658:
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29:
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527:. In August 2001, Musk left the Mars Society after a meeting with its members and established a temporary foundation for his publicity projects, despite pleas for collaboration from Zubrin. In a public presentation at the 4th Mars Society convention, Musk stated that the Mars Society might have a purpose in his efforts. By April 2002, Musk had abandoned the temporary foundation entirely; instead, he founded
3207:
279:
283:
282:
278:
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479:, which science writer Oliver Morton described as 'rancorous'. The moderator of the debate is Chris McKay. On one side of the debate is Zubrin and a few other people, who championed that terraforming is the end goal of Mars colonization. On the other side of the debate, the audience reminded them that for life on Mars, the act of terraforming will be similar to that of
285:
460:, the same place where the first Case for Mars convention took place 17 years earlier. With a duration of four days, the convention was attended by 750 persons and can be seen as a successor to the prior Case for Mars conventions. Some of those invited were from the Mars Underground or had written to Zubrin about
453:, the same year as the last Case for Mars convention took place. The book criticized prior Mars exploration mission proposals for being too costly and complicated, proposed an alternative mission plan based on the Mars Direct plan, gave philosophical arguments for it and rebutted criticisms of the plan.
688:
where the island is uninhabited and barren. The MDRS is located near
Hanksville, Utah, where the habitat is isolated from civilization. Both stations' locations are chosen for the landscape similarities with Mars. Because these stations are meant for research, both FMARS and MDRS are closed to public
648:
donated US$ 1 million to the Mars
Society and 18 other space-related organization. The donation money came from a seat auction in that New Shepard flight. The donation vastly exceeded the Mars Society annual revenue, which was reported to be less than $ 400,000 in a filing with the Internal Revenue
574:
and inadequate coping strategies. Shorter missions were carried out in 2009 and 2013, before another long-duration mission called Mars 160 was conducted in 2017, in collaboration with the MDRS. The crew stayed in MDRS for eighty days before being transferred to FMARS, rotating the crew every month.
372:
The forerunner of the Mars
Society was a small network of space enthusiasts colloquially known as the Mars Underground, which emerged around 1978. The members of this network were frustrated by the U.S. administration's lack of attention to Mars exploration. Most members belonging to the group were
313:
to outline the future of the U.S. space program, Zubrin advocated initiating a lean human Mars program in a similar manner to Mars Direct. The committee was indifferent to the testimony; in the final report, the commission concluded that a human Mars mission in general would "demand decades of
748:
program that simulates MDRS and terrain one square mile around the base. The program was made in collaboration with a local virtual reality company. MarsVR is used to train MDRS's crews by simulating the use of spacesuits, airlocks, rovers and activities such as cooking. The software can also
343:
commented in 2003 that the Mars
Society is a fundamentally "utopian and escapist organization". He observed that many Mars Society convention participants were unhappy with government space programs. As a consequence, they favored funding alternatives that are often impractical, such as
264:, the Mars Society reported to receive around US$ 400,000 in donations per year. Some noteworthy expenses include the annual Mars Society convention (US$ 58,800), the Mars Desert Research Station (US$ 200,000), and the University Rover Challenge (US$ 46,500). The Mars Society's
637:, the MIT team won the debate by making specific and realistic arguments. He also noted that the popularity of Mars One had dwarfed that of the Mars Society, stating that the perceived absurdness of Mars One may potentially be detrimental to the Mars Society's reputation.
704:
The Mars
Society has plans to build additional analog stations. The Euro-MARS, operated by the Mars Society's European chapter, was intended to have three decks and more extensive facilities. However, during transport from the United Kingdom to the deploying location at
321:, a science fiction researcher, pointed out that Zubrin used his president of the Mars Society position to espouse his own views on how human missions to Mars should be carried out. To make the Mars Direct plan appealing to the American public, he compared Mars to the
736:
takes place in Utah's desert near the MDRS where teams compete in exploration tasks. The rover's operators must only use sensor data for navigation, similar to actual
Martian rovers. Similar regional competitions that belong to the Rover Challenge Series include the
280:
256:
and has chapters in
Australia, Canada, Europe, Japan, and many other countries. Since its foundation in 1998, the society organizes the annual International Mars Society Convention, with presentations primarily about Mars exploration and colonization.
709:, the Euro-MARS sustained irreparable damage. It was reported in 2017 that Euro-MARS was back at the planning phase, but no further updates about the station are available. The Mars Society is also planning to build another Mars analog station in
578:
The society also formulated plans to launch space-based experiments, which never materialized. In 2001, after a discussion between Zubrin, Musk and the board members, the Mars
Society announced the Translife Mission, later renamed to the
216:
that is funded by donations and operated by volunteers. Membership to the Mars
Society is available to all on payment of a small fee. The society's aims are garnering public support for human Mars missions, lobbying government and
607:
system in space. Neither of these proposals were built: the Mars
Gravity Biosatellite was canceled in June 2009 due to a lack of funding and no further development of TEMPO has been reported since the initial proposal.
