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671:, seeing Mr. Dallas, the American Minister, present, said: 'I hope my friend Mr. Dallas will forgive me reminding him that there is a negro present, a member of the Congress.' (Loud laughter and vociferous cheering.) After the cheering had subsided, Mr. Dallas made no sign, but the negro in question, who happened to be Dr. Martin R. Delany, from Canada, rose, amid loud cheers, and said: 'I pray your Royal Highness will allow me to thank his lordship, who is always a most unflinching friend of the negro, for the observation he has made, and I assure your Royal Highness and his lordship that I am a man.' This novel and unexpected incident elicited a round of cheering very extraordinary for an assembly of sedate statisticians.
526:, after presenting letters of support from seventeen physicians, although other schools had rejected his applications. Delany was one of the first three black men to be admitted there. However, the month after his arrival, a group of white students wrote to the faculty, complaining that "the admission of blacks to the medical lectures highly detrimental to the interests, and welfare of the Institution of which we are members". They cited that they had "no objection to the education and elevation of blacks but do decidedly remonstrate against their presence in College with us."
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736:, Lincoln was impressed by Delany and described him as "a most extraordinary and intelligent man" in a written memo to his Secretary of War Edwin Stanton. Delany was commissioned as a major in February 1865, becoming the first black field officer in the United States Army and achieving the highest rank an African-American field officer would reach during the Civil War. (The highest-ranking African-American officer of the Civil War, among those who received their commissions from the United States government, was Dr.
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963:, next to his wife Catherine, who died July 11, 1894. For over 120 years his family plot was only marked with a small government-issued tombstone on which his name was misspelled. Three of his children, Placido (died 1910), Faustin (died 1912) and Ethiopia (died 1920), were subsequently buried alongside their parents. Every grave except Martin's remained unmarked. In 2006, after many years of fundraising, The
541:(1852), argued that black people had no future in the United States. He suggested they should leave and found a new nation elsewhere, perhaps in the West Indies or South America. More moderate abolitionists were alienated by his position. Some resented his criticizing men who failed to hire colored men in their own businesses. Delany also strongly criticized racial
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911:, the only prominent black person to do so. Partly as a result of black swing votes encouraged by Delany, Hampton won the election by fewer than 1,100 votes. However, the election was marred by white intimidation and violence against black Republicans, in an effort to suppress the black vote. Armed men from "rifle clubs" and the
651:, that would permit settlers to live on "unused land" in return for applying their skills for the community's good. It is a question whether Delany and the chiefs shared the same concepts of land use. The treaty was later dissolved due to warfare in the region, opposition by white missionaries, and the advent of the
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was his deep-seated pride of race in his wide range of activities.... Delaney has been called 'the father of
African nationalism,' a sobriquet reflecting his pride in his color and ancestry, his insistence that Negro Americans control their destiny, and his firm belief that Black Africa would one day
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In reaction to whites regaining power and the suppression of black voting, black
Charlestonians started planning again for emigration to Africa. In 1877, they formed the Liberia Exodus Joint Stock Steamship Company, with Delany as chairman of the finance committee. A year later, the company purchased
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Delany advanced his emigrationist argument in his second manifesto, "Political
Destiny of the Colored Race on the American Continent". The 1854 convention approved a resolution stating: "s men and equals, we demand every political right, privilege and position to which the whites are eligible in the
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school before going into practice as a physician. During a severe cholera outbreak in 1854, most doctors abandoned the city, as did many residents who could leave, since no one knew how the disease was caused nor how to control an epidemic. With a small group of nurses, Delany remained and cared for
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in serialized form. His novel portrayed an insurrectionist's travels through slave communities. It highlights Cuba as the source of illegal international slave trade to the United States. He believed that Stowe had portrayed slaves as too passive, although he praised her highlighting the cruelty of
537:, were dismissed, despite many students and staff at the medical school supporting their being students. Furious, Delany returned to Pittsburgh. He became convinced that the white ruling class would not allow Black people to become leaders in society, and his opinions became more extreme. His book,
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While living in
Pittsburgh, in 1843 Delany met and married Catherine A. Richards. She was the daughter of a successful food provisioner, said to be one of the wealthiest families in the city. The couple had eleven children, seven of whom survived into adulthood. The parents stressed education, and
