal
1360:Martian Piloted Complex
987:Encyclopedia Britannica
630:The Luck of the Fryrish
545:Mars: The Next Frontier
395:There are a variety of
2782:Human missions to Mars
2751:Ethics of terraforming
2221:Solar eclipses on Mars
2080:"Swiss cheese" feature
1936:Concentric crater fill
1592:Mars atmospheric entry
649:Deputy Chief of Staff
516:Mars Society Australia
471:Mars Direct and SpaceX
433:
358:National Space Society
125:
60:
1582:Mars orbit rendezvous
1524:Mars Excursion Module
1481:Caves of Mars Project
1307:Constellation program
1137:on February 20, 2012.
963:Portree, David S. F.
692:Human mission to Mars
477:heavy lift capability
431:
385:Constellation program
162:Constellation program
121:
58:
24:human mission to Mars
2421:Permanent settlement
1587:Terraforming of Mars
1550:Colonization of Mars
837:"Daniel Saul Goldin"
821:The Mars Underground
501:Ames Research Center
374:Johnson Space Center
339:has implemented the
306:Earth Return Vehicle
300:trans-Mars injection
256:Earth Return Vehicle
244:Earth Return Vehicle
207:Earth Return Vehicle
194:Earth Return Vehicle
182:Earth Return Vehicle
166:Earth Return Vehicle
133:a faster flight-path
50:colonization of Mars
22:is a proposal for a
2711:How to Live on Mars
2563:Timekeeping on Mars
2240:Planetary transits
2225:Satellite transits
2138:Observation history
1986:Lobate debris apron
1555:Exploration of Mars
1260:SpaceX Mars program
1041:10.2514/6.1993-2089
780:on October 28, 2004
730:"The Mars Society"
687:Exploration of Mars
679:Solar System portal
418:Stanford University
381:Bush administration
215:low-energy transfer
938:"Ares Mars Direct"
582:Geoffrey A. Landis
434:
220:artificial gravity
101:NASA Administrator
61:
2769:
2768:
2664:The Case for Mars
2615:
2614:
2568:Sol (day on Mars)
2536:Martian scientist
2519:Memorials on Mars
2502:
2501:
2473:The Case for Mars
2370:
2369:
2151:
2150:
2085:Terrain softening
2050:Ring mold craters
2018:North Polar Basin
1941:Dark slope streak
1786:Vastitas Borealis
1683:Dust devil tracks
1605:
1604:
1514:Crewed Mars rover
1455:Concordia Station
1391:The Case for Mars
1330:
1329:
1060:Acta Astronautica
944:on 5 October 2012
868:The Case for Mars
734:Retrieved 9/30/12
658:Shadows of Medusa
541:Discovery Channel
493:Dragon spacecraft
315:Mars Habitat Unit
211:Mars Habitat Unit
174:Sabatier reaction
111:While working at
75:George H. W. Bush
41:The Case for Mars
2789:
2728:
2642:
2635:
2628:
2619:
2618:
2605:
2604:
2603:
2592:
2591:
2466:The Mars Project
2381:
2380:
2329:
2319:
2309:
2287:
2285:
2284:
2162:
2161:
2023:Ocean hypothesis
1873:Outflow channels
1661:
1660:
1632:
1625:
1618:
1609:
1608:
1354:The Mars Project
1338:
1317:Inspiration Mars
1302:Aurora programme
1245:
1244:
1208:
1201:
1194:
1185:
1184:
1179:The Mars Society
1154:
1153:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1133:. Archived from
1127:
1121:
1120:
1118:
1111:
1100:
1094:
1093:
1083:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1034:
1018:
1012:
1011:
1003:
997:
996:
994:
993:
979:
973:
972:
960:
954:
953:
951:
949:
940:. Archived from
933:
927:
926:
924:
922:
911:
905:
904:
893:
887:
886:
859:
853:
852:
850:
848:
843:on April 3, 2009
839:. Archived from
832:
826:
825:
815:
790:
789:
787:
785:
779:
773:. Archived from
772:
763:
757:
756:
754:
752:
741:
735:
728:
703:
698:Inspiration Mars
681:
676:
675:
674:
578:The Martian Race
549:Mars Underground
424:Mars Semi-Direct
389:Orion spacecraft
151:Mission scenario
2797:
2796:
2792:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2772:
2771:
2770:
2765:
2729:
2720:
2651:
2646:
2616:
2611:
2601:
2599:
2579:
2573:Darian calendar
2498:
2453:
2435:
2366:
2350:
2334:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2282:
2281:
2278:
2255:
2207:
2201:Voltaire crater
2179:Stickney crater
2147:
2109:
1951:Fretted terrain
1897:
1797:
1790:
1751:Sinus Meridiani
1736:Planum Australe
1711:Cerberus (Mars)
1692:
1650:
1648:Outline of Mars
1641:
1636:
1606:
1601:
1538:
1501:
1495:
1469:
1416:
1408:
1345:
1339:
1326:
1290:
1264:
1240:
1234:
1221:
1212:
1175:
1160:Further reading
1157:
1146:
1142:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1116:
1109:
1101:
1097:
1052:
1048:
1019:
1015:
1004:
1000:
991:
989:
981:
980:
976:
961:
957:
947:
945:
934:
930:
920:
918:
912:
908:
895:
894:
890:
883:
860:
856:
846:
844:
833:
829:
817:
816:
793:
783:
781:
777:
770:
764:
760:
750:
748:
743:
742:
738:
729:
725:
721:
701:
677:
672:
670:
667:
616:Mission to Mars