531:
to build a low-cost rocket and invited aerospace engineers whom he had met at Mars Society-sponsored trips. In the following years, Musk kept in contact with the Mars Society, as is evident in his presentation of the
623:) and two researchers from MIT (Sydney Do and Andrew Owens). Mars One, a now-defunct non-profit organization founded in 2011, aimed to establish a human settlement on Mars through a one-way mission called
559:. FMARS was first occupied during a test run in July and August 2000. It began the first simulated mission around 2001. The money donated by Elon Musk was spent on the next Mars analog habitat, called the
364:. In a way, he continued, the Mars Direct plan provided a grand vision for future Martian endeavors to follow and the Mars Society is a platform for exploring the implications of Mars colonization.
301:
Many of the Mars Society's members believe that a human mission to Mars is achievable within a decade (as laid out in Zubrin's Mars Direct) and such a mission would lay the foundation for the
495:' used by the Zubrin side were prohibited in later conventions. The next few conventions organized additional debates between proponents of nuclear power/terraforming and environmentalists.
570:
From 2001 to 2005, Mars mission simulations in FMARS were around 2–8 weeks long and consisted of ten rotated crews. The first four-month-long mock mission took place in 2007, which revealed
1037:
176:
Since its founding, the Mars Society has organized events and research activities. It has hosted its annual International Mars Society Convention and operated research projects such as the
668:
The Mars Society's premier project is the Mars Analog Research Station Program. The program aims to further the understanding of Mars missions' technical and human factors via its two
1689:
1453:
2401:
1879:
1258:
1070:
929:
386:
306:
1340:
555:. Some of FMARS's construction cost was paid by the Mars Society and the Haughton–Mars Project team. Other funding came from commercial sponsorship, such as with the
3108:
468:
the government, holding that there was no technical reason that would prevent a human mission to Mars within a decade. The first convention saw the signing of the
2164:
382:
2368:
523:
check from Elon Musk at a fundraiser event. After briefly researching Mars concepts and missions, Musk joined the Mars Society's board of directors and gave it
1758:
993:
713:, Australia, as of October 2022. The station would replicate a spacecraft launching directly from the Earth's surface, featuring a mock propulsion module,
3252:
1606:
2085:
412:, Robert Zubrin – who had attended the third Case for Mars convention in 1987 – and engineer David Baker developed the human Mars mission plan, titled
420:
and the public to review in early 1990. The core tenet of the Mars Direct plan is to use existing technologies and eliminate the need for dangerous
2504:
2215:
575:
As of April 2020, the MDRS had hosted nineteen field seasons (one per year) totaling 236 crews, with each crew consisting of six or seven members.
1027:
1297:
390:
329:" on Earth. Mars would be a way to give birth to an ideal society. In effect, Markley commented, Zubrin has created an "interplanetary vision of
620:
360:
at its founding in the 16th century: "as much of a social club of enthusiasts as a professional scientific organization", with influences from
772:, and energy problems in the colonization of Mars. The Institute plans to outsource research to universities before building its own campus.
480:
2928:
1223:
1810:
536:
rocket in 2008, his acceptance of the Mars Pioneer Award from the society in 2012 and his presentation at the society's 2020 convention.
2434:
1973:
3247:
2324:
1671:
1435:
1134:
728:
As well as research, the Mars Society organizes the Rover Challenge Series, a group of annual university competitions for making mock
2391:
583:. The mission aimed to study the effect of Martian-level gravity on mice, with satellite construction supported by students from the
2257:
2187:
1869:
1722:
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as feasible as possible. The Mars Society generates interest in the Mars program by garnering support from the public and through
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2736:
2731:
673:
540:
177:
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1128:
584:
1639:
921:
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1846:
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1330:
356:(on the basis of future resources and profits). Markley commented in 2005 that the Mars Society is somewhat similar to the
2131:
3195:
895:
2154:
2019:
1523:
1389:
962:
2700:
2528:
2350:
2283:
Wieczorek, Luiza; Piech, Wiktor; Cybulski, Bartłomiej; Kujawiński, Mateusz; Węgierska, Agnieszka (30 December 2018).