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According to some sources, an abashed
American delegate walked out in protest. As 1860 ended, Delany returned to the United States. The next year, he began planning settlement of Abeokuta, and gathered a group of potential settlers and funding. However, when Delany decided to remain in the United
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In
Chambersburg, young Martin continued learning. Occasionally he left school to work when his family could not afford for him to study. In Pennsylvania, black children were only educated through the elementary grades, so Delany educated himself by reading. In 1831, at the age of 19, he journeyed
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named Shango, captured with his betrothed Graci and brought to
America as slaves. After some time, their master gave them their freedom in Virginia, perhaps based on their noble birth. Shango returned to Africa. Graci stayed in the colony with their only daughter Pati. When Delany was just a few
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The following day, the city learned that
President Lincoln had been assassinated by John Wilkes Booth. Delany continued with the planned political rally for Charleston's freedmen, with Garrison and Senator Warner as speakers. He soon published an open letter to African Americans asking them to
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In early 1877, the federal government withdrew its troops from the South after reaching a compromise over the national election. This marked the end to
Reconstruction, and Governor Chamberlain left the state. The Democrats, calling themselves Redeemers, had taken control of South Carolina's
1986:, Moore, Wilstach & Baldwin, 1866. (Reid's narrative does not name Delany, but identifies him as "the same negro about whom Lord Brougham raised that beautiful little diplomatic muddle with United States Minister Dallas, at a meeting of the Royal Geographical Society in London.")
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Delany is rarely acknowledged in the historiography of
African-American education. He is generally not included among African-American educators, perhaps because he neither featured prominently in the establishment of schools nor philosophized at length on Black education.
728:, requesting that he make efforts "to command all of the effective black men as Agents of the United States", but the request was ignored. During the recruitment, 179,000 black men enlisted in the U.S. Colored Troops, almost 10 percent of all who served in the Union army.
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Following the war, Delany continued to be politically active. He established a land and brokerage business in 1871 and worked to help black cotton farmers improve their business and negotiating skills to get a better price for their product. He supported the
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In early 1865, Delany was granted an audience with Lincoln. He proposed a corps of black men led by black officers, who he believed could serve to win over black Southerners to the Union side. Although the government had already rejected a similar appeal by
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described him as "a coal-black negro, in the full uniform of a Major of the army, with an enormous regulation hat" and "no lack of flowing plume, or gilt cord and knots," who, while giving an ill-received speech, was noisily interrupted by the arrival of
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group of mostly white men who worked to suppress black voting as "the military arm of the Democratic Party." By 1876, South Carolina rifle clubs had about 20,000 white men as members. More than 150 black people were killed in election-related violence.
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was able to raise $ 18,000 (~$ 26,179 in 2023) to have a monument built and placed at the grave site of Delany and his family. The monument is made of black granite from Africa and features an engraved picture of Delany in uniform during the war.
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also participated in the ceremony. Major Delany had recruited black Charlestonians to restore the capacity of the 103rd and 104th regiments and start the 105th regiment of U.S. Colored Troops. He arrived at the ceremony with Robert Vesey, son of
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Delany became more active in political matters. In 1835, he attended his first National Negro Convention, held annually in Philadelphia since 1831. He was inspired to conceive a plan to set up a 'Black Israel' on the east coast of Africa.
427:, then considered the primary techniques to treat most diseases. He continued to study medicine under the mentorship of Dr. McDowell and other abolitionist doctors, such as Dr. F. Julius LeMoyne and Dr. Joseph P. Gazzam of Pittsburgh.
832:. Delany shocked white officers after the war by taking a strong position in supporting redistribution of land to freedmen. Later in 1865, Delany was mustered out of the Freedmen's Bureau and shortly afterward resigned from the Army.
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Delany was appointed as a trial justice (judge) in Charleston. In 1875, charges of "defrauding a church" were brought against him. After conviction, he was forced to resign, and served time in jail. Although pardoned by Republican
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and mixed race) in Charleston. He said that two mulattos had informed authorities about Denmark Vesey's plans for a rebellion in 1822 conspiracy, rather than trying to promote racial healing and empowerment between the groups.
