Exploration of Mars

4177: 3344: 17197: 41: 17572: 19708: 4527: 4028: 3410: 3457: 3300: 3048: 10263: 1255: 724: 3033: 15191: 15183: 10352: 3838: 2276: 514: 3063: 2389: 10276: 3201: 10133: 2970:. When the storm cleared sufficiently for Mars' surface to be photographed by Mariner 9, the pictures returned represented a substantial advance over previous missions. These pictures were the first to offer more detailed evidence that liquid water might at one time have flowed on the planetary surface. They also finally discerned the true nature of many Martian albedo features. For example, Nix Olympica was one of only a few features that could be seen during the planetary duststorm, revealing it to be the 4468: 3155: 10326: 3186: 16727: 1356: 1268: 3171: 15175: 17806: 17460: 11385: 10373: 2886: 3947: 3094: 3078: 723: 10386: 3632: 1862: 10288: 4905: 16906: 2737:, radiation environment, atmospheric structure, and possible organic compounds. Sixty-one radio transmissions were held, initially at 2-day intervals and later at 5-day intervals, from which a large amount of interplanetary data was collected. On 21 March 1963, when the spacecraft was at a distance of 106,760,000 km from Earth, on its way to Mars, communications ceased due to failure of its antenna orientation system. 10339: 10313: 10300: 19684: 17818: 17472: 11397: 4891: 16274: 2940: 1896: 3234: 19696: 2368: 3651:, (MER-B) that explored the Martian surface geology. The mission's scientific objective was to search for and characterize a wide range of rocks and soils that hold clues to past water activity on Mars. The mission was part of NASA's Mars Exploration Program, which includes three previous successful landers: the two Viking program landers in 1976; and Mars Pathfinder probe in 1997. 2528: 3363:, at or near the surface of the planet. Similar channels on Earth are formed by flowing water, but on Mars the temperature is normally too cold and the atmosphere too thin to sustain liquid water. Nevertheless, many scientists hypothesize that liquid groundwater can sometimes surface on Mars, erode gullies and channels, and pool at the bottom before freezing and evaporating. 4656: 8546: 3771:(ISRO). It was successfully inserted into Martian orbit on 24 September 2014. The mission is a technology demonstrator, and as secondary objective, it will also study the Martian atmosphere. This is India's first mission to Mars, and with it, ISRO became the fourth space agency to successfully reach Mars after the Soviet Union, 8538: 2484:(MOM) on November 5, 2013, and it was inserted into Mars orbit on September 24, 2014. India's ISRO is the fourth space agency to reach Mars, after the Soviet space program, NASA and ESA. India successfully placed a spacecraft into Mars orbit, and became the first country to do so in its maiden attempt. 4805:

operated normally throughout its cruise and Mars orbital insertion phases on January 29, 1989, gathering data on the Sun, interplanetary medium, Mars, and Phobos. Shortly before the final phase of the mission – during which the spacecraft was to approach within 50 m of Phobos' surface and release two

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on and below the surface. Additionally, MRO is paving the way for upcoming generations of spacecraft through daily monitoring of Martian weather and surface conditions, searching for future landing sites, and testing a new telecommunications system that enable it to send and receive information at an

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orbiter was launched on 18 November 2013, and on 22 September 2014, it was injected into an areocentric elliptic orbit 6,200 km (3,900 mi) by 150 km (93 mi) above the planet's surface to study its atmosphere. Mission goals include determining how the planet's atmosphere and water,

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The orbiter entered Mars orbit on December 25, 2003, and Beagle 2 entered Mars' atmosphere the same day. However, attempts to contact the lander failed. Communications attempts continued throughout January, but Beagle 2 was declared lost in mid-February, and a joint inquiry was launched by the UK and

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Faulty software uploaded to the vehicle in June 2006 caused the spacecraft to orient its solar panels incorrectly several months later, resulting in battery overheating and subsequent failure. On November 5, 2006, MGS lost contact with Earth. NASA ended efforts to restore communication on January 28,

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is not globally generated in the planet's core, but is localized in particular areas of the crust. New temperature data and closeup images of the Martian moon Phobos showed that its surface is composed of powdery material at least 1 metre (3 feet) thick, caused by millions of years of meteoroid

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were identical spacecraft designed to carry out the first flybys of Mars. Mariner 3 was launched on November 5, 1964, but the shroud encasing the spacecraft atop its rocket failed to open properly, dooming the mission. Three weeks later, on November 28, 1964, Mariner 4 was launched successfully on a

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The Mars 2 and 3 orbiters sent back a relatively large volume of data covering the period from December 1971 to March 1972, although transmissions continued through to August. By 22 August 1972, after sending back data and a total of 60 pictures, Mars 2 and 3 concluded their missions. The images and

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is a three-launch architecture concept for a sample return mission, which uses a rover to cache small samples, a Mars ascent stage to send it into orbit, and an orbiter to rendezvous with it above Mars and take it to Earth. Solar-electric propulsion could allow a one launch sample return instead of

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flyby/lander combinations. All missions except Mars 7 sent back data, with Mars 5 being most successful. Mars 5 transmitted just 60 images before a loss of pressurization in the transmitter housing ended the mission. Mars 6 lander transmitted data during descent, but failed upon impact. Mars 4 flew

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landed on the north polar region of Mars on May 25, 2008. Its robotic arm dug into the Martian soil and the presence of water ice was confirmed on June 20, 2008. The mission concluded on November 10, 2008, after contact was lost. In 2008, the price of transporting material from the surface of Earth

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On August 28, 2015, NASA funded a year-long simulation to study the effects of a year-long Mars mission on six scientists. The scientists lived in a biodome on a Mauna Loa mountain in Hawaii with limited connection to the outside world and were only allowed outside if they were wearing spacesuits.

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The last stage, the "Earth Independent" phase, includes long-term missions on the lunar surface which leverage surface habitats that only require routine maintenance, and the harvesting of Martian resources for fuel, water, and building materials. NASA is still aiming for human missions to Mars in

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Other future mission concepts include polar probes, Martian aircraft and a network of small meteorological stations. Longterm areas of study may include Martian lava tubes, resource utilization, and electronic charge carriers in rocks. Micromissions are another possibility, such as piggybacking a

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Mars has a reputation as a difficult space exploration target; just 25 of 55 missions through 2019, or 45.5%, have been fully successful, with a further three partially successful and partially failures. However, of the sixteen missions since 2001, twelve have been successful and eight of these

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has experienced a high failure rate, especially the early attempts. Roughly sixty percent of all spacecraft destined for Mars failed before completing their missions, with some failing before their observations could begin. Some missions have been met with unexpected success, such as the twin

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Huang, Quancheng; Schmerr, Nicholas C.; King, Scott D.; Kim, Doyeon; Rivoldini, Attilio; Plesa, Ana-Catalina; Samuel, Henri; Maguire, Ross R.; Karakostas, Foivos; Lekić, Vedran; Charalambous, Constantinos; Collinet, Max; Myhill, Robert; Antonangeli, Daniele; Drilleau, Mélanie (2022-10-18).

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launched on November 7, 1996, and entered orbit on September 12, 1997. After a year and a half trimming its orbit from a looping ellipse to a circular track around the planet, the spacecraft began its primary mapping mission in March 1999. It observed the planet from a low-altitude, nearly

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operated normally until an expected communications session on 2 September 1988 failed to occur. The problem was traced to a software error, which deactivated Phobos 1's attitude thrusters, causing the spacecraft's solar arrays to no longer point at the Sun, depleting Phobos 1's batteries.

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had captured the first sounds from Mars. Recordings consisted of five hours of Martian wind gusts, rover wheels crunching over gravel, and motors whirring as the spacecraft moves its arm. The sounds give researchers clues about the atmosphere, such as how far sound travels on the planet.

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of Starship and initially sustained by resupply from Earth, and in situ resource utilization on Mars, until the Mars colony reaches full self sustainability. Any future human mission to Mars will likely take place within the optimal Mars launch window, which occurs every 26 months.

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Mariner 4 flew past Mars on July 14, 1965, providing the first close-up photographs of another planet. The pictures, gradually played back to Earth from a small tape recorder on the probe, showed impact craters. It provided radically more accurate data about the planet; a surface

4523:"Affordable Mars Mission Design" including radiation shielding, centrifugal artificial gravity, in-transit consumable resupply, and a lander which can return. Reuthner suggested that if adequate funding was forthcoming, the proposed mission would be expected in the early 2030s. 7740:

Garcia, Raphael F.; Daubar, Ingrid J.; Beucler, Éric; Posiolova, Liliya V.; Collins, Gareth S.; Lognonné, Philippe; Rolland, Lucie; Xu, Zongbo; Wójcicka, Natalia; Spiga, Aymeric; Fernando, Benjamin; Speth, Gunnar; Martire, Léo; Rajšić, Andrea; Miljković, Katarina (2022-09-19).

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Banfield, Don; Spiga, Aymeric; Newman, Claire; Forget, François; Lemmon, Mark; Lorenz, Ralph; Murdoch, Naomi; Viudez-Moreiras, Daniel; Pla-Garcia, Jorge; Garcia, Raphaël F.; Lognonné, Philippe; Karatekin, Özgür; Perrin, Clément; Martire, Léo; Teanby, Nicholas (2020-02-24).

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an intended first Mars lander mission, launched in late December of the same year (1962). Both failed from either breaking up as they were going into Earth orbit or having the upper stage explode in orbit during the burn to put the spacecraft into trans-Mars trajectory.

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Between 1960 and 1969, the Soviet Union launched nine probes intended to reach Mars. They all failed: three at launch; three failed to reach near-Earth orbit; one during the burn to put the spacecraft into trans-Mars trajectory; and two during the interplanetary orbit.

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achieved Mars orbit in 1997. This mission was a complete success, having finished its primary mapping mission in early 2001. Contact was lost with the probe in November 2006 during its third extended program, spending exactly 10 operational years in space. The NASA

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concept would use multiple small meteorological stations on Mars to establish a widespread observation network to investigate the planet's atmospheric structure, physics and meteorology. The MetNet precursor or demonstrator was considered for a piggyback launch on

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were sent to Mars in 1988 to study Mars and its two moons, with a focus on Phobos. Phobos 1 lost contact on the way to Mars. Phobos 2, while successfully photographing Mars and Phobos, failed before it was set to release two landers to the surface of Phobos.

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with respect to Earth). In addition, the lowest available transfer energy varies on a roughly 16-year cycle. For example, a minimum occurred in the 1969 and 1971 launch windows, rising to a peak in the late 1970s, and hitting another low in 1986 and 1988.

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is a Chinese mission to return samples of Martian soil to Earth. The mission would launch in late 2028, with a lander and ascent vehicle and an orbiter and return module launched separately on two rockets. The samples would be returned to Earth by July

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The diagram includes missions that are active on the surface, such as operational rovers and landers, as well as probes in Mars orbit. The diagram does not include missions that are en route to Mars, or probes that performed a fly-by of Mars and moved

2424:(MER-B) landed on the surface of Mars. Both have met and exceeded all their science objectives. Among the most significant scientific returns has been conclusive evidence that liquid water existed at some time in the past at both landing sites. 4227:

is nuclear powered, to survive longer than its predecessors in this harsh, dusty environment. The car-size rover weighs about 1 ton, with a robotic arm that reaches about 7 feet (2.1 m), zoom cameras, a chemical analyzer and a rock drill.

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is an orbiter mission to study the upper atmosphere of Mars. It also serves as a communications relay satellite for robotic landers and rovers on the surface of Mars. MAVEN was launched 18 November 2013 and reached Mars on 22 September 2014.

3879:(MRO) probe arrived in orbit to conduct a two-year science survey. The orbiter began mapping the Martian terrain and weather to find suitable landing sites for upcoming lander missions. The MRO captured the first image of a series of active 2563:

respectively). After launch, the third stage pumps on both launchers were unable to develop enough pressure to commence ignition, so Earth parking orbit was not achieved. The spacecraft reached an altitude of 120 km before reentry.

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Changela, Hitesh G.; Chatzitheodoridis, Elias; Antunes, Andre; Beaty, David; Bouw, Kristian; Bridges, John C.; Capova, Klara Anna; Cockell, Charles S.; Conley, Catharine A.; Dadachova, Ekaterina; Dallas, Tiffany D. (1 December 2021).

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was a Chinese mission launched on 23 July 2020 which included an orbiter, a lander, and a 240-kilogram (530 lb) rover along with a package of deployable and remote cameras. Tianwen-1 entered orbit on 10 February 2021 and the

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Mars orbiter mission to study the structure, composition, variability and dynamics of Mars' magnetosphere and atmospheric escape processes. The EscaPADE orbiters were originally to be launched in 2022 as secondary payloads on a

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The Viking orbiters revealed that large floods of water carved deep valleys, eroded grooves into bedrock, and traveled thousands of kilometers. Areas of branched streams, in the southern hemisphere, suggest that rain once fell.

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Kliore, Arvydas; Cain, Dan L.; Levy, Gerald S.; Eshleman, Von R.; Fjeldbo, Gunnar; Drake, Frank D. (September 10, 1965). "Occultation Experiment: Results of the First Direct Measurement of Mars's Atmosphere and Ionosphere".

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The mission studied the entire Martian surface, atmosphere, and interior, and returned more data about the red planet than all previous Mars missions combined. The data has been archived and remains available publicly.

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attempting to explore Mars is informally called the "Mars Curse" or "Martian Curse". The phrase "Galactic Ghoul" or "Great Galactic Ghoul" refers to a fictitious space monster that subsists on a diet of Mars

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On December 2, 2014, NASA's Advanced Human Exploration Systems and Operations Mission Director Jason Crusan and Deputy Associate Administrator for Programs James Reuthner announced tentative support for the

8516: 4596:. In 2017 SpaceX announced plans to send two uncrewed Starships to Mars by 2022, followed by two more uncrewed flights and two crewed flights in 2024. Neither of these have yet happened as of August 2024. 2546:

programs (sometimes dubbed Marsnik in Western media) was the first Soviet uncrewed spacecraft interplanetary exploration program, which consisted of two flyby probes launched towards Mars in October 1960,

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landed successfully on Mars on 26 November 2018. Valuable data on the atmosphere, surface and the planet's interior were gathered by Insight. Insight's mission was declared as ended on 21 December 2022.

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published its official plan for human exploration and colonization of Mars. They called it "Journey to Mars". The plan operates through three distinct phases leading to fully sustained colonization.

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successfully landed on February 18, 2021. Its initial mission is set for at least one Martian year, or 687 Earth days. It will search for signs of ancient life and explore the red planet's surface.

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was lost. The mission ended when the spacecraft signal failed to be successfully reacquired on March 27, 1989. The cause of the failure was determined to be a malfunction of the on-board computer.

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ESA. The Mars Express Orbiter confirmed the presence of water ice and carbon dioxide ice at the planet's south pole, while NASA had previously confirmed their presence at the north pole of Mars.

2143: 7486: 2105: 7909: 6305: 2803:, that would be the first planet rovers outside the Moon. They were successfully launched in mid-May 1971 and reached Mars about seven months later. On November 27, 1971, the lander of Mars 2 2161: 1985: 7573: 2182: 16935: 9506: 2053: 2037: 2021: 2220: 2087: 5202: 3779:(Europe). It was completed in a record low budget of $ 71 million, making it the least-expensive Mars mission to date. The mission concluded on September 27, 2022, after contact was lost. 1947: 2258: 2238: 2125: 2003: 2807:

due to an on-board computer malfunction and became the first man-made object to reach the surface of Mars. On 2 December 1971, the Mars 3 lander became the first spacecraft to achieve a

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for most of its tasks. This is when NASA plans to capture an asteroid, test deep space habitation facilities, and validate the capabilities required for human exploration of Mars.

4489:. Currently there are multiple active plans and programs to put humans on Mars within the next ten to thirty years, both governmental and private, some of which are listed below. 1700:

became the first space probe to orbit another planet when it entered into orbit around Mars. The amount of data returned by probes increased substantially as technology improved.

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Mars has long been the subject of human interest. Early telescopic observations revealed color changes on the surface that were attributed to seasonal vegetation and apparent

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were detected. The new data meant redesigns for then planned Martian landers, and showed life would have a more difficult time surviving there than previously anticipated.

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to achieve interplanetary orbit. Mars 1 was intended to fly by the planet at a distance of about 11,000 km and take images of the surface as well as send back data on

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Starship is planned to have a payload of at least 100 tonnes and is designed to use a combination of aerobraking and propulsive descent, using fuel produced from a Mars (

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is an atmospheric research orbiter built in collaboration between ESA and Roscosmos. It was injected into Mars orbit on 19 October 2016 to gain a better understanding of

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If the satellite orbits the Red Planet, India's space agency is the fourth in the world after those of the US, Russia and Europe to undertake a successful Mars mission

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to and from the spacecraft occurs faster than all previous interplanetary missions combined and allows it to serve as an important relay satellite for other missions.

2752:), resulted in failures. Zond 1964A had a failure at launch, while communication was lost with Zond 2 en route to Mars after a mid-course maneuver, in early May 1965. 9657: 7652:"Mars InSight Landing: Follow NASA's Return to the Red Planet - The NASA spacecraft will arrive at the red planet today and attempt to reach its surface in one piece" 7040: 4485:

credits the idea of reaching Mars as his own inspiration to study the physics and engineering of space flight. Proposals for human exploration of Mars have been made

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rover (MER-A) was active until 2010, when it stopped sending data because it got stuck in a sand dune and was unable to reorient itself to recharge its batteries.

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Leighton, Robert B.; Murray, Bruce C.; Sharp, Robert P.; Allen, J. Denton; Sloan, Richard K. (August 6, 1965). "Mariner IV Photography of Mars: Initial Results".

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orbiter, which have contributed massive amounts of information about Mars. Thus there are nine total vehicles currently exploring Mars: 2 rovers and 7 orbiters.

9036:. Ground Truth from Mars: Science Payoff from a Sample Return Mission, held April 21–23, 2008, in Albuquerque, New Mexico. LPI Contribution No. 1401, pp. 39–40. 4511:

spacecraft would be used to send a human expedition to Earth's moon by 2020 as a stepping stone to a Mars expedition. On September 28, 2007, NASA administrator

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spacecraft to Mars in 1975; The program consisted of two orbiters and two landers – these were the second and third spacecraft to successfully land on Mars.

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sent from Earth, beginning in the late 20th century, have yielded a large increase in knowledge about the Martian system, focused primarily on understanding

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successfully landed on 14 May 2021 and deployed on 22 May 2021. Zhurong had been in operation for 347 Martian days and traveled 1,921 meters across Mars.

1936: 17996: 17654: 17304: 5946: 8488: 5288: 3925:, a test lander. Schiaparelli crashed on surface, but it transmitted key data during its parachute descent, so the test was declared a partial success. 7986: 7659: 9115: 7883: 7476: 6295: 17155: 9581: 8238: 7905: 9373: 8576: 6449: 5886: 5745: 19618: 17991: 16143: 9498: 9056: 7167: 7115: 6597:

Van Allen, J. A.; Frank, L. A.; Krimigis, S. M.; Hills, H. K. (September 10, 1965). "Absence of Martian Radiation Belts and Implications Thereof".

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EDM lander was lost 50 seconds before touchdown. It was later confirmed that the lander struck the surface at a high velocity, possibly exploding.

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probe in Mars' orbit. The Fobos-Grunt mission suffered a complete control and communications failure shortly after launch and was left stranded in

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created to date, as well as a range of other devices, on a robotic arm in order to accurately analyze soil beneath the dusty surface to look for

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In April 2024, NASA selected several companies to begin studies on providing commercial services to further enable robotic science on Mars.

8606: 7509: 6360: 17213: 9175: 8295: 700:'s tallest mountain. The discoveries piqued further interest in the study and exploration of the red planet. Mars is a rocky planet, like 19315: 18036: 15932: 11434: 10049: 9919: 7382: 7199: 6159: 8887: 8628: 7542: 7285: 5377: 4823:, an orbiter launched on November 16, 1996, by Russia failed, when the planned second burn of the Block D-2 fourth stage did not occur. 2889:

The first close-up images taken of Mars in 1965 from Mariner 4 show an area about 330 km across by 1200 km from limb to bottom of frame.

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completed its primary mission on January 31, 2001, and completed several extended mission phases until communication was lost in 2007.

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on Mars. Mars 7 probe separated prematurely from the carrying vehicle due to a problem in the operation of one of the onboard systems (

2298: 18130: 9395: 8183: 3905:(295 feet per hour). Experiments include a laser chemical sampler that can deduce the composition of rocks at a distance of 7 meters. 3529:, indicating that there are vast deposits of water ice in the upper three meters of Mars' soil within 60° latitude of the south pole. 19081: 16660: 15002: 9532: 7454: 6495:

O'Gallagher, J. J.; Simpson, J. A. (September 10, 1965). "Search for Trapped Electrons and a Magnetic Moment at Mars by Mariner IV".

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The Mars Scout Program's SCIM would involve a probe grazing the upper atmosphere of Mars to collect dust and air for return to Earth.

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Following the success of Global Surveyor and Pathfinder, another spate of failures occurred in 1998 and 1999, with the Japanese

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successfully entered orbit about Mars, the first spacecraft ever to do so, after the launch time failure of its sister ship,

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took pictures of gullies and debris flow features that suggest there may be current sources of liquid water, similar to an

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for a Martian expedition occur at intervals of approximately two years and two months (specifically 780 days, the planet's

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Aiming for 150 tons useful load in fully reusable configuration, but should be at least 100 tons, allowing for mass growth

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Smith, Edward J.; Davis, L.; Coleman, Paul; Jones, Douglas (September 10, 1965). "Magnetic Field Measurements Near Mars".

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until 2024; validating deep space technologies and studying the effects of long-duration space missions on the human body.

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The lander's fate remained a mystery until it was located intact on the surface of Mars in a series of images from the

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lander on December 2, 1971—Mars 2 failed during descent and Mars 3 failed about twenty seconds after the first Martian

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booster. It was successfully placed into orbit on 9 February 2021. It is studying the Martian atmosphere and weather.

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on Mars on July 4, 1997. It consisted of a lander and a small 10.6-kilogram (23 lb) wheeled robotic rover named

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Matthews, John & Caitlin. "The Element Encyclopedia of Magical Creatures", Barnes & Noble Publishing, 2005.

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The following entails a brief overview of previous missions to Mars, oriented towards orbiters and flybys; see also

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Kilston, Steven D.; Drummond, Robert R.; Sagan, Carl (1966). "A Search for Life on Earth at Kilometer Resolution".

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The challenge, complexity and length of Mars missions have led to many mission failures. The high failure rate of

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has seen multiple integrated test flights and is progressing towards full reusability. SpaceX’s plans involve the

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Raeburn, P. (1998) "Uncovering the Secrets of the Red Planet Mars". National Geographic Society. Washington D.C.

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NASA's Mars Exploration Rover Mission (MER), started in 2003, was a robotic space mission involving two rovers,

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Missions are ordered by launch date. Sign indicates failure en route or before intended mission data returned.

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is the establishment of routine flights to Mars to enable colonization. To this end, the company is developing

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failed during descent but did return some corrupted atmospheric data in 1974. The 1975 NASA launches of the

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After traveling 293 million miles (471 million km) to reach Mars over the course of more than six months,

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Mars orbiters. In May 1971, one day after Mariner 8 malfunctioned at launch and failed to reach orbit,

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and windstorms have occasionally cleaned both rovers' solar panels, and thus increased their lifespan.

2336:(MRO) having landed safely but failed to fully deploy its solar panels and antenna. In early 2004, the 1964: 1064: 1057: 615: 481: 14399: 14274: 12176: 9675: 8317: 8260: 7339: 5621: 19434: 19409: 19219: 17775: 17560: 17069: 16821: 16627: 16502: 15725: 15714: 15566: 14926: 14824: 14679: 14569: 14504: 14494: 14319: 14189: 14174: 14024: 13813: 13731: 13686: 13641: 13591: 13571: 12319: 12230: 11683: 11668: 11658: 11325: 11140: 10832: 10650: 7935: 7624: 4872: 4593: 4271: 3967: 3917: 3686: 3268: 2898: 2796: 2147: 1539: 1513: 1415: 1134: 1127: 896: 889: 882: 875: 638: 18147: 7221: 6331: 5729: 4639:, to skip orbital construction, LEO rendezvous, and lunar fuel depots. A modified proposal, called " 19725: 19330: 16646: 16044: 15026: 15011: 14988: 14911: 14906: 14839: 14704: 14664: 14629: 14599: 14534: 14509: 14464: 14324: 14299: 14234: 14194: 14179: 14159: 14089: 14049: 13994: 13974: 13883: 13838: 13818: 13803: 13716: 13601: 13511: 13263: 12245: 11886: 11718: 11673: 11243: 11235: 10812: 6246: 5048:"Introduction to Special Issue – Habitability, Taphonomy and the Search for Organic Carbon on Mars" 4944: 3456: 2933: 1559: 1246: 1239: 1106: 1099: 12274: 12264: 12201: 10575: 9851: 9743: 9609: 8835: 8373: 8347: 7425: 5916: 2928:

of about 1% of Earth's and daytime temperatures of −100 °C (−148 °F) were estimated. No

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penetrators all suffering various fatal errors. The Mars Climate Orbiter was noted for mixing up

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The human exploration of Mars has been an aspiration since the earliest days of modern rocketry;

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The first stage, already underway, is the "Earth Reliant" phase. This phase continues using the

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remain inconclusive, with a reanalysis of the Viking data published in 2012 suggesting signs of

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Bianciardi, Giorgio; Miller, Joseph D.; Straat, Patricia Ann; Levin, Gilbert V. (March 2012).

6151: 3981:. The HiRISE camera is used to analyze Martian landforms, whereas CRISM and SHARAD can detect 2775:

The USSR intended to have the first artificial satellite of Mars beating the planned American

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lander, which was not heard from after being released and was declared lost in February 2004.

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Single Launch Architecture for Potential Mars Sample Return Mission Using Electric Propulsion

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Sagdeev, R. Z.; Zakharov, A. V. (October 19, 1989). "Brief history of the Phobos mission".

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spacecraft used the gravity of Mars in 2009 to change direction and velocity on its way to

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over the course of one complete Martian year, the equivalent of nearly two Earth years.

2759:, the Soviet Union prepared two identical 5-ton orbiters called M-69, dubbed by NASA as 19779: 19649: 19596: 19474: 19444: 19352: 19165: 18296: 18127: 17809: 17495: 17074: 17064: 17029: 16976: 16925: 16039: 15938: 15903: 15802: 15792: 15515: 14549: 14469: 14459: 14359: 14079: 13989: 13913: 13788: 13776: 13771: 13691: 13581: 13561: 13486: 13388: 13368: 12181: 12131: 11793: 11783: 11728: 11698: 11653: 11638: 11633: 11608: 11098: 10807: 10720: 10710: 10459: 10417: 10100: 9145: 9027:

Mars Sample Return at 6 Kilometers per Second: Practical, Low Cost, Low Risk, and Ready

8378: 7851: 7808: 7788: 7722: 7290: 6794: 6743: 6691: 6640: 6579: 6528: 6300: 6030: 5835: 5145: 5111: 4988: 4964: 4910: 4608: 4512: 2756: 2722: 2352: 1685: 1204: 1197: 1120: 1113: 1036: 1029: 952: 945: 868: 861: 854: 847: 705: 671: 49: 18580: 18543: 15720: 14724: 10022: 10004: 5165:"Mars Exploration, Mars Rovers Information, Facts, News, Photos – National Geographic" 3837: 684:

were ascribed to intelligent design. Further telescopic observations found two moons,

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The second stage, "Proving Ground," moves away from Earth reliance and ventures into

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consisted of two orbiters, each with a lander that successfully soft landed in 1976.

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The Difficult Road to Mars – A Brief History of Mars Exploration in the Soviet Union

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NASA Monographs in Aerospace History Series, Number 21, February 2001. Available as

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gave scientists their first 3-D views of Mars' north polar ice cap in January 1999.

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by the planet at a range of 2200 km returning one swath of pictures and radio

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Bertaux, Jean-Loup; et al. (June 9, 2005). "Discovery of an aurora on Mars".

5195:"NASA's Mars helicopter is now scouting new sites for Perseverance rover to study" 4643:", involves not returning the first immigrant explorers immediately, if ever (see 3062: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2815:

data enabled creation of surface relief maps, and gave information on the Martian

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launched a series of probes to Mars including the first intended flybys and hard (

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Human exploration by the United States was identified as a long-term goal in the

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is the first British and first European probe to achieve a soft landing on Mars.

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NASA Announces Mars 2020 Rover Payload to Explore the Red Planet as Never Before

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and exploration of Mars from orbit. The US$ 720 million spacecraft was built by

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landers, one a mobile 'hopper', the other a stationary platform – contact with

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for three years. The Viking landers relayed the first color panoramas of Mars.