864:
429:
218:
464:. The Mars Society's founding convention in August 1998 emphasized its focus on the Mars Direct plan and efforts of
3033:
2921:
2011:
1480:
1934:
1748:
657:
3242:
2490:
1555:
985:
401:. In April 1981, the Mars Underground organized the first Case for Mars convention about Mars exploration at the
2605:
829:
2574:
1373:
340:
265:
253:
66:
2225:
3237:
3053:
2695:
2100:
1597:
2076:
2741:
2678:
2620:
2579:
677:
661:
560:
437:
305:. The Mars Direct philosophy has permeated through the society's lobbying efforts. During testimony to the
181:
165:. Many current and former Mars Society members are influential in the wider spaceflight community, such as
2868:
472:
which outlined primary goals for the society, amidst rifts between Mars Society members' Martian ideals.
3028:
2914:
2615:
720:
398:
3213:
3157:
2951:
2008:
Space Habitats and Habitability: Designing for Isolated and Confined Environments on Earth and in Space
1601:
1065:
733:
456:
The Mars Society was founded by Zubrin on 13 August 1998 during the Mars Society's first convention in
197:
1307:
857:
Proceedings of the Founding Convention of the Mars Society: held August 13–16, 1998, Boulder, Colorado
2863:
764:
In 2023, the Mars Society established the non-profit Mars Technology Institute and the corresponding
580:
552:
189:
333:". Most members of the Mars Society agreed with the less extreme version of Zubrin's ideal, in that
3065:
738:
405:. The Case for Mars conventions were held every three years until the sixth and final one in 1996.
261:
188:. Both of the stations are placed in remote locations for research. Crew members perform simulated
3038:
2658:
2355:
1213:
3134:
2966:
2890:
1717:
786:
681:
539:
After the first convention, the Mars Society decided to construct a Mars analog facility named
476:
402:
213:
142:
80:
3232:
3144:
3103:
3070:
3043:
2997:
2880:
2822:
2779:
2513:
2424:
2040:
1963:
1185:
796:
724:
A challenge in the University Rover Challenge where rovers have to pour fuel into a generator
611:
At the Mars Society's 2015 convention, a debate was organized between two representatives of
158:
96:
3098:
3048:
2961:
2885:
2848:
2717:
2284:
1108:
1098:
345:
310:
302:
294:
146:
100:
891:"Mars Pioneer Award" Acceptance Speech – 15th Annual International Mars Society Convention
551:, Canada. The FMARS is the second Mars analog facility in the world; the first one is the
8:
3171:
3007:
2956:
2853:
2712:
2558:
2251:
1518:
685:
669:
222:
185:
1112:
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supplies. The organization also hosts a college robotics competition in Utah called the
3183:
3002:
2971:
2937:
2269:
2220:
1968:
1712:
1676:
1440:
604:
334:
2285:"Participation in international robotics competitions as a new form of student travel"
2155:"Mars One debates MIT: CEO Bas Lansdorp still doesn't have a plan to reach the planet"
2812:
2753:
2689:
2425:"Mars Society unveils its plan to establish technology institute, perhaps in Seattle"
2360:
2316:
2054:
2044:
2015:
1924:
1906:
Bishop, Sheryl L. (2011). "From Earth Analogs to Space: Getting There from Here". In
1681:
1494:
1484:
1445:
1385:
1381:
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1268:
1189:
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870:
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571:
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448:
322:
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2652:
2600:
2306:
2296:
2126:
1841:
1634:
1116:
957:
633:
627:. The MIT researchers criticized the plan as infeasible and suicidal. According to
595:
after a preliminary selection of proposals. TEMPO was conceived as a system of two
564:
492:
421:
394:
330:
293:
about Mars Direct and critiques on NASA's human Mars mission proposals, as part of
1629:
3058:
2858:
2472:
1104:
758:
745:
409:
378:
361:
245:
2121:
1836:
3012:
2784:
2663:
2553:
2003:
1907:
1870:"Elon Musk will share his latest moon and Mars plans with all Earthlings today"
1302:
1218:
1177:
791:
754:
600:
353:
326:
318:
1405:
Roberts, Brandon; Suozzo, Andres; Glassford, Alec; Ngu, Ash (27 August 2019).
1120:
889:
3226:
2364:
2320:
2117:
2058:
1685:
1498:
1449:
1282:
1264:
852:
769:
765:
741:, the Canadian International Rover Challenge and the Indian Rover Challenge.
628:
512:
425:
357:
290:
249:
233:
150:
113:
58:
2188:"Blue Origin donates New Shepard auction proceeds to space nonprofit groups"
1513:
952:
874:
2981:
2827:
2807:
2584:
2301:
1753:
1749:"Life on 'Mars': the strangers pretending to colonize the planet – in Utah"
1254:
781:
664:, with a central habitat, rover hangar, dome, greenhouse and an observatory
624:
616:
588:
544:
475:
On the second day of the convention, there was an intense debate about the
349:
335:
colonizing Mars is critical for preventing a dystopian future for humankind
1477:
Human Missions to Mars: Enabling Technologies for Exploring the Red Planet
1028:"To Prepare For Mars Settlement, Simulated Missions Explore Utah's Desert"
2875:
2683:
2673:
714:
698:
645:
413:
374:
237:
166:
154:
2482:
503:
325:
and the colonization of Mars as a way to resolve social stagnation and "
2895:
2832:
2311:
1911:
1411:
729:
486:
192:, carry out research assignments and reside at the station on strictly
2253:
The 'Salar de Uyuni' as a simulated Mars base habitat in South America
1811:"Millionaires and billionaires: the secret to sending humans to Mars?"