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on Wylie Avenue, which had classes for adults. The church was part of the first independent black denomination in the United States, which was founded earlier in the 19th century in Philadelphia. Shortly after, he learned
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epidemics of 1833 and 1854 in Pittsburgh, Delany treated patients, even though many doctors and residents fled the city out of fear of contamination. In this period, people did not know how the disease was transmitted.
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450:. A eulogy which Delany delivered for Rev. Fayette Davis in 1847 was widely redistributed. His activities brought controversy in 1846, when he was sued for libel by "Fiddler" Johnson, a Black man he accused in
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In April 1860, Delany left Liberia for England. His presence at the International Statistical Congress in London in July of that year discomfited the American minister to Great Britain, former Vice-president
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regain its ancient glory.... By word and deed Delaney's pride in blackness and his emotional attachment to Africa struck a responsive vein in the hearts of many Negro Americans of his day and subsequently.
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in Ohio and required money for tuition fees. His wife had been working as a seamstress to make ends meet. Delany began practicing medicine again in Charleston. On January 24, 1885, he died of
301:) to Pati and Samuel Delany. Although his father was enslaved, his mother was a free woman. Under Virginia's slave laws, children were considered born into the social status of their mothers (
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editor Garrison over the use of violence in the abolition cause and the concept of a strictly African-American-run newspaper, Delany with Douglass conceived of the newspaper developed as the
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While living in Pittsburgh, Delany studied medicine under doctors. He founded his own practice in cupping and leeching. In 1849, he began to study more seriously to prepare to apply to
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had called for a military draft, the 51-year-old Delany abandoned his dream of starting a new settlement on Africa's West Coast. Instead, he began recruiting black men for the
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United States, and we will either attain to these, or accept nothing." A significant number of women attendees also voted for the resolution, considered the foundation of
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to ensure their continued freedom. They had to leave their father Samuel, but a year later he was allowed to buy his freedom and he rejoined his family in Chambersburg.
181:(May 6, 1812 – January 24, 1885) was an American abolitionist, journalist, physician, military officer and writer who was arguably the first proponent of
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354:, given to them by a peddler. Virginia prohibited education of black people. When the book was discovered in September 1822, Pati moved with her children to nearby
231:, but all were dismissed after a few weeks because of widespread protests by white students. Delany dreamed of establishing a settlement in West Africa. He visited
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trial to consider it a punishable offense for a citizen to thwart those trying to "repossess" an alleged runaway slave. His coverage influenced the abolitionist
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Southern slave owners. Modern scholars have praised Delany's novel as an accurate expression of black culture. The first half of Part One was serialized in
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270:. He was appointed as a trial judge, but he was removed following a scandal. Delany later switched his party affiliation. He worked for the campaign of
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were in Pittsburgh in 1847 on an anti-slavery tour, they met with Delany. In the same year, after a falling-out of sorts occurred between Douglass and
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contribute to a memorial for "the Father of American Liberty". Two weeks later, Delany was scheduled to speak at another rally, before the visiting
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to relocate free black people outside of the United States. He traveled for nine months and signed an agreement with eight indigenous chiefs in the
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that sought to prevent former slaves from being returned to the United States and brought back into slavery, such as the case of Sylvanus Demarest.
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In 1999, Star Lodge #1 of the Prince Hall Masons erected a historical marker in Charles Town to honor Delany (adding an "n" to his middle name).
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legislature. Paramilitary groups such as the Red Shirts continued to suppress black voting in the Carolinas, especially in the upland counties.
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years old, attempts were made to enslave him and a sibling. Their mother Pati carried her two youngest children 20 miles to the courthouse in
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377:, but they were forced to leave after white students protested. The whites reportedly petitioned the school to exclude applicants of color.
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458:. Delany was convicted and fined $ 650 — a huge amount at the time. His white supporters in the newspaper business paid the fine for him.
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780:(who had taken it over during the war and driven the ship to Union lines, running the Confederate blockade outside Charleston Harbor).
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Orihuela, Sharada Balachandran. "The Black Market: Property, Freedom, and Piracy in Martin Delany's Blake; or, The Huts of America".