1723: 1368: 681: 495: 14980: 9796: 9276: 7710: 6130: 5133: 4467: 4052:, was launched on November 26, 2011, and landed on Mars on August 6, 2012, on 2124: 19854: 19828: 19654: 19634: 19214: 18947: 18930: 18751: 18668: 18631: 18602: 18592: 18560: 18538: 18518: 18481: 18454: 18449: 18444: 17785: 17745: 17398: 17350: 17345: 16966: 16785: 16726: 15998: 15550: 15348: 15260: 15106: 14951: 14819: 14814: 14684: 14574: 14564: 14554: 14439: 14154: 14114: 14074: 13898: 13878: 13863: 13848: 13556: 13531: 13461: 13373: 13323: 13318: 13253: 13243: 13138: 13103: 13078: 13053: 13043: 13028: 13023: 12996: 12976: 12936: 12911: 12891: 12871: 12856: 12774: 12739: 12681: 12651: 12621: 12492: 12437: 12427: 12422: 12380: 12206: 12081: 11971: 11916: 11865: 11778: 11530: 11520: 11505: 11388: 11156: 10985: 10968: 10960: 10894: 10849: 10770: 10705: 10620: 10535: 10525: 10515: 10410: 10325: 9826: 9582:"Elon Musk just gave another Mars speech—this time the vision seems tangible" 9468: 9407: 8065:

Brown, Dwayne; Neal-Jones, Nancy; Zubritsky, Elizabeth (September 21, 2014).

7842: 7784: 7718: 5141: 4998: 4849: 4815: 4787:, and is sometimes facetiously used to "explain" the recurring difficulties. 4697: 4624: 4057: 3999: 3825:

on 5 May 2018 to provide real-time telemetry during the entry and landing of

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flew by Mars in February 2009 for a gravity assist on its way to investigate

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In 2017, the focus of NASA shifted to a return to the Moon by 2024 with the

1891:. Coloring of the base map indicates relative elevations of Martian surface. 19732: 19718: 19509: 19464: 19121: 19004: 18898: 18838: 18821: 18641: 18619: 18570: 18528: 18513: 18498: 18364: 18323: 18288: 18108: 17868: 17755: 17659: 17355: 17335: 17309: 17096: 17079: 16759: 16466: 16446: 16428: 16223: 16094: 16013: 15983: 15604: 15599: 15440: 15069: 14349: 14239: 14199: 13950: 13933: 13928: 13631: 13398: 13378: 13343: 13298: 13228: 13223: 13170: 13165: 13153: 13148: 13133: 13128: 13123: 13118: 13093: 13088: 13073: 13058: 13048: 13033: 13018: 12971: 12966: 12961: 12956: 12951: 12946: 12941: 12851: 12841: 12824: 12819: 12784: 12754: 12734: 12691: 12676: 12656: 12566: 12529: 12497: 12462: 12447: 12442: 12410: 12405: 12395: 12350: 11931: 11560: 11515: 11490: 11480: 11347: 11342: 11283: 11215: 11195: 10859: 10615: 10560: 10500: 8512: 7860: 7775: 7324: 6790: 6739: 6687: 6636: 6575: 6524: 6026: 5083: 4969: 4949: 4934: 4841: 4757: 4640: 4628: 4439: 4415: 4411: 4394: 4303: 4278: 4208: 4053: 3697: 3671: 3626: 3616: 3559: 3555: 3538: 3510: 3505: 3481: 3462: 3404: 3366: 3259: 3119: 3118:

The primary scientific objectives of the lander mission were to search for

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NASA continued the Mariner program with another pair of Mars flyby probes,

2749: 2517: 2493: 2442: 2414: 2374: 2348: 2314: 2287: 1991: 1984: 1792: 1355: 697: 693: 583: 17133: 15174: 10016: 9499:"Elon Musk Decided To Put Life On Mars Because NASA Wasn't Serious Enough" 7054:. Todayinspacehistory.wordpress.com (2007-12-04). Retrieved on 2012-08-14. 6048: 3517:

and volcanic activity on Mars. In 2002, it was announced that the probe's

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Gullies, similar to those formed on Earth, are visible on this image from

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Spacecraft launches and Mars distance from Earth in millions of kilometers

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mission by NASA was launched on 30 July 2020 on a United Launch Alliance

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Missions that ended prematurely after Phobos 1 and 2 (1988) include (see

16121: 8440:"China's Mars mission named Tianwen-1, appears on track for July launch" 7219: 7064: 6018: 5349:"NASA Selects Commercial Service Studies to Enable Mars Robotic Science" 4297:

by the University of California, Berkeley, is a planned twin-spacecraft

1692:). The first successful flyby of Mars was on 14–15 July 1965, by NASA's 521:, and a more modern photographic image, with a blended one in the middle 19792: 19739: 19479: 19058: 18636: 16806: 16684: 16534: 16471: 15993: 15973: 15888: 15832: 15827: 15797: 15639: 15208: 15119: 13283: 13143: 12986: 12881: 12809: 12799: 12764: 12714: 12502: 12101: 11200: 11185: 10520: 10450: 9730:"The Depths of Space: The Story of the Pioneer Planetary Probes (2004)" 9631:"Liftoff for Aurora: Europe's first steps to Mars, the Moon and beyond" 9396:"Mars scientists leave dome on Hawaii mountain after year in isolation" 7628: 5224: 4959: 4390: 3590: 3127: 2848: 2784: 2764: 2760: 2741: 2571: 2567: 2552: 2548: 2497: 2305:

on Mars. This hydrogen is thought to be contained in large deposits of

2199: 1884: 1689: 16545: 9852:"CNN – Metric mishap caused loss of NASA orbiter – September 30, 1999" 8067:"NASA's Newest Mars Mission Spacecraft Enters Orbit around Red Planet" 5456: 5426: 4163: 3970:, launched August 12, 2005, and entered Mars orbit on March 10, 2006. 3946: 19753: 19746: 19175: 19141: 18972: 18893: 18816: 18811: 18782: 18523: 18476: 18345: 18328: 17593: 17518: 16706: 16456: 16099: 15913: 15873: 15653: 15634: 15619: 15571: 15472: 15294: 15221: 15153: 12759: 12345: 12151: 12006: 11352: 11288: 10922: 10785: 10344: 10090: 8602: 8407:"UAE-built Mars orbiter arrives at launch site ahead of July liftoff" 8321: 8099:"ExoMars TGO reaches Mars orbit while EDM situation under assessment" 7194: 6811: 5831: 5096: 4954: 4375: 4342: 4311: 4267: 4192: 4149: 3880: 3744: 3728: 3378: 3299: 3243: 3131: 3093: 3077: 2963: 2959: 2906: 2902: 2880: 2872: 2780: 2776: 2301:

detected significant amounts of hydrogen in the upper metre or so of

2219: 1876: 1818: 1697: 1693: 1462: 1450: 1444: 1315: 1272: 607: 564: 18777: 12701: 10610: 10027: 9366:"Mars simulation crew 'return to Earth' after 365 days in isolation" 9329:"NASA's Journey To Mars: Pioneering Next Steps in Space Exploration" 9081:"Mars Aerial and Ground Global Intelligent Explorer (MAGGIE) - NASA" 6183:. UANews.org. 20 June 2008. Archived from the original on 2012-03-20 3631: 3583:

failed to deploy, blocking the spacecraft's communications antenna.

19806: 19644: 19111: 18967: 18952: 18687: 18394: 18242: 17649: 17633: 17299: 17085: 17040: 17024: 17019: 16600: 16593: 16365: 16249: 15898: 15878: 15868: 15745: 15702: 15445: 15422: 15415: 15340: 15335: 15322: 15315: 14229: 12269: 12011: 11362: 11074: 11055: 10927: 9829:. with comments from Jim Oberg. Federation of American Scientists. 9132:

Oliver Morton – "MarsAir" (January 2000) – Air & Space magazine

8818:"NASA launches a spacecraft to visit Psyche, an unseen metal world" 8599:"The most advanced robot ever sent to Mars has landed successfully" 8542: 7412: 5289:"China finally admits its hibernating Mars rover may never wake up" 5116: 4861: 4801: 4795: 4687: 4677: 4632: 4294: 4283: 3990: 3551: 3526: 3003: 2999: 2885: 2704: 2691: 2468: 2324: 2302: 2262: 2257: 2244: 2237: 1951: 1946: 1807: 1734: 1728: 1499: 16905: 16638: 10287: 4852:, causing the orbiter to burn up while entering Mars' atmosphere. 4565:

NASA's human Mars exploration plans have evolved through the NASA

19048: 19036: 18962: 18355: 18333: 18208: 18193: 16397: 15883: 15644: 15465: 12259: 11565: 10565: 8961:

Planetary Science Decadal Survey Mission & Technology Studies

7286:"Mars Orbiter Spots Beagle 2, European Lander Missing Since 2003" 4820: 4707: 4471:

Concept for NASA Design Reference Mission Architecture 5.0 (2009)

4369: 4259: 3995: 3814: 3801: 3794: 3703: 3522: 3360: 3139: 2975: 2816: 2543: 2531: 2509: 2447: 2007: 2002: 1774: 1429: 634: 9912:"Space Images | Schiaparelli Impact Site on Mars, in Color" 9300:"NASA Releases Plan Outlining Next Steps in the Journey to Mars" 8261:"'Mount Sharp' on Mars Compared to Three Big Mountains on Earth" 7593:

Concepts and Approaches for Mars Exploration – LPI – USRA (2012)

4295:

EscaPADE (Escape and Plasma Acceleration and Dynamics Explorers)

2855:

or retro-rockets) and missed the planet by 1,300 kilometres (8.7

1267: 711:

One way the surface of Mars has been categorized, is by thirty "

19489: 18680: 18675: 18389: 18384: 18350: 18338: 18283: 18235: 18228: 18203: 18198: 18077: 17618: 17608: 17588: 17258: 17238: 17223: 17013: 17009: 17005: 16754: 16273: 15491: 15410: 15405: 15400: 15395: 15304: 15299: 15289: 15284: 15241: 15236: 15226: 15216: 13441: 11956: 10338: 10275: 8685:"ESA awards contract to Thales Alenia Space to restart ExoMars" 6849:"Complexity Analysis of the Viking Labeled Release Experiments" 4636: 4585: 4557:

the 2030s, though Earth independence could take decades longer.

4520: 3978: 3974: 3233: 2939: 2800: 2792: 2788: 2745: 2718: 2678: 2665: 2652: 2639: 2626: 2613: 2600: 2513: 2057: 2052: 2041: 2036: 2025: 2020: 1719: 1711: 1704: 622:

that will pick up the samples currently being collected by the

10017:

Simplified study of orbits to land on Mars and return to Earth

9959:

by Ronald Greeley and Raymond Batson (published January 2002;

9697: 7254:"'Lost' 2003 Mars Lander Found by Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter" 6208: 4859:

has also attempted to land two probes on the Martian surface;

4277:

in 2022 to search for evidence of past or present microscopic

3973:

The MRO contains a host of scientific instruments such as the

3279:

and automated obstacle avoidance, both later exploited by the

1895: 18806: 18379: 18311: 18306: 18221: 18176: 18171: 16716: 16402: 15807: 15089: 14844: 13196: 10312: 10299: 10262: 9551:"Starship SN15 conducts smooth test flight and nails landing" 8910:"China to launch Tianwen 2 asteroid-sampling mission in 2025" 8834:

Harri, A. M.; Schmidt, W.; H., Guerrero; Vasquez, L. (2012).

7321:"Europe set for billion-euro gamble with comet-chasing probe" 6332:""Journey Through the Galaxy" Mars Program: Mars ~ 1960–1974" 5809: 4407: 4281:. The lander that was planned to deliver the rover is called 4134: 4073: 3982: 3912:

presumed to have once been substantial, were lost over time.

3908: 3890:

mission was launched on November 26, 2011, and delivered the

3514: 3375: 2847:

data, which constituted the first detection of the nightside

2826:

In 1973, the Soviet Union sent four more probes to Mars: the

2367: 1398: 701: 594: 17487: 9883:"Schiaparelli Mars probe's parachute 'jettisoned too early'" 7876:"NASA's Mars InSight Mission Launches for Six-Month Journey" 7739: 7510:"India's 450-crore mission to Mars to begin today: 10 facts" 5966: 5403:

Mapping Mars: Science, Imagination, and the Birth of a World

4569:, a series of design studies for human exploration of Mars. 4223:

helicopter. Unlike older rovers that relied on solar power,

3554:. The lander carried a digging device and the smallest mass 3347:

A color-coded elevation map produced from data collected by

2570:

was a Mars flyby mission, launched on October 24, 1962, and

525:

There are two functional rovers on the surface of Mars, the

18432: 18316: 18181: 17388: 16156: 15015: 12071: 11451: 10433: 10331: 10318: 9606:"The Mars Homestead Project—Arrive, Survive, & Thrive!" 9605: 9049:

Current plan of the MELOS, a proposed Japanese Mars mission

8318:"NASA's New Mars Rover Will Explore Towering 'Mount Sharp'" 8291: 8234: 8071: 7620: 7514: 7258: 6846: 6596: 5700: 5509:

Humans to Mars: Fifty Years of Mission Planning, 1950–2000,

4790:

Two Soviet probes were sent to Mars in 1988 as part of the

4535: 4447: 4443: 4432:

Mars Aerial and Ground Global Intelligent Explorer (MAGGIE)

4403: 4333: 4318: 4298: 3772: 3689:

flew within 250 km of Mars on February 25, 2007, in a

3496: 3470: 3449: 3423: 2894: 2811:, but its transmission was interrupted after 14.5 seconds. 2464: 2332:

was located in January 2015 by the HiRise camera on NASA's

663: 538: 465: 9664:. Universetoday.com (2008-03-22). Retrieved on 2012-08-14. 8701: 3242:

takes Alpha Proton X-ray Spectrometer measurements of the

2527: 18161: 16307: 9768:

July 14, 1997 Vol. 150 No. 2. URL accessed April 7, 2006.

7680: 7402:"Phobos-Grunt: Failed probe likely to return late Sunday" 7364:"Russia's failed Phobos-Grunt space probe heads to Earth" 7140: 6973: 5883:"NASA's Mars Odyssey Shifting Orbit for Extended Mission" 5374:"The Planet Mars: A History of Observation and Discovery" 5261: 4455:

small spacecraft on an Ariane 5 rocket and using a lunar

4263: 3986: 3898: 3776: 3677: 1703:

The first to contact the surface were two Soviet probes:

9990: 8064: 7906:"NASA Prepares for First Interplanetary CubeSat Mission" 7447:"Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution mission – MAVEN" 7383:"Phobos-Grunt: Failed Russian Mars Probe Falls to Earth" 6761:

Salisbury, Frank B. (April 6, 1962). "Martian Biology".

6365:

Department of Astronomy, Case Western Reserve University

3267:

was a U.S. spacecraft that landed a base station with a

10402: 8970:. Sites.nationalacademies.org. Retrieved on 2012-05-10. 8348:"NASA Selects 'MAVEN' Mission to Study Mars Atmosphere" 8288:"'Mount Sharp' On Mars Links Geology's Past and Future" 7222:"Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) Spacecraft Loss of Contact" 4515:

stated that NASA aims to put a person on Mars by 2037.

3958:(MRO) is a multipurpose spacecraft designed to conduct 3579:. The images suggest that two of the spacecraft's four 2440:

came within 250 km of Mars during its 2007 flyby.

505:, which operated for years beyond their specification. 9740: 8788:"India eyes a return to Mars and a first run at Venus" 7017:"The First Rover on Mars – The Soviets Did It in 1971" 6545: 6494: 4655: 4368:, and on the two proposed to fly on the 2016 and 2020 1857:

on Mars in the summer of 1997, returning many images.

9169: 9167: 8833: 8780: 8739:"ESCAPADE confident in planned 2024 New Glenn launch" 8629:"Money Troubles May Delay Europe-Russia Mars Mission" 8374:"ExoMars Mission to Join Crowd of Spacecraft at Mars" 7583:, Washington Post, By Brian Vastag, Monday, August 20 6296:"Isro's Mars mission successful, India makes history" 5320:"A Brief History of Mars Missions | Mars Exploration" 4428:

mission that will include a lander and rover on Mars.

9463: 9461: 9459: 6917: 4886: 4576:, a flight to Mars could follow after this project. 4314:. The mission is scheduled to launch in Q4 for 2024. 3513:

and imagers to hunt for evidence of past or present

62:(to the left) located at Wright Brothers Field, the 17863: 17655:

Multi-mission radioisotope thermoelectric generator

9655:

The "Mars Curse": Why Have So Many Missions Failed?