1568:
436:; less than one-twentieth the cost of the Mars mission plan in NASA's
2906:
2817:
2192:
2159:
1335:
821:
710:
241:
209:
170:
84:
680:(MDRS). The FMARS is located on Devon Island in Canada and near the
28:
2726:
2610:
2429:
1556:"Mars Wars – The Rise and Fall of the Space Exploration Initiative"
612:
533:
508:
465:
193:
162:
2002:
Häuplik-Meusburger, Sandra; Bishop, Sheryl; O’Leary, Beth (2021).
761:, however, the training part has an attached cost for the public.
2758:
2476:
694:
689:
visits. These stations are staffed by volunteers with degrees in
596:
548:
236:. Notable current and former members of the organization include
2479:– collection of archived presentations and promotional materials
2392:"The future of Mars colonization begins with VR and video games"
2282:
3139:
2634:
2459:
2001:
750:
706:
592:
528:
124:
2250:
Vargas-Cuentas, Natalia I.; Roman-Gonzalez, Avid (June 2017).
1260:
Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future
953:"The Space Review: TEMPO^3: the Mars Society's newest project"
3189:
2763:
2249:
2078:
Observations of Crew Dynamics during Mars Analog Simulations
1378:
Mapping Mars: Science, Imagination, and the Birth of a World
393:. This is part of the reason some Mars Society members held
3129:
2517:
2396:
2037:
Placing Outer Space: An Earthly Ethnography of Other Worlds
1920:
1874:
1563:
757:. The exploration portion of MarsVR is free to download on
417:
2214:
Weinersmith, Kelly; Weinersmith, Zach (27 December 2023).
1331:"New Alliance to Promote Space Development and Settlement"
1061:"What a simulated Mars mission taught me about food waste"
563:(MDRS). In December 2001, the habitat's construction near
314:
investment and carry considerable safety risk to humans".
2668:
1782:"MarsNow 1.9 Profile: Elon Musk, Life to Mars Foundation"
1404:
1032:
591:. In August 2008, the Mars Society announced the project
850:
922:"The Mars Gravity Biosatellite Program Is Closing Down"
2213:
3155:
2216:"The Beautiful Desolation of Life on Mars — On Earth"
1672:"Society Organizes to Make a Case for Humans on Mars"
1436:"Society Organizes to Make a Case for Humans on Mars"
768:
Mars Technology Lab to research solutions for labor,
1407:"Mars Society Inc, Full Filing – Nonprofit Explorer"
603:-powered thrusters, aimed to demonstrate rotational
232:
The Mars Society's founder and current president is
373:researchers and graduate students, which included
2351:"Why Sports in Space Could Be the Next Big Thing"
1182:Dying Planet: Mars in Science and the Imagination
153:in 1998 and its principles are based on Zubrin's
3224:
732:. Around May and June each year, the three-day
1512:Benson, Eric; Nobel, Justin (9 January 2010).
1100:On To Mars!: Chronicles of Martian Simulations
271:
2922:
2498:
1630:"Mars Direct: Humans to Mars in 1999! (1990)"
1595:
2207:
484:
1780:McKnight, John Carter (25 September 2001).
1710:
1511:
3253:Non-profit organizations based in Colorado
2929:
2915:
2505:
2491:
2084:. NASA Project Management Challenge 2010.
915:
913:
367:
2512:
2469:– available on the Mars Society's website
2310:
2300:
1669:
1433:
519:In mid-2001, the Mars Society received a
145:that advocates for human exploration and
2466:Founding Declaration of the Mars Society
1779:
1211:
951:Hill, Tom; Kirk, Alex (25 August 2008).
950:
844:
749:simulate playing sports on Mars such as
719:
656:
502:
470:Founding Declaration of the Mars Society
275:
227:Founding Declaration of the Mars Society
2390:Rayome, Alison DeNisco (3 March 2020).
2256:. Global Space Exploration Conference.
2034:
1627:
1295:
1176:
1096:
1058:
1025:
910:
3225:
2936:
2749:Arctic Mars Analog Svalbard Expedition
2732:Mars Analogue Research Station Program
2389:
2348:
2344:
2342:
2245:
2243:
2112:
2110:
2074:
1905:
1808:
1804:
1802:
1747:Conroy, J. Oliver (17 February 2022).