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This article contains material written by James Surkamp and released into the public domain. The original material can be found at
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Proceedings of the National Emigration Convention of Colored People Held at Cleveland, Ohio the 24th, 25th and 26th of August, 1854
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Adeleke, Tunde (Spring 1994). "Martin R. Delany's philosophy of education: A neglected aspect of African American liberation...".
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Havard, John C. "Mary Peabody Mann's Juanita and Martin R. Delany's Blake: Cuba, Urban Slavery, and the Construction of Nation."
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were created in 1863, he recruited for them. Commissioned as a major in February 1865, Delany became the first African-American
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Principia of Ethnology: The Origin of Races and Color, with an Archaeological Compendium of Ethiopian and Egyptian Civilization
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activities, helping resettle American refugee slaves who had reached freedom in Canada. The same year, he was a member of the
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849:. Delany also argued against carpetbaggers and black candidates for office when he saw fit. For instance, he opposed the
479:: to give voice to the stories of African Americans from their own accounts. They started publication later that year in
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The Origins and Objects of Ancient Freemasonry: Its Introduction into the United States and Legitimacy among Colored Men
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Brittan, Jennifer C. "Martin R. Delany's Speculative Fiction and the Nineteenth-Century Economy of Slave Conspiracy."
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Having heard stories about his parents' ancestors, he wanted to visit Africa, which he considered his spiritual home.
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The Ten-Hour Day: A Blog about Nineteenth-Century Labor, Women’s Rights, Slavery, Abolition, the Civil War, and More
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The Condition, Elevation, Emigration, and Destiny of the Colored People of the United States, Politically Considered
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The Condition, Elevation, Emigration and Destiny of the Colored People of the United States, Politically Considered
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epidemic in 1832, Delany became apprenticed to Dr. Andrew N. McDowell, where he learned contemporary techniques of
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Tess Lloyd. "The Suppressed Fury of Enslaved Black Americans and Cubans in Martin Delany's Novel 'Blake'".
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as the gubernatorial candidate). Despite the corruption scandals that enveloped former Republican governor
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Black Cosmopolitanism: Racial Consciousness, and Transnational Identity in the Nineteenth-Century Americas
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Delany traveled in the South in 1839 to observe slavery firsthand. Beginning in 1847, he worked alongside
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on the grounds of inexperience, and he opposed the candidacy of another black man as Charleston's mayor.
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a major leader of the Haitian Revolution) served with the 54th Regiment. The senior Delany wrote to the
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https://tesslloyd.com/blog/on-the-brow-of-a-volcano-cuba-the-south-and-slavery-in-martin-delanys-blake
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from 1861 to 1862. It was not published in book form until 1970 and the last chapters remain missing.
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1868:, as transcribed by Smithsonian Digital Volunteers: Transcription Center (retrieved Apr. 29, 2023);
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In 1880, Delany withdrew from the project to serve his family. Two of his children were students at
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After the Civil War, Delany went to the South, settling in South Carolina. There he worked for the
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Doolen, Andy. "When Mammy Lies: The Everyday Resistance of Slave Women in Martin Delany's Blake."
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Columbia: University of South Carolina Press. "Martin Robison Delany (1812–1885)," p. 37–41.
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Martin R. Delany was the only black officer who received the rank of major during the Civil War.
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628:, January to July 1859. The rest of Part One and Part Two was included in serial form in the
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The Condition, Elevation, Emigration, and Destiny of the Colored People of the United States
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1522:"National Negro Convention Movement (1831-1864) - The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed"
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307:). All of Delany's grandparents had been born in Africa. His paternal grandparents were of
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880:(who chose not to run for re-election), their ticket lost to Republican Attorney General
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Delany unsuccessfully sought various positions, such as appointment as Consul General to
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1337:"The 1850 Harvard Medical School dispute and the admission of African American students"
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A mannequin of Delany greets visitors at the From Slavery to Freedom exhibit at the
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In Pittsburgh, Delany began writing on public issues. In 1843, he began publishing
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Black Atlas: Geography and Flow in Nineteenth-Century African American Literature
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After the war, Delany initially remained with the Army and served under General
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Martin Delany, Frederick Douglass, and the Politics of Representative Identity
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But There Was No Peace: The Role of Violence in the Politics of Reconstruction
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to argue successfully for her family's freedom, based on her own free birth.