574:Gregory Benford
569:
557:
529:
510:
481:space transport
473:
461:
426:
406:
349:
317:
308:
280:
272:
252:
236:
203:
170:nuclear reactor
158:
153:
113:Martin Marietta
109:
71:
66:
28:Martin Marietta
17:
12:
11:
5:
2795:
2785:
2784:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2737:
2735:
2731:
2730:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2705:Energy Victory
2701:
2696:
2691:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2667:
2659:
2657:
2653:
2652:
2645:
2644:
2637:
2630:
2622:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2609:
2596:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2577:
2576:
2575:
2570:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2544:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2523:
2522:
2521:
2510:
2508:
2504:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2484:Mars Institute
2481:
2476:
2469:
2461:
2459:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2451:
2445:
2443:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2387:
2385:
2378:
2372:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2364:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2348:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2332:
2331:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2290:
2289:
2288:
2271:
2265:
2263:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2253:
2252:
2251:
2246:
2238:
2237:
2236:
2231:
2223:
2217:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2205:
2204:
2203:
2198:
2188:
2187:
2186:
2181:
2170:
2168:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2119:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2060:Seasonal flows
2057:
2055:Rootless cones
2052:
2047:
2042:
2041:
2040:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2009:
2008:
2003:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1907:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1883:Valley network
1880:
1875:
1870:
1868:Observed rocks
1865:
1864:
1863:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1802:
1800:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1788:
1783:
1781:Ultimi Scopuli
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1761:Terra Cimmeria
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1702:
1700:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1669:
1667:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1635:
1634:
1627:
1620:
1612:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1573:
1572:
1567:
1557:
1552:
1546:
1544:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1505:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1493:
1488:
1486:Mars Institute
1483:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1470:
1468:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1446:
1445:
1440:
1430:
1424:
1422:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1406:
1405:
1404:
1394:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1349:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1291:
1289:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1262:
1257:
1255:Mars Base Camp
1251:
1249:
1242:
1236:
1235:
1233:
1232:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1211:
1210:
1203:
1196:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1174:
1173:External links
1171:
1170:
1169:
1162:
1161:
1156:
1155:
1140:
1122:
1095:
1046:
1032:10.1.1.23.1915
1013:
998:
974:
955:
928:
906:
888:
881:
863:Zubrin, Robert
854:
827:
791:
758:
736:
722:
720:
717:
716:
715:
709:
704:
695:
689:
683:
682:
666:
663:
662:
661:
654:
633:
620:
611:
568:
565:
556:
553:
528:
525:
509:
506:
472:
469:
460:
457:
425:
422:
405:
402:
348:
345:
316:
313:
307:
304:
279:
278:Launch Vehicle
276:
271:
268:
251:
248:
235:
232:
228:weightlessness
202:
199:
186:carbon dioxide
157:
154:
152:
149:
108:
105:
70:
67:
65:
62:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2794:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2762:
2761:Magnetic sail
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2732:
2727:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2694:The Holy Land
2692:
2690:
2689:
2688:First Landing
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2672:
2668:
2666:
2665:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2649:Robert Zubrin
2643:
2638:
2636:
2631:
2629:
2624:
2623:
2620:
2608:
2597:
2595:
2586:
2585:
2582:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2527:
2524:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2505:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2474:
2470:
2468:
2467:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2456:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2438:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2416:Human mission
2414:
2412:
2411:Sample return
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2373:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2353:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2337:
2328:
2321:
2318:
2311:
2308:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2294:
2291:
2286:
2277:
2276:
2275:
2274:Mars-crossers
2272:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2210:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2192:
2189:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2090:Tharsis bulge
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2028:Ore resources
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1921:Chaos terrain
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1911:Brain terrain
1909:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1826:Chaos terrain
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1793:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1741:Planum Boreum
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1731:Olympia Undae
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1721:Eridania Lake
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1695:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1644:
1640:
1633:
1628:
1626:
1621:
1619:
1614:
1613:
1610:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1504:
1498:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1415:
1411:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1342:
1337:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1243:
1237:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1215:Human mission
1209:
1204:
1202:
1197:
1195:
1190:
1189:
1186:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1168:
1164:
1163:
1159:
1158:
1151:
1144:
1136:
1132:
1126:
1115:
1108:
1107:
1099:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1050:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1024:
1017:
1009:
1002:
988:
984:
978:
970:
966:
959:
943:
939:
932:
917:
910:
902:
898:
897:"Lat-Lon LLC"
892:
884:
878:
874:
870:
869:
864:
858:
842:
838:
831:
823:
822:
814:
812:
810:
808:
806:
804:
802:
800:
798:
796:
776:
769:
762:
746:
740:
733:
727:
723:
713:
710:
708:
705:
699:
696:
693:
690:
688:
685:
684:
680:
669:
659:
655:
652:
648:
644:
640:
639:
634:
631:
627:
626:
621:
618:
617:
612:
609:
608:
607:First Landing
603:
599:
598:
593:
589:
588:
587:Mars Crossing
583:
579:
575:
571:
570:
564:
562:
552:
550:
546:
542:
537:
534:
524:
521:
517:
513:
508:Other Studies
505:
502:
497:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
468:
466:
456:
454:
450:
445:
443:
442:90-day report
438:
430:
421:
419:
415:
411:
401:
398:
393:
390:
386:
382:
377:
375:
369:
366:
365:Space Station
361:
359:
354:
344:
342:
338:
333:
329:
325:
323:
312:
303:
301:
297:
293:
292:Space Shuttle
289:
286:used for the
285:
275:
267:
263:
261:
260:counterweight
257:
247:
245:
241:
231:
229:
225:
221:
216:
212:
208:
201:Second launch
198:
195:
190:
187:
183:
179:
176:coupled with
175:
171:
167:
163:
148:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
124:
120:
118:
114:
104:
102:
98:
94:
92:
86:
84:
80:
76:
57:
53:
51:
47:
43:
42:
37:
33:
32:Robert Zubrin
29:
25:
21:
2746:Mars Society
2740:
2715:
2710:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2669:
2662:
2553:Life on Mars
2548:Flag of Mars
2489:Mars Society
2471:
2464:
2431:Terraforming
2426:Colonization
2196:Swift crater
2038:polar wander
1766:Terra Sabaea
1706:Arabia Terra
1509:Mars habitat
1491:Mars Society
1414:Mars analogs
1389:
1384:
1352:
1344:20th-century
1286:Mars to Stay
1239:21st-century
1143:
1135:the original
1125:
1105:
1098:
1063:
1059:
1049:
1022:
1016:
1007:
1001:
990:. Retrieved
986:
977:
968:
958:
946:. Retrieved
942:the original
931:
919:. Retrieved
909:
900:
891:
867:
857:
847:September 1,
845:. Retrieved
841:the original
830:
820:
784:September 1,
782:. Retrieved
775:the original
761:
751:September 1,
749:. Retrieved
739:
726:
657:
636:
623:
614:
605:
601:
597:Rainbow Mars
595:
585:
577:
561:Mars to Stay
558:
555:Alternatives
548:
544:
538:
530:
519:
514:
511:
498:
491:launch, the
489:Falcon Heavy
474:
462:
446:
439:
435:
420:and others.