1746:
1628:Portree, David S. F. (15 April 2013).
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1372:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1358:
983:
919:
674:Flashline Mars Arctic Research Station
541:Flashline Mars Arctic Research Station
428:. A modified Mars Direct plan (called
221:, and verifying mission proposals via
178:Flashline Mars Arctic Research Station
2910:
2486:
2437:from the original on 19 November 2023
2422:
2185:
2152:
2070:
2068:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1957:
1955:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1834:
1742:
1740:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1642:from the original on 11 February 2021
1591:
1589:
1553:
1328:
1253:
1207:
1205:
1172:
1137:from the original on 31 December 2022
1092:
1090:
1088:
1040:from the original on 31 December 2022
996:from the original on 31 December 2022
986:"Building a Mars Analog "Down Under""
965:from the original on 20 November 2023
585:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
408:At the now-defunct aerospace company
3196:
1961:
1867:
1711:Spitzmiller, Ted (1 November 2007).
1670:Blakeslee, Sandra (18 August 1998).
1609:from the original on 20 January 2022
1474:
1434:Blakeslee, Sandra (18 August 1998).
1249:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1152:
898:from the original on 9 December 2023
887:
2460:The Mars Society's official website
2339:
2327:from the original on 3 January 2023
2240:
2167:from the original on 2 January 2023
2116:
2107:
2075:Cusack, Stacy L. (1 January 2010).
1849:from the original on 3 January 2023
1799:
1725:from the original on 1 January 2023
1596:S. F. Portree, David (March 2000).
1538:
1526:from the original on 2 January 2023
1427:
1355:
1073:from the original on 1 January 2023
984:Stoltz, Michael (29 October 2022).
652:
599:attached to a tether and spun with
515:at the 2006 Mars Society convention
16:Advocacy group for Mars exploration
13:
2065:
2035:Messeri, Lisa (9 September 2016).
2028:
1988:
1952:
1940:from the original on 7 August 2021
1894:
1737:
1654:
1586:
1212:Goodyear, Dana (19 October 2009).
1202:
1085:
1026:Bichell, Rae Ellen (6 July 2017).
859:. Univelt. Citation at the title.
807:
640:In 2021, around a week before the
498:
297:'s 75th-anniversary lecture series
225:. These goals were set out in the
14:
3264:
3248:Organizations established in 1998
2529:List of crewed Mars mission plans
2453:
2404:from the original on 24 June 2022
2371:from the original on 18 July 2022
2260:from the original on 22 July 2020
2134:from the original on 12 June 2019
2091:from the original on 18 July 2022
1976:from the original on 19 July 2022
1882:from the original on 1 April 2024
1761:from the original on 17 July 2022
1692:from the original on 17 July 2022
1456:from the original on 17 July 2022
1343:from the original on 19 July 2022
1238:
1226:from the original on 11 July 2022
1149:
932:from the original on 1 April 2024
851:The Mars Society members (1999).
430:NASA Design Reference Mission 3.0
252:. The society is a member of the
3205:
3177:
3165:
2633:
2423:Boyle, Alan (7 September 2023).
1835:Foust, Jeff (8 September 2008).
1809:Cowing, Keith (30 August 2001).
1713:"Book Review: The Case for Mars"
1329:Foust, Jeff (26 February 2015).
1059:McGrath, Dianne (9 April 2020).
1012:
642:first crewed New Shepard mission
416:. They published their plan for
27:
2416:
2383:
2276:
2179:
2153:Grush, Loren (18 August 2015).
2146:
2012:Springer Science+Business Media
1913:Psychology of Space Exploration
1861:
1828:
1773:
1704:
1621:
1505:
1481:Springer Science+Business Media
1468:
1398:
977:
944:
894:(Videotape). The Mars Society.
881:
832:from the original on 1 May 2022
157:philosophy, which aims to make
112:Worldwide, with a focus in the
2575:Austere Human Missions to Mars
1868:Mack, Eric (16 October 2020).
1322:
1289:
1052:
1019:
920:Cowing, Keith (24 June 2009).
814:
266:Taxpayer Identification Number
254:Alliance for Space Development
1:
2696:Mars Design Reference Mission
2101:NASA Technical Reports Server
1296:Michaud, Jon (8 March 2012).
888:Musk, Elon (10 August 2012).
802:
2679:Space Exploration Initiative
2621:Vision for Space Exploration
2580:Mars Piloted Orbital Station
2186:Foust, Jeff (15 July 2021).
1962:Hall, James (8 March 2002).