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that he had been forced to lower four years earlier. Massachusetts Senator
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States to work for emancipation of slaves, the pioneer plans fell apart.
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621:: A Tale of the Mississippi Valley, the Southern United States, and Cuba
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As he grew up, Delany and his siblings learned to read and write using
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Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League
1437:"Delany made his mark as a doctor, writer, black nationalist, officer"
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2293:"From Slavery to Freedom | Exhibits | Heinz History Center"
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To Be More Than Equal: The Many Lives of Martin R. Delany, 1812–1885
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To Be More Than Equal: The Many Lives of Martin R. Delany, 1812–1885
2271:"Building Bridges: African-American Civil War major's name lives on"
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1478:, Infobase Publishing, 2002, pp. 103–04, accessed February 24, 2011.
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Carlisle, Rodney P., (con. Sage Publications, Thomson Gale (Firm)),
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raised thousands of enlistees, many of whom joined the newly formed
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Love and Theft: Blackface Minstrelsy and the American Working Class
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227:. In 1850, Delany was one of the first three black men admitted to
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to lead a successful drive to remove McLean as a candidate of the
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2196:. Pennsylvania Historical & Museum Commission. Archived from
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Gates Jr, Henry Louis, Emmanuel Akyeampong, and Steven J. Niven.
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Delany is interred in a family plot at Massies Creek Cemetery in
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845:(as did Douglass), and also traveled and spoke in support of the
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In August 1854, Delany led the National Emigration Convention in
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University Pamphlets: A Series of Four Tracts on National Policy
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Delany and three other young black men were later accepted into
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The Making of an Afro-American: Martin Robison Delany 1812–1885
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The Making of an Afro-American: Martin Robison Delany 1812–1885
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2108:, New York: Farrar Straus & Giroux, Paperback, 2007, p. 174
1921:(Volume 1 ed.). Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's. p. 335.
1906:(volume 1 ed.). Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's. p. 334.
1250:- Stanford, E. Martin R. Delany (1812–1885). (2014, August 6).
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Political Destiny of the Colored Race on the American Continent
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Political Destiny of the Colored Race on the American Continent
1070: (archived May 1, 2009), West Virginia University Library.
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1831:, University of Virginia, on line. Retrieved January 14, 2009.
936:. He served as president of the board to organize the voyage.
529:
Within three weeks, Delany and his two fellow black students,
2652:, 16 April 1845, hosted by Carnegie Mellon University Library
404:
315:), taken captive during warfare and brought as slaves to the
2424:
Delany, Martin Robison (2003). Levine, Robert Steven (ed.).
2688: (archived April 24, 2012), the Martin Delany homepage.
2232:
100 Greatest African Americans: A Biographical Encyclopedia
1671:
1632:
900:, Delany was not allowed to return to his former position.
709:
86:
266:. Delany ran unsuccessfully for Lieutenant Governor as an
2089:
Wade Hampton: Confederate Warrior, Conservative Statesman
1997:
Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution 1863-1877
1425:. Vol. 6. Oxford University Press, USA, 2012. pp. 177-179
3324:
Pan-African Freedom Movement for East and Central Africa
2190:"Martin R. Delany (1812–1885) – PHMC Historical Markers"
1982:
After the War: A Southern Tour, May, 1865 to May 1, 1866
209:, Delany trained as a physician's assistant. During the
2310:"America in the Niger Valley: A Colonization Centenary"
2175:. public domain: James S. Leavitt. pp. dedication.
1644:
994:
dedicated his book "America and other poems" to Delany.
2569:
Thomas, Rhondda R. & Ashton, Susanna, eds (2014).
1731:"Timeline of Martin R. Delany's Life, The Early Years"
1316:"Martin R. Delany (1812–1885) – Encyclopedia Virginia"
319:. Family oral history said that the grandfather was a
239:, and lived in Canada for several years, but when the
2572:
The South Carolina Roots of African American Thought.