8539:"NASA lands Perseverance rover on the Mars surface" 8205:"NASA Launches Super-Size Rover to Mars: 'Go, Go!'" 7805: 7143:"Laser Provides First 3-D View of Mars' North Pole" 6255: 6173: 3221: 537:rovers, both operated by the American space agency 15933:Sample Collection for Investigation of Mars (SCIM) 15778:Mars Aerial and Ground Global Intelligent Explorer 9797:"Is the Great Galactic Ghoul losing his appetite?" 9434:"Elon Musk's Plan: Get Humans to Mars, and Beyond" 9164: 8956: 8954: 7190:"Mars Global Surveyor Remains Silent, Feared Lost" 6881: 5967:ESA Media Relations Division (February 11, 2004). 4819:, launched by NASA, failed as it approached Mars. 4530:Journey to Mars – Science, Exploration, Technology 4393:is a Russian mission concept to bring a sample of 4310:and Janus missions, but will now be launched on a 3136:biological experiments on board the Viking landers 1453:orbiter, deployable and remote camera, lander and 629:The next missions expected to arrive at Mars are: 15849: 11442: 9456: 8829: 8827: 7158:"Human Error Caused Mars Global Surveyor Failure" 7041:December 4, 1996 – First successful Mars Rover – 6086:. BBC News (2007-02-25). Retrieved on 2012-08-14. 5909:"Odyssey Spacecraft Generates New Mars Mysteries" 4779: 4345:will undertake a flyby of Mars in May 2026, in a 19826: 9904: 8146: 3546:to Mars. The Mars Express craft consists of the 3388: 18121: 15010: 9393: 9231:K. Klaus, M. L. Raftery and K. E. Post (2014), 8951: 8310: 8231:"Three New Names Approved for Features on Mars" 7813:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 7684:"The atmosphere of Mars as observed by InSight" 7469: 6840: 6488: 5771:. Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved on 2012-05-10. 5752:. Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved on 2012-05-10. 5396: 5394: 4341:space probe mission to the metal-rich asteroid 3509:orbiter arrived at Mars. Its mission is to use 1902:Clicking on the labels will open a new article. 575:There are seven orbiters surveying the planet: 555:to study before its mission ended in 2024. The 18022:Minor planets and comets visited by spacecraft 9648: 9202: 9200: 8996: 8836:"Future Plans for MetNet Lander Mars Missions" 8824: 8621: 8279: 8253: 7867: 7220:Mars Global Surveyor Operations Review Board. 7187: 6974:Moore, Patrick; Hunt, Garry (1 January 1997). 6420:. NASA Headquarters History Division. p. 5774: 5622:"Japanese Mars mission launch delayed to 2026" 5503: 5501: 5499: 5482:"PIA03467: The MGS MOC Wide Angle Map of Mars" 5251: 5249: 5009:Crew Health and Performance Exploration Analog 4584:The long-term goal of the private corporation 4140: 3933: 3693:designed to slow and redirect the spacecraft. 2351:. ESA announced in June 2006 the discovery of 692:, polar ice caps and the feature now known as 19845:Discovery and exploration of the Solar System 18282: 18093: 17849: 17503: 17149: 16848: 16654: 16561: 16137: 15590: 14996: 11428: 10418: 10043: 9623: 9122:. Mars.jpl.nasa.gov. Retrieved on 2012-05-10. 9094:Decadal Survey Document Listing: White Papers 8365: 8222: 8154:""Spaceflight Now" MRO Mission Status Center" 8058: 7979: 7534: 7245: 7091:"PDS Geosciences Node Data and Services: MGS" 6354: 6352: 6325: 6323: 6144: 6127:University of Arizona Phoenix mission Website 5900: 5718: 5682:. Mars.jpl.nasa.gov. Retrieved on 2012-08-14. 5100:"Mars: new insights and unresolved questions" 4349:designed to slow and redirect the spacecraft. 4207:design. The scientific payload is focused on 1336: 637:program of ESA has delayed the launch of the 9125: 8755: 8091: 7501: 7418: 7278: 6471:"NASA (NSSDC) Master Catalog Display Mars 4" 6446:"NASA (NSSDC) Master Catalog Display Mars 3" 5391: 5039: 4080: 3654: 17163: 9945:by Jeffrey S. Kargel (published July 2004; 9255:Mission to Mars in Six (not so easy) Pieces 9197: 9134:. Airspacemag.com. Retrieved on 2012-08-14. 9039: 8340: 7376: 6234: 6041: 5960: 5496: 5376:. The University of Arizona Press, Tucson. 5246: 5163:Society, National Geographic (2009-10-15). 4487:throughout the history of space exploration 3525:spectrometer had detected large amounts of 2978:, to be exact) on any planet in the entire 2322:(ESA) reached Mars in 2003. It carried the 1749: 18100: 18086: 17856: 17842: 17510: 17496: 17156: 17142: 16862: 16855: 16841: 16661: 16647: 16568: 16554: 16144: 16130: 15859:Aerial Regional-scale Environmental Survey 15003: 14989: 11435: 11421: 10425: 10411: 10050: 10036: 9957:The Compact NASA Atlas of the Solar System 8569:"TNASA's Perseverance rover lands on Mars" 7574:NASA will send robot drill to Mars in 2016 7436:. Space Daily. Retrieved 19 November 2011. 7057: 6349: 6320: 6115: 6089: 5875: 5673:NASA PROGRAM & MISSIONS Historical Log 5594: 5045: 4462: 4329:(MOM-2) and it will consist of an orbiter. 3841:NASA missions to Mars (28 September 2021)( 3056:lander site (1st color, September 5, 1976) 1553: 1329: 1253: 468:has been explored remotely by spacecraft. 16151: 15894:Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher (MAX-C) 10013:Collection of Russian Mars probes' images 9598: 9363: 8764:"Rajya Sabha Unstarred Question No. 2955" 8016:"Mars Science Laboratory – Homepage" 7850: 7832: 7774: 7605: 7323:. PhysOrg.com. 2007-02-23. Archived from 6872: 6760: 6754: 6626: 6590: 6407: 5803: 5115: 5073: 4321:plans to send a follow-up mission to its 3928: 3921:arrived at Mars in 2016 and deployed the 3897:on the surface of Mars on August 6, 2012 3767:, was launched on 5 November 2013 by the 2982:, and leading to its reclassification as 2463:to the surface of Mars was approximately 1847:, carrying a robotic exploration vehicle 708:; it has a cold and desert-like surface. 19619:Interstellar and circumstellar molecules 9794: 9703: 9469:"Making Life Multi-planetary - RELAYTO/" 9394:Slawson, Nicola; agencies (2016-08-28). 8973: 8197: 7602:. Lpi.usra.edu. Retrieved on 2012-05-10. 7395: 7141:Jet Propulsion Laboratory (1999-01-07). 7014: 7010: 7008: 6651: 6413: 6261: 5192: 4654: 4525: 4466: 4175: 4026: 3998:, compared to previous Mars spacecraft. 3945: 3836: 3630: 3455: 3408: 3342: 3298: 3232: 3008:Viking spacecraft biological experiments 2946:, as seen by Mariner 4. The location is 2938: 2884: 2740:In 1964, both Soviet probe launches, of 2526: 2503: 2343:team announced the orbiter had detected 2274: 1860: 1354: 512: 39: 19815:) may be read as "within" or "part of". 18843:Planetary orbit-crossing minor planets 16575: 9297: 9252: 8876: 7543:"India's Mars mission: worth the cost?" 7251: 7065:"Mar Global Surveyor – Science Summary" 6918:Matthews, Mildred S. (1 October 1992). 6805: 6390:"NASA A Chronology of Mars Exploration" 6329: 6241:Mitchell, Cary L.; Purdue University. " 5996: 5936: 5930: 5846: 5371: 5257:"China lands its Zhurong rover on Mars" 5225:"Tianwen-1: China's first Mars mission" 5162: 5046:Grotzinger, John P. (24 January 2014). 4623:, a low-cost human mission proposed by 4501:announced in 2004 by then US President 4406:is working on a mission concept called 3754: 3713:cameras and other instruments on Mars. 3473:from 25 December 2003 to 1 January 2010 3426:from 24 October 2001 to 24 October 2002 3351:indicating the result of floods on Mars 3286: 3134:properties of Mars. The results of the 2487: 2347:in the Martian atmosphere, a potential 1759: 14: 19827: 16388:Arctic Mars Analog Svalbard Expedition 16371:Mars Analogue Research Station Program 9824: 9579: 9548: 9277:"NASA's Journey to Mars News Briefing" 9208:"NASA aims to put man on Mars by 2037" 9180:Space.com FAQ: Bush's New Space Vision 9106: 9087: 9016: 8761: 7340:"Asteroid-Bound Probe Zooms Past Mars" 7155: 7118:. NASA. 4 January 2001. Archived from 7019:. The Planetary Report. Archived from 6702: 6070: 5990: 5969:"UK and ESA announce Beagle 2 inquiry" 5939:"UK's Beagle 2 lander spotted on Mars" 5685: 5668: 5666: 5400: 5286: 4984:Observations and explorations of Venus 4442:to fly in the Martian atmosphere with 3883:near the planet's north pole in 2008. 3041:lander site (1st color, July 21, 1976) 1244: 1237: 1230: 1223: 1216: 1209: 1202: 1195: 1188: 1181: 1174: 1167: 1146: 1139: 1132: 1125: 1118: 1111: 1104: 1097: 1090: 1083: 1076: 1069: 1062: 1055: 1034: 1027: 1020: 1013: 1006: 999: 992: 985: 978: 971: 964: 957: 950: 943: 922: 908: 894: 880: 866: 763: 72:Active Mars missions, 1997 to present 18081: 17837: 17491: 17137: 16836: 16642: 16549: 16125: 15763:Biological Oxidant and Life Detection 14984: 12307: 11754: 11462: 11416: 10406: 10057: 10031: 9753: 9708:. Orangeville Citizen. 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The map images were taken by the 845: 729: 551:helicopter, which scouted sites for 18037:Landings on extraterrestrial bodies 17187:Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory 16668: 9444:from the original on March 12, 2018 9364:Griffiths, James (29 August 2016). 9243:, (Houston, Texas: Boeing Company). 9233:"An Affordable Mars Mission Design" 9174:Britt, Robert (19 September 2005). 8884:"The MetNet Mars Precursor Mission" 8328:from the original on 23 August 2016 7650:Chang, Kenneth (26 November 2018). 7540: 7439: 7188:David, Leonard (21 November 2006). 6308:from the original on 5 October 2014 6264:"India launches spacecraft to Mars" 5663: 5535:"Robotic Mars Exploration Strategy" 5287:Pappas, Stephanie (27 April 2023). 5021: 4434:– is a proposed compact fixed wing 4023:Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory 3832: 570:China National Space Administration 66:helicopter drop site (7 April 2021) 24: 18117: 17570: 15189: 15181: 15173: 15037:List of artificial objects on Mars 9673: 9509:from the original on April 1, 2019 9152:from the original on 17 March 2020 8864:from the original on 6 August 2020 8798:from the original on 23 March 2017 8635:. 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University of Arizona Press. 6911: 6900:from the original on 2012-04-14 6477:from the original on 2017-02-27 6463: 6452:from the original on 2019-05-14 6438: 6396:from the original on 2000-10-17 6382: 6338:from the original on 2014-02-04 6288: 6274:from the original on 2014-02-07 6223:from the original on 2012-01-05 6162:from the original on 2012-01-11 6152:"Phoenix: The Search for Water" 6104:from the original on 2012-01-18 6059:from the original on 2012-03-20 5979:from the original on 2012-01-30 5949:from the original on 2015-01-17 5889:from the original on 2012-03-13 5707:from the original on 2018-09-04 5638: 5613: 5588: 5577:from the original on 2021-10-26 5563: 5526: 5474: 5449: 5419: 5380:from the original on 2017-09-11 5365: 5330:from the original on 2019-04-11 5269:from the original on 2021-05-15 5235:from the original on 2021-02-25 5205:from the original on 2021-10-01 5023: 4133:, in July 2020 on the Japanese 3977:camera, CTX camera, CRISM, and 3950:Slope streaks as seen by HiRISE 3355:Among key scientific findings, 2408:In January 2004, the NASA twin 16750:Materials Adherence Experiment 16214:Austere Human Missions to Mars 12308: 9971:Mars: The NASA Mission Reports 9943:Mars – A Warmer, Wetter Planet 8843:Geophysical Research Abstracts 6888:Klotz, Irene (12 April 2012). 6251:. Season 2008–09. Episode 307. 5341: 5280: 5216: 5186: 5156: 5090: 4567:Mars Design Reference Missions 4038:, which landed on Mars in 2012 3799:In August 2012, NASA selected 3739:back to Earth from Mars' moon 3727:On November 8, 2011, Russia's 3716: 2341:Planetary Fourier Spectrometer 13: 1: 17953:On extra-terrestrial surfaces 17517: 16335:Mars Design Reference Mission 15864:Astrobiology Field Laboratory 10243:Timeline of space exploration 10011:Catalog of Soviet Mars images 9991:NASA Mars exploration website 9881:Amos, Jonathan (2016-10-20). 9750:. URL accessed April 7, 2006. 9549:Bergin, Chris (May 5, 2021). 8997:Day, Dwayne A. (2011-11-28). 8405:Gray, Tyler (26 April 2020). 8286:Agle, D. C. (28 March 2012). 8041:"Chemistry and Cam (ChemCam)" 7874:Chang, Kenneth (5 May 2018). 7548:The Christian Science Monitor 7392:. ABC News, January 15, 2012. 6977:The Atlas of the Solar System 6732:10.1126/science.149.3689.1243 6619:10.1126/science.149.3689.1228 6568:10.1126/science.149.3689.1241 6517:10.1126/science.149.3689.1233 6414:Perminov, V. G. (July 1999). 5193:Loeffler, John (2021-08-17). 5033: 4046:mission with its rover named 3966:under the supervision of the 3635:Polar surface as seen by the 3083:(False color image) Frost at 2748:on November 30, (part of the 2279: 18042:Objects at Lagrangian points 17043:(Calibration Target/Plauque) 16318:Space Exploration Initiative 16260:Vision for Space Exploration 16219:Mars Piloted Orbital Station 10840:Recurring slope lineae (RSL) 9741:The National Academies Press 9298:Mahoney, Erin (2015-09-24). 8933:Jones, Andrew (2022-06-20). 8908:Jones, Andrew (2022-05-18). 8709:"EscaPADE A, B (SIMPLEx 4)n" 8464:Jones, Andrew (2022-05-11). 7482:International Business Times 6834:10.1016/0019-1035(66)90010-8 6680:10.1126/science.149.3684.627 4871:, which was flown along the 4605:Starship development program 4603:) facility. As of 2024, the 4601:in situ resource utilization 4499:Vision for Space Exploration 4353: 3176:Tear-drop shaped islands at 3012:The Viking program launched 2755:In 1969, and as part of the 2584:Selected Soviet Mars probes 7: 19677:Outline of the Solar System 19440:Interplanetary medium/space 15788:Mars Exploration Ice Mapper 15733:NASA-ESA Mars Sample Return 15709:Tera-hertz Explorer (TEREX) 15077:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter 11755: 11274:Inspiration Mars Foundation 10233:List of spaceflight records 10023:Planetary Society Mars page 9825:Lissov, Igor (1996-09-19). 9676:"Beating the curse of Mars" 9580:Berger, Eric (2024-04-08). 8129:"Catalog Page for PIA22240" 7424:Morris Jones (2011-11-17). 7071:. Jet Propulsion Laboratory 6783:10.1126/science.136.3510.17 4882: 4635:class rockets, such as the 4544:International Space Station 4383:NASA-ESA Mars Sample Return 3956:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter 3942:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter 3935:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter 3876:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter 3867:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter 3576:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter 2334:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter 1762:section for more details): 644:, until later in the 2020s. 620:NASA-ESA Mars Sample Return 616:Mars sample return missions 590:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter 10: 19871: 19393:Extraterrestrial materials 11674:Mare Australe (South Pole) 11309:Artificial objects on Mars 8737:Foust, Jeff (2023-04-13). 8683:Foust, Jeff (2024-04-10). 7931:"The CubeSat Era in Space" 7767:10.1038/s41561-022-01014-0 7050:December 24, 2013, at the 6874:10.5139/IJASS.2012.13.1.14 6361:"Mars (1960–1974): Mars 1" 5786:Journey through the galaxy 5645:Foust, Jeff (2023-05-24). 5620:Foust, Jeff (2024-01-11). 5533:McCleese, D.; et al. 4664:Mars Spacecraft 1988–1999 4474: 4253:Mars sample return mission 4250: 4084: 4012: 3939: 3792: 3720: 3665: 3624: 3606: 3550:and the stationary lander 3398: 3292: 3249: 2993: 2866: 2507: 1557: 1314:is at the far left on the 661: 28: 19713:Earth sciences portal 19672: 19627: 19564: 19435:Interplanetary dust cloud 19314: 19150: 19080: 18791: 18727: 18420: 18273: 18115: 18050: 18027:Missions to minor planets 18009: 17984: 17951: 17944: 17888: 17875: 17799: 17776:Octavia E. Butler Landing 17768: 17728: 17698: 17682: 17673: 17642: 17581: 17568: 17538: 17525: 17453: 17432: 17374: 17331:Mount Sharp (Aeolis Mons) 17323: 17292: 17204: 17193: 17171: 17050: 16992: 16944: 16913: 16902: 16870: 16822:Jet Propulsion Laboratory 16794: 16768: 16734: 16723: 16678: 16628:Jet Propulsion Laboratory 16615: 16583: 16480: 16437: 16411: 16350: 16281: 16270: 16232: 16206: 16185: 16176: 16163: 16112: 16063: 16032: 15966: 15957: 15845: 15755: 15673: 15666: 15586: 15549: 15484: 15386: 15277: 15207: 15200: 15171: 15118: 15095:ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter 15052: 15045: 15022: 13747:Eagle (Acidalia Planitia) 13397: 13186: 12700: 12550: 12318: 12314: 12303: 12047: 12037:Classical albedo features 11992: 11767: 11763: 11750: 11579: 11473: 11469: 11458: 11378: 11326:List of films set on Mars 11301: 11252: 11234: 11178: 11169: 11149: 11141:C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring) 11133: 11054: 11006: 10959: 10950: 10938:Classical albedo features 10908: 10696: 10589: 10491: 10458: 10449: 10440: 10366: 10251: 10225: 10140: 10129: 10083: 10065: 9338:. NASA. October 8, 2015. 9176:"When do we get to Mars?" 7936:Jet Propulsion Laboratory 7711:10.1038/s41561-020-0534-0 7625:Jet Propulsion Laboratory 6200:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 5885:. NASA. October 9, 2008. 5595:a-alzayani (2019-11-08). 5372:Sheehan, William (1996). 5134:10.1017/S1473550421000276 4873:ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter 4615: 4579: 4444:vertical take-off/landing 4187:samples collected to date 4081:Trace Gas Orbiter and EDM 3968:Jet Propulsion Laboratory 3918:ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter 3873:On 10 March 2006, NASA's 3687:67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko 2899:Jet Propulsion Laboratory 1881:global topography of Mars 1664: 1650: 1636: 1622: 1608: 1594: 1580: 1572: 1569: 1514:Martian Moons eXploration 448: 434: 420: 406: 392: 378: 364: 350: 336: 322: 308: 294: 280: 266: 252: 238: 224: 210: 196: 182: 168: 154: 140: 126: 112: 98: 84: 79: 76: 19726:Local Interstellar Cloud 18438:other near-Earth objects 17997:Leaving the Solar System 17624:Rover embedded computers 17279:Rover embedded computers 17036:Rover embedded computers 16984:Surface features visited 16936:Surface features visited 16812:Rover embedded computers 16045:Mars Exploration Program 15027:List of missions to Mars 13752:Eagle (Meridiani Planum) 12216:Meteorites found on Mars 11679:Mare Boreum (North Pole) 11244:List of missions to Mars 10432: 9762:(first paragraph only). 9275:NASA (December 2, 2014) 7373:, BBC News (2012-01-14). 6330:Robbins, Stuart (2008). 5015: 4945:List of missions to Mars 4238:As of October 19, 2021, 4067: 3743:, and place the Chinese 2770: 2592:Orbiter or flyby outcome 2522: 1750:Past missions since 1992 1696:. On November 14, 1971, 1560:List of missions to Mars 1279:of Mars, defined by the 29:Not to be confused with 19689:Solar System portal 19415:Giant-impact hypothesis 19022:Trans-Neptunian objects 17823:Solar System portal 17477:Solar System portal 17165:Mars Science Laboratory 16298:Martian Piloted Complex 15135:Mars Science Laboratory 11402:Solar System portal 9046:Miyamoto, Hirdy (ed.). 8263:. NASA. 27 March 2012. 7834:10.1073/pnas.2204474119 6123:"Mars Pulls Phoenix In" 5401:Morton, Oliver (2002). 5075:10.1126/science.1249944 4659:Deep Space 2 technology 4631:, would use heavy-lift 4492: 4463:Human mission proposals 4347:gravitational slingshot 4205:Mars Science Laboratory 4118: 4091:Schiaparelli EDM lander 4044:Mars Science Laboratory 4031:A self-portrait of the 4015:Mars Science Laboratory 3923:Schiaparelli EDM lander 3888:Mars Science Laboratory 3691:gravitational slingshot 3281:Mars Exploration Rovers 3191:Streamlined islands in 2934:Martian radiation belts 2920:-month voyage to Mars. 2785:Cosmos 419 (Mars 1971C) 2410:Mars Exploration Rovers 1554:Past missions 1960–1988 1275:of the 30 cartographic 618:are being planned like 545:was accompanied by the 491:Mars Exploration Rovers 484:is complicated and the 482:interplanetary journeys 480:potential. Engineering 19577:Possible dwarf planets 19420:Gravitational collapse 19358:Circumstellar envelope 18157: 17575: 16896:Scientific information 16864:Mars Exploration Rover 16530:Mars atmospheric entry 15504:Mars Exploration Rover 15194: 15186: 15178: 11804:Concentric crater fill 11016:Solar eclipses on Mars 10875:"Swiss cheese" feature 10731:Concentric crater fill 10096:Deep space exploration 9527:Elon Musk on Twitter: 9055:. MEPAG meeting 2015. 8849:(EGU2012–8224): 8224. 8715:. Guntr's Space Page. 8018:. NASA. Archived from 7426:"Yinghuo Was Worth It" 5858:CNN – Destination Mars 5854:"Mars Global Surveyor" 5728:. NASA. Archived from 5457:"Online Atlas of Mars" 5427:"Online Atlas of Mars" 4660: 4531: 4472: 4327:Mars Orbiter Mission 2 4325:in 2031; it is called 4217:rover and the retired 4188: 4039: 3951: 3870: 3640: 3609:Mars Exploration Rover 3519:gamma-ray spectrometer 3500: 3453: 3352: 3308: 3247: 3107:site (August 20, 1976) 2951: 2948:Phaethontis quadrangle 2890: 2535: 2478:(ISRO) launched their 2299:Gamma Ray Spectrometer 2282: 1942: 1680:Starting in 1960, the 1546:Mars Orbiter Mission 2 1360: 648:Mars Orbiter Mission 2 522: 68: 19786:Laniakea Supercluster 19403:Sample-return mission 18156: 17781:Wright Brothers Field 17574: 17530:Timeline of Mars 2020 17016:, Microscopic Imager) 16520:Mars orbit rendezvous 16462:Mars Excursion Module 16419:Caves of Mars Project 16245:Constellation program 15699:(2024, flyby in 2025) 15691:(2024, flyby in 2025) 15270:(2023, flyby in 2026) 15261:Mars Cube One (MarCO) 15193: 15185: 15177: 15032:List of Mars orbiters 11947:Swiss cheese features 6304:. 24 September 2014. 5782:"Other Mars Missions" 5726:"Mariner 9: Overview" 5507:David S. F. Portree, 4930:Human mission to Mars 4857:European Space Agency 4658: 4529: 4477:Human mission to Mars 4470: 4203:. It is based on the 4179: 4030: 3949: 3840: 3634: 3534:European Space Agency 3532:On June 2, 2003, the 3459: 3412: 3346: 3302: 3277:airbag landing system 3236: 2942: 2888: 2530: 2504:Early Soviet missions 2320:European Space Agency 2278: 1877:Interactive image map 1864: 1376:Launch opportunities 1358: 519:Giovanni Schiaparelli 516: 43: 31:Human mission to Mars 19701:Astronomy portal 19602:Solar System objects 19348:Circumplanetary disk 17440:Experience Curiosity 16525:Terraforming of Mars 16488:Colonization of Mars 16055:Mars Next Generation 16014:Permanent settlement 15904:Mars Surveyor Lander 15370:Mars Climate Orbiter 15356:Mars Global Surveyor 13384:Angustus Labyrinthus 11977:discovery chronology 11922:Scalloped topography 11876:Lineated valley fill 11216:Permanent settlement 9633:. October 11, 2002. 9535:17 June 2019 at the 9001:. The Space Review. 8794:. 17 February 2017. 8713:Agence France-Presse 8633:Agence France-Presse 8605:. 18 February 2021. 8575:. 18 February 2021. 8545:. 18 February 2021. 8509:"Perseverance rover" 8229:USGS (16 May 2012). 8182:. 26 November 2011. 7122:on 29 September 2012 6980:. Chancellor Press. 5743:Mars 2 Lander – NASA 5697:NSSDC Master Catalog 4925:Colonization of Mars 4846:U.S. customary units 4832:Mars Climate Orbiter 4738:Mars Climate Orbiter 4728:Mars Global Surveyor 4645:Colonization of Mars 4534:On October 8, 2015, 4410:that would look for 4359:The Finnish-Russian 4323:Mars Orbiter Mission 4270:planned to send the 4127:United Arab Emirates 3929:Overview of missions 3761:Mars Orbiter Mission 3755:Mars Orbiter Mission 3668:Rosetta (spacecraft) 3548:Mars Express Orbiter 3349:Mars Global Surveyor 3334:Mars Global Surveyor 3325:Mars Global Surveyor 3320:Mars Global Surveyor 3305:Mars Global Surveyor 3295:Mars Global Surveyor 3288:Mars Global Surveyor 3099:Martian sunset over 2926:atmospheric pressure 2488:Overview of missions 2481:Mars Orbiter Mission 1840:Mars Global Surveyor 1782:Mars Climate Orbiter 1755:remain operational. 