678:Mars Desert Research Station
662:Mars Desert Research Station
561:Mars Desert Research Station
438:Space Exploration Initiative
203:
182:Mars Desert Research Station
7:
2349:Murphy, Jen (1 July 2022).
1602:Air & Space/Smithsonian
775:
477:ethics of Mars terraforming
272:Philosophy and propositions
10:
3269:
2952:Interplanetary spaceflight
1097:Pletser, Vladimir (2018).
734:University Rover Challenge
507:Musk giving details about
447:In 1996, Zubrin published
432:) was budgeted by NASA at
260:In the 2019 filing to the
198:University Rover Challenge
3117:
3091:
3021:
2990:
2944:
2841:
2798:
2772:
2711:
2642:
2631:
2593:
2567:
2546:
2537:
2524:
1298:"James Cameron Goes Deep"
1121:10.1007/978-981-10-7030-3
855:; Zubrin, Maggie (eds.).
581:Mars Gravity Biosatellite
307:2009 Augustine Commission
190:extravehicular activities
119:
106:
91:
76:
64:
54:
35:
26:
1554:Hogan, Thor (May 2007).
822:"About the Mars Society"
739:European Rover Challenge
481:Native American genocide
309:, a panel set up by the
262:Internal Revenue Service
3076:Trans-Neptunian objects
2659:Martian Piloted Complex
2356:The Wall Street Journal
1964:"Finding Mars on Earth"
368:Background and founding
323:Great American Frontier
3243:Human missions to Mars
3135:National Space Society
2967:Planetary habitability
2891:Mars atmospheric entry
2302:10.2478/tour-2018-0016
1718:National Space Society
787:National Space Society
725:
682:Haughton impact crater
665:
516:
485:
403:University of Colorado
298:
214:nonprofit organization
208:The Mars Society is a
159:human missions to Mars
143:nonprofit organization
81:Nonprofit organization
3145:The Planetary Society
2881:Mars orbit rendezvous
2823:Mars Excursion Module
2780:Caves of Mars Project
2606:Constellation program
2041:Duke University Press
1837:"Looking (far) ahead"
1598:"The Road to Mars..."
1567:(PDF). Archived from
1475:Rapp, Donald (2016).
1186:Duke University Press
797:The Planetary Society
723:
717:and landing engines.
660:
553:Haughton–Mars Project
506:
399:counterculture ideals
288:
3238:Colonization of Mars
3092:Terraforming targets
3022:Colonization targets
2962:Intergalactic travel
2886:Terraforming of Mars
2849:Colonization of Mars
744:MarsVR Project is a
670:Mars analog habitats
311:Obama administration
303:colonization of Mars
295:Ames Research Center
223:Mars analog habitats
186:Mars analog habitats
149:. It was founded by
147:colonization of Mars
2957:Interstellar travel
2854:Exploration of Mars
2559:SpaceX Mars program
2228:on 27 December 2023
2122:"Red planet rumble"
2043:. p. 200, note 19.
1310:on 16 December 2017
1113:2018otm..book.....P
686:75th parallel north
442:US$ 250–500 billion
289:Video lecture from
39:13 August 1998
23:
3003:McKendree cylinder
2972:Space and survival
2938:Space colonization
2270:HAL (open archive)
2221:The New York Times
2120:(17 August 2015).
2004:Vakoch, Douglas A.
1923:. pp. 47–77.
1908:Vakoch, Douglas A.
1677:The New York Times
1441:The New York Times
726:
666:
605:artificial gravity
572:cultural conflicts
517:
299:
21:
3153:
3152:
2904:
2903:
2813:Crewed Mars rover
2754:Concordia Station
2690:The Case for Mars
2629:
2628:
2050:978-0-8223-6187-9
1930:978-0-16-088358-3
1490:978-3-319-22249-3
1274:978-0-06-230123-9
1214:"Man of Extremes"
1195:978-0-8223-3600-6
1130:978-981-10-7030-3
853:Zubrin, Robert M.
691:planetary science
567:, was completed.
557:Discovery Channel
513:Dragon spacecraft
462:The Case For Mars
458:Boulder, Colorado
450:The Case For Mars
327:Hobbesian despair
286:
135:
134:
3260:
3218:
3210:
3209:
3208:
3198:
3182:
3181:
3180:
3170:
3169:
3168:
3161:
3008:O'Neill cylinder
2977:Space settlement
2931:
2924:
2917:
2908:
2907:
2653:The Mars Project
2637:
2616:Inspiration Mars
2601:Aurora programme
2544:
2543:
2507:
2500:
2493:
2484:
2483:
2473:The Mars Society
2447:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2387:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2346:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2314:
2304:
2289:Turyzm (Tourism)
2280:
2274:
2273:
2267:
2265:
2247:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2224:. Archived from
2211:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2127:The Space Review
2114:
2105:
2104:
2098:
2096:
2090:
2083:
2072:
2063:
2062:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2010:(1st ed.).