1786:"Chatham Vigilance Committee and the Demarest Rescue"
1248:
Profile] Libraries.wvu.edu; accessed August 29, 2015.
1171:
743:
Delany especially wanted to lead colored troops into
3339:
Popular and Social League of the Great Sahara Tribes
1115:, (1859–62), Part I (the only part Delany published)
1038:
passed a resolution to name the new bridge over the
980:
the most extraordinary characteristic about Delany:
616:(1852), in 1859 and 1862, Delany published parts of
580:, the abolitionist poet, and other black activists.
3658:
Military personnel from Charles Town, West Virginia
2526:
J19: The Journal of Nineteenth-Century Americanists
2221:
Martin Robinson Delany Historical Marker (hmdb.org)
2077:, Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1984, p. 132
1123:
Official Report of the Niger Valley Exploring Party
716:. His son Toussaint Louverture Delany (named after
552:Delany worked for a brief period as principal of a
327:for a period, and died resisting slavery's abuses.
1751:"National Emigration Convention of Colored People"
243:began, he returned to the United States. When the
2601:James Surkamp, "Timeline of Martin Delany's Life"
1046:the "Major Martin Robison Delany Memorial Bridge"
965:National Afro-American Museum and Cultural Center
3613:African-American people in Pennsylvania politics
3554:
2466:, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993.
872:for Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina (with
262:and became politically active, including in the
2597:The Lincoln Institute and the Lehrman Institute
2184:
2182:
1686:Anderson, 1988; Bullock, 1967; Butchart, 1980).
386:some of their children graduated from college.
2555:Shreve, Grant. "The Exodus of Martin Delany."
338:ethnicity. Her father was said to have been a
2720:
2495:McGann, Jerome. "Rethinking Delany's Blake."
1454:
999:Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission
635:In May 1859, Delany sailed from New York for
3663:Recipients of American gubernatorial pardons
2538:Life and Public Services of Martin R. Delany
2179:
2106:Redemption: The Last Battle of the Civil War
1381:Life and Public Services of Martin R. Delany
3728:Physicians from Charles Town, West Virginia
3583:African Americans in the American Civil War
2632:James Surkamp, "Some Writings by Delany in
2448:. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.
1564:
1463:, biography.com; accessed November 4, 2015.
513:
330:His mother Pati's parents were born in the
284:
189:slogan of "Africa for Africans." Born as a
2727:
2713:
2514:. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2015.
2472:The WPA History of the Negro in Pittsburgh
2017:Levine (editor) and Delany (2003) p409-410
1629:Levine (editor) and Delany (2003) p109-110
29:
3678:Washington & Jefferson College alumni
3309:Organisation of African Trade Union Unity
2521:(University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005).
2168:
2146:, bjmjr.net. Retrieved November 24, 2015.
2127:, lwfaam.net. Retrieved January 27, 2019.
1827:Stand still and see the salvation"],
1374:
1372:
1370:
1334:
3723:Writers from Charles Town, West Virginia
3593:19th-century African-American physicians
3269:All-African People's Revolutionary Party
2475:, University of Pittsburgh Press, 2004,
2330:
1829:Uncle Tom's Cabin & American Culture
1650:
1638:
1620:Levine (editor) and Delany (2003) p69-70
1565:Petruzzello, Melissa (October 3, 2013).
1450:. p. 25 – via newspapers.com.
683:
411:with Molliston M. Clark, who studied at
235:, a United States colony founded by the
3703:19th-century African-American educators
3028:I. T. A. Wallace-Johnson
2534:
2234:. Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books;
2035:Levine (editor) and Delany (2003), p442
1695:
1434:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1399:
939:
3555:
2427:Martin R. Delany: A Documentary Reader
2423:
2402:
2245:
2055:Levine (editor) and Delany (2003) p452
2046:Levine (editor) and Delany (2003) p490
2026:Levine (editor) and Delany (2003) p437
1931:Levine (editor) and Delany (2003) p388
1775:Levine (editor) and Delany (2003) p243
1662:
1487:Levine (editor) and Delany (2003) p487
1367:
1161:List of African-American abolitionists
1106:Introduction to Four Months in Liberia
903:Delany supported Democratic candidate
380:
221:in Rochester, New York to publish the
16:American black nationalist (1812–1885)
3718:19th-century African-American writers
3633:19th-century deaths from tuberculosis
2708:
2080:
1916:
1901:
1875:, Sydney, Australia, Sept. 20, 1860,
1755:The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History
1676:. Philadelphia, PA: Martin R. Delany.