410:Mars Society
407:
394:
378:
370:
362:
350:
337:Mars Society
334:
330:
326:
322:solar flares
318:
309:
281:
273:
264:
255:
253:
243:
237:
223:
210:
206:
204:
193:
191:
181:
178:electrolysis
165:
159:
156:First launch
126:
122:
110:
95:
91:World War II
87:
72:
46:Mars Society
39:
19:
18:
2741:Mars Direct
2376:Exploration
2298:5261 Eureka
1966:Groundwater
1931:Composition
1756:Tempe Terra
1746:Quadrangles
1673:Circulation
1577:Mars cycler
1529:Mars lander
1385:Mars Direct
1375:Ride Report
948:1 September
936:Mark Wade.
921:2 September
647:White House
592:Larry Niven
240:aerobraking
145:David Baker
107:Development
36:David Baker
20:Mars Direct
2033:Polar caps
2013:Mud cracks
1996:Meteorites
1981:Lava tubes
1916:Carbonates
1851:Labyrinthi
1726:Iani Chaos
1665:Atmosphere
1597:Mars flyby
1543:Miscellany
1534:Mars rover
992:2018-02-03
882:0684835509
719:References
651:Josh Lyman
567:In fiction
400:missions.
270:Components
97:Dan Goldin
30:engineers
2558:Sub-Earth
2541:Mythology
2494:Mars race
2261:Asteroids
2157:Astronomy
2128:Hesperian
2123:Amazonian
2095:Volcanism
2070:Spherules
1991:Marsquake
1946:Dichotomy
1861:by height
1856:Mountains
1656:Geography
1519:Mars suit
1346:proposals
1241:proposals
1066:: 16–25.
1027:CiteSeerX
641:episode "
638:West Wing
628:episode "
594:'s novel
584:'s novel
576:'s novel
543:programs
404:Revisions
347:Reception
184:with the
2776:Category
2734:See also
2594:Category
2458:Advocacy
2441:Missions
2384:Concepts
2213:Transits
2184:Monolith
2133:Noachian
2105:Yardangs
2001:on Earth
1961:Glaciers
1806:"Canals"
1798:features
1796:Physical
1502:concepts
1500:Hardware
1474:Advocacy
1428:MARS-500
1312:Mars One
1090:27642199
712:Mars One
665:See also
625:Futurama
483:company
284:Saturn V
2526:Fiction
2507:Related
2401:Landing
2396:Orbiter
2355:General
2324:2007 NS
2314:1999 UJ
2304:1998 VF
2293:Trojans
2280:2007 WD
2269:Impacts
2249:Mercury
2115:History
2075:Surface
2006:on Mars
1971:Gullies
1956:Geysers
1903:Geology
1893:Gravity
1888:Valleys
1841:Gullies
1831:Craters
1821:Catenae
1816:Canyons
1771:Tharsis
1716:Cydonia
1698:Regions
1688:Methane
1678:Climate
1560:Fiction
1460:HI-SEAS
1269:Passive
1081:5023017
635:In the
622:In the
520:Mars Oz
141:drydock
99:became
64:History
2598:
2587:
2339:Comets
2234:Deimos
2229:Phobos
2191:Deimos
2174:Phobos
1878:Plains
1846:Mensae
1836:Fossae
1570:novels
1365:Aelita
1295:Former
1248:Active
1088:
1078:
1029:
879:
747:. 2012
485:SpaceX
288:Apollo
2656:Books
2406:Rover
2391:Flyby
2362:Orbit
2244:Earth
2166:Moons
2100:Water
1976:Lakes
1926:Color
1776:Undae
1565:films
1465:NEEMO
1438:FMARS
1117:(PDF)
1110:(PDF)
969:Wired
778:(PDF)
771:(PDF)
2065:Soil
1810:list
1639:Mars
1443:MDRS
1419:list
1219:Mars
1086:PMID
950:2012
923:2012
877:ISBN
849:2012
786:2012
753:2012
414:NASA
372:the
117:NASA
34:and
1402:3.0
1370:TMK
1217:to
1076:PMC
1068:doi
1064:123
1037:doi
2778::
2306:31
1112:.
1084:.
1074:.
1062:.
1058:.
1035:.
985:.
967:.
899:.
875:.
873:51
794:^
590:,
580:,
455:.
416:,
412:,
230:.
52:.
2641:e
2634:t
2627:v
2326:2
2316:7
2283:5
1812:)
1808:(
1631:e
1624:t
1617:v
1421:)
1417:(
1207:e
1200:t
1193:v
1152:.
1092:.
1070::
1043:.
1039::
995:.
952:.
925:.
885:.
851:.
788:.
755:.
660:.
619:.
610:.
559:"
224:g
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