1999:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1959:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1939:
1918:
1903:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1842:The Space Review
1832:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1806:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1744:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1667:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1593:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1573:
1560:
1551:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1479:(2nd ed.).
1472:
1466:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1402:
1396:
1395:
1370:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1306:. Archived from
1293:
1287:
1286:
1251:
1236:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1209:
1200:
1199:
1174:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1094:
1083:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1066:The Conversation
1056:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1023:
1006:
1005:
1003:
1001:
990:The Mars Society
981:
975:
974:
972:
970:
958:The Space Review
948:
942:
941:
939:
937:
917:
908:
907:
905:
903:
885:
879:
878:
848:
842:
841:
839:
837:
818:
676:(FMARS) and the
653:Current projects
634:The Space Review
565:Hanksville, Utah
526:
522:
493:manifest destiny
490:
443:
435:
424:or an expensive
422:space rendezvous
395:environmentalism
331:manifest destiny
287:
131:
128:
126:
97:Mars exploration
50:
48:
43:
31:
24:
22:The Mars Society
20:
3268:
3267:
3263:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3258:
3257:
3223:
3222:
3221:
3211:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3197:sister projects
3194:at Knowledge's
3188:
3178:
3176:
3166:
3164:
3156:
3154:
3149:
3113:
3087:
3029:Lagrange points
3017:
2986:
2940:
2935:
2905:
2900:
2837:
2800:
2794:
2768:
2715:
2707:
2644:
2638:
2625:
2589:
2563:
2539:
2533:
2520:
2511:
2456:
2451:
2450:
2440:
2438:
2421:
2417:
2407:
2405:
2388:
2384:
2374:
2372:
2347:
2340:
2330:
2328:
2281:
2277:
2263:
2261:
2248:
2241:
2231:
2229:
2212:
2208:
2198:
2196:
2184:
2180:
2170:
2168:
2151:
2147:
2137:
2135:
2115:
2108:
2094:
2092:
2088:
2081:
2073:
2066:
2051:
2033:
2029:
2022:
2000:
1989:
1979:
1977:
1960:
1953:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1931:
1916:
1904:
1895:
1885:
1883:
1866:
1862:
1852:
1850:
1833:
1829:
1819:
1817:
1807:
1800:
1790:
1788:
1778:
1774:
1764:
1762:
1745:
1738:
1728:
1726:
1709:
1705:
1695:
1693:
1668:
1655:
1645:
1643:
1626:
1622:
1612:
1610:
1594:
1587:
1577:
1575:
1574:on 25 June 2009
1571:
1558:
1552:
1539:
1529:
1527:
1510:
1506:
1491:
1473:
1469:
1459:
1457:
1432:
1428:
1418:
1416:
1403:
1399:
1392:
1371:
1356:
1346:
1344:
1327:
1323:
1313:
1311:
1294:
1290:
1275:
1252:
1239:
1229:
1227:
1210:
1203:
1196:
1178:Markley, Robert
1175:
1150:
1140:
1138:
1131:
1105:Springer Nature
1095:
1086:
1076:
1074:
1057:
1053:
1043:
1041:
1024:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1009:
999:
997:
982:
978:
968:
966:
949:
945:
935:
933:
918:
911:
901:
899:
886:
882:
867:
849:
845:
835:
833:
820:
819:
815:
810:
808:Primary sources
805:
778:
746:virtual reality
707:Krafla, Iceland
655:
524:
520:
501:
499:Past activities
441:
433:
410:Martin Marietta
379:Penelope Boston
370:
362:science fiction
348:deals, private
276:
274:
268:is 31-1585646.