1682:Soviet space program 1403:Mars Orbiter Mission 1320:Mars Global Surveyor 35:Colonization of Mars 19840:Exploration of Mars 19800:Observable universe 19597:Solar System models 19527:Protoplanetary disk 19450:Interstellar medium 19410:Frost/Ice/Snow line 18017:Solar System probes 17985:Deep-space missions 17791:Exploration of Mars 17720:Syrtis Major Planum 17445:Exploration of Mars 17123:Exploration of Mars 16817:Exploration of Mars 16623:Exploration of Mars 16577:Viking Mars landers 16493:Exploration of Mars 16198:SpaceX Mars program 15012:Spacecraft missions 13339:Deuteronilus Mensae 12662:Syrtis Major Planum 12473:Syrtis Major Planum 12022:Observation history 11882:Lobate debris apron 11358:Timekeeping on Mars 11035:Planetary transits 11020:Satellite transits 10933:Observation history 10781:Lobate debris apron 10141:Exploration targets 10019:(High School level) 9999:Scientific American 9680:Science & Space 9555:NasaSpaceflight.com 9257:(Report). Boeing Co 8855:2012EGUGA..14.8224H 8820:. October 13, 2023. 7825:2022PNAS..11904474H 7819:(42): e2204474119. 7759:2022NatGe..15..774G 7703:2020NatGe..13..190B 7485:. 5 November 2013. 7298:. 16 January 2015. 7163:Scientific American 6865:2012IJASS..13...14B 6826:1966Icar....5...79K 6775:1962Sci...136...17S 6724:1965Sci...149.1243K 6718:(3689): 1243–1248. 6672:1965Sci...149..627L 6611:1965Sci...149.1228V 6605:(3689): 1228–1233. 6560:1965Sci...149.1241S 6554:(3689): 1241–1242. 6509:1965Sci...149.1233O 6503:(3689): 1233–1239. 6019:10.1038/nature03603 6011:2005Natur.435..790B 5824:1989Natur.341..581S 5461:Ralphaeschliman.com 5431:Ralphaeschliman.com 5169:National Geographic 5126:2021IJAsB..20..394C 5066:2014Sci...343..386G 4897:Solar System portal 4875:. Contact with the 4830:orbiter and NASA's 4665: 3821:were launched with 3544:Baikonur Cosmodrome 3087:site (May 18, 1979) 2585: 2426:Martian dust devils 2078:Mars Polar Lander ↓ 1937:Mars Memorials list 1710:on November 27 and 1566: 1377: 1363:The minimum-energy 1298: / 813: / 779: / 745: / 486:exploration of Mars 80:Number of missions 73: 19780:Virgo Supercluster 19761:Milky Way subgroup 19592:Natural satellites 19475:Nebular hypothesis 19455:Interstellar space 19445:Interstellar cloud 19353:Circumstellar disc 18943:Near-Earth objects 18827:names and meanings 18158: 18032:Missions to comets 17992:Heliocentric orbit 17945:Artificial objects 17576: 17119:(2022 documentary) 17111:(2006 documentary) 17030:Rock Abrasion Tool 16702:Barnacle Bill rock 16040:Mars Scout Program 15879:Mars 4NM & 5NM 15803:Mars Micro Orbiter 15793:Mars Geyser Hopper 15195: 15187: 15179: 14765:Teisserenc de Bort 13389:Noctis Labyrinthus 13369:Nilokeras Scopulus 11689:Margaritifer Sinus 10101:Space colonization 9746:2021-03-20 at the 9735:2007-03-13 at the 9660:2009-05-04 at the 9497:Shontell, Alyson. 9438:The New York Times 9282:2015-05-17 at the 9239:2015-05-07 at the 9118:2012-08-12 at the 9099:2013-05-14 at the 9083:. January 4, 2024. 9032:2012-05-31 at the 8999:"Red Planet blues" 8966:2017-12-18 at the 8494:2019-04-01 at the 8379:The New York Times 8209:The New York Times 8109:on 20 October 2016 7880:The New York Times 7656:The New York Times 7631:on 11 January 2012 7613:"InSight: Mission" 7598:2012-08-11 at the 7579:2018-06-19 at the 7432:2013-11-26 at the 7407:2018-05-17 at the 7388:2020-07-01 at the 7369:2018-05-17 at the 7291:The New York Times 6301:The Times of India 6082:2013-10-22 at the 5767:2017-02-27 at the 5748:2020-06-15 at the 5678:2011-11-20 at the 5519:2019-07-14 at the 4989:Space colonization 4965:Mars Scout Program 4911:Spaceflight portal 4663: 4661: 4651:Probe difficulties 4609:mass manufacturing 4532: 4513:Michael D. Griffin 4473: 4306:together with the 4211:. It includes the 4189: 4040: 3952: 3871: 3641: 3501: 3469:trajectory around 3454: 3422:trajectory around 3353: 3309: 3248: 2952: 2891: 2757:Mars probe program 2733:impacts and Mars' 2723:Mars probe program 2583: 2536: 2394:North polar view, 2283: 1943: 1838:orbiter, the NASA 1771:(launched in 1992) 1760:Probe difficulties 1741:The Soviet probes 1564: 1375: 1361: 672:Atmosphere of Mars 523: 71: 69: 19822: 19821: 19667: 19666: 19663: 19662: 19640:Lagrangian points 19612:by discovery date 19210:Human spaceflight 19181:historical models 19074: 19073: 18693:S/2015 (136472) 1 18075: 18074: 18055:Space exploration 18005: 18004: 17831: 17830: 17764: 17763: 17736:Eberswalde crater 17582:Rover instruments 17485: 17484: 17131: 17130: 17102:39382 Opportunity 16830: 16829: 16802:Discovery Program 16687:Memorial Station) 16636: 16635: 16543: 16542: 16452:Crewed Mars rover 16393:Concordia Station 16329:The Case for Mars 16268: 16267: 16119: 16118: 16108: 16107: 16079:The Case for Mars 15989:Atmospheric entry 15953: 15952: 15884:Mars 5M (Mars-79) 15841: 15840: 15818:Next Mars Orbiter 15726:Rosalind Franklin 15662: 15661: 15582: 15581: 15437:Mars Polar Lander 15169: 15168: 15063:2001 Mars Odyssey 14978: 14977: 14974: 14973: 14970: 14969: 13417:Tithoniae Catenae 13354:Protonilus Mensae 13349:Nilosyrtis Mensae 13239:Hephaestus Fossae 12607:Eridania Planitia 12572:Amazonis Planitia 12562:Acidalia Planitia 12299: 12298: 12295: 12294: 12260:Balsaltic Breccia 11962:Upper plains unit 11952:Terrain softening 11912:Ring mold craters 11887:North Polar Basin 11809:Dark slope streak 11746: 11745: 11742: 11741: 11571:Vastitas Borealis 11511:Hyperboreae Undae 11410: 11409: 11363:Sol (day on Mars) 11331:Martian scientist 11314:Memorials on Mars 11297: 11296: 11268:The Case for Mars 11165: 11164: 10946: 10945: 10880:Terrain softening 10845:Ring mold craters 10813:North Polar Basin 10736:Dark slope streak 10581:Vastitas Borealis 10478:Dust devil tracks 10400: 10399: 10059:Space exploration 10001:Maps and Articles 9951:978-1-85233-568-7 9706:"Looking to Mars" 9674:Knight, Matthew. 8324:. 29 March 2012. 8103:ESA press release 7997:on April 19, 2008 7747:Nature Geoscience 7691:Nature Geoscience 6987:978-0-7537-0014-3 6931:978-0-8165-1257-7 6666:(3684): 627–630. 6431:978-0-16-058859-4 5818:(6243): 581–585. 5513:NASA SP-2001-4521 5060:(6169): 386–387. 4994:Space exploration 4837:Mars Polar Lander 4776: 4775: 4748:Mars Polar Lander 4627:, founder of the 4483:Robert H. Goddard 4436:electric aircraft 4273:Rosalind Franklin 4131:Hope Mars Mission 4097:Trace Gas Orbiter 4087:Trace Gas Orbiter 3849:Mars helicopter; 3737:retrieve a sample 3706:, and tested out 3613:Opportunity rover 3435:2001 Mars Odyssey 3416:2001 Mars Odyssey 3401:2001 Mars Odyssey 3256:Sojourner (rover) 3215: 3214: 3160:Flood erosion at 3116: 3115: 2834:orbiters and the 2716: 2715: 2579:The first success 2268: 2250: 2230: 2212: 2192: 2174: 2153: 2151:Rosalind Franklin 2135: 2117: 2097: 2079: 2061: 2045: 2029: 2013: 1995: 1977: 1957: 1900:Clickable image: 1789:Mars Polar Lander 1678: 1677: 1565:Launches to Mars 1551: 1550: 1540:Rosalind Franklin 640:Rosalind Franklin 603:Hope Mars Mission 599:Trace Gas Orbiter 462: 461: 16:(Redirected from 19862: 19816: 19814: 19805: 19798: 19791: 19784: 19778: 19772: 19766: 19759: 19752: 19745: 19738: 19731: 19724: 19711: 19710: 19709: 19699: 19698: 19697: 19687: 19686: 19685: 19388:Exozodiacal dust 19078: 19077: 19044:Detached objects 18280: 18279: 18276: 18275: 18120: 18102: 18095: 18088: 18079: 18078: 17949: 17948: 17858: 17851: 17844: 17835: 17834: 17821: 17820: 17819: 17808: 17807: 17680: 17679: 17512: 17505: 17498: 17489: 17488: 17475: 17474: 17473: 17462: 17461: 17341:Bradbury Landing 17199: 17158: 17151: 17144: 17135: 17134: 16977:Endeavour crater 16962:Meridiani Planum 16908: 16857: 16850: 16843: 16834: 16833: 16729: 16663: 16656: 16649: 16640: 16639: 16570: 16563: 16556: 16547: 16546: 16292:The Mars Project 16276: 16255:Inspiration Mars 16240:Aurora programme 16183: 16182: 16146: 16139: 16132: 16123: 16122: 16085:Inspiration Mars 16072:The Mars Project 15964: 15963: 15847: 15846: 15671: 15670: 15588: 15587: 15205: 15204: 15050: 15049: 15005: 14998: 14991: 14982: 14981: 13304:Tithonium Fossae 13214:Ceraunius Fossae 12830:Tithonium Chasma 12637:Meridiani Planum 12602:Elysium Planitia 12577:Arcadia Planitia 12535:Ceraunius Tholus 12356:Apollinaris Mons 12316: 12315: 12305: 12304: 12236:Meridiani Planum 11902:Outflow channels 11892:Ocean hypothesis 11765: 11764: 11752: 11751: 11471: 11470: 11460: 11459: 11437: 11430: 11423: 11414: 11413: 11400: 11399: 11398: 11387: 11386: 11261:The Mars Project 11176: 11175: 11124: 11114: 11104: 11082: 11080: 11079: 10957: 10956: 10818:Ocean hypothesis 10668:Outflow channels 10456: 10455: 10427: 10420: 10413: 10404: 10403: 10388: 10387: 10375: 10374: 10355: 10354: 10342: 10341: 10329: 10328: 10316: 10315: 10303: 10302: 10290: 10279: 10278: 10266: 10265: 10135: 10052: 10045: 10038: 10029: 10028: 9996:Mars Exploration 9931: 9930: 9928: 9927: 9908: 9902: 9901: 9899: 9898: 9878: 9872: 9871: 9869: 9867: 9848: 9842: 9841: 9839: 9838: 9822: 9816: 9815: 9813: 9812: 9801:The space review 9792: 9786: 9775: 9769: 9757: 9751: 9727: 9721: 9720: 9718: 9717: 9701: 9695: 9694: 9692: 9691: 9671: 9665: 9652: 9646: 9645: 9643: 9642: 9627: 9621: 9620: 9618: 9617: 9608:. Marshome.org. 9602: 9596: 9595: 9593: 9592: 9577: 9571: 9570: 9568: 9566: 9546: 9540: 9525: 9519: 9518: 9516: 9514: 9503:Business Insider 9494: 9488: 9487: 9485: 9484: 9465: 9454: 9453: 9451: 9449: 9429: 9423: 9422: 9420: 9419: 9391: 9385: 9384: 9382: 9381: 9361: 9355: 9354: 9352: 9350: 9344: 9333: 9325: 9319: 9318: 9316: 9315: 9295: 9289: 9273: 9267: 9266: 9264: 9262: 9250: 9244: 9229: 9223: 9222: 9220: 9219: 9204: 9195: 9194: 9192: 9191: 9182:. Archived from 9171: 9162: 9161: 9159: 9157: 9141: 9135: 9129: 9123: 9110: 9104: 9091: 9085: 9084: 9077: 9071: 9070: 9068: 9067: 9061: 9054: 9043: 9037: 9020: 9014: 9013: 9011: 9010: 8994: 8988: 8977: 8971: 8958: 8949: 8948: 8946: 8945: 8930: 8924: 8923: 8921: 8920: 8905: 8899: 8898: 8896: 8895: 8880: 8874: 8873: 8871: 8869: 8863: 8840: 8831: 8822: 8821: 8814: 8808: 8807: 8805: 8803: 8784: 8778: 8777: 8775: 8773: 8768: 8759: 8753: 8752: 8750: 8749: 8734: 8728: 8727: 8725: 8724: 8705: 8699: 8698: 8696: 8695: 8680: 8674: 8673: 8671: 8669: 8654: 8648: 8647: 8645: 8644: 8625: 8619: 8618: 8616: 8614: 8595: 8589: 8588: 8586: 8584: 8565: 8559: 8558: 8556: 8554: 8535: 8529: 8528: 8526: 8524: 8505: 8499: 8498:. July 31, 2014. 8486: 8480: 8479: 8477: 8476: 8461: 8455: 8454: 8452: 8450: 8435: 8429: 8428: 8426: 8424: 8402: 8396: 8395: 8393: 8391: 8369: 8363: 8362: 8360: 8359: 8344: 8338: 8337: 8335: 8333: 8314: 8308: 8307: 8305: 8303: 8283: 8277: 8276: 8274: 8272: 8257: 8251: 8250: 8248: 8246: 8237:. Archived from 8226: 8220: 8219: 8217: 8216: 8201: 8195: 8194: 8192: 8191: 8176: 8170: 8169: 8167: 8165: 8150: 8144: 8143: 8141: 8140: 8125: 8119: 8118: 8116: 8114: 8095: 8089: 8088: 8086: 8084: 8062: 8056: 8055: 8053: 8052: 8037: 8031: 8030: 8028: 8027: 8012: 8006: 8005: 8003: 8002: 7993:. Archived from 7983: 7977: 7976: 7974: 7973: 7958: 7952: 7951: 7949: 7948: 7927: 7921: 7920: 7918: 7917: 7902: 7896: 7895: 7893: 7891: 7871: 7865: 7864: 7854: 7836: 7803: 7797: 7796: 7778: 7737: 7731: 7730: 7688: 7678: 7672: 7671: 7669: 7667: 7647: 7641: 7640: 7638: 7636: 7627:. Archived from 7609: 7603: 7590: 7584: 7571: 7565: 7564: 7562: 7560: 7538: 7532: 7531: 7529: 7527: 7505: 7499: 7498: 7496: 7494: 7473: 7467: 7466: 7464: 7462: 7443: 7437: 7422: 7416: 7399: 7393: 7380: 7374: 7361: 7355: 7354: 7352: 7351: 7335: 7329: 7328: 7317: 7311: 7310: 7308: 7307: 7296:Associated Press 7282: 7276: 7275: 7273: 7271: 7249: 7243: 7242: 7240: 7239: 7233: 7226: 7217: 7211: 7210: 7208: 7207: 7185: 7179: 7178: 7176: 7175: 7153: 7147: 7146: 7138: 7132: 7131: 7129: 7127: 7112: 7106: 7105: 7103: 7102: 7087: 7081: 7080: 7078: 7076: 7061: 7055: 7038: 7032: 7031: 7029: 7028: 7012: 7003: 7002: 7000: 6999: 6971: 6965: 6954: 6948: 6947: 6945: 6943: 6915: 6909: 6908: 6906: 6905: 6885: 6879: 6878: 6876: 6844: 6838: 6837: 6809: 6803: 6802: 6758: 6752: 6751: 6706: 6700: 6699: 6655: 6649: 6648: 6630: 6628:2060/19650024318 6594: 6588: 6587: 6543: 6537: 6536: 6492: 6486: 6485: 6483: 6482: 6467: 6461: 6460: 6458: 6457: 6442: 6436: 6435: 6411: 6405: 6404: 6402: 6401: 6386: 6380: 6379: 6377: 6376: 6367:. Archived from 6356: 6347: 6346: 6344: 6343: 6327: 6318: 6317: 6315: 6313: 6292: 6286: 6285: 6280: 6279: 6259: 6253: 6252: 6238: 6232: 6231: 6229: 6228: 6212: 6206: 6205: 6199: 6191: 6189: 6188: 6177: 6171: 6170: 6168: 6167: 6148: 6142: 6141: 6139: 6138: 6129:. Archived from 6119: 6113: 6112: 6110: 6109: 6093: 6087: 6074: 6068: 6067: 6065: 6064: 6045: 6039: 6038: 5994: 5988: 5987: 5985: 5984: 5964: 5958: 5957: 5955: 5954: 5934: 5928: 5927: 5925: 5924: 5915:. Archived from 5904: 5898: 5897: 5895: 5894: 5879: 5873: 5872: 5870: 5869: 5860:. Archived from 5850: 5844: 5843: 5832:10.1038/341581a0 5807: 5801: 5800: 5798: 5797: 5788:. Archived from 5778: 5772: 5759: 5753: 5740: 5734: 5733: 5722: 5716: 5715: 5713: 5712: 5689: 5683: 5670: 5661: 5660: 5658: 5657: 5642: 5636: 5635: 5633: 5632: 5617: 5611: 5610: 5608: 5607: 5592: 5586: 5585: 5583: 5582: 5567: 5561: 5560: 5558: 5556: 5550: 5539: 5530: 5524: 5505: 5494: 5493: 5491: 5489: 5478: 5472: 5471: 5469: 5467: 5453: 5447: 5446: 5444: 5442: 5423: 5417: 5416: 5398: 5389: 5388: 5386: 5385: 5369: 5363: 5362: 5360: 5359: 5345: 5339: 5338: 5336: 5335: 5316: 5303: 5302: 5300: 5299: 5284: 5278: 5277: 5275: 5274: 5253: 5244: 5243: 5241: 5240: 5220: 5214: 5213: 5211: 5210: 5190: 5184: 5183: 5181: 5180: 5171:. Archived from 5160: 5154: 5153: 5119: 5094: 5088: 5087: 5077: 5043: 5027: 4913: 4908: 4907: 4906: 4899: 4894: 4893: 4892: 4692:Partial success 4666: 4662: 4459:to get to Mars. 4186: 4114: 4113: 4112: 3833:Current missions 3712: 3503:In 2001, NASA's 3499: 3494: 3485: 3478: 3468: 3452: 3447: 3438: 3431: 3421: 3203: 3188: 3173: 3157: 3145: 3144: 3096: 3080: 3065: 3050: 3035: 3023: 3022: 2972:highest mountain 2919: 2918: 2914: 2858: 2853:attitude control 2727:cosmic radiation 2634:Partial success 2586: 2582: 2391: 2373:Martian sunset, 2370: 2297: 2271: 2269: 2264: 2260: 2253: 2251: 2246: 2240: 2233: 2231: 2226: 2222: 2215: 2213: 2208: 2202: 2195: 2193: 2188: 2184: 2177: 2175: 2169: 2163: 2156: 2154: 2149: 2145: 2138: 2136: 2131: 2127: 2120: 2118: 2113: 2107: 2100: 2098: 2093: 2089: 2082: 2080: 2077: 2071: 2064: 2062: 2059: 2055: 2048: 2046: 2043: 2039: 2032: 2030: 2027: 2023: 2016: 2014: 2009: 2005: 1998: 1996: 1993: 1987: 1980: 1978: 1973: 1967: 1960: 1958: 1953: 1949: 1940: 1927: 1926: 1924: 1919: 1917: 1912: 1910: 1898: 1863: 1853:, landed in the 1673: 1672: 1659: 1658: 1645: 1644: 1631: 1630: 1617: 1616: 1603: 1602: 1589: 1588: 1567: 1563: 1378: 1374: 1338: 1331: 1313: 1312: 1310: 1309: 1308: 1303: 1299: 1296: 1295: 1294: 1291: 1271: 1270: 1269: 1257: 1249: 1242: 1235: 1228: 1221: 1214: 1207: 1200: 1193: 1186: 1179: 1172: 1165: 1158: 1151: 1144: 1137: 1130: 1123: 1116: 1109: 1102: 1095: 1088: 1081: 1074: 1067: 1060: 1053: 1046: 1039: 1032: 1025: 1018: 1011: 1004: 997: 990: 983: 976: 969: 962: 955: 948: 941: 934: 927: 920: 913: 906: 899: 892: 885: 878: 871: 864: 857: 850: 843: 836: 829: 828: 827: 825: 824: 823: 818: 814: 811: 810: 809: 806: 795: 794: 793: 791: 790: 789: 784: 780: 777: 776: 775: 772: 761: 760: 759: 757: 756: 755: 750: 746: 743: 742: 741: 738: 726: 457: 456: 443: 442: 429: 428: 415: 414: 401: 400: 387: 386: 373: 372: 359: 358: 345: 344: 331: 330: 317: 316: 303: 302: 289: 288: 275: 274: 261: 260: 247: 246: 233: 232: 219: 218: 205: 204: 191: 190: 177: 176: 163: 162: 149: 148: 135: 134: 121: 120: 107: 106: 93: 92: 74: 70: 21: 18:Mars exploration 19870: 19869: 19865: 19864: 19863: 19861: 19860: 19859: 19825: 19824: 19823: 19818: 19812: 19810: 19809: 19803: 19796: 19789: 19782: 19776: 19770: 19764: 19757: 19750: 19743: 19736: 19729: 19722: 19707: 19705: 19695: 19693: 19683: 19681: 19668: 19659: 19623: 19560: 19544:vs. Hill sphere 19470:Molecular cloud 19398:Sample curation 19378:Detached object 19317: 19310: 19154: 19146: 19083: 19070: 19015:Neptune trojans 18798: 18796: 18794: 18787: 18723: 18416: 18287: 18269: 18155: 18118: 18111: 18106: 18076: 18071: 18046: 18001: 17980: 17940: 17884: 17871: 17862: 17832: 17827: 17817: 17815: 17795: 17760: 17724: 17694: 17675: 17669: 17638: 17577: 17566: 17561:list of flights 17534: 17521: 17516: 17486: 17481: 17471: 17469: 17449: 17428: 17370: 17366:Yellowknife Bay 17319: 17288: 17200: 17191: 17167: 17162: 17132: 17127: 17116:Good Night Oppy 17046: 16988: 16940: 16909: 16900: 16866: 16861: 16831: 16826: 16790: 16781:Jacob Matijevic 16764: 16736:Mars Pathfinder 16730: 16721: 16682: 16680:Mars Pathfinder 16674: 16671:Mars Pathfinder 16667: 16637: 16632: 16611: 16579: 16574: 16544: 16539: 16476: 16439: 16433: 16407: 16354: 16346: 16283: 16277: 16264: 16228: 16202: 16178: 16172: 16159: 16150: 16120: 16115: 16104: 16059: 16028: 15949: 15851: 15837: 15783:Mars Base Alpha 15773:Icebreaker Life 15751: 15658: 15640:Mars 3MS No.170 15592: 15578: 15545: 15480: 15431:Mars Pathfinder 15382: 15273: 15232:Mariner 6 and 7 15196: 15188: 15180: 15165: 15114: 15041: 15018: 15009: 14979: 14966: 13402: 13393: 13294:Tantalus Fossae 13279:Olympica Fossae 13269:Memnonia Fossae 13259:Mareotis Fossae 13249:Labeatis Fossae 13219:Cerberus Fossae 13209:Amenthes Fossae 13195: 13182: 12815:Juventae Chasma 12795:Hydraotes Chaos 12750:Coprates Chasma 12705: 12696: 12667:Utopia Planitia 12647:Planum Australe 12627:Isidis Planitia 12617:Hesperia Planum 12612:Hellas Planitia 12597:Daedalia Planum 12592:Chryse Planitia 12587:Argyre Planitia 12582:Argentea Planum 12553: 12546: 12483:Tartarus Montes 12478:Tartarus Colles 12458:Nereidum Montes 12391:Charitum Montes 12386:Centauri Montes 12361:Ariadnes Colles 12341:Acidalia Colles 12334: 12327: 12323: 12310: 12291: 12231:Mackinac Island 12050: 12043: 11988: 11967:Valley networks 11861:Inverted relief 11836:Fretted terrain 11770: 11759: 11738: 11714:Phoenicis Lacus 11575: 11541:Sinus Meridiani 11526:Planum Australe 11465: 11454: 11441: 11411: 11406: 11396: 11394: 11374: 11368:Darian calendar 11293: 11248: 11230: 11161: 11145: 11129: 11122: 11117: 11112: 11107: 11102: 11097: 11077: 11076: 11073: 11050: 11002: 10996:Voltaire crater 10974:Stickney crater 10942: 10904: 10746:Fretted terrain 10692: 10592: 10585: 10546:Sinus Meridiani 10531:Planum Australe 10506:Cerberus (Mars) 10487: 10445: 10443:Outline of Mars 10436: 10431: 10401: 10396: 10362: 10349: 10336: 10323: 10310: 10297: 10273: 10260: 10247: 10221: 10136: 10127: 10079: 10061: 10056: 9987: 9939: 9934: 9925: 9923: 9910: 9909: 9905: 9896: 9894: 9879: 9875: 9865: 9863: 9850: 9849: 9845: 9836: 9834: 9823: 9819: 9810: 9808: 9793: 9789: 9776: 9772: 9758: 9754: 9748:Wayback Machine 9737:Wayback Machine 9728: 9724: 9715: 9713: 9702: 9698: 9689: 9687: 9672: 9668: 9662:Wayback Machine 9653: 9649: 9640: 9638: 9629: 9628: 9624: 9615: 9613: 9604: 9603: 9599: 9590: 9588: 9578: 9574: 9564: 9562: 9547: 9543: 9537:Wayback Machine 9526: 9522: 9512: 9510: 9495: 9491: 9482: 9480: 9467: 9466: 9457: 9447: 9445: 9430: 9426: 9417: 9415: 9392: 9388: 9379: 9377: 9362: 9358: 9348: 9346: 9342: 9331: 9327: 9326: 9322: 9313: 9311: 9296: 9292: 9284:Wayback Machine 9274: 9270: 9260: 9258: 9251: 9247: 9241:Wayback Machine 9230: 9226: 9217: 9215: 9206: 9205: 9198: 9189: 9187: 9172: 9165: 9155: 9153: 9142: 9138: 9130: 9126: 9120:Wayback Machine 9113:Balloons – NASA 9111: 9107: 9101:Wayback Machine 9092: 9088: 9079: 9078: 9074: 9065: 9063: 9059: 9052: 9044: 9040: 9034:Wayback Machine 9021: 9017: 9008: 9006: 8995: 8991: 8978: 8974: 8968:Wayback Machine 8959: 8952: 8943: 8941: 8931: 8927: 8918: 8916: 8906: 8902: 8893: 8891: 8882: 8881: 8877: 8867: 8865: 8861: 8838: 8832: 8825: 8816: 8815: 8811: 8801: 8799: 8786: 8785: 8781: 8771: 8769: 8766: 8760: 8756: 8747: 8745: 8735: 8731: 8722: 8720: 8707: 8706: 8702: 8693: 8691: 8681: 8677: 8667: 8665: 8664:. 17 March 2022 8656: 8655: 8651: 8642: 8640: 8627: 8626: 8622: 8612: 8610: 8597: 8596: 8592: 8582: 8580: 8567: 8566: 8562: 8552: 8550: 8537: 8536: 8532: 8522: 8520: 8507: 8506: 8502: 8496:Wayback Machine 8487: 8483: 8474: 8472: 8462: 8458: 8448: 8446: 8436: 8432: 8422: 8420: 8412:NASASpaceFlight 8403: 8399: 8389: 8387: 8370: 8366: 8357: 8355: 8346: 8345: 8341: 8331: 8329: 8316: 8315: 8311: 8301: 8299: 8284: 8280: 8270: 8268: 8259: 8258: 8254: 8244: 8242: 8241:on 28 July 2012 8227: 8223: 8214: 8212: 8203: 8202: 8198: 8189: 8187: 8178: 8177: 8173: 8163: 8161: 8152: 8151: 8147: 8138: 8136: 8127: 8126: 8122: 8112: 8110: 8097: 8096: 8092: 8082: 8080: 8063: 8059: 8050: 8048: 8039: 8038: 8034: 8025: 8023: 8014: 8013: 8009: 8000: 7998: 7985: 7984: 7980: 7971: 7969: 7960: 7959: 7955: 7946: 7944: 7929: 7928: 7924: 7915: 7913: 7904: 7903: 7899: 7889: 7887: 7872: 7868: 7804: 7800: 7753:(10): 774–780. 7738: 7734: 7686: 7679: 7675: 7665: 7663: 7648: 7644: 7634: 7632: 7617:Mission Website 7611: 7610: 7606: 7600:Wayback Machine 7591: 7587: 7581:Wayback Machine 7572: 7568: 7558: 7556: 7539: 7535: 7525: 7523: 7506: 7502: 7492: 7490: 7475: 7474: 7470: 7460: 7458: 7445: 7444: 7440: 7434:Wayback Machine 7423: 7419: 7409:Wayback Machine 7400: 7396: 7390:Wayback Machine 7381: 7377: 7371:Wayback Machine 7362: 7358: 7349: 7347: 7336: 7332: 7319: 7318: 7314: 7305: 7303: 7284: 7283: 7279: 7269: 7267: 7250: 7246: 7237: 7235: 7231: 7224: 7218: 7214: 7205: 7203: 7186: 7182: 7173: 7171: 7154: 7150: 7139: 7135: 7125: 7123: 7114: 7113: 7109: 7100: 7098: 7089: 7088: 7084: 7074: 7072: 7063: 7062: 7058: 7052:Wayback Machine 7039: 7035: 7026: 7024: 7013: 7006: 6997: 6995: 6988: 6972: 6968: 6955: 6951: 6941: 6939: 6932: 6916: 6912: 6903: 6901: 6886: 6882: 6845: 6841: 6810: 6806: 6769:(3510): 17–26. 6759: 6755: 6707: 6703: 6656: 6652: 6595: 6591: 6544: 6540: 6493: 6489: 6480: 6478: 6469: 6468: 6464: 6455: 6453: 6444: 6443: 6439: 6432: 6412: 6408: 6399: 6397: 6388: 6387: 6383: 6374: 6372: 6357: 6350: 6341: 6339: 6328: 6321: 6311: 6309: 6294: 6293: 6289: 6277: 6275: 6260: 6256: 6243:Living in Space 6240: 6239: 6235: 6226: 6224: 6213: 6209: 6193: 6192: 6186: 6184: 6179: 6178: 6174: 6165: 6163: 6150: 6149: 6145: 6136: 6134: 6121: 6120: 6116: 6107: 6105: 6094: 6090: 6084:Wayback Machine 6075: 6071: 6062: 6060: 6047: 6046: 6042: 6005:(7043): 790–4. 