1555:Levine (editor) and Delany (2003) p27
1546:Levine (editor) and Delany (2003) p29
1475:American Social Leaders and Activists
1269:"Martin Robison Delany (1812-1885) •"
776:, a ship piloted by the former slave
679:
486:In July 1848, Delany reported in the
352:The New York Primer and Spelling Book
3304:International African Service Bureau
2566:, 1971, reprint Da Capo Press, 1996.
2370:Kemet, Afrocentricity, and Knowledge
1498:"This Week In Black History 5-29-13"
1435:Blowers, Diana (February 22, 1995).
1396:
1310:
1308:
1263:
1261:
971:
591:In 1856, Delany moved his family to
394:Delany became involved with Trinity
3628:American people of Mandinka descent
3345:Rassemblement DĂ©mocratique Africain
2507:Duke University Press - Black Atlas
1778:
1168:, a white officer in the 104th USCI
13:
3688:19th-century American male writers
3274:All-African Trade Union Federation
2734:
2469:Glasco, Laurence Admiral, editor.
2362:
2157:Encyclopedia of American Biography
1892:(Bloomsbury Press 2014), pp. 24-26
1461:Biography of Martin Robison Delany
1013:, near to where Delany published '
915:operated openly. The latter was a
807:. He was later transferred to the
14:
3739:
3334:Pan Africanist Congress of Azania
2579:
1335:Wilkinson, Doris Y. (Fall 1992).
1305:
1258:
1104:Introduction to William Nesbitt,
667:Toward the close of the session,
490:that U.S. District Court Justice
3598:19th-century American physicians
3535:
3523:
3513:
3512:
3503:
3502:
2607: (archived April 24, 2012),
2430:. UNC Press Books. p. 507.
2409:. UNC Press Books. p. 314.
1302:(last retrieved 9 December 2018)
1205:
1193:
1181:
751:would unfurl the very flag over
3708:19th-century American educators
3623:American people of Gola descent
3573:19th-century American novelists
3460:All-African Peoples' Conference
2623:Works by or about Martin Delany
2324:
2299:
2285:
2273:. The Journal (Martinsburg, WV)
2263:
2224:
2215:
2162:
2149:
2130:
2111:
2095:
2067:
2058:
2049:
2040:
2029:
2020:
2011:
2002:
1989:
1970:
1961:
1952:
1943:
1934:
1925:
1910:
1895:
1882:
1855:
1845:"Delany, Martin R. (1812–1885)"
1837:
1818:
1802:
1769:
1743:
1724:
1689:
1680:
1663:Delany, Martin Robison (1852).
1656:
1623:
1614:
1586:
1558:
1549:
1540:
1490:
1481:
1466:
1423:Dictionary of African Biography
522:. In 1850 he was accepted into
494:had instructed the jury in the
3578:African-American abolitionists
2403:Levine, Robert Steven (1997).
2118:MARTIN ROBISON DELANY MONUMENT
1599:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
1572:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
1428:
1387:
1328:
1282:
1224:
1029:100 Greatest African Americans
990:In 1853 the abolitionist poet
185:. Delany is credited with the
1:
3713:African-American male writers
3698:People from Wilberforce, Ohio
3638:Harvard Medical School alumni
3485:United States of Latin Africa
3314:Organisation of African Unity
3243:African Leadership University
2642: (archived July 10, 2012)
2541:. Ayer Publishing (reprint).
2092:, Potomac Books, 2004, p. 260
1218:
1113:Blake, or the Huts of America
835:
641:American Colonization Society
630:Weekly Anglo African Magazine
619:Blake; or the Huts of America
564:
389:
237:American Colonization Society
3299:First Pan-African Conference
2693:Martin Delany and Egyptology
2372:, Africa World Press, 1990,
2230:Asante, Molefi Kete (2002).
2169:Whitfield, James M. (1853).