246:Gregory Benford
206:
123:
109:
69:
46:
44:
41:
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3266:
3256:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3220:
3219:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3174:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3121:
3119:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3095:
3093:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3085:
3080:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3062:
3061:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3031:
3025:
3023:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3015:
3013:Stanford torus
3010:
3005:
3000:
2994:
2992:
2991:Space habitats
2988:
2987:
2985:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2948:
2946:
2942:
2941:
2934:
2933:
2926:
2919:
2911:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2872:
2871:
2866:
2856:
2851:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2804:
2802:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2792:
2787:
2785:Mars Institute
2782:
2776:
2774:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2745:
2744:
2739:
2729:
2723:
2721:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2705:
2704:
2703:
2693:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2648:
2646:
2640:
2639:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2597:
2595:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2571:
2569:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2561:
2556:
2554:Mars Base Camp
2550:
2548:
2541:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2531:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2510:
2509:
2502:
2495:
2487:
2481:
2480:
2470:
2462:
2455:
2454:External links
2452:
2449:
2448:
2415:
2382:
2338:
2275:
2239:
2206:
2178:
2145:
2106:
2064:
2049:
2027:
2021:978-3030697396
2020:
1987:
1951:
1929:
1893:
1860:
1827:
1798:
1772:
1736:
1703:
1653:
1620:
1585:
1537:
1514:"Mars or Bust"
1504:
1489:
1467:
1426:
1397:
1391:978-0312422615
1390:
1374:Morton, Oliver
1354:
1321:
1303:The New Yorker
1288:
1273:
1237:
1219:The New Yorker
1201:
1194:
1148:
1129:
1084:
1051:
1017:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1007:
976:
943:
909:
880:
865:
843:
812:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
800:
799:
794:
792:Space advocacy
789:
784:
777:
774:
755:mountaineering
730:Martian rovers
654:
651:
601:carbon dioxide
500:
497:
434:US$ 20 billion
369:
366:
352:, and Martian
319:Robert Markley
273:
270:
219:space agencies
205:
202:
133:
132:
121:
117:
116:
110:
107:
104:
103:
93:
89:
88:
78:
74:
73:
70:
65:
62:
61:
56:
52:
51:
42:(26 years ago)
37:
33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3265:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
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3215:
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3175:
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3163:
3162:
3159:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3118:Organizations
3116:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3090:
3084:
3081:
3077:
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3009:
3006:
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2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2945:Core concepts
2943:
2939:
2932:
2927:
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2918:
2913:
2912:
2909:
2897:
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2816:
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2809:
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2797:
2791:
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2775:
2771:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2714:
2710:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2691:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2654:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2641:
2636:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2566:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2545:
2542:
2536:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2514:Human mission
2508:
2503:
2501:
2496:
2494:
2489:
2488:
2485:
2478:
2474:
2471:
2468:
2467:
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2432:
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2426:
2419:
2403:
2399:
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2393:
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2366:
2362:
2358:
2357:
2352:
2345:
2343:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2279:
2271:
2259:
2255:
2254:
2246:
2244:
2227:
2223:
2222:
2217:
2210:
2195:
2194:
2189:
2182:
2166:
2162:
2161:
2156:
2149:
2133:
2129:
2128:
2123:
2119:
2113:
2111:
2102:
2087:
2080:
2079:
2071:
2069:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2031:
2023:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1975:
1971:
1970:
1965:
1958:
1956:
1936:
1932:
1926:
1922:
1915:
1914:
1909:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1881:
1877:
1876:
1871:
1864:
1848:
1844:
1843:
1838:
1831:
1816:
1812:
1805:
1803:
1787:
1783:
1776:
1760:
1756:
1755:
1750:
1743:
1741:
1724:
1720:
1719:
1714:
1707:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1678:
1673:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1641:
1637:
1636:
1631:
1624:
1608:
1604:
1603:
1599:
1592:
1590:
1570:
1566:
1565:
1557:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1525:
1521:
1520:
1515:
1508:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1471:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1442:
1437:
1430:
1415:. p. 1-2
1414:
1413:
1408:
1401:
1393:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1342:
1338:
1337:
1332:
1325:
1309:
1305:
1304:
1299:
1292:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1270:
1266:
1265:HarperCollins
1262:
1261:
1256:
1255:Vance, Ashlee
1250:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1225:
1221:
1220:
1215:
1208:
1206:
1197:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1136:
1132:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1101:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1072:
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3172:Solar System
3125:Mars Society
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3034:Solar System
2982:Terraforming
2808:Mars habitat
2790:Mars Society
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127:.marssociety
101:colonization
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3184:Spaceflight
2998:Bishop Ring
2876:Mars cycler
2828:Mars lander
2684:Mars Direct
2674:Ride Report
2312:11089/27873
2232:27 December
2118:Day, Dwayne
1141:31 December
1044:31 December
1000:31 December
770:agriculture
715:heat shield
699:engineering
646:Blue Origin
543:(FMARS) on
525:US$ 100,000
414:Mars Direct
375:Chris McKay
346:sponsorship
238:Buzz Aldrin
167:Buzz Aldrin
155:Mars Direct
3227:Categories
3083:Free space
2896:Mars flyby
2842:Miscellany
2833:Mars rover
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1412:ProPublica
969:8 December
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587:(MIT) and
487:Lebensraum
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3054:Asteroids
2818:Mars suit
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2321:2080-6922
2193:SpaceNews
2171:2 January
2160:The Verge
2138:2 January
2059:926821450
1886:1 January
1853:3 January
1791:1 January
1729:1 January
1686:0362-4331
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1283:881436803
1077:1 January
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521:US$ 5,000
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242:Elon Musk
210:501(c)(3)
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2773:Advocacy
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2258:Archived
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