5995: 5991: 5982: 5980: 5965: 5961: 5952: 5950: 5935: 5931: 5922: 5920: 5905: 5901: 5892: 5890: 5881: 5880: 5876: 5867: 5865: 5852: 5851: 5847: 5808: 5804: 5795: 5793: 5780: 5779: 5775: 5769:Wayback Machine 5760: 5756: 5750:Wayback Machine 5741: 5737: 5724: 5723: 5719: 5710: 5708: 5691: 5690: 5686: 5680:Wayback Machine 5671: 5664: 5655: 5653: 5643: 5639: 5630: 5628: 5618: 5614: 5605: 5603: 5593: 5589: 5580: 5578: 5569: 5568: 5564: 5554: 5552: 5548: 5537: 5531: 5527: 5521:Wayback Machine 5506: 5497: 5487: 5485: 5480: 5479: 5475: 5465: 5463: 5455: 5454: 5450: 5440: 5438: 5425: 5424: 5420: 5413: 5399: 5392: 5383: 5381: 5370: 5366: 5357: 5355: 5347: 5346: 5342: 5333: 5331: 5318: 5317: 5306: 5297: 5295: 5293:livescience.com 5285: 5281: 5272: 5270: 5255: 5254: 5247: 5238: 5236: 5221: 5217: 5208: 5206: 5191: 5187: 5178: 5176: 5161: 5157: 5095: 5091: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5018: 5013: 4974: 4909: 4904: 4902: 4895: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4718:Mars Pathfinder 4653: 4618: 4582: 4574:Artemis program 4495: 4479: 4465: 4424:has proposed a 4356: 4258:As part of the 4255: 4249: 4247:Future missions 4184: 4174: 4147: 4123: 4111: 4108: 4107: 4106: 4104: 4093: 4085:Main articles: 4083: 4070: 4025: 4019:Curiosity rover 4013:Main articles: 4011: 3964:Lockheed Martin 3944: 3938: 3931: 3903:meters per hour 3835: 3797: 3791: 3757: 3749:low Earth orbit 3725: 3719: 3710: 3674: 3666:Main articles: 3664: 3629: 3623: 3607:Main articles: 3605: 3492: 3491: 3476: 3475: 3474: 3466: 3445: 3444: 3429: 3428: 3427: 3419: 3407: 3399:Main articles: 3397: 3357:Global Surveyor 3297: 3291: 3265:Mars Pathfinder 3262: 3252:Mars Pathfinder 3250:Main articles: 3231: 3223:Mars Pathfinder 3211: 3210: 3209: 3208: 3207: 3204: 3196: 3195: 3189: 3181: 3180: 3174: 3166: 3165: 3158: 3112: 3111: 3110: 3109: 3108: 3101:Chryse Planitia 3097: 3089: 3088: 3081: 3073: 3072: 3066: 3058: 3057: 3051: 3043: 3042: 3036: 3010: 2994:Main articles: 2992: 2956:Mariner 6 and 7 2916: 2912: 2911: 2883: 2877:Mariner 6 and 7 2869:Mariner program 2867:Main articles: 2865: 2863:Mariner program 2856: 2821:magnetic fields 2773: 2744:on June 4, and 2709:Partial success 2657:Partial success 2631:Partial success 2595:Lander outcome 2581: 2555:(also known as 2525: 2520: 2508:Main articles: 2506: 2490: 2406: 2405: 2404: 2403: 2402: 2392: 2383: 2382: 2381: 2371: 2355:on Mars by the 2318:mission of the 2295: 2281: 2273: 2272: 2263: 2261: 2254: 2245: 2243: 2241: 2234: 2225: 2223: 2216: 2207: 2205: 2203: 2196: 2187: 2185: 2178: 2168: 2166: 2164: 2157: 2148: 2146: 2139: 2130: 2128: 2121: 2112: 2110: 2108: 2101: 2092: 2090: 2083: 2076: 2074: 2072: 2065: 2058: 2056: 2049: 2042: 2040: 2033: 2026: 2024: 2017: 2008: 2006: 1999: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1981: 1972: 1970: 1968: 1961: 1952: 1950: 1941: 1930: 1928: 1922: 1921: 1915: 1914: 1908: 1907: 1906: 1903: 1892: 1875: 1861: 1845:Mars Pathfinder 1752: 1674: 1670: 1669: 1660: 1656: 1655: 1646: 1642: 1641: 1632: 1628: 1627: 1618: 1614: 1613: 1604: 1600: 1599: 1590: 1586: 1585: 1562: 1556: 1543: 1460: 1448: 1353: 1348: 1347: 1346: 1345: 1344: 1342: 1306: 1304: 1300: 1297: 1292: 1289: 1287: 1285: 1284: 1273:Clickable image 1265: 1264: 1259: 1258: 1251: 1250: 1245: 1243: 1238: 1236: 1231: 1229: 1224: 1222: 1217: 1215: 1210: 1208: 1203: 1201: 1196: 1194: 1189: 1187: 1182: 1180: 1175: 1173: 1168: 1166: 1161: 1159: 1154: 1152: 1147: 1145: 1140: 1138: 1133: 1131: 1126: 1124: 1119: 1117: 1112: 1110: 1105: 1103: 1098: 1096: 1091: 1089: 1084: 1082: 1077: 1075: 1070: 1068: 1063: 1061: 1056: 1054: 1049: 1047: 1042: 1040: 1035: 1033: 1028: 1026: 1021: 1019: 1014: 1012: 1007: 1005: 1000: 998: 993: 991: 986: 984: 979: 977: 972: 970: 965: 963: 958: 956: 951: 949: 944: 942: 937: 935: 930: 928: 923: 921: 916: 914: 909: 907: 902: 900: 895: 893: 888: 886: 881: 879: 874: 872: 867: 865: 860: 858: 853: 851: 846: 844: 839: 837: 832: 830: 821: 819: 815: 812: 807: 804: 802: 800: 799: 798: 796: 787: 785: 781: 778: 773: 770: 768: 766: 765: 764: 762: 753: 751: 747: 744: 739: 736: 734: 732: 731: 730: 727: 682:linear features 678: 668:Martian surface 662:Main articles: 660: 568:mission by the 511: 458: 454: 453: 444: 440: 439: 430: 426: 425: 416: 412: 411: 402: 398: 397: 388: 384: 383: 374: 370: 369: 360: 356: 355: 346: 342: 341: 332: 328: 327: 318: 314: 313: 304: 300: 299: 290: 286: 285: 276: 272: 271: 262: 258: 257: 248: 244: 243: 234: 230: 229: 220: 216: 215: 206: 202: 201: 192: 188: 187: 178: 174: 173: 164: 160: 159: 150: 146: 145: 136: 132: 131: 122: 118: 117: 108: 104: 103: 94: 90: 89: 67: 38: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 19868: 19858: 19857: 19852: 19847: 19842: 19837: 19820: 19819: 19716: 19715: 19703: 19691: 19679: 19673: 19670: 19669: 19665: 19664: 19661: 19660: 19658: 19657: 19652: 19647: 19642: 19637: 19631: 19629: 19625: 19624: 19622: 19621: 19616: 19615: 19614: 19609: 19599: 19594: 19589: 19584: 19579: 19574: 19568: 19566: 19562: 19561: 19559: 19558: 19556:Scattered disc 19553: 19548: 19547: 19546: 19536: 19531: 19530: 19529: 19524: 19523: 19522: 19512: 19507: 19502: 19497: 19487: 19482: 19477: 19472: 19467: 19462: 19457: 19452: 19447: 19442: 19437: 19432: 19427: 19422: 19417: 19412: 19407: 19406: 19405: 19400: 19390: 19385: 19380: 19375: 19370: 19365: 19360: 19355: 19350: 19345: 19344: 19343: 19341:Excretion disk 19336:Accretion disk 19333: 19328: 19326:Star formation 19322: 19320: 19312: 19311: 19309: 19308: 19303: 19298: 19293: 19288: 19283: 19278: 19273: 19272: 19271: 19261: 19256: 19251: 19250: 19249: 19239: 19234: 19229: 19228: 19227: 19222: 19217: 19215:space stations 19207: 19206: 19205: 19200: 19190: 19189: 19188: 19183: 19178: 19168: 19162: 19160: 19148: 19147: 19145: 19144: 19139: 19134: 19129: 19124: 19119: 19114: 19109: 19104: 19099: 19094: 19088: 19086: 19075: 19072: 19071: 19069: 19068: 19063: 19062: 19061: 19056: 19054:Scattered disc 19051: 19046: 19041: 19040: 19039: 19034: 19019: 19018: 19017: 19012: 19002: 19001: 19000: 18995: 18990: 18985: 18980: 18975: 18970: 18965: 18960: 18950: 18945: 18940: 18939: 18938: 18933: 18928: 18923: 18922: 18921: 18916: 18906: 18901: 18896: 18886: 18885: 18884: 18879: 18874: 18869: 18864: 18859: 18854: 18849: 18841: 18836: 18835: 18834: 18829: 18819: 18814: 18809: 18803: 18801: 18789: 18788: 18786: 18785: 18780: 18775: 18770: 18765: 18760: 18755: 18745: 18740: 18733: 18731: 18725: 18724: 18722: 18721: 18720: 18719: 18709: 18708: 18707: 18697: 18696: 18695: 18685: 18684: 18683: 18673: 18672: 18671: 18666: 18656: 18655: 18654: 18649: 18644: 18639: 18634: 18624: 18623: 18622: 18612: 18611: 18610: 18605: 18600: 18595: 18585: 18584: 18583: 18578: 18573: 18568: 18563: 18558: 18548: 18547: 18546: 18541: 18536: 18531: 18526: 18521: 18516: 18511: 18506: 18501: 18491: 18490: 18489: 18484: 18479: 18474: 18469: 18459: 18458: 18457: 18452: 18442: 18441: 18440: 18435: 18426: 18424: 18418: 18417: 18415: 18414: 18413: 18412: 18407: 18402: 18397: 18392: 18387: 18382: 18377: 18372: 18362: 18361: 18360: 18359: 18358: 18353: 18343: 18342: 18341: 18336: 18321: 18320: 18319: 18314: 18309: 18304: 18293: 18291: 18274: 18271: 18270: 18268: 18267: 18260: 18253: 18246: 18239: 18232: 18225: 18218: 18211: 18206: 18201: 18196: 18191: 18184: 18179: 18174: 18169: 18164: 18116: 18113: 18112: 18105: 18104: 18097: 18090: 18082: 18073: 18072: 18070: 18069: 18068: 18067: 18062: 18051: 18048: 18047: 18045: 18044: 18039: 18034: 18029: 18024: 18019: 18013: 18011: 18007: 18006: 18003: 18002: 18000: 17999: 17994: 17988: 17986: 17982: 17981: 17979: 17978: 17973: 17968: 17963: 17957: 17955: 17946: 17942: 17941: 17939: 17938: 17933: 17928: 17923: 17918: 17913: 17908: 17903: 17898: 17892: 17890: 17889:Exploration of 17886: 17885: 17883: 17882: 17876: 17873: 17872: 17861: 17860: 17853: 17846: 17838: 17829: 17828: 17826: 17825: 17813: 17800: 17797: 17796: 17794: 17793: 17788: 17783: 17778: 17772: 17770: 17766: 17765: 17762: 17761: 17759: 17758: 17753: 17748: 17743: 17738: 17732: 17730: 17726: 17725: 17723: 17722: 17717: 17712: 17706:Columbia Hills 17702: 17700: 17696: 17695: 17693: 17692: 17686: 17684: 17677: 17671: 17670: 17668: 17667: 17662: 17657: 17652: 17646: 17644: 17640: 17639: 17637: 17636: 17631: 17626: 17621: 17616: 17611: 17606: 17601: 17596: 17591: 17585: 17583: 17579: 17578: 17569: 17567: 17565: 17564: 17551: 17542: 17540: 17536: 17535: 17533: 17532: 17526: 17523: 17522: 17515: 17514: 17507: 17500: 17492: 17483: 17482: 17480: 17479: 17467: 17454: 17451: 17450: 17448: 17447: 17442: 17436: 17434: 17430: 17429: 17427: 17426: 17421: 17416: 17411: 17406: 17404:Jake Matijevic 17401: 17396: 17391: 17386: 17384:Bathurst Inlet 17380: 17378: 17372: 17371: 17369: 17368: 17363: 17358: 17353: 17348: 17343: 17338: 17333: 17327: 17325: 17321: 17320: 17318: 17317: 17312: 17307: 17302: 17296: 17294: 17290: 17289: 17287: 17286: 17281: 17276: 17271: 17266: 17261: 17256: 17251: 17246: 17241: 17236: 17231: 17226: 17221: 17216: 17210: 17208: 17202: 17201: 17194: 17192: 17190: 17189: 17184: 17175: 17173: 17169: 17168: 17161: 17160: 17153: 17146: 17138: 17129: 17128: 17126: 17125: 17120: 17112: 17104: 17099: 17094: 17092:Cleaning event 17089: 17086:Delta II Heavy 17082: 17077: 17072: 17067: 17062: 17054: 17052: 17048: 17047: 17045: 17044: 17038: 17033: 17027: 17022: 17017: 17002: 16996: 16994: 16990: 16989: 16987: 16986: 16981: 16980: 16979: 16974: 16969: 16959: 16953: 16951: 16942: 16941: 16939: 16938: 16933: 16928: 16922: 16920: 16911: 16910: 16903: 16901: 16899: 16898: 16893: 16884: 16874: 16872: 16868: 16867: 16860: 16859: 16852: 16845: 16837: 16828: 16827: 16825: 16824: 16819: 16814: 16809: 16804: 16798: 16796: 16792: 16791: 16789: 16788: 16783: 16778: 16776:Andrew Mishkin 16772: 16770: 16766: 16765: 16763: 16762: 16757: 16752: 16747: 16741: 16739: 16732: 16731: 16724: 16722: 16720: 16719: 16714: 16709: 16704: 16699: 16690: 16688: 16676: 16675: 16666: 16665: 16658: 16651: 16643: 16634: 16633: 16631: 16630: 16625: 16619: 16617: 16613: 16612: 16610: 16609: 16604: 16597: 16589: 16587: 16585:Viking program 16581: 16580: 16573: 16572: 16565: 16558: 16550: 16541: 16540: 16538: 16537: 16532: 16527: 16522: 16517: 16512: 16511: 16510: 16505: 16495: 16490: 16484: 16482: 16478: 16477: 16475: 16474: 16469: 16464: 16459: 16454: 16449: 16443: 16441: 16435: 16434: 16432: 16431: 16426: 16424:Mars Institute 16421: 16415: 16413: 16409: 16408: 16406: 16405: 16400: 16395: 16390: 16385: 16384: 16383: 16378: 16368: 16362: 16360: 16348: 16347: 16345: 16344: 16343: 16342: 16332: 16325: 16320: 16315: 16310: 16305: 16300: 16295: 16287: 16285: 16279: 16278: 16271: 16269: 16266: 16265: 16263: 16262: 16257: 16252: 16247: 16242: 16236: 16234: 16230: 16229: 16227: 16226: 16221: 16216: 16210: 16208: 16204: 16203: 16201: 16200: 16195: 16193:Mars Base Camp 16189: 16187: 16180: 16174: 16173: 16171: 16170: 16164: 16161: 16160: 16149: 16148: 16141: 16134: 16126: 16117: 16116: 16113: 16110: 16109: 16106: 16105: 16103: 16102: 16097: 16092: 16090:Mars Institute 16087: 16082: 16075: 16067: 16065: 16061: 16060: 16058: 16057: 16052: 16047: 16042: 16036: 16034: 16030: 16029: 16027: 16026: 16021: 16016: 16011: 16006: 16001: 15996: 15991: 15986: 15981: 15976: 15970: 15968: 15961: 15955: 15954: 15951: 15950: 15948: 15947: 15942: 15935: 15930: 15923: 15920:Northern Light 15916: 15911: 15906: 15901: 15896: 15891: 15886: 15881: 15876: 15871: 15866: 15861: 15855: 15853: 15843: 15842: 15839: 15838: 15836: 15835: 15830: 15825: 15820: 15815: 15810: 15805: 15800: 15795: 15790: 15785: 15780: 15775: 15770: 15765: 15759: 15757: 15753: 15752: 15750: 15749: 15742: 15741: 15740: 15730: 15718: 15712: 15706: 15700: 15692: 15689:Europa Clipper 15686: 15677: 15675: 15668: 15664: 15663: 15660: 15659: 15657: 15656: 15647: 15642: 15637: 15632: 15627: 15625:Mars 2M No.521 15622: 15617: 15612: 15607: 15602: 15596: 15594: 15584: 15583: 15580: 15579: 15577: 15576: 15575: 15574: 15569: 15555: 15553: 15547: 15546: 15544: 15543: 15536: 15535: 15534: 15533: 15532: 15520: 15519: 15518: 15501: 15494: 15488: 15486: 15482: 15481: 15479: 15478: 15470: 15463: 15455: 15448: 15443: 15434: 15427: 15420: 15413: 15408: 15403: 15398: 15392: 15390: 15384: 15383: 15381: 15380: 15373: 15366: 15359: 15352: 15345: 15344: 15343: 15338: 15331:Phobos program 15328: 15327: 15326: 15319: 15310:Viking program 15307: 15302: 15297: 15292: 15287: 15281: 15279: 15275: 15274: 15272: 15271: 15263: 15258: 15251: 15244: 15239: 15234: 15229: 15224: 15219: 15213: 15211: 15202: 15198: 15197: 15172: 15170: 15167: 15166: 15164: 15163: 15162: 15161: 15156: 15144: 15143: 15142: 15137: 15124: 15122: 15116: 15115: 15113: 15112: 15104: 15097: 15092: 15087: 15086: 15085: 15073: 15066: 15058: 15056: 15047: 15043: 15042: 15040: 15039: 15034: 15029: 15023: 15020: 15019: 15008: 15007: 15000: 14993: 14985: 14976: 14975: 14972: 14971: 14968: 14967: 14965: 14964: 14959: 14954: 14949: 14944: 14939: 14934: 14929: 14924: 14919: 14914: 14909: 14904: 14899: 14894: 14889: 14884: 14879: 14874: 14869: 14868: 14867: 14857: 14852: 14847: 14842: 14837: 14832: 14827: 14822: 14817: 14812: 14807: 14802: 14797: 14792: 14787: 14782: 14777: 14772: 14767: 14762: 14757: 14752: 14747: 14742: 14737: 14732: 14727: 14722: 14717: 14712: 14707: 14702: 14697: 14692: 14687: 14682: 14677: 14672: 14667: 14662: 14657: 14652: 14647: 14642: 14637: 14632: 14627: 14622: 14617: 14612: 14607: 14602: 14597: 14592: 14587: 14582: 14577: 14572: 14567: 14562: 14557: 14552: 14547: 14542: 14537: 14532: 14527: 14522: 14517: 14512: 14507: 14502: 14497: 14492: 14487: 14482: 14477: 14472: 14467: 14462: 14457: 14452: 14447: 14442: 14437: 14432: 14427: 14422: 14417: 14412: 14407: 14402: 14397: 14392: 14387: 14382: 14377: 14372: 14367: 14362: 14357: 14352: 14347: 14342: 14337: 14332: 14327: 14322: 14317: 14312: 14307: 14302: 14297: 14292: 14287: 14282: 14277: 14272: 14267: 14262: 14257: 14252: 14247: 14242: 14237: 14232: 14227: 14222: 14217: 14212: 14207: 14202: 14197: 14192: 14187: 14182: 14177: 14172: 14167: 14162: 14157: 14152: 14147: 14142: 14137: 14132: 14127: 14122: 14117: 14112: 14107: 14102: 14097: 14095:Jarry-Desloges 14092: 14087: 14082: 14077: 14072: 14067: 14062: 14057: 14052: 14047: 14042: 14037: 14032: 14027: 14022: 14017: 14012: 14007: 14002: 13997: 13992: 13987: 13982: 13977: 13972: 13967: 13966: 13965: 13960: 13959: 13958: 13953: 13946:Columbia Hills 13943: 13942: 13941: 13936: 13931: 13924:Apollo 1 Hills 13916: 13911: 13906: 13901: 13896: 13891: 13886: 13881: 13876: 13871: 13866: 13861: 13856: 13851: 13846: 13841: 13836: 13831: 13826: 13821: 13816: 13811: 13806: 13801: 13796: 13791: 13786: 13785: 13784: 13782:Matijevic Hill 13774: 13769: 13764: 13759: 13754: 13749: 13744: 13739: 13734: 13729: 13724: 13719: 13714: 13709: 13704: 13699: 13694: 13689: 13684: 13679: 13674: 13669: 13664: 13659: 13654: 13649: 13644: 13639: 13634: 13629: 13624: 13619: 13614: 13609: 13604: 13599: 13594: 13589: 13584: 13579: 13574: 13569: 13564: 13559: 13554: 13549: 13544: 13539: 13534: 13529: 13524: 13519: 13514: 13509: 13504: 13499: 13494: 13489: 13484: 13479: 13474: 13469: 13464: 13459: 13454: 13449: 13444: 13439: 13434: 13429: 13424: 13422:Tractus Catena 13419: 13414: 13412:Artynia Catena 13408: 13406: 13395: 13394: 13392: 13391: 13386: 13381: 13376: 13371: 13366: 13364:Claritas Rupes 13361: 13356: 13351: 13346: 13341: 13336: 13334:Cydonia Mensae 13331: 13326: 13321: 13316: 13314:Ulysses Fossae 13311: 13309:Tractus Fossae 13306: 13301: 13296: 13291: 13289:Sirenum Fossae 13286: 13281: 13276: 13271: 13266: 13264:Medusae Fossae 13261: 13256: 13251: 13246: 13241: 13236: 13234:Elysium Fossae 13231: 13226: 13221: 13216: 13211: 13205: 13203: 13184: 13183: 13181: 13180: 13179: 13178: 13173: 13168: 13163: 13162: 13161: 13151: 13146: 13141: 13136: 13131: 13126: 13121: 13116: 13111: 13106: 13101: 13096: 13091: 13086: 13081: 13076: 13071: 13066: 13061: 13056: 13051: 13046: 13041: 13036: 13031: 13026: 13021: 13016: 13015: 13014: 13004: 12999: 12994: 12989: 12984: 12979: 12974: 12969: 12964: 12959: 12954: 12949: 12944: 12939: 12934: 12929: 12924: 12919: 12914: 12909: 12904: 12899: 12894: 12889: 12884: 12879: 12874: 12869: 12864: 12859: 12854: 12849: 12844: 12837:List of valles 12833: 12832: 12827: 12822: 12817: 12812: 12807: 12802: 12797: 12792: 12790:Hydaspis Chaos 12787: 12782: 12780:Gorgonum Chaos 12777: 12772: 12770:Galaxias Chaos 12767: 12762: 12757: 12752: 12747: 12745:Chasma Boreale 12742: 12737: 12732: 12730:Atlantis Chaos 12727: 12725:Aromatum Chaos 12722: 12720:Arsia Chasmata 12717: 12711: 12709: 12698: 12697: 12695: 12694: 12689: 12687:Pityusa Patera 12684: 12679: 12674: 12669: 12664: 12659: 12654: 12649: 12644: 12639: 12634: 12629: 12624: 12619: 12614: 12609: 12604: 12599: 12594: 12589: 12584: 12579: 12574: 12569: 12564: 12558: 12556: 12548: 12547: 12545: 12544: 12543: 12542: 12540:Uranius Tholus 12537: 12532: 12522: 12520:Ulysses Tholus 12517: 12515:Tyrrhenus Mons 12512: 12510:Tharsis Tholus 12507: 12506: 12505: 12500: 12495: 12488:Tharsis Montes 12485: 12480: 12475: 12470: 12468:Phlegra Montes 12465: 12460: 12455: 12450: 12445: 12440: 12435: 12433:Hadriacus Mons 12430: 12425: 12420: 12419: 12418: 12416:Hecates Tholus 12413: 12408: 12398: 12393: 12388: 12383: 12378: 12376:Avernus Colles 12373: 12371:Ausonia Montes 12368: 12366:Astapus Colles 12363: 12358: 12353: 12348: 12343: 12337: 12335: 12331:list by height 12328: 12312: 12311: 12301: 12300: 12297: 12296: 12293: 12292: 12290: 12289: 12288: 12287: 12282: 12277: 12272: 12267: 12262: 12251: 12250: 12249: 12248: 12246:Shelter Island 12243: 12238: 12233: 12228: 12223: 12212: 12211: 12210: 12209: 12204: 12196: 12195: 12194: 12186: 12185: 12184: 12179: 12174: 12169: 12156: 12155: 12154: 12149: 12136: 12135: 12134: 12129: 12124: 12111: 12110: 12109: 12104: 12099: 12094: 12089: 12087:Jake Matijevic 12084: 12079: 12074: 12069: 12067:Bathurst Inlet 12055: 12053: 12045: 12044: 12042: 12041: 12040: 12039: 12034: 12019: 12014: 12009: 12004: 11998: 11996: 11990: 11989: 11987: 11986: 11981: 11980: 11979: 11969: 11964: 11959: 11954: 11949: 11944: 11939: 11934: 11929: 11927:Seasonal flows 11924: 11919: 11917:Rootless cones 11914: 11909: 11904: 11899: 11894: 11889: 11884: 11879: 11873: 11868: 11863: 11858: 11853: 11848: 11843: 11838: 11833: 11832: 11831: 11826: 11816: 11811: 11806: 11801: 11796: 11791: 11786: 11781: 11775: 11773: 11761: 11760: 11748: 11747: 11744: 11743: 11740: 11739: 11737: 11736: 11731: 11726: 11721: 11716: 11711: 11706: 11701: 11696: 11691: 11686: 11684:Mare Tyrrhenum 11681: 11676: 11671: 11669:Mare Acidalium 11666: 11661: 11659:Ismenius Lacus 11656: 11651: 11646: 11641: 11636: 11631: 11626: 11621: 11616: 11611: 11606: 11601: 11596: 11591: 11585: 11583: 11577: 11576: 11574: 11573: 11568: 11563: 11558: 11556:Terra Cimmeria 11553: 11548: 11543: 11538: 11533: 11528: 11523: 11518: 11513: 11508: 11503: 11498: 11493: 11488: 11486:Aspledon Undae 11483: 11477: 11475: 11467: 11466: 11456: 11455: 11440: 11439: 11432: 11425: 11417: 11408: 11407: 11405: 11404: 11391: 11379: 11376: 11375: 11373: 11372: 11371: 11370: 11365: 11355: 11350: 11345: 11340: 11339: 11338: 11333: 11328: 11318: 11317: 11316: 11305: 11303: 11299: 11298: 11295: 11294: 11292: 11291: 11286: 11281: 11279:Mars Institute 11276: 11271: 11264: 11256: 11254: 11250: 11249: 11247: 11246: 11240: 11238: 11232: 11231: 11229: 11228: 11223: 11218: 11213: 11208: 11203: 11198: 11193: 11188: 11182: 11180: 11173: 11167: 11166: 11163: 11162: 11160: 11159: 11153: 11151: 11147: 11146: 11144: 11143: 11137: 11135: 11131: 11130: 11128: 11127: 11126: 11125: 11120: 11115: 11110: 11105: 11100: 11095: 11085: 11084: 11083: 11066: 11060: 11058: 11052: 11051: 11049: 11048: 11047: 11046: 11041: 11033: 11032: 11031: 11026: 11018: 11012: 11010: 11004: 11003: 11001: 11000: 10999: 10998: 10993: 10983: 10982: 10981: 10976: 10965: 10963: 10954: 10948: 10947: 10944: 10943: 10941: 10940: 10935: 10930: 10925: 10920: 10914: 10912: 10906: 10905: 10903: 10902: 10897: 10892: 10887: 10882: 10877: 10872: 10867: 10862: 10857: 10855:Seasonal flows 10852: 10850:Rootless cones 10847: 10842: 10837: 10836: 10835: 10825: 10820: 10815: 10810: 10805: 10804: 10803: 10798: 10788: 10783: 10778: 10773: 10768: 10763: 10758: 10753: 10748: 10743: 10738: 10733: 10728: 10723: 10718: 10713: 10708: 10702: 10700: 10694: 10693: 10691: 10690: 10685: 10680: 10678:Valley network 10675: 10670: 10665: 10663:Observed rocks 10660: 10659: 10658: 10648: 10643: 10638: 10633: 10628: 10623: 10618: 10613: 10608: 10597: 10595: 10587: 10586: 10584: 10583: 10578: 10576:Ultimi Scopuli 10573: 10568: 10563: 10558: 10556:Terra Cimmeria 10553: 10548: 10543: 10538: 10533: 10528: 10523: 10518: 10513: 10508: 10503: 10497: 10495: 10489: 10488: 10486: 10485: 10480: 10475: 10470: 10464: 10462: 10453: 10447: 10446: 10441: 10438: 10437: 10430: 10429: 10422: 10415: 10407: 10398: 10397: 10395: 10394: 10381: 10367: 10364: 10363: 10361: 10360: 10347: 10334: 10321: 10308: 10295: 10284: 10271: 10257: 10255: 10253:Space agencies 10249: 10248: 10246: 10245: 10240: 10235: 10229: 10227: 10223: 10222: 10220: 10219: 10214: 10209: 10204: 10199: 10194: 10189: 10188: 10187: 10182: 10172: 10167: 10166: 10165: 10155: 10150: 10144: 10142: 10138: 10137: 10130: 10128: 10126: 10125: 10124: 10123: 10118: 10108: 10106:Space research 10103: 10098: 10093: 10087: 10085: 10081: 10080: 10078: 10077: 10072: 10066: 10063: 10062: 10055: 10054: 10047: 10040: 10032: 10026: 10025: 10020: 10014: 10008: 10002: 9993: 9986: 9985:External links 9983: 9982: 9981: 9968: 9954: 9938: 9935: 9933: 9932: 9918:. 2016-10-19. 9903: 9873: 9843: 9817: 9787: 9770: 9752: 9722: 9696: 9666: 9647: 9622: 9597: 9572: 9541: 9520: 9489: 9455: 9424: 9386: 9356: 9320: 9290: 9268: 9245: 9224: 9196: 9163: 9144:Stern, David. 9136: 9124: 9105: 9086: 9072: 9038: 9015: 8989: 8987:. JPL/Caltech. 8972: 8950: 8925: 8900: 8875: 8823: 8809: 8779: 8754: 8729: 8700: 8675: 8649: 8620: 8590: 8560: 8530: 8500: 8481: 8456: 8430: 8397: 8364: 8339: 8309: 8278: 8252: 8221: 8196: 8171: 8145: 8120: 8090: 8057: 8032: 8007: 7978: 7964:. 2015-02-23. 7953: 7922: 7908:. 2015-06-12. 7897: 7866: 7798: 7732: 7697:(3): 190–198. 7673: 7642: 7604: 7585: 7566: 7533: 7500: 7468: 7453:. 2015-02-24. 7438: 7417: 7394: 7375: 7356: 7330: 7327:on 2007-02-25. 7312: 7277: 7244: 7212: 7180: 7148: 7133: 7107: 7082: 7056: 7045:– was launched 7033: 7004: 6986: 6966: 6949: 6930: 6910: 6880: 6839: 6820:(1–6): 79–98. 6804: 6765:. New Series. 6753: 6714:. New Series. 6701: 6662:. New Series. 6650: 6601:. New Series. 6589: 6550:. New Series. 6538: 6499:. New Series. 6487: 6462: 6437: 6430: 6406: 6381: 6348: 6334:. SJR Design. 6319: 6287: 6254: 6233: 6207: 6172: 6143: 6114: 6088: 6069: 6040: 5989: 5959: 5929: 5899: 5874: 5845: 5802: 5773: 5754: 5735: 5732:on 2012-07-31. 5717: 5684: 5662: 5637: 5612: 5601:r/SpaceXLounge 5587: 5562: 5525: 5495: 5473: 5448: 5418: 5411: 5390: 5364: 5340: 5304: 5279: 5265:. 2021-05-14. 5245: 5215: 5185: 5155: 5110:(6): 394–426. 5089: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5031: 5030: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4980: 4979: 4978: 4973: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4921: 4920: 4919: 4915: 4914: 4900: 4884: 4881: 4792:Phobos program 4774: 4773: 4770: 4764: 4763: 4760: 4754: 4753: 4750: 4744: 4743: 4740: 4734: 4733: 4730: 4724: 4723: 4720: 4714: 4713: 4710: 4704: 4703: 4700: 4694: 4693: 4690: 4684: 4683: 4680: 4674: 4673: 4670: 4652: 4649: 4617: 4614: 4581: 4578: 4559: 4558: 4554: 4551:cislunar space 4547: 4505:. The planned 4503:George W. Bush 4494: 4491: 4475:Main article: 4464: 4461: 4457:gravity assist 4452: 4451: 4429: 4419: 4401: 4398: 4387: 4380: 4373: 4355: 4352: 4351: 4350: 4330: 4315: 4292: 4248: 4245: 4201:Cape Canaveral 4197:Atlas V rocket 4173: 4162: 4146: 4141:Tianwen-1 and 4139: 4122: 4117: 4109: 4082: 4079: 4069: 4066: 4010: 4004: 3994:unprecedented 3960:reconnaissance 3940:Main article: 3937: 3932: 3930: 3927: 3834: 3831: 3793:Main article: 3790: 3781: 3763:, also called 3756: 3753: 3721:Main article: 3718: 3715: 3663: 3653: 3621:Phoenix lander 3604: 3589: 3396: 3387: 3371:magnetic field 3293:Main article: 3290: 3285: 3230: 3220: 3213: 3212: 3205: 3198: 3197: 3190: 3183: 3182: 3175: 3168: 3167: 3159: 3152: 3151: 3150: 3149: 3148: 3142:life on Mars. 3114: 3113: 3098: 3091: 3090: 3082: 3075: 3074: 3067: 3060: 3059: 3052: 3045: 3044: 3037: 3030: 3029: 3028: 3027: 3026: 2996:Viking program 2991: 2990:Viking program 2988: 2944:Mariner Crater 2930:magnetic field 2864: 2861: 2772: 2769: 2735:magnetic field 2731:micrometeoroid 2714: 2713: 2710: 2707: 2701: 2700: 2697: 2694: 2688: 2687: 2684: 2681: 2675: 2674: 2671: 2668: 2662: 2661: 2658: 2655: 2649: 2648: 2645: 2642: 2636: 2635: 2632: 2629: 2623: 2622: 2619: 2616: 2610: 2609: 2606: 2603: 2597: 2596: 2593: 2590: 2580: 2577: 2524: 2521: 2505: 2502: 2489: 2486: 2393: 2386: 2385: 2384: 2372: 2365: 2364: 2363: 2362: 2361: 2255: 2242: 2235: 2217: 2204: 2197: 2179: 2165: 2158: 2140: 2122: 2109: 2102: 2084: 2073: 2066: 2050: 2034: 2018: 2000: 1989: 1982: 1969: 1962: 1944: 1929: 1925: Planned) 1918: Inactive 1904: 1893: 1885:Martian rovers 1865: 1859: 1832: 1831: 1822: 1812: 1804: 1796: 1786: 1778: 1772: 1751: 1748: 1743:Phobos 1 and 2 1724:Viking program 1676: 1675: 1668: 1666: 1662: 1661: 1654: 1652: 1648: 1647: 1640: 1638: 1634: 1633: 1626: 1624: 1620: 1619: 1612: 1610: 1606: 1605: 1598: 1596: 1592: 1591: 1584: 1582: 1578: 1577: 1576: 1575: 1571: 1558:Main article: 1555: 1552: 1549: 1548: 1535: 1532: 1525: 1524: 1510: 1507: 1503: 1502: 1497: 1494: 1490: 1489: 1486: 1483: 1479: 1478: 1441: 1438: 1434: 1433: 1426: 1423: 1419: 1418: 1413: 1410: 1406: 1405: 1396: 1393: 1389: 1388: 1385: 1382: 1369:synodic period 1365:launch windows 1352: 1351:Launch windows 1349: 1341: 1340: 1333: 1325: 1323: 1261: 1260: 1252: 897:Ismenius Lacus 883:Mare Acidalium 728: 721: 720: 719: 718: 717: 659: 658:Martian system 656: 652: 651: 645: 562:, part of the 510: 509:Current status 507: 460: 459: 452: 450: 446: 445: 438: 436: 432: 431: 424: 422: 418: 417: 410: 408: 404: 403: 396: 394: 390: 389: 382: 380: 376: 375: 368: 366: 362: 361: 354: 352: 348: 347: 340: 338: 334: 333: 326: 324: 320: 319: 312: 310: 306: 305: 298: 296: 292: 291: 284: 282: 278: 277: 270: 268: 264: 263: 256: 254: 250: 249: 242: 240: 236: 235: 228: 226: 222: 221: 214: 212: 208: 207: 200: 198: 194: 193: 186: 184: 180: 179: 172: 170: 166: 165: 158: 156: 152: 151: 144: 142: 138: 137: 130: 128: 124: 123: 116: 114: 110: 109: 102: 100: 96: 95: 88: 86: 82: 81: 78: 44: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 19867: 19856: 19853: 19851: 19848: 19846: 19843: 19841: 19838: 19836: 19833: 19832: 19830: 19817: 19808: 19801: 19794: 19787: 19781: 19775: 19769: 19762: 19755: 19748: 19741: 19734: 19727: 19720: 19714: 19704: 19702: 19692: 19690: 19680: 19678: 19675: 19674: 19671: 19656: 19655:Tidal locking 19653: 19651: 19648: 19646: 19643: 19641: 19638: 19636: 19635:Double planet 19633: 19632: 19630: 19626: 19620: 19617: 19613: 19610: 19608: 19605: 19604: 19603: 19600: 19598: 19595: 19593: 19590: 19588: 19587:Minor planets 19585: 19583: 19580: 19578: 19575: 19573: 19570: 19569: 19567: 19563: 19557: 19554: 19552: 19549: 19545: 19542: 19541: 19540: 19537: 19535: 19532: 19528: 19525: 19521: 19520:Merging stars 19518: 19517: 19516: 19513: 19511: 19508: 19506: 19503: 19501: 19498: 19496: 19493: 19492: 19491: 19488: 19486: 19483: 19481: 19478: 19476: 19473: 19471: 19468: 19466: 19463: 19461: 19458: 19456: 19453: 19451: 19448: 19446: 19443: 19441: 19438: 19436: 19433: 19431: 19428: 19426: 19423: 19421: 19418: 19416: 19413: 19411: 19408: 19404: 19401: 19399: 19396: 19395: 19394: 19391: 19389: 19386: 19384: 19381: 19379: 19376: 19374: 19371: 19369: 19366: 19364: 19361: 19359: 19356: 19354: 19351: 19349: 19346: 19342: 19339: 19338: 19337: 19334: 19332: 19329: 19327: 19324: 19323: 19321: 19319: 19313: 19307: 19304: 19302: 19299: 19297: 19294: 19292: 19289: 19287: 19284: 19282: 19279: 19277: 19274: 19270: 19267: 19266: 19265: 19262: 19260: 19257: 19255: 19252: 19248: 19245: 19244: 19243: 19240: 19238: 19235: 19233: 19230: 19226: 19223: 19221: 19218: 19216: 19213: 19212: 19211: 19208: 19204: 19201: 19199: 19196: 19195: 19194: 19191: 19187: 19184: 19182: 19179: 19177: 19174: 19173: 19172: 19169: 19167: 19164: 19163: 19161: 19158: 19153: 19149: 19143: 19140: 19138: 19135: 19133: 19130: 19128: 19125: 19123: 19122:Subsatellites 19120: 19118: 19115: 19113: 19110: 19108: 19105: 19103: 19100: 19098: 19095: 19093: 19090: 19089: 19087: 19085: 19082:Hypothetical 19079: 19076: 19067: 19064: 19060: 19057: 19055: 19052: 19050: 19047: 19045: 19042: 19038: 19035: 19033: 19030: 19029: 19028: 19025: 19024: 19023: 19020: 19016: 19013: 19011: 19008: 19007: 19006: 19003: 18999: 18996: 18994: 18991: 18989: 18986: 18984: 18981: 18979: 18976: 18974: 18971: 18969: 18966: 18964: 18961: 18959: 18956: 18955: 18954: 18951: 18949: 18948:Asteroid belt 18946: 18944: 18941: 18937: 18934: 18932: 18929: 18927: 18924: 18920: 18917: 18915: 18912: 18911: 18910: 18907: 18905: 18902: 18900: 18897: 18895: 18892: 18891: 18890: 18887: 18883: 18880: 18878: 18875: 18873: 18870: 18868: 18865: 18863: 18860: 18858: 18855: 18853: 18850: 18848: 18845: 18844: 18842: 18840: 18837: 18833: 18830: 18828: 18825: 18824: 18823: 18822:Minor planets 18820: 18818: 18815: 18813: 18810: 18808: 18805: 18804: 18802: 18800: 18790: 18784: 18781: 18779: 18776: 18774: 18771: 18769: 18766: 18764: 18761: 18759: 18756: 18753: 18749: 18746: 18744: 18741: 18738: 18735: 18734: 18732: 18730: 18726: 18718: 18715: 18714: 18713: 18710: 18706: 18703: 18702: 18701: 18698: 18694: 18691: 18690: 18689: 18686: 18682: 18679: 18678: 18677: 18674: 18670: 18667: 18665: 18662: 18661: 18660: 18657: 18653: 18650: 18648: 18645: 18643: 18640: 18638: 18635: 18633: 18630: 18629: 18628: 18625: 18621: 18618: 18617: 18616: 18613: 18609: 18606: 18604: 18601: 18599: 18596: 18594: 18591: 18590: 18589: 18586: 18582: 18579: 18577: 18574: 18572: 18569: 18567: 18564: 18562: 18559: 18557: 18554: 18553: 18552: 18549: 18545: 18542: 18540: 18537: 18535: 18532: 18530: 18527: 18525: 18522: 18520: 18517: 18515: 18512: 18510: 18507: 18505: 18502: 18500: 18497: 18496: 18495: 18492: 18488: 18485: 18483: 18480: 18478: 18475: 18473: 18470: 18468: 18465: 18464: 18463: 18460: 18456: 18453: 18451: 18448: 18447: 18446: 18443: 18439: 18436: 18434: 18431: 18430: 18428: 18427: 18425: 18423: 18419: 18411: 18408: 18406: 18403: 18401: 18398: 18396: 18393: 18391: 18388: 18386: 18383: 18381: 18378: 18376: 18373: 18371: 18368: 18367: 18366: 18363: 18357: 18354: 18352: 18349: 18348: 18347: 18344: 18340: 18337: 18335: 18332: 18331: 18330: 18327: 18326: 18325: 18322: 18318: 18315: 18313: 18310: 18308: 18305: 18303: 18300: 18299: 18298: 18295: 18294: 18292: 18290: 18285: 18281: 18278: 18277: 18272: 18266: 18265: 18261: 18259: 18258: 18254: 18252: 18251: 18247: 18245: 18244: 18240: 18238: 18237: 18233: 18231: 18230: 18226: 18224: 18223: 18219: 18217: 18216: 18212: 18210: 18207: 18205: 18202: 18200: 18197: 18195: 18192: 18190: 18189: 18185: 18183: 18180: 18178: 18175: 18173: 18170: 18168: 18165: 18163: 18160: 18159: 18114: 18110: 18103: 18098: 18096: 18091: 18089: 18084: 18083: 18080: 18066: 18063: 18061: 18058: 18057: 18056: 18053: 18052: 18049: 18043: 18040: 18038: 18035: 18033: 18030: 18028: 18025: 18023: 18020: 18018: 18015: 18014: 18012: 18008: 17998: 17995: 17993: 17990: 17989: 17987: 17983: 17977: 17974: 17972: 17969: 17967: 17964: 17962: 17959: 17958: 17956: 17954: 17950: 17947: 17943: 17937: 17934: 17932: 17929: 17927: 17924: 17922: 17919: 17917: 17914: 17912: 17909: 17907: 17904: 17902: 17899: 17897: 17894: 17893: 17891: 17887: 17881: 17878: 17877: 17874: 17870: 17866: 17859: 17854: 17852: 17847: 17845: 17840: 17839: 17836: 17824: 17814: 17812: 17811: 17802: 17801: 17798: 17792: 17789: 17787: 17786:Cheyava Falls 17784: 17782: 17779: 17777: 17774: 17773: 17771: 17767: 17757: 17754: 17752: 17749: 17747: 17746:Mawrth Vallis 17744: 17742: 17741:Holden crater 17739: 17737: 17734: 17733: 17731: 17727: 17721: 17718: 17716: 17715:Jezero crater 17713: 17711: 17707: 17704: 17703: 17701: 17697: 17691: 17690:Jezero crater 17688: 17687: 17685: 17681: 17678: 17676:landing sites 17672: 17666: 17663: 17661: 17658: 17656: 17653: 17651: 17648: 17647: 17645: 17641: 17635: 17632: 17630: 17627: 17625: 17622: 17620: 17617: 17615: 17612: 17610: 17607: 17605: 17602: 17600: 17597: 17595: 17592: 17590: 17587: 17586: 17584: 17580: 17573: 17562: 17558: 17556: 17552: 17550: 17548: 17544: 17543: 17541: 17537: 17531: 17528: 17527: 17524: 17520: 17513: 17508: 17506: 17501: 17499: 17494: 17493: 17490: 17478: 17468: 17466: 17465: 17456: 17455: 17452: 17446: 17443: 17441: 17438: 17437: 17435: 17431: 17425: 17422: 17420: 17417: 17415: 17412: 17410: 17407: 17405: 17402: 17400: 17397: 17395: 17392: 17390: 17387: 17385: 17382: 17381: 17379: 17377: 17373: 17367: 17364: 17362: 17359: 17357: 17354: 17352: 17349: 17347: 17344: 17342: 17339: 17337: 17334: 17332: 17329: 17328: 17326: 17322: 17316: 17313: 17311: 17308: 17306: 17303: 17301: 17298: 17297: 17295: 17291: 17285: 17282: 17280: 17277: 17275: 17272: 17270: 17267: 17265: 17262: 17260: 17257: 17255: 17252: 17250: 17247: 17245: 17242: 17240: 17237: 17235: 17232: 17230: 17227: 17225: 17222: 17220: 17217: 17215: 17212: 17211: 17209: 17207: 17203: 17198: 17188: 17185: 17183: 17181: 17177: 17176: 17174: 17170: 17166: 17159: 17154: 17152: 17147: 17145: 17140: 17139: 17136: 17124: 17121: 17118: 17117: 17113: 17110: 17109: 17105: 17103: 17100: 17098: 17095: 17093: 17090: 17087: 17083: 17081: 17078: 17076: 17073: 17071: 17068: 17066: 17063: 17060: 17056: 17055: 17053: 17049: 17042: 17039: 17037: 17034: 17031: 17028: 17026: 17023: 17021: 17018: 17015: 17011: 17007: 17003: 17001: 16998: 16997: 16995: 16991: 16985: 16982: 16978: 16975: 16973: 16970: 16968: 16965: 16964: 16963: 16960: 16958: 16955: 16954: 16952: 16950: 16948: 16943: 16937: 16934: 16932: 16929: 16927: 16924: 16923: 16921: 16919: 16917: 16912: 16907: 16897: 16894: 16891: 16889: 16885: 16882: 16880: 16876: 16875: 16873: 16869: 16865: 16858: 16853: 16851: 16846: 16844: 16839: 16838: 16835: 16823: 16820: 16818: 16815: 16813: 16810: 16808: 16805: 16803: 16800: 16799: 16797: 16793: 16787: 16786:Donna Shirley 16784: 16782: 16779: 16777: 16774: 16773: 16771: 16769:Key personnel 16767: 16761: 16758: 16756: 16753: 16751: 16748: 16746: 16743: 16742: 16740: 16737: 16733: 16728: 16718: 16715: 16713: 16710: 16708: 16705: 16703: 16700: 16698: 16696: 16692: 16691: 16689: 16686: 16681: 16677: 16673: 16672: 16664: 16659: 16657: 16652: 16650: 16645: 16644: 16641: 16629: 16626: 16624: 16621: 16620: 16618: 16614: 16608: 16605: 16603: 16602: 16598: 16596: 16595: 16591: 16590: 16588: 16586: 16582: 16578: 16571: 16566: 16564: 16559: 16557: 16552: 16551: 16548: 16536: 16533: 16531: 16528: 16526: 16523: 16521: 16518: 16516: 16513: 16509: 16506: 16504: 16501: 16500: 16499: 16496: 16494: 16491: 16489: 16486: 16485: 16483: 16479: 16473: 16470: 16468: 16465: 16463: 16460: 16458: 16455: 16453: 16450: 16448: 16445: 16444: 16442: 16436: 16430: 16427: 16425: 16422: 16420: 16417: 16416: 16414: 16410: 16404: 16401: 16399: 16396: 16394: 16391: 16389: 16386: 16382: 16379: 16377: 16374: 16373: 16372: 16369: 16367: 16364: 16363: 16361: 16358: 16353: 16349: 16341: 16338: 16337: 16336: 16333: 16331: 16330: 16326: 16324: 16321: 16319: 16316: 16314: 16311: 16309: 16306: 16304: 16301: 16299: 16296: 16294: 16293: 16289: 16288: 16286: 16280: 16275: 16261: 16258: 16256: 16253: 16251: 16248: 16246: 16243: 16241: 16238: 16237: 16235: 16231: 16225: 16222: 16220: 16217: 16215: 16212: 16211: 16209: 16205: 16199: 16196: 16194: 16191: 16190: 16188: 16184: 16181: 16175: 16169: 16166: 16165: 16162: 16158: 16154: 16153:Human mission 16147: 16142: 16140: 16135: 16133: 16128: 16127: 16124: 16111: 16101: 16098: 16096: 16093: 16091: 16088: 16086: 16083: 16081: 16080: 16076: 16074: 16073: 16069: 16068: 16066: 16062: 16056: 16053: 16051: 16048: 16046: 16043: 16041: 16038: 16037: 16035: 16031: 16025: 16022: 16020: 16017: 16015: 16012: 16010: 16009:Human mission 16007: 16005: 16004:Sample return 16002: 16000: 15997: 15995: 15992: 15990: 15987: 15985: 15982: 15980: 15977: 15975: 15972: 15971: 15969: 15965: 15962: 15960: 15956: 15946: 15943: 15941: 15940: 15936: 15934: 15931: 15929: 15928: 15924: 15922: 15921: 15917: 15915: 15912: 15910: 15907: 15905: 15902: 15900: 15897: 15895: 15892: 15890: 15887: 15885: 15882: 15880: 15877: 15875: 15872: 15870: 15867: 15865: 15862: 15860: 15857: 15856: 15854: 15848: 15844: 15834: 15831: 15829: 15826: 15824: 15821: 15819: 15816: 15814: 15811: 15809: 15806: 15804: 15801: 15799: 15796: 15794: 15791: 15789: 15786: 15784: 15781: 15779: 15776: 15774: 15771: 15769: 15766: 15764: 15761: 15760: 15758: 15754: 15748: 15747: 15743: 15739: 15736: 15735: 15734: 15731: 15728: 15727: 15722: 15719: 15716: 15713: 15710: 15707: 15704: 15701: 15698: 15697: 15693: 15690: 15687: 15684: 15683: 15679: 15678: 15676: 15672: 15669: 15665: 15655: 15651: 15648: 15646: 15643: 15641: 15638: 15636: 15633: 15631: 15628: 15626: 15623: 15621: 15618: 15616: 15613: 15611: 15608: 15606: 15603: 15601: 15598: 15597: 15595: 15589: 15585: 15573: 15570: 15568: 15565: 15564: 15563: 15561: 15557: 15556: 15554: 15552: 15548: 15542: 15541: 15537: 15531: 15528: 15527: 15526: 15525: 15521: 15517: 15514: 15513: 15512: 15511: 15507: 15506: 15505: 15502: 15500: 15499: 15495: 15493: 15490: 15489: 15487: 15483: 15477: 15475: 15471: 15469: 15468: 15464: 15462: 15461: 15456: 15454: 15453: 15449: 15447: 15444: 15442: 15438: 15435: 15433: 15432: 15428: 15426: 15425: 15421: 15419: 15418: 15414: 15412: 15409: 15407: 15404: 15402: 15399: 15397: 15394: 15393: 15391: 15389: 15385: 15379: 15378: 15374: 15372: 15371: 15367: 15365: 15364: 15360: 15358: 15357: 15353: 15351: 15350: 15349:Mars Observer 15346: 15342: 15339: 15337: 15334: 15333: 15332: 15329: 15325: 15324: 15320: 15318: 15317: 15313: 15312: 15311: 15308: 15306: 15303: 15301: 15298: 15296: 15293: 15291: 15288: 15286: 15283: 15282: 15280: 15276: 15269: 15268: 15264: 15262: 15259: 15257: 15256: 15252: 15250: 15249: 15245: 15243: 15240: 15238: 15235: 15233: 15230: 15228: 15225: 15223: 15220: 15218: 15215: 15214: 15212: 15210: 15206: 15203: 15199: 15192: 15184: 15176: 15160: 15157: 15155: 15152: 15151: 15150: 15149: 15145: 15141: 15138: 15136: 15133: 15132: 15131: 15130: 15126: 15125: 15123: 15121: 15117: 15111: 15109: 15105: 15103: 15102: 15098: 15096: 15093: 15091: 15088: 15084: 15081: 15080: 15079: 15078: 15074: 15072: 15071: 15067: 15065: 15064: 15060: 15059: 15057: 15055: 15051: 15048: 15044: 15038: 15035: 15033: 15030: 15028: 15025: 15024: 15021: 15017: 15013: 15006: 15001: 14999: 14994: 14992: 14987: 14986: 14983: 14963: 14960: 14958: 14955: 14953: 14950: 14948: 14945: 14943: 14940: 14938: 14935: 14933: 14930: 14928: 14925: 14923: 14920: 14918: 14915: 14913: 14910: 14908: 14905: 14903: 14900: 14898: 14895: 14893: 14890: 14888: 14885: 14883: 14880: 14878: 14875: 14873: 14870: 14866: 14863: 14862: 14861: 14858: 14856: 14853: 14851: 14848: 14846: 14843: 14841: 14838: 14836: 14833: 14831: 14828: 14826: 14823: 14821: 14818: 14816: 14813: 14811: 14808: 14806: 14803: 14801: 14798: 14796: 14793: 14791: 14788: 14786: 14783: 14781: 14778: 14776: 14773: 14771: 14768: 14766: 14763: 14761: 14758: 14756: 14753: 14751: 14748: 14746: 14743: 14741: 14738: 14736: 14733: 14731: 14728: 14726: 14723: 14721: 14718: 14716: 14713: 14711: 14708: 14706: 14703: 14701: 14698: 14696: 14693: 14691: 14688: 14686: 14683: 14681: 14678: 14676: 14673: 14671: 14668: 14666: 14663: 14661: 14658: 14656: 14653: 14651: 14648: 14646: 14643: 14641: 14638: 14636: 14633: 14631: 14628: 14626: 14623: 14621: 14618: 14616: 14613: 14611: 14608: 14606: 14603: 14601: 14598: 14596: 14593: 14591: 14588: 14586: 14583: 14581: 14578: 14576: 14573: 14571: 14568: 14566: 14563: 14561: 14558: 14556: 14553: 14551: 14548: 14546: 14543: 14541: 14538: 14536: 14533: 14531: 14528: 14526: 14523: 14521: 14518: 14516: 14513: 14511: 14508: 14506: 14503: 14501: 14498: 14496: 14493: 14491: 14488: 14486: 14483: 14481: 14478: 14476: 14473: 14471: 14468: 14466: 14463: 14461: 14458: 14456: 14453: 14451: 14448: 14446: 14443: 14441: 14438: 14436: 14433: 14431: 14428: 14426: 14423: 14421: 14418: 14416: 14413: 14411: 14408: 14406: 14403: 14401: 14398: 14396: 14393: 14391: 14388: 14386: 14383: 14381: 14378: 14376: 14373: 14371: 14368: 14366: 14363: 14361: 14358: 14356: 14353: 14351: 14348: 14346: 14343: 14341: 14338: 14336: 14333: 14331: 14328: 14326: 14323: 14321: 14318: 14316: 14313: 14311: 14308: 14306: 14303: 14301: 14298: 14296: 14293: 14291: 14288: 14286: 14283: 14281: 14278: 14276: 14273: 14271: 14268: 14266: 14263: 14261: 14258: 14256: 14253: 14251: 14248: 14246: 14243: 14241: 14238: 14236: 14233: 14231: 14228: 14226: 14223: 14221: 14218: 14216: 14213: 14211: 14208: 14206: 14203: 14201: 14198: 14196: 14193: 14191: 14188: 14186: 14183: 14181: 14178: 14176: 14173: 14171: 14168: 14166: 14163: 14161: 14158: 14156: 14153: 14151: 14148: 14146: 14143: 14141: 14138: 14136: 14133: 14131: 14128: 14126: 14123: 14121: 14118: 14116: 14113: 14111: 14108: 14106: 14103: 14101: 14098: 14096: 14093: 14091: 14088: 14086: 14083: 14081: 14078: 14076: 14073: 14071: 14068: 14066: 14063: 14061: 14058: 14056: 14053: 14051: 14048: 14046: 14043: 14041: 14038: 14036: 14033: 14031: 14028: 14026: 14023: 14021: 14018: 14016: 14013: 14011: 14008: 14006: 14003: 14001: 13998: 13996: 13993: 13991: 13988: 13986: 13983: 13981: 13978: 13976: 13973: 13971: 13968: 13964: 13963:Sleepy Hollow 13961: 13957: 13954: 13952: 13949: 13948: 13947: 13944: 13940: 13937: 13935: 13932: 13930: 13927: 13926: 13925: 13922: 13921: 13920: 13917: 13915: 13912: 13910: 13907: 13905: 13902: 13900: 13897: 13895: 13892: 13890: 13887: 13885: 13882: 13880: 13877: 13875: 13872: 13870: 13867: 13865: 13862: 13860: 13857: 13855: 13852: 13850: 13847: 13845: 13842: 13840: 13837: 13835: 13832: 13830: 13827: 13825: 13822: 13820: 13817: 13815: 13812: 13810: 13807: 13805: 13802: 13800: 13797: 13795: 13792: 13790: 13787: 13783: 13780: 13779: 13778: 13775: 13773: 13770: 13768: 13765: 13763: 13760: 13758: 13755: 13753: 13750: 13748: 13745: 13743: 13740: 13738: 13735: 13733: 13730: 13728: 13725: 13723: 13720: 13718: 13715: 13713: 13710: 13708: 13705: 13703: 13700: 13698: 13695: 13693: 13690: 13688: 13685: 13683: 13680: 13678: 13675: 13673: 13670: 13668: 13665: 13663: 13660: 13658: 13655: 13653: 13650: 13648: 13645: 13643: 13640: 13638: 13635: 13633: 13630: 13628: 13625: 13623: 13620: 13618: 13615: 13613: 13610: 13608: 13605: 13603: 13600: 13598: 13595: 13593: 13590: 13588: 13585: 13583: 13580: 13578: 13575: 13573: 13570: 13568: 13565: 13563: 13560: 13558: 13555: 13553: 13550: 13548: 13545: 13543: 13540: 13538: 13535: 13533: 13530: 13528: 13525: 13523: 13520: 13518: 13515: 13513: 13510: 13508: 13505: 13503: 13500: 13498: 13495: 13493: 13490: 13488: 13485: 13483: 13480: 13478: 13475: 13473: 13470: 13468: 13465: 13463: 13460: 13458: 13455: 13453: 13450: 13448: 13445: 13443: 13440: 13438: 13435: 13433: 13430: 13428: 13425: 13423: 13420: 13418: 13415: 13413: 13410: 13409: 13407: 13405: 13400: 13396: 13390: 13387: 13385: 13382: 13380: 13377: 13375: 13374:Olympus Rupes 13372: 13370: 13367: 13365: 13362: 13360: 13357: 13355: 13352: 13350: 13347: 13345: 13342: 13340: 13337: 13335: 13332: 13330: 13327: 13325: 13324:Ausonia Mensa 13322: 13320: 13319:Aeolis Mensae 13317: 13315: 13312: 13310: 13307: 13305: 13302: 13300: 13297: 13295: 13292: 13290: 13287: 13285: 13282: 13280: 13277: 13275: 13272: 13270: 13267: 13265: 13262: 13260: 13257: 13255: 13254:Mangala Fossa 13252: 13250: 13247: 13245: 13244:Icaria Fossae 13242: 13240: 13237: 13235: 13232: 13230: 13227: 13225: 13222: 13220: 13217: 13215: 13212: 13210: 13207: 13206: 13204: 13202: 13198: 13193: 13189: 13185: 13177: 13174: 13172: 13169: 13167: 13164: 13160: 13157: 13156: 13155: 13152: 13150: 13147: 13145: 13142: 13140: 13137: 13135: 13132: 13130: 13127: 13125: 13122: 13120: 13117: 13115: 13112: 13110: 13107: 13105: 13102: 13100: 13097: 13095: 13092: 13090: 13087: 13085: 13082: 13080: 13077: 13075: 13072: 13070: 13067: 13065: 13062: 13060: 13057: 13055: 13052: 13050: 13047: 13045: 13042: 13040: 13037: 13035: 13032: 13030: 13027: 13025: 13022: 13020: 13017: 13013: 13010: 13009: 13008: 13005: 13003: 13000: 12998: 12995: 12993: 12990: 12988: 12985: 12983: 12980: 12978: 12975: 12973: 12970: 12968: 12965: 12963: 12960: 12958: 12955: 12953: 12950: 12948: 12945: 12943: 12940: 12938: 12935: 12933: 12930: 12928: 12925: 12923: 12920: 12918: 12915: 12913: 12910: 12908: 12905: 12903: 12900: 12898: 12895: 12893: 12890: 12888: 12885: 12883: 12880: 12878: 12875: 12873: 12870: 12868: 12865: 12863: 12860: 12858: 12855: 12853: 12850: 12848: 12845: 12843: 12840: 12839: 12838: 12835: 12834: 12831: 12828: 12826: 12823: 12821: 12818: 12816: 12813: 12811: 12808: 12806: 12803: 12801: 12798: 12796: 12793: 12791: 12788: 12786: 12783: 12781: 12778: 12776: 12775:Ganges Chasma 12773: 12771: 12768: 12766: 12763: 12761: 12758: 12756: 12753: 12751: 12748: 12746: 12743: 12741: 12740:Candor Chasma 12738: 12736: 12733: 12731: 12728: 12726: 12723: 12721: 12718: 12716: 12713: 12712: 12710: 12708: 12703: 12699: 12693: 12690: 12688: 12685: 12683: 12682:Peneus Patera 12680: 12678: 12675: 12673: 12670: 12668: 12665: 12663: 12660: 12658: 12655: 12653: 12652:Planum Boreum 12650: 12648: 12645: 12643: 12640: 12638: 12635: 12633: 12630: 12628: 12625: 12623: 12622:Icaria Planum 12620: 12618: 12615: 12613: 12610: 12608: 12605: 12603: 12600: 12598: 12595: 12593: 12590: 12588: 12585: 12583: 12580: 12578: 12575: 12573: 12570: 12568: 12565: 12563: 12560: 12559: 12557: 12555: 12549: 12541: 12538: 12536: 12533: 12531: 12528: 12527: 12526: 12525:Uranius group 12523: 12521: 12518: 12516: 12513: 12511: 12508: 12504: 12501: 12499: 12496: 12494: 12491: 12490: 12489: 12486: 12484: 12481: 12479: 12476: 12474: 12471: 12469: 12466: 12464: 12461: 12459: 12456: 12454: 12451: 12449: 12446: 12444: 12441: 12439: 12438:Hellas Montes 12436: 12434: 12431: 12429: 12428:Galaxius Mons 12426: 12424: 12423:Erebus Montes 12421: 12417: 12414: 12412: 12409: 12407: 12404: 12403: 12402: 12399: 12397: 12394: 12392: 12389: 12387: 12384: 12382: 12381:Biblis Tholus 12379: 12377: 12374: 12372: 12369: 12367: 12364: 12362: 12359: 12357: 12354: 12352: 12349: 12347: 12344: 12342: 12339: 12338: 12336: 12332: 12326: 12321: 12317: 12313: 12306: 12302: 12286: 12283: 12281: 12278: 12276: 12273: 12271: 12268: 12266: 12263: 12261: 12258: 12257: 12256: 12253: 12252: 12247: 12244: 12242: 12241:Oileán Ruaidh 12239: 12237: 12234: 12232: 12229: 12227: 12224: 12222: 12219: 12218: 12217: 12214: 12213: 12208: 12205: 12203: 12200: 12199: 12197: 12193: 12190: 12189: 12187: 12183: 12180: 12178: 12175: 12173: 12170: 12168: 12165: 12164: 12163: 12161: 12157: 12153: 12150: 12148: 12147:Barnacle Bill 12145: 12144: 12143: 12141: 12137: 12133: 12130: 12128: 12125: 12123: 12120: 12119: 12118: 12116: 12112: 12108: 12105: 12103: 12100: 12098: 12095: 12093: 12090: 12088: 12085: 12083: 12080: 12078: 12075: 12073: 12070: 12068: 12065: 12064: 12063: 12061: 12057: 12056: 12054: 12052: 12046: 12038: 12035: 12032: 12028: 12025: 12024: 12023: 12020: 12018: 12015: 12013: 12010: 12008: 12005: 12003: 12000: 11999: 11997: 11995: 11991: 11985: 11982: 11978: 11975: 11974: 11973: 11970: 11968: 11965: 11963: 11960: 11958: 11955: 11953: 11950: 11948: 11945: 11943: 11940: 11938: 11935: 11933: 11930: 11928: 11925: 11923: 11920: 11918: 11915: 11913: 11910: 11908: 11905: 11903: 11900: 11898: 11897:Ore resources 11895: 11893: 11890: 11888: 11885: 11883: 11880: 11877: 11874: 11872: 11869: 11867: 11864: 11862: 11859: 11857: 11854: 11852: 11849: 11847: 11844: 11842: 11839: 11837: 11834: 11830: 11827: 11825: 11822: 11821: 11820: 11817: 11815: 11812: 11810: 11807: 11805: 11802: 11800: 11797: 11795: 11792: 11790: 11789:Chaos terrain 11787: 11785: 11782: 11780: 11779:Brain terrain 11777: 11776: 11774: 11772: 11766: 11762: 11758: 11753: 11749: 11735: 11732: 11730: 11727: 11725: 11722: 11720: 11719:Sinus Sabaeus 11717: 11715: 11712: 11710: 11707: 11705: 11702: 11700: 11697: 11695: 11692: 11690: 11687: 11685: 11682: 11680: 11677: 11675: 11672: 11670: 11667: 11665: 11662: 11660: 11657: 11655: 11652: 11650: 11647: 11645: 11642: 11640: 11637: 11635: 11632: 11630: 11627: 11625: 11622: 11620: 11617: 11615: 11612: 11610: 11607: 11605: 11602: 11600: 11597: 11595: 11592: 11590: 11587: 11586: 11584: 11582: 11578: 11572: 11569: 11567: 11564: 11562: 11559: 11557: 11554: 11552: 11549: 11547: 11544: 11542: 11539: 11537: 11534: 11532: 11531:Planum Boreum 11529: 11527: 11524: 11522: 11521:Olympia Undae 11519: 11517: 11514: 11512: 11509: 11507: 11506:Eridania Lake 11504: 11502: 11499: 11497: 11494: 11492: 11489: 11487: 11484: 11482: 11479: 11478: 11476: 11472: 11468: 11461: 11457: 11453: 11449: 11445: 11438: 11433: 11431: 11426: 11424: 11419: 11418: 11415: 11403: 11392: 11390: 11381: 11380: 11377: 11369: 11366: 11364: 11361: 11360: 11359: 11356: 11354: 11351: 11349: 11346: 11344: 11341: 11337: 11334: 11332: 11329: 11327: 11324: 11323: 11322: 11319: 11315: 11312: 11311: 11310: 11307: 11306: 11304: 11300: 11290: 11287: 11285: 11282: 11280: 11277: 11275: 11272: 11270: 11269: 11265: 11263: 11262: 11258: 11257: 11255: 11251: 11245: 11242: 11241: 11239: 11237: 11233: 11227: 11224: 11222: 11219: 11217: 11214: 11212: 11211:Human mission 11209: 11207: 11206:Sample return 11204: 11202: 11199: 11197: 11194: 11192: 11189: 11187: 11184: 11183: 11181: 11177: 11174: 11172: 11168: 11158: 11155: 11154: 11152: 11148: 11142: 11139: 11138: 11136: 11132: 11123: 11116: 11113: 11106: 11103: 11096: 11094: 11091: 11090: 11089: 11086: 11081: 11072: 11071: 11070: 11069:Mars-crossers 11067: 11065: 11062: 11061: 11059: 11057: 11053: 11045: 11042: 11040: 11037: 11036: 11034: 11030: 11027: 11025: 11022: 11021: 11019: 11017: 11014: 11013: 11011: 11009: 11005: 10997: 10994: 10992: 10989: 10988: 10987: 10984: 10980: 10977: 10975: 10972: 10971: 10970: 10967: 10966: 10964: 10962: 10958: 10955: 10953: 10949: 10939: 10936: 10934: 10931: 10929: 10926: 10924: 10921: 10919: 10916: 10915: 10913: 10911: 10907: 10901: 10898: 10896: 10893: 10891: 10888: 10886: 10885:Tharsis bulge 10883: 10881: 10878: 10876: 10873: 10871: 10868: 10866: 10863: 10861: 10858: 10856: 10853: 10851: 10848: 10846: 10843: 10841: 10838: 10834: 10831: 10830: 10829: 10826: 10824: 10823:Ore resources 10821: 10819: 10816: 10814: 10811: 10809: 10806: 10802: 10799: 10797: 10794: 10793: 10792: 10789: 10787: 10784: 10782: 10779: 10777: 10774: 10772: 10769: 10767: 10764: 10762: 10759: 10757: 10754: 10752: 10749: 10747: 10744: 10742: 10739: 10737: 10734: 10732: 10729: 10727: 10724: 10722: 10719: 10717: 10716:Chaos terrain 10714: 10712: 10709: 10707: 10706:Brain terrain 10704: 10703: 10701: 10699: 10695: 10689: 10686: 10684: 10681: 10679: 10676: 10674: 10671: 10669: 10666: 10664: 10661: 10657: 10654: 10653: 10652: 10649: 10647: 10644: 10642: 10639: 10637: 10634: 10632: 10629: 10627: 10624: 10622: 10621:Chaos terrain 10619: 10617: 10614: 10612: 10609: 10606: 10602: 10599: 10598: 10596: 10594: 10588: 10582: 10579: 10577: 10574: 10572: 10569: 10567: 10564: 10562: 10559: 10557: 10554: 10552: 10549: 10547: 10544: 10542: 10539: 10537: 10536:Planum Boreum 10534: 10532: 10529: 10527: 10526:Olympia Undae 10524: 10522: 10519: 10517: 10516:Eridania Lake 10514: 10512: 10509: 10507: 10504: 10502: 10499: 10498: 10496: 10494: 10490: 10484: 10481: 10479: 10476: 10474: 10471: 10469: 10466: 10465: 10463: 10461: 10457: 10454: 10452: 10448: 10444: 10439: 10435: 10428: 10423: 10421: 10416: 10414: 10409: 10408: 10405: 10393: 10392: 10382: 10380: 10379: 10369: 10368: 10365: 10359: 10353: 10348: 10346: 10340: 10335: 10333: 10327: 10322: 10320: 10314: 10309: 10307: 10301: 10296: 10294: 10289: 10285: 10283: 10277: 10272: 10270: 10264: 10259: 10258: 10256: 10254: 10250: 10244: 10241: 10239: 10236: 10234: 10231: 10230: 10228: 10224: 10218: 10215: 10213: 10210: 10208: 10205: 10203: 10200: 10198: 10195: 10193: 10190: 10186: 10183: 10181: 10180:Human mission 10178: 10177: 10176: 10173: 10171: 10168: 10164: 10161: 10160: 10159: 10156: 10154: 10151: 10149: 10146: 10145: 10143: 10139: 10134: 10122: 10119: 10117: 10114: 10113: 10112: 10109: 10107: 10104: 10102: 10099: 10097: 10094: 10092: 10089: 10088: 10086: 10082: 10076: 10073: 10071: 10068: 10067: 10064: 10060: 10053: 10048: 10046: 10041: 10039: 10034: 10033: 10030: 10024: 10021: 10018: 10015: 10012: 10009: 10006: 10003: 10000: 9997: 9994: 9992: 9989: 9988: 9980: 9979:1-896522-62-9 9976: 9972: 9969: 9966: 9965:0-521-80633-X 9962: 9958: 9955: 9952: 9948: 9944: 9941: 9940: 9921: 9917: 9913: 9907: 9892: 9888: 9884: 9877: 9861: 9857: 9853: 9847: 9832: 9828: 9821: 9806: 9802: 9798: 9791: 9784: 9783:0-7607-7885-X 9780: 9774: 9767: 9766: 9761: 9756: 9749: 9745: 9742: 9738: 9734: 9731: 9726: 9712:on 2011-07-06 9711: 9707: 9700: 9685: 9681: 9677: 9670: 9663: 9659: 9656: 9651: 9636: 9632: 9626: 9611: 9607: 9601: 9587: 9583: 9576: 9560: 9556: 9552: 9545: 9538: 9534: 9530: 9524: 9513:September 18, 9508: 9504: 9500: 9493: 9478: 9474: 9470: 9464: 9462: 9460: 9448:September 18, 9443: 9439: 9435: 9428: 9413: 9409: 9405: 9401: 9397: 9390: 9375: 9371: 9367: 9360: 9341: 9337: 9330: 9324: 9309: 9305: 9301: 9294: 9288: 9285: 9281: 9278: 9272: 9256: 9249: 9242: 9238: 9234: 9228: 9213: 9209: 9203: 9201: 9186:on 2006-02-09 9185: 9181: 9177: 9170: 9168: 9151: 9147: 9140: 9133: 9128: 9121: 9117: 9114: 9109: 9102: 9098: 9095: 9090: 9082: 9076: 9058: 9051: 9050: 9042: 9035: 9031: 9028: 9025: 9019: 9004: 9000: 8993: 8986: 8982: 8979:Oh, David Y. 8976: 8969: 8965: 8962: 8957: 8955: 8940: 8936: 8929: 8915: 8911: 8904: 8889: 8885: 8879: 8860: 8856: 8852: 8848: 8844: 8837: 8830: 8828: 8819: 8813: 8797: 8793: 8789: 8783: 8765: 8758: 8744: 8740: 8733: 8718: 8714: 8710: 8704: 8690: 8686: 8679: 8663: 8659: 8653: 8638: 8634: 8630: 8624: 8608: 8604: 8600: 8594: 8578: 8574: 8570: 8564: 8548: 8544: 8540: 8534: 8518: 8514: 8510: 8504: 8497: 8493: 8490: 8485: 8471: 8467: 8460: 8445: 8441: 8434: 8418: 8414: 8413: 8408: 8401: 8385: 8381: 8380: 8375: 8368: 8353: 8349: 8343: 8327: 8323: 8319: 8313: 8297: 8293: 8289: 8282: 8266: 8262: 8256: 8240: 8236: 8232: 8225: 8210: 8206: 8200: 8185: 8181: 8175: 8159: 8155: 8149: 8134: 8130: 8124: 8108: 8104: 8100: 8094: 8083:September 22, 8078: 8074: 8073: 8068: 8061: 8046: 8042: 8036: 8022:on 2009-07-30 8021: 8017: 8011: 7996: 7992: 7988: 7982: 7967: 7963: 7957: 7942: 7938: 7937: 7932: 7926: 7911: 7907: 7901: 7885: 7881: 7877: 7870: 7862: 7858: 7853: 7848: 7844: 7840: 7835: 7830: 7826: 7822: 7818: 7814: 7810: 7802: 7794: 7790: 7786: 7782: 7777: 7776:10044/1/98460 7772: 7768: 7764: 7760: 7756: 7752: 7748: 7744: 7736: 7728: 7724: 7720: 7716: 7712: 7708: 7704: 7700: 7696: 7692: 7685: 7677: 7661: 7657: 7653: 7646: 7630: 7626: 7622: 7618: 7614: 7608: 7601: 7597: 7594: 7589: 7582: 7578: 7575: 7570: 7554: 7550: 7549: 7544: 7537: 7521: 7517: 7516: 7511: 7504: 7488: 7484: 7483: 7478: 7472: 7456: 7452: 7448: 7442: 7435: 7431: 7427: 7421: 7415:(2012-01-15). 7414: 7410: 7406: 7403: 7398: 7391: 7387: 7384: 7379: 7372: 7368: 7365: 7360: 7345: 7342:. Space.com. 7341: 7334: 7326: 7322: 7316: 7301: 7297: 7293: 7292: 7287: 7281: 7265: 7261: 7260: 7255: 7248: 7230: 7223: 7216: 7201: 7197: 7196: 7191: 7184: 7169: 7165: 7164: 7159: 7152: 7144: 7137: 7121: 7117: 7111: 7096: 7092: 7086: 7070: 7066: 7060: 7053: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7037: 7023:on 2011-06-05 7022: 7018: 7011: 7009: 6993: 6989: 6983: 6979: 6978: 6970: 6963: 6959: 6953: 6937: 6933: 6927: 6923: 6922: 6914: 6899: 6895: 6894:DiscoveryNews 6891: 6884: 6875: 6870: 6866: 6862: 6858: 6854: 6850: 6843: 6835: 6831: 6827: 6823: 6819: 6815: 6808: 6800: 6796: 6792: 6788: 6784: 6780: 6776: 6772: 6768: 6764: 6757: 6749: 6745: 6741: 6737: 6733: 6729: 6725: 6721: 6717: 6713: 6705: 6697: 6693: 6689: 6685: 6681: 6677: 6673: 6669: 6665: 6661: 6654: 6646: 6642: 6638: 6634: 6629: 6624: 6620: 6616: 6612: 6608: 6604: 6600: 6593: 6585: 6581: 6577: 6573: 6569: 6565: 6561: 6557: 6553: 6549: 6542: 6534: 6530: 6526: 6522: 6518: 6514: 6510: 6506: 6502: 6498: 6491: 6476: 6472: 6466: 6451: 6447: 6441: 6433: 6427: 6423: 6419: 6418: 6410: 6395: 6391: 6385: 6371:on 2013-10-13 6370: 6366: 6362: 6355: 6353: 6337: 6333: 6326: 6324: 6307: 6303: 6302: 6297: 6291: 6284: 6273: 6269: 6265: 6258: 6250: 6249: 6244: 6237: 6222: 6218: 6211: 6203: 6197: 6182: 6176: 6161: 6157: 6153: 6147: 6133:on 2008-05-27 6132: 6128: 6124: 6118: 6103: 6099: 6092: 6085: 6081: 6078: 6073: 6058: 6054: 6050: 6044: 6036: 6032: 6028: 6024: 6020: 6016: 6012: 6008: 6004: 6000: 5993: 5978: 5974: 5970: 5963: 5948: 5944: 5940: 5933: 5919:on 2006-03-15 5918: 5914: 5910: 5903: 5888: 5884: 5878: 5864:on 2006-04-15 5863: 5859: 5855: 5849: 5841: 5837: 5833: 5829: 5825: 5821: 5817: 5813: 5806: 5792:on 2006-09-20 5791: 5787: 5783: 5777: 5770: 5766: 5763: 5762:Mars 6 – NASA 5758: 5751: 5747: 5744: 5739: 5731: 5727: 5721: 5706: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5688: 5681: 5677: 5674: 5669: 5667: 5652: 5648: 5641: 5627: 5623: 5616: 5602: 5598: 5591: 5576: 5572: 5566: 5547: 5543: 5536: 5529: 5522: 5518: 5514: 5510: 5504: 5502: 5500: 5483: 5477: 5462: 5458: 5452: 5436: 5432: 5428: 5422: 5414: 5412:0-312-24551-3 5408: 5404: 5397: 5395: 5379: 5375: 5368: 5354: 5350: 5344: 5329: 5325: 5321: 5315: 5313: 5311: 5309: 5294: 5290: 5283: 5268: 5264: 5263: 5258: 5252: 5250: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5219: 5204: 5200: 5196: 5189: 5175:on 2017-11-02 5174: 5170: 5166: 5159: 5151: 5147: 5143: 5139: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5101: 5093: 5085: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5067: 5063: 5059: 5055: 5054: 5049: 5042: 5038: 5026: 5025: 5020: 5019: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4999:Space weather 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4981: 4976: 4975: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4922: 4917: 4916: 4912: 4901: 4898: 4887: 4880: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4869: 4864: 4863: 4858: 4853: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4838: 4833: 4829: 4824: 4822: 4818: 4817: 4816:Mars Observer 4811: 4809: 4804: 4803: 4797: 4793: 4788: 4786: 4781: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4765: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4755: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4745: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4735: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4725: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4715: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4705: 4701: 4699: 4698:Mars Observer 4696: 4695: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4685: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4675: 4671: 4668: 4667: 4657: 4648: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4625:Robert Zubrin 4622: 4613: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4597: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4577: 4575: 4570: 4568: 4563: 4555: 4552: 4548: 4545: 4541: 4540: 4539: 4537: 4528: 4524: 4522: 4516: 4514: 4510: 4509: 4504: 4500: 4490: 4488: 4484: 4478: 4469: 4460: 4458: 4450:) capability. 4449: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4430: 4427: 4423: 4420: 4417: 4413: 4412:biosignatures 4409: 4405: 4402: 4399: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4381: 4377: 4374: 4371: 4367: 4362: 4358: 4357: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4300: 4296: 4293: 4290: 4286: 4285: 4280: 4276: 4274: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4256: 4254: 4244: 4241: 4236: 4234: 4229: 4226: 4222: 4221: 4216: 4215: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4183: 4178: 4171: 4167: 4161: 4159: 4157: 4151: 4144: 4138: 4136: 4132: 4129:launched the 4128: 4121: 4116: 4102: 4098: 4092: 4088: 4078: 4075: 4065: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4050: 4045: 4037: 4035: 4029: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4008: 4003: 4001: 4000:Data transfer 3997: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3971: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3948: 3943: 3936: 3926: 3924: 3920: 3919: 3913: 3910: 3906: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3894: 3889: 3884: 3882: 3878: 3877: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3839: 3830: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3811: 3808: 3804: 3803: 3796: 3789: 3785: 3780: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3752: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3724: 3714: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3700: 3694: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3683: 3679: 3673: 3669: 3661: 3657: 3652: 3650: 3646: 3638: 3633: 3628: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3588: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3577: 3571: 3567: 3565: 3561: 3560:biosignatures 3557: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3542:set off from 3541: 3540: 3535: 3530: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3511:spectrometers 3508: 3507: 3498: 3489: 3484: 3483: 3472: 3465: 3464: 3460:Animation of 3458: 3451: 3442: 3437: 3436: 3425: 3418: 3417: 3413:Animation of 3411: 3406: 3402: 3395: 3391: 3386: 3382: 3380: 3377: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3362: 3358: 3350: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3335: 3331: 3326: 3322: 3321: 3316: 3315: 3314:Mars Observer 3306: 3301: 3296: 3289: 3284: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3245: 3241: 3240: 3235: 3228: 3224: 3219: 3202: 3194: 3187: 3179: 3172: 3163: 3156: 3147: 3146: 3143: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3120:biosignatures 3106: 3105:Viking 1 3102: 3095: 3086: 3085:Viking 2 3079: 3070: 3069:Viking 2 3064: 3055: 3054:Viking 2 3049: 3040: 3039:Viking 1 3034: 3025: 3024: 3021: 3019: 3015: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2987: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2921: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2887: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2860: 2859:10 au). 2854: 2850: 2846: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2824: 2822: 2818: 2812: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2768: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2753: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2738: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2712:Not deployed 2711: 2708: 2706: 2703: 2702: 2699:Not deployed 2698: 2695: 2693: 2690: 2689: 2685: 2682: 2680: 2677: 2676: 2672: 2669: 2667: 2664: 2663: 2656: 2654: 2651: 2650: 2643: 2641: 2638: 2637: 2633: 2630: 2628: 2625: 2624: 2620: 2617: 2615: 2612: 2611: 2607: 2604: 2602: 2599: 2598: 2594: 2591: 2588: 2587: 2576: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2545: 2540: 2533: 2529: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2501: 2499: 2495: 2485: 2483: 2482: 2477: 2472: 2470: 2466: 2461: 2460: 2455: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2444: 2439: 2438: 2433: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2422: 2417: 2416: 2411: 2400: 2398: 2390: 2379: 2377: 2369: 2360: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2326: 2321: 2317: 2316: 2310: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2294: 2290: 2289: 2277: 2270: 2267: 2259: 2252: 2249: 2239: 2232: 2229: 2221: 2214: 2211: 2201: 2194: 2191: 2183: 2176: 2172: 2162: 2155: 2152: 2144: 2137: 2134: 2126: 2119: 2116: 2106: 2099: 2096: 2088: 2081: 2070: 2063: 2054: 2047: 2038: 2031: 2022: 2015: 2012: 2004: 1997: 1986: 1979: 1976: 1966: 1959: 1956: 1948: 1938: 1934: 1901: 1897: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1873: 1869: 1858: 1856: 1852: 1851: 1846: 1841: 1837: 1836:Mars Observer 1829: 1827: 1823: 1820: 1816: 1813: 1810: 1809: 1805: 1802: 1801: 1797: 1794: 1790: 1787: 1784: 1783: 1779: 1776: 1773: 1770: 1769: 1768:Mars Observer 1765: 1764: 1763: 1761: 1756: 1747: 1744: 1739: 1737: 1736: 1731: 1730: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1706: 1701: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1667: 1663: 1653: 1649: 1639: 1635: 1625: 1621: 1611: 1607: 1597: 1593: 1583: 1579: 1574: 1573: 1568: 1561: 1547: 1542: 1541: 1536: 1533: 1531: 1527: 1526: 1523: 1521: 1515: 1511: 1508: 1505: 1504: 1501: 1498: 1495: 1492: 1491: 1487: 1484: 1481: 1480: 1477: 1475: 1470: 1468: 1464: 1459: 1457: 1452: 1446: 1442: 1439: 1436: 1435: 1432: 1431: 1427: 1424: 1421: 1420: 1417: 1414: 1411: 1408: 1407: 1404: 1400: 1397: 1394: 1391: 1390: 1386: 1383: 1380: 1379: 1373: 1370: 1366: 1357: 1339: 1334: 1332: 1327: 1326: 1321: 1317: 1311: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1263: 1256: 1248: 1247:Mare Australe 1241: 1234: 1227: 1220: 1213: 1206: 1199: 1192: 1185: 1178: 1171: 1164: 1157: 1150: 1143: 1136: 1129: 1122: 1115: 1108: 1101: 1094: 1087: 1080: 1073: 1066: 1059: 1052: 1045: 1038: 1031: 1024: 1017: 1010: 1003: 996: 989: 982: 975: 968: 961: 954: 947: 940: 933: 926: 919: 912: 905: 898: 891: 884: 877: 870: 863: 856: 849: 842: 835: 826: 792: 758: 725: 716: 714: 709: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 683: 677: 676:Moons of Mars 673: 669: 665: 655: 649: 646: 643: 641: 636: 632: 631: 630: 627: 625: 621: 617: 612: 610: 609: 604: 600: 596: 592: 591: 586: 585: 580: 579: 573: 571: 567: 566: 561: 559: 554: 550: 549: 544: 540: 536: 535: 530: 529: 520: 515: 506: 504: 503: 498: 497: 492: 487: 483: 479: 475: 471: 467: 451: 447: 437: 433: 423: 419: 409: 405: 395: 391: 381: 377: 367: 363: 353: 349: 339: 335: 325: 321: 311: 307: 297: 293: 283: 279: 269: 265: 255: 251: 241: 237: 227: 223: 213: 209: 199: 195: 185: 181: 171: 167: 157: 153: 143: 139: 129: 125: 115: 111: 101: 97: 87: 83: 75: 65: 61: 59: 54: 52: 47: 46:Self-portrait 42: 36: 32: 27: 19: 19835:Solar System 19811:Each arrow ( 19733:Local Bubble 19719:Solar System 19717: 19510:Planetesimal 19465:Kuiper cliff 19253: 19193:Space probes 19166:Colonization 19005:Kirkwood gap 18926:Saturn Moons 18839:Planetesimal 18297:Terrestrials 18262: 18255: 18248: 18241: 18234: 18227: 18220: 18213: 18186: 18109:Solar System 17910: 17869:Solar System 17803: 17790: 17756:Melas Chasma 17710:Gusev crater 17660:Rocker-bogie 17554: 17547:Perseverance 17546: 17457: 17444: 17356:Peace Vallis 17336:Aeolis Palus 17310:Rocker-bogie 17179: 17122: 17114: 17106: 17097:37452 Spirit 17080:Rocker-bogie 16972:Eagle crater 16946: 16931:Gusev crater 16915: 16887: 16878: 16816: 16760:Rocker-bogie 16735: 16694: 16679: 16669: 16622: 16599: 16592: 16492: 16447:Mars habitat 16429:Mars Society 16352:Mars analogs 16327: 16290: 16282:20th-century 16224:Mars to Stay 16177:21st-century 16095:Mars Society 16077: 16070: 16024:Terraforming 16019:Colonization 15958: 15945:Voyager Mars 15937: 15925: 15918: 15744: 15724: 15695: 15682:Mangalyaan-2 15681: 15600:Mars 1M No.1 15559: 15539: 15523: 15509: 15497: 15473: 15466: 15460:Schiaparelli 15459: 15451: 15441:Deep Space 2 15430: 15423: 15416: 15376: 15368: 15361: 15354: 15347: 15321: 15314: 15266: 15253: 15246: 15148:Perseverance 15147: 15128: 15107: 15100: 15075: 15070:Mars Express 15068: 15061: 14660:Schiaparelli 14605:Robert Sharp 14445:Orson Welles 13742:Du Martheray 13632:Chryse Alien 13627:Chincoteague 13467:Arkhangelsky 13379:Rupes Tenuis 13344:Ganges Mensa 13299:Tempe Fossae 13229:Cyane Fossae 13224:Coloe Fossae 12902:Green Valley 12825:Ophir Chasma 12820:Melas Chasma 12785:Hebes Chasma 12755:Echus Chasma 12735:Aureum Chaos 12692:Siloe Patera 12677:Orcus Patera 12657:Syria Planum 12632:Lunae Planum 12567:Aeolis Palus 12530:Uranius Mons 12463:Olympus Mons 12448:Libya Montes 12443:Jovis Tholus 12411:Albor Tholus 12406:Elysium Mons 12396:Echus Montes 12351:Anseris Mons 12275:Shergottites 12265:Chassignites 12221:Block Island 12159: 12139: 12114: 12059: 11724:Syrtis Major 11561:Terra Sabaea 11516:Ogygis Undae 11491:Arabia Terra 11481:Abalos Undae 11348:Life on Mars 11343:Flag of Mars 11284:Mars Society 11266: 11259: 11226:Terraforming 11221:Colonization 11170: 10991:Swift crater 10833:polar wander 10561:Terra Sabaea 10501:Arabia Terra 10389: 10376: 10174: 10005:Next on Mars 9970: 9956: 9942: 9937:Bibliography 9924:. 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Retrieved 5173:the original 5168: 5158: 5107: 5103: 5092: 5057: 5051: 5041: 5022: 4970:Mars Society 4950:Mars landing 4935:Life on Mars 4877:Schiaparelli 4876: 4868:Schiaparelli 4867: 4860: 4854: 4850:metric units 4842:Deep Space 2 4835: 4825: 4814: 4812: 4807: 4800: 4789: 4777: 4758:Deep Space 2 4641:Mars to Stay 4629:Mars Society 4619: 4598: 4583: 4571: 4564: 4560: 4533: 4517: 4506: 4496: 4480: 4453: 4440:solar energy 4426:Mangalyaan-3 4416:life on Mars 4395:Martian soil 4337: 4304:Falcon Heavy 4282: 4279:life on Mars 4272: 4240:Perseverance 4239: 4237: 4233:Perseverance 4232: 4230: 4225:Perseverance 4224: 4219: 4214:Perseverance 4213: 4209:astrobiology 4190: 4182:Perseverance 4181: 4169: 4166:Perseverance 4165: 4155: 4148: 4142: 4124: 4119: 4095:The ExoMars 4094: 4071: 4062:habitability 4054:Aeolis Palus 4047: 4041: 4033: 4006: 3972: 3955: 3953: 3934: 3916: 3914: 3907: 3892: 3885: 3874: 3872: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3843:Perseverance 3842: 3826: 3822: 3812: 3806: 3800: 3798: 3787: 3783: 3764: 3758: 3726: 3707: 3698: 3695: 3681: 3675: 3672:Dawn Mission 3659: 3655: 3648: 3647:(MER-A) and 3644: 3642: 3636: 3627:Mars landing 3617:Spirit rover 3600: 3596: 3592: 3584: 3581:solar panels 3574: 3572: 3568: 3564:biomolecules 3556:spectrometer 3539:Mars Express 3537: 3531: 3506:Mars Odyssey 3504: 3502: 3487: 3482:Mars Express 3480: 3463:Mars Express 3461: 3440: 3433: 3414: 3405:Mars Express 3394:Mars Express 3393: 3390:Mars Odyssey 3389: 3383: 3367:Magnetometer 3365: 3356: 3354: 3348: 3338: 3333: 3324: 3318: 3312: 3310: 3304: 3287: 3272: 3269:roving probe 3264: 3263: 3260:Mars landing 3237: 3226: 3222: 3216: 3124:meteorologic 3122:and observe 3117: 3104: 3084: 3068: 3053: 3038: 3017: 3013: 3011: 2984:Olympus Mons 2980:Solar System 2953: 2922: 2892: 2825: 2813: 2809:soft landing 2805:crash-landed 2774: 2754: 2750:Zond program 2739: 2717: 2566: 2560: 2556: 2541: 2537: 2518:Mars program 2494:Mars landing 2491: 2479: 2473: 2467:309,000 per 2457: 2456: 2441: 2435: 2434: 2429: 2419: 2418:(MER-A) and 2413: 2407: 2396: 2375: 2357:Mars Express 2356: 2349:biosignature 2338:Mars Express 2337: 2333: 2329: 2323: 2315:Mars Express 2313: 2311: 2292: 2288:Mars Odyssey 2286: 2284: 2265: 2247: 2227: 2209: 2189: 2171:Schiaparelli 2170: 2150: 2132: 2115:Perseverance 2114: 2094: 2010: 1994:Deep Space 2 1974: 1954: 1911: Active 1899: 1848: 1833: 1826:Schiaparelli 1825: 1806: 1799: 1793:Deep Space 2 1780: 1766: 1757: 1753: 1740: 1733: 1727: 1716:soft landing 1702: 1679: 1538: 1529: 1522:Mars lander 1518:(2) Impulse/ 1517: 1473: 1467:Perseverance 1466: 1455: 1428: 1362: 1093:Margaritifer 1009:Syrtis Major 710: 698:Solar System 694:Olympus Mons 679: 653: 639: 628: 624:Perseverance 623: 613: 606: 588: 584:Mars Express 582: 578:Mars Odyssey 576: 574: 563: 557: 553:Perseverance 552: 546: 543:Perseverance 542: 534:Perseverance 533: 527: 524: 500: 494: 485: 478:habitability 463: 63: 57: 51:Perseverance 50: 26: 19850:Spaceflight 19774:Local Sheet 19768:Local Group 19551:Rubble pile 19539:Roche limit 19534:Ring system 19485:Outer space 19460:Kuiper belt 19430:Hill sphere 19425:Hills cloud 19373:Debris disk 19368:Cosmic dust 19152:Exploration 19107:Planet Nine 19092:Fifth giant 19066:Hills cloud 19027:Kuiper belt 18998:exceptional 18914:Trojan camp 17865:Exploration 17751:Nili Fossae 17346:Gale Crater 17274:Robotic arm 17206:Instruments 17108:Roving Mars 17059:IBM RAD6000 17057:Computers ( 16993:Instruments 16967:Argo crater 16947:Opportunity 16888:Opportunity 16738:instruments 16712:Ares Vallis 16515:Mars cycler 16467:Mars lander 16323:Mars Direct 16313:Ride Report 15959:Exploration 15808:MELOS rover 15711:(mid 2020s) 15650:Fobos-Grunt 15524:Opportunity 14877:Vinogradsky 14835:Tycho Brahe 14785:Tikhonravov 14720:Spallanzani 14650:Santa Maria 14610:Roddenberry 13829:Flaugergues 13359:Sacra Mensa 13329:Capri Mensa 13274:Nili Fossae 12805:Ister Chaos 12672:Eden Patera 12642:Oxia Planum 12453:Mount Sharp 12226:Heat Shield 12182:Pot of Gold 12132:Last Chance 12115:Opportunity 12017:Volcanology 11851:Groundwater 11829:Nili Patera 11819:Dune fields 11799:Composition 11709:Phaethontis 11664:Lunae Palus 11581:Quadrangles 11551:Tempe Terra 11546:Siton Undae 11536:Quadrangles 11464:Cartography 11171:Exploration 11093:5261 Eureka 10761:Groundwater 10726:Composition 10551:Tempe Terra 10541:Quadrangles 10468:Circulation 10111:Spaceflight 9349:October 10, 9156:21 November 8868:18 February 8573:foxnews.com 7666:26 November 6312:13 December 6053:MER website 5693:"Mariner 4" 4621:Mars Direct 4594:Super Heavy 4438:powered by 4408:MELOS rover 4372:spacecraft. 4366:Fobos-Grunt 4361:Mars MetNet 4164:Mars 2020, 4058:Gale Crater 3733:Fobos-Grunt 3723:Fobos-Grunt 3717:Fobos-Grunt 3649:Opportunity 3593:Opportunity 3330:polar orbit 3193:Lunae Palus 2845:occultation 2421:Opportunity 2095:Opportunity 1931:(See also: 1855:Ares Vallis 1815:Fobos-Grunt 1688:) landing ( 1416:ExoMars TGO 1305: / 1277:quadrangles 1163:Phaethontis 967:Lunae Palus 841:Mare Boreum 820: / 786: / 752: / 713:quadrangles 502:Opportunity 474:its geology 464:The planet 19829:Categories 19793:Local Hole 19740:Gould Belt 19480:Oort cloud 19316:Formation, 19306:Deep space 19142:Vulcanoids 19059:Oort cloud 18983:first 1000 18919:Greek camp 18817:Meteoroids 18812:Damocloids 18758:Charikloan 17557:helicopter 17419:Rocknest 3 17389:Coronation 16807:Mars rover 16685:Carl Sagan 16535:Mars flyby 16481:Miscellany 16472:Mars rover 16033:Strategies 15927:Red Dragon 15889:Mars-Aster 15833:Sky-Sailor 15828:Phootprint 15798:Mars-Grunt 15615:2MV-3 No.1 15610:2MV-4 No.1 15562:helicopter 15377:Mangalyaan 14942:Wislicenus 14897:Von Kármán 14872:Vinogradov 14865:Cape Verde 14700:Sklodowska 14655:Schaeberle 14635:Rutherford 14595:Richardson 14540:Ptolemaeus 14475:Perepelkin 14390:Montevallo 14385:Molesworth 14355:Milankovic 14330:McLaughlin 14280:Magelhaens 14205:Le Verrier 14030:Hipparchus 13824:Flammarion 13757:Eberswalde 13652:Copernicus 13567:Bonneville 13547:Boeddicker 13507:Barabashov 13284:Oti Fossae 13201:labyrinthi 13114:Shalbatana 12917:Her Desher 12810:Ius Chasma 12800:Iani Chaos 12765:Eos Chasma 12715:Aram Chaos 12309:Topography 12172:Home Plate 12167:Adirondack 12127:El Capitan 12102:Rocknest 3 12072:Coronation 11907:Polar caps 11871:Lava tubes 11784:Carbonates 11704:Oxia Palus 10828:Polar caps 10808:Mud cracks 10791:Meteorites 10776:Lava tubes 10711:Carbonates 10646:Labyrinthi 10521:Iani Chaos 10460:Atmosphere 9926:2016-11-04 9897:2016-10-20 9866:9 February 9837:2012-08-20 9811:2007-03-27 9716:2020-12-23 9690:2007-03-27 9641:2007-03-03 9616:2009-09-20 9591:2024-04-10 9483:2019-09-18 9418:2016-08-29 9380:2016-08-29 9314:2015-10-12 9218:2012-08-12 9190:2006-06-13 9066:2016-03-28 9009:2012-01-16 8944:2022-06-21 8919:2022-05-20 8894:2008-08-28 8748:2023-11-09 8723:2021-04-07 8694:2024-04-29 8643:2016-01-16 8475:2023-03-07 8390:19 October 8358:2009-09-20 8215:2011-11-26 8190:2011-11-26 8164:23 October 8139:2018-02-09 8113:19 October 8051:2012-08-25 8026:2012-08-25 8001:2008-03-04 7972:2015-06-12 7947:2015-08-20 7916:2015-06-12 7635:7 December 7559:13 October 7526:13 October 7493:13 October 7350:2015-08-20 7306:2015-01-17 7270:16 January 7238:2012-02-15 7206:2007-04-01 7174:2018-11-27 7101:2006-08-27 7027:2012-04-05 6998:2012-08-14 6962:0792273737 6904:2012-04-16 6481:2007-03-28 6456:2007-03-28 6400:2007-03-28 6375:2014-01-26 6342:2014-01-26 6278:2014-01-26 6227:2008-11-10 6187:2008-08-24 6166:2007-03-03 6137:2008-05-25 6108:2009-12-27 6063:2006-06-13 5983:2011-04-28 5953:2015-01-17 5923:2006-06-13 5893:2008-11-15 5868:2006-06-13 5796:2006-06-13 5711:2009-02-11 5656:2024-01-31 5631:2024-01-31 5606:2024-01-31 5581:2021-10-26 5555:9 February 5384:2009-02-15 5358:2024-05-01 5334:2016-03-04 5298:2023-08-29 5273:2021-05-14 5239:2021-02-24 5209:2021-10-01 5179:2016-03-04 5117:2112.00596 5034:References 4960:Mars rover 4669:Spacecraft 4414:of extant 4391:Mars-Grunt 4251:See also: 4172:helicopter 3881:avalanches 3813:Two flyby 3775:(USA) and 3765:Mangalyaan 3625:See also: 3178:Oxia Palus 2849:ionosphere 2765:Mars 1969B 2761:Mars 1969A 2742:Zond 1964A 2589:Spacecraft 2572:Mars 1962B 2568:Mars 1962A 2553:Mars 1960B 2549:Mars 1960A 2534:spacecraft 2498:Mars rover 1690:Mars 1962B 1520:Relativity 1476:helicopter 981:Oxia Palus 706:atmosphere 605:, and the 60:helicopter 19754:Milky Way 19747:Orion Arm 19515:Formation 19500:Migration 19495:Disrupted 19363:Coatlicue 19331:Accretion 19318:evolution 19264:Asteroids 19176:astronomy 19171:Discovery 19032:Cubewanos 18953:Asteroids 18783:Quaoarian 18773:Neptunian 18763:Chironean 18748:Saturnian 18524:Enceladus 17699:Finalists 17665:Sky crane 17594:Mastcam-Z 17555:Ingenuity 17519:Mars 2020 17315:Sky crane 17180:Curiosity 17084:Rockets ( 17004:Cameras ( 16707:Yogi Rock 16695:Sojourner 16457:Mars suit 16284:proposals 16179:proposals 16100:Mars race 15914:NetLander 15874:Marsokhod 15852:proposals 15850:Cancelled 15654:Yinghuo-1 15635:Mariner 8 15630:2M No.522 15620:Mariner 3 15572:Mars 2020 15560:Ingenuity 15498:Sojourner 15474:Tianwen-1 15295:Mariner 9 15222:Mariner 4 15154:Mars 2020 15129:Curiosity 15108:Tianwen-1 14810:Trouvelot 14550:Quenisset 14530:Priestley 14500:Pickering 14470:Penticton 14460:Pangboche 14425:Nicholson 14360:Millochau 14250:Lomonosov 14080:Ibragimov 14015:Helmholtz 14000:Heaviside 13990:Hargraves 13914:Grindavik 13799:Escalante 13789:Endurance 13777:Endeavour 13772:Emma Dean 13767:Ejriksson 13692:Danielson 13672:Crommelin 13582:Burroughs 13562:Bonestell 13542:Bianchini 13522:Becquerel 13487:Bakhuysen 13472:Arrhenius 13452:Antoniadi 13109:Scamander 13007:Marineris 12927:Huo Hsing 12907:Harmakhis 12862:Athabasca 12760:Eos Chaos 12346:Alba Mons 12325:volcanoes 12320:Mountains 12270:Nakhlites 12140:Sojourner 12060:Curiosity 12007:Hesperian 12002:Amazonian 11937:Spherules 11814:Dichotomy 11734:Thaumasia 11444:Geography 11353:Sub-Earth 11336:Mythology 11289:Mars race 11056:Asteroids 10952:Astronomy 10923:Hesperian 10918:Amazonian 10890:Volcanism 10865:Spherules 10786:Marsquake 10741:Dichotomy 10656:by height 10651:Mountains 10451:Geography 10345:Roscosmos 10148:Asteroids 10091:Astronomy 9408:0261-3077 8939:SpaceNews 8914:Space.com 8772:30 August 8743:SpaceNews 8689:SpaceNews 8662:Space.com 8603:Space.com 8470:Space.com 8444:SpaceNews 8322:Space.com 7962:"InSight" 7843:0027-8424 7793:252396844 7785:1752-0908 7727:211265854 7719:1752-0908 7195:Space.com 7075:6 October 7043:Sojourner 6942:14 August 5913:Space.com 5651:SpaceNews 5626:SpaceNews 5324:Space.com 5229:Space.com 5199:TechRadar 5150:244773061 5142:1473-5504 4955:Mars race 4397:to Earth. 4376:Tianwen-3 4354:Proposals 4343:16 Psyche 4312:New Glenn 4268:Roscosmos 4262:program, 4220:Ingenuity 4193:Mars 2020 4170:Ingenuity 4150:Tianwen-1 4064:of Mars. 4049:Curiosity 4042:The NASA 4034:Curiosity 4007:Curiosity 3893:Curiosity 3863:Curiosity 3861:orbiter; 3857:orbiter; 3847:Ingenuity 3745:Yinghuo-1 3729:Roscosmos 3696:The NASA 3379:altimeter 3273:Sojourner 3244:Yogi Rock 3239:Sojourner 3227:Sojourner 3140:microbial 2964:Mariner 8 2960:Mariner 9 2907:Mariner 4 2903:Mariner 3 2893:In 1964, 2881:Mariner 9 2873:Mariner 4 2781:Mariner 9 2777:Mariner 8 2190:Sojourner 1975:Curiosity 1850:Sojourner 1819:Yinghuo-1 1698:Mariner 9 1694:Mariner 4 1474:Ingenuity 1463:Mars 2020 1451:Tianwen-1 1445:Mars Hope 1302:0°N 180°W 1177:Thaumasia 1135:Tyrrhenum 1065:Phoenicis 817:90°N -0°E 749:0°N 180°W 608:Tianwen-1 565:Tianwen-1 548:Ingenuity 528:Curiosity 64:Ingenuity 58:Ingenuity 19807:Universe 19645:Moonlets 19225:programs 19198:timeline 19186:timeline 19117:Planet X 19112:Planet V 19049:Sednoids 19037:Plutinos 19010:Centaurs 18988:families 18717:Dysnomia 18705:Xiangliu 18700:Gonggong 18688:Makemake 18647:Kerberos 18534:Hyperion 18472:Callisto 18467:Ganymede 18400:Gonggong 18395:Makemake 18250:Gonggong 18243:Makemake 18065:timeline 17810:Category 17683:Selected 17674:Proposed 17650:MarsDial 17643:Features 17634:SuperCam 17539:Payloads 17464:Category 17414:Rocknest 17394:Goulburn 17361:Rocknest 17300:MarsDial 17293:Features 17041:MarsDial 17025:Mini-TES 17020:MIMOS II 16957:Timeline 16926:Timeline 16601:Viking 2 16594:Viking 1 16440:concepts 16438:Hardware 16412:Advocacy 16366:MARS-500 16250:Mars One 16064:Advocacy 15999:Aircraft 15967:Concepts 15899:Mars One 15869:Beagle 3 15756:Proposed 15746:Kazachok 15729:) (2028) 15703:EscaPADE 15593:launches 15551:Aircraft 15530:timeline 15516:timeline 15458:ExoMars 15446:Beagle 2 15424:Viking 2 15417:Viking 1 15341:Phobos 2 15336:Phobos 1 15323:Viking 2 15316:Viking 1 15278:Orbiters 15159:timeline 15140:timeline 15083:timeline 15054:Orbiters 14927:Williams 14917:Weinbaum 14887:Vishniac 14860:Victoria 14825:Trumpler 14800:Tombaugh 14795:Timbuktu 14680:Sharonov 14675:Semeykin 14590:Reynolds 14580:Renaudot 14570:Rayleigh 14505:Playfair 14495:Phillips 14480:Peridier 14450:Oudemans 14370:Miyamoto 14320:Masursky 14230:Llanesco 14225:Liu Hsin 14190:Lampland 14175:Kunowsky 14025:Herschel 14010:Heinlein 13894:Gledhill 13859:Galdakao 13844:Fournier 13814:Fesenkov 13732:Douglass 13727:Dinorwic 13687:Da Vinci 13647:Columbus 13642:Coblentz 13592:Campbell 13572:Brashear 13069:Patapsco 12897:Granicus 12554:plateaus 12493:Ascraeus 12207:Monolith 12097:Rocknest 12077:Goulburn 12051:observed 12012:Noachian 11984:Yardangs 11846:Glaciers 11771:features 11694:Memnonia 11644:Eridania 11629:Coprates 11624:Cebrenia 11599:Amenthes 11594:Amazonis 11496:Cerberus 11389:Category 11253:Advocacy 11236:Missions 11179:Concepts 11008:Transits 10979:Monolith 10928:Noachian 10900:Yardangs 10796:on Earth 10756:Glaciers 10601:"Canals" 10593:features 10591:Physical 10378:Category 10121:Uncrewed 10070:Benefits 9920:Archived 9891:Archived 9887:BBC News 9860:Archived 9831:Archived 9805:Archived 9744:Archived 9733:Archived 9684:Archived 9658:Archived 9635:Archived 9610:Archived 9559:Archived 9533:Archived 9507:Archived 9477:Archived 9475:. 2018. 9473:RELAYTO/ 9442:Archived 9412:Archived 9374:Archived 9340:Archived 9308:Archived 9280:Archived 9237:Archived 9212:Archived 9150:Archived 9116:Archived 9097:Archived 9057:Archived 9030:Archived 9003:Archived 8964:Archived 8888:Archived 8859:Archived 8796:Archived 8717:Archived 8637:Archived 8607:Archived 8577:Archived 8547:Archived 8543:cnbc.com 8517:Archived 8492:Archived 8423:26 April 8417:Archived 8384:Archived 8352:Archived 8350:. Nasa. 8332:30 March 8326:Archived 8302:31 March 8296:Archived 8271:31 March 8265:Archived 8184:Archived 8158:Archived 8133:Archived 8077:Archived 8045:Archived 8043:. NASA. 7966:Archived 7941:Archived 7910:Archived 7884:Archived 7861:36215469 7660:Archived 7596:Archived 7577:Archived 7553:Archived 7520:Archived 7487:Archived 7455:Archived 7430:Archived 7413:BBC News 7405:Archived 7386:Archived 7367:Archived 7344:Archived 7300:Archived 7264:Archived 7229:Archived 7200:Archived 7168:Archived 7126:15 April 7095:Archived 7048:Archived 6992:Archived 6936:Archived 6898:Archived 6799:39512870 6791:17779780 6748:34369864 6740:17747455 6696:43407530 6688:17747569 6645:29117648 6637:17747451 6584:43466009 6576:17747454 6533:21249845 6525:17747452 6475:Archived 6450:Archived 6394:Archived 6336:Archived 6306:Archived 6272:Archived 6268:BBC News 6221:Archived 6196:cite web 6160:Archived 6102:Archived 6080:Archived 6057:Archived 6055:. NASA. 6027:15944698 5977:Archived 5973:ESA News 5947:Archived 5887:Archived 5840:41464654 5765:Archived 5746:Archived 5705:Archived 5676:Archived 5575:Archived 5546:Archived 5542:nasa.gov 5517:Archived 5435:Archived 5378:Archived 5328:Archived 5267:Archived 5233:Archived 5203:Archived 5084:24458635 4883:See also 4862:Beagle 2 4808:Phobos 2 4802:Phobos 2 4796:Phobos 1 4780:missions 4772:Failure 4762:Failure 4752:Failure 4742:Failure 4732:Success 4722:Success 4712:Failure 4702:Failure 4688:Phobos 2 4682:Failure 4678:Phobos 1 4672:Outcome 4633:Saturn V 4590:Starship 4317:India's 4284:Kazachok 4266:and the 4180:Mapping 3991:minerals 3853:lander; 3815:CubeSats 3662:swingbys 3585:Beagle 2 3552:Beagle 2 3527:hydrogen 3132:magnetic 3018:Viking 2 3014:Viking 1 3004:Viking 2 3000:Viking 1 2705:Phobos 2 2692:Phobos 1 2686:Failure 2673:Failure 2621:Failure 2608:Failure 2561:Korabl 5 2557:Korabl 4 2469:kilogram 2330:Beagle 2 2325:Beagle 2 2303:regolith 2266:Viking 2 2248:Viking 1 1955:Beagle 2 1933:Mars map 1808:Beagle 2 1735:Viking 2 1729:Viking 1 1534:Dec–Jan 1509:Nov–Dec 1500:EscaPADE 1233:Eridania 1079:Coprates 1051:Memnonia 1023:Amenthes 939:Amazonis 925:Cebrenia 783:0°N -0°E 614:Various 19628:Related 19607:by size 19296:Neptune 19281:Jupiter 19232:Mercury 19157:outline 19102:Phaeton 19097:Nemesis 19084:objects 18936:Neptune 18909:Jupiter 18889:Trojans 18882:Neptune 18867:Jupiter 18847:Mercury 18778:Haumean 18768:Uranian 18750: ( 18664:Hiʻiaka 18598:Proteus 18588:Neptune 18576:Miranda 18566:Umbriel 18556:Titania 18544:all 146 18509:Iapetus 18462:Jupiter 18356:Neptune 18334:Jupiter 18302:Mercury 18284:Planets 18209:Neptune 18194:Jupiter 18167:Mercury 18060:outline 17931:Neptune 17916:Jupiter 17896:Mercury 17867:of the 17769:Related 17629:SHERLOC 17433:Related 17424:Tintina 17351:Glenelg 17254:MastCam 17219:ChemCam 17172:General 17075:Maestro 17051:Related 16892:(MER-B) 16883:(MER-A) 16871:General 16795:Related 16616:Related 16498:Fiction 16398:HI-SEAS 16207:Passive 15984:Landing 15979:Orbiter 15768:DePhine 15721:ExoMars 15674:Planned 15645:Mars 96 15605:1M No.2 15567:flights 15540:Zhurong 15467:InSight 15452:Phoenix 15388:Landers 15248:Rosetta 15110:orbiter 14932:Winslow 14912:Wegener 14907:Wallace 14840:Tyndall 14830:Tugaske 14805:Tooting 14705:Slipher 14665:Schmidt 14630:Russell 14600:Ritchey 14535:Proctor 14510:Pollack 14465:Pasteur 14435:Nipigon 14430:Niesten 14365:Mitchel 14340:Mellish 14335:McMurdo 14325:Maunder 14305:Mariner 14300:Maraldi 14295:Mandora 14285:Maggini 14235:Lockyer 14195:Lassell 14180:Lambert 14160:Korolev 14140:Kinkora 14090:Janssen 14070:Huygens 14050:Huggins 14005:Heimdal 13995:Hartwig 13975:Haldane 13951:Husband 13934:Grissom 13929:Chaffee 13884:Gilbert 13854:Freedom 13839:Fontana 13819:Firsoff 13804:Eudoxus 13737:Dromore 13717:Denning 13667:Crivitz 13622:Chapais 13612:Cerulli 13602:Cassini 13577:Briault 13537:Bernard 13512:Barnard 13502:Bamberg 13497:Baltisk 13482:Bacolor 13457:Arandas 13432:Agassiz 13404:craters 13399:Catenae 13176:Warrego 13099:Sabrina 13039:Naktong 13002:Mangala 12982:Maʼadim 12932:Hypanis 12887:Enipeus 12877:Buvinda 12867:Auqakuh 12707:valleys 12702:Canyons 12552:Plains, 12498:Pavonis 12401:Elysium 12192:Big Joe 12188:Viking 12107:Tintina 11994:History 11942:Surface 11856:Gullies 11841:Geysers 11769:Surface 11757:Geology 11729:Tharsis 11699:Noachis 11654:Iapygia 11639:Elysium 11634:Diacria 11609:Arcadia 11566:Tharsis 11501:Cydonia 11474:Regions 11448:geology 11321:Fiction 11302:Related 11196:Landing 11191:Orbiter 11150:General 11119:2007 NS 11109:1999 UJ 11099:1998 VF 11088:Trojans 11075:2007 WD 11064:Impacts 11044:Mercury 10910:History 10870:Surface 10801:on Mars 10766:Gullies 10751:Geysers 10698:Geology 10688:Gravity 10683:Valleys 10636:Gullies 10626:Craters 10616:Catenae 10611:Canyons 10566:Tharsis 10511:Cydonia 10493:Regions 10483:Methane 10473:Climate 10391:Outline 10226:History 10197:Neptune 10192:Mercury 10170:Jupiter 9856:cnn.com 9287:NASA TV 9210:. AFP. 8983:(2009) 8851:Bibcode 8792:Science 8668:1 April 7852:9586319 7821:Bibcode 7755:Bibcode 7699:Bibcode 7461:12 June 7145:. NASA. 6861:Bibcode 6822:Bibcode 6771:Bibcode 6763:Science 6720:Bibcode 6712:Science 6668:Bibcode 6660:Science 6607:Bibcode 6599:Science 6556:Bibcode 6548:Science 6505:Bibcode 6497:Science 6219:. BBC. 6035:4430534 6007:Bibcode 5820:Bibcode 5122:Bibcode 5062:Bibcode 5053:Science 4977:General 4821:Mars 96 4708:Mars 96 4370:ExoMars 4260:ExoMars 4168:rover, 4156:Zhurong 4143:Zhurong 4101:methane 4072:NASA's 3996:bitrate 3865:rover; 3855:Odyssey 3851:InSight 3845:rover; 3827:InSight 3823:InSight 3817:called 3807:InSight 3802:InSight 3795:InSight 3784:InSight 3682:Rosetta 3656:Rosetta 3637:Phoenix 3601:Phoenix 3599:rover, 3595:rover, 3523:neutron 3479: 3432: 3361:aquifer 3323:(MGS). 3162:Dromore 3128:seismic 2976:volcano 2915:⁄ 2817:gravity 2696:Failure 2683:Success 2670:Success 2644:Failure 2618:Success 2605:Failure 2544:Mars 1M 2532:Mars 1M 2510:Mars 1M 2459:Phoenix 2437:Rosetta 2397:Phoenix 2353:aurorae 2345:methane 2293:Odyssey 2285:NASA's 2228:Zhurong 2133:Phoenix 2011:InSight 1889:landers 1879:of the 1872:discuss 1775:Mars 96 1570:Decade 1496:Oct–Nov 1485:Aug–Nov 1456:Zhurong 1447:orbiter 1440:Jul–Sep 1430:InSight 1384:Window 1316:equator 1307:0; -180 1205:Noachis 1121:Iapygia 1107:Sabaeus 1037:Elysium 953:Tharsis 869:Arcadia 855:Diacria 754:0; -180 635:ExoMars 626:rover. 558:Zhurong 19802: 19795: 19788: 19763: 19756: 19749: 19742: 19735: 19728: 19721: 19650:Syzygy 19572:Comets 19505:System 19490:Planet 19383:EXCEDE 19291:Uranus 19286:Saturn 19276:Comets 19269:mining 19247:mining 19137:Vulcan 18978:active 18973:Hygiea 18968:Pallas 18931:Uranus 18877:Uranus 18872:Saturn 18807:Comets 18799:bodies 18797:System 18743:Jovian 18681:Weywot 18676:Quaoar 18669:Namaka 18659:Haumea 18632:Charon 18608:all 16 18603:Nereid 18593:Triton 18581:all 28 18561:Oberon 18551:Uranus 18539:Phoebe 18519:Tethys 18494:Saturn 18487:all 95 18482:Europa 18455:Deimos 18450:Phobos 18429:Earth 18390:Quaoar 18385:Haumea 18365:Dwarfs 18351:Uranus 18339:Saturn 18324:Giants 18289:dwarfs 18236:Quaoar 18229:Haumea 18204:Uranus 18199:Saturn 17926:Uranus 17921:Saturn 17619:RIMFAX 17609:Navcam 17589:Hazcam 17399:Hottah 17259:Navcam 17239:Hazcam 17224:CheMin 17014:Pancam 17010:Navcam 17006:Hazcam 16916:Spirit 16879:Spirit 16755:Navcam 16508:novels 16303:Aelita 16233:Former 16186:Active 15813:MetNet 15717:(2026) 15705:(2024) 15685:(2024) 15667:Future 15591:Failed 15510:Spirit 15492:PrOP-M 15485:Rovers 15476:lander 15411:Mars 7 15406:Mars 6 15401:Mars 3 15396:Mars 2 15363:Nozomi 15305:Mars 5 15300:Mars 4 15290:Mars 3 15285:Mars 2 15267:Psyche 15242:Mars 7 15237:Mars 6 15227:Zond 2 15217:Mars 1 15209:Flybys 15120:Rovers 15046:Active 14947:Wright 14902:Vostok 14882:Virrat 14850:Vernal 14790:Tikhov 14760:Taytay 14755:Tarsus 14740:Stoney 14735:Stokes 14725:Srīpur 14690:Sinton 14670:Secchi 14645:Saheki 14625:Rudaux 14620:Rossby 14520:Porter 14490:Pettit 14485:Persbo 14455:Palana 14415:Newton 14410:Nereus 14405:Nansen 14400:Müller 14395:Moreux 14380:Mojave 14375:Mohawk 14345:Mendel 14275:Mädler 14260:Lowell 14210:Li Fan 14185:Lamont 14170:Kuiper 14150:Knobel 14145:Kipini 14135:Kepler 14130:Keeler 14125:Kaiser 14105:Jezero 14085:Inuvik 14065:Huxley 14060:Hutton 14055:Hussey 14040:Holmes 14035:Holden 13985:Halley 13970:Hadley 13956:McCool 13809:Fenagh 13794:Erebus 13712:Dejnev 13702:Davies 13697:Darwin 13607:Caxias 13587:Burton 13517:Beagle 13492:Baldet 13477:Asimov 13442:Airy-0 13192:mensae 13188:Fossae 13139:Tinjar 13104:Samara 13079:Rahway 13064:Paraná 13054:Nirgal 13044:Nanedi 13029:Mawrth 13024:Maumee 12997:Mamers 12977:Louros 12937:Iberus 12912:Hebrus 12892:Frento 12872:Bahram 12857:Asopus 12198:Other 12160:Spirit 12122:Bounce 12082:Hottah 12027:Canals 11957:Tholus 11649:Hellas 11619:Casius 11614:Argyre 11604:Arabia 11589:Aeolis 11393: 11382: 11134:Comets 11029:Deimos 11024:Phobos 10986:Deimos 10969:Phobos 10673:Plains 10641:Mensae 10631:Fossae 10383: 10370: 10356: 10343: 10330: 10317: 10304: 10291: 10280: 10267: 10212:Uranus 10207:Saturn 10185:Phobos 10153:Comets 10084:Topics 10075:Future 9977: 9963: 9949: 9781: 9565:May 7, 9406: 9103:(NASA) 9024:et al. 8981:et al. 8613:18 Feb 8583:18 Feb 8553:20 Feb 8523:20 Feb 8245:28 May 7859: 7849: 7841: 7791: 7783: 7725: 7717: 6984: 6960: 6928: 6814:Icarus 6797: 6789: 6746: 6738: 6694: 6686: 6643: 6635: 6582: 6574: 6531: 6523: 6428: 6033: 6025: 5999:Nature 5838: 5812:Nature 5409: 5148: 5140: 5082: 4840:, and 4828:Nozomi 4785:probes 4768:Nozomi 4637:Ares V 4616:Zubrin 4586:SpaceX 4580:SpaceX 4521:Boeing 4386:three. 4338:Psyche 4308:Psyche 4185:'s 4021:, and 3989:, and 3979:SHARAD 3975:HiRISE 3741:Phobos 3711:'s 3645:Spirit 3639:lander 3619:, and 3603:lander 3597:Spirit 3495: 3493: 3488:· 3486: 3477: 3467:'s 3448: 3446: 3441:· 3439: 3430: 3420:'s 3385:2007. 3258:, and 3164:crater 3006:, and 2968:Phobos 2879:, and 2840:Mars 7 2836:Mars 6 2832:Mars 5 2828:Mars 4 2801:PrOP-M 2797:rovers 2793:Mars 3 2789:Mars 2 2746:Zond 2 2719:Mars 1 2679:Mars 7 2666:Mars 6 2653:Mars 5 2640:Mars 4 2627:Mars 3 2614:Mars 2 2601:Mars 1 2516:, and 2514:Mars 1 2430:Spirit 2415:Spirit 2412:named 2401:, 2008 2399:lander 2380:, 2005 2376:Spirit 2296:'s 2210:Spirit 2060:Mars 6 2044:Mars 3 2028:Mars 2 1923: 1916: 1909: 1830:(2016) 1828:lander 1821:(2011) 1811:(2003) 1803:(2003) 1800:Nozomi 1795:(1999) 1785:(1999) 1777:(1996) 1720:Mars 6 1712:Mars 3 1708:lander 1705:Mars 2 1686:impact 1665:2020s 1651:2010s 1637:2000s 1623:1990s 1609:1980s 1595:1970s 1581:1960s 1528:2028/ 1516:(MMX) 1219:Hellas 1191:Argyre 1149:Aeolis 995:Arabia 911:Casius 822:90; -0 696:, the 690:Deimos 686:Phobos 674:, and 601:, the 597:, the 496:Spirit 470:Probes 19565:Lists 19301:Pluto 19259:Ceres 19237:Venus 19132:Tyche 19127:Theia 18963:Vesta 18958:Ceres 18899:Earth 18894:Venus 18857:Earth 18852:Venus 18832:moons 18795:Solar 18793:Small 18752:Rhean 18737:Earth 18729:Rings 18642:Hydra 18627:Pluto 18620:Vanth 18615:Orcus 18571:Ariel 18529:Mimas 18514:Dione 18499:Titan 18422:Moons 18410:Sedna 18380:Pluto 18375:Orcus 18370:Ceres 18312:Earth 18307:Venus 18264:Sedna 18222:Pluto 18215:Orcus 18188:Ceres 18177:Earth 18172:Venus 18010:Lists 17976:Titan 17966:Venus 17936:Pluto 17901:Venus 17729:Other 17604:MOXIE 17549:rover 17376:Rocks 17324:Sites 17305:MMRTG 17249:MAHLI 17244:MARDI 17182:rover 17032:(RAT) 16949:rover 16918:rover 16890:rover 16881:rover 16697:rover 16503:films 16403:NEEMO 16376:FMARS 15994:Rover 15974:Flyby 15939:Vesta 15823:PADME 15090:MAVEN 14962:Zunil 14957:Zumba 14937:Wirtz 14922:Wells 14892:Vogel 14845:Udzha 14780:Thira 14775:Thila 14770:Terby 14750:Suzhi 14745:Suess 14730:Steno 14715:South 14710:Smith 14695:Sitka 14640:Sagan 14585:Reuyl 14560:Radau 14545:Puńsk 14525:Porth 14515:Poona 14420:Nhill 14315:Martz 14310:Marth 14265:Lyell 14255:Louth 14245:Lohse 14220:Lipik 14215:Liais 14165:Kufra 14120:Jones 14110:Jezža 14100:Jeans 14045:Hooke 14020:Henry 13939:White 13919:Gusev 13909:Green 13904:Graff 13874:Garni 13869:Galle 13834:Focas 13762:Eddie 13722:Dilly 13707:Dawes 13682:Curie 13677:Cruls 13662:Crewe 13657:Corby 13637:Clark 13617:Chafe 13597:Canso 13447:Aniak 13427:Adams 13197:rupes 13171:Verde 13166:Vedra 13154:Uzboi 13149:Tyras 13134:Tinia 13129:Tader 13124:Stura 13119:Simud 13094:Sabis 13089:Reull 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