1849:www.encyclopediavirginia.org
1053:in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
868:. In 1874, Delany ran as an
847:Colored Conventions Movement
714:United States Colored Troops
549:, a fraternal organization.
366:west to the growing city of
264:Colored Conventions Movement
245:United States Colored Troops
7:
3693:Novelists from Pennsylvania
3643:Tuberculosis deaths in Ohio
3603:American Civil War surgeons
2394:Studies in American Fiction
2384:Studies in American Fiction
1292:, SAGE, (2005), page 811,
1154:
1027:listed Delany as among the
909:1876 gubernatorial election
896:, with the intervention of
851:vice presidential candidacy
601:Chatham Vigilance Committee
334:, West Africa, and were of
311:ethnicity (from modern-day
295:Charles Town, West Virginia
10:
3744:
3668:South Carolina Republicans
3588:African-American novelists
3238:African Leadership Academy
2646:"Downtown: The Great Fire"
2535:Rollins, Frank A. (1970).
2194:Historical Marker Database
1890:The Wars of Reconstruction
1879:(retrieved Apr. 29, 2023).
1698:Journal of Negro Education
1064:"Martin Delany's Writings"
745:Charleston, South Carolina
626:The Anglo-African Magazine
80:January 24, 1885 (aged 72)
3653:Pennsylvania Free Soilers
3530:Pan-Africanism portal
3498:
3437:
3406:
3368:
3294:Economic Freedom Fighters
3284:Convention People's Party
3259:African Unification Front
3251:
3230:
3221:
3036:
2875:
2866:
2815:
2749:
2742:
2557:American Literary History
2257:West Virginia Legislature
1232:"Martin Delany Home Page"
1036:West Virginia Legislature
299:Charleston, West Virginia
199:Charleston, West Virginia
197:, now West Virginia (not
168:
158:
148:
140:
115:
107:
92:
69:
45:
37:
28:
21:
3648:American pan-Africanists
3608:American medical writers
3450:African-American leftism
3199:Henry Sylvester Williams
2963:Ochola Ogaye Mak'Anyengo
2595:Mr. Lincoln and Freedom,
2318:22:4; 23, 225–39 (1962).
1812:. April 16, 2023. |url=
1341:Harvard Library Bulletin
1290:Encyclopedia of Politics
1057:
932:, for the voyage led by
805:52nd U.S. Colored Troops
738:Alexander Thomas Augusta
576:, along with his friend
514:Medicine and nationalism
289:Delany was born free in
285:Early life and education
281:and fraud in balloting.
207:Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
97:Massies Creek Cemetery,
3683:Writers from Pittsburgh
3618:American male novelists
3508:Pan-Africanism category
3480:United States of Africa
3475:Union of African States
3465:East African Federation
3414:Ethnic groups of Africa
3319:Pan African Association
2908:Jean-Jacques Dessalines
2854:United States of Africa
2172:America and other poems
1917:White, Deborah (2013).
1902:White, Deborah (2013).
1121:Martin Robison Delany,
976:According to historian
304:partus sequitur ventrem
3289:East African Community
2928:Alieu Ebrima Cham Joof
2777:Anti-Western sentiment
2614:Works by Martin Delany
2489:43.3 (2016): 509–540.
2155:John A. Garraty, ed.,
1502:New Pittsburgh Courier
1062:See the bibliography,
992:James Monroe Whitfield
946:Wilberforce University
886:Richard Howell Gleaves
870:Independent Republican
855:Jonathan Jasper Wright
761:William Lloyd Garrison
689:
673:
610:'s anti-slavery novel
578:James Monroe Whitfield
524:Harvard Medical School
467:William Lloyd Garrison
442:William Lloyd Garrison
415:. During the national
375:Harvard Medical School
268:Independent Republican
229:Harvard Medical School
195:Charles Town, Virginia
59:Charles Town, Virginia
3194:Frances Cress Welsing
2660:Encyclopedia Virginia
2559:29.3 (2017): 449–473.
2528:2.2 (2014): 273–300.
2386:46.1 (2019): 79–102.
1253:Encyclopedia Virginia
1044:West Virginia Route 9
1023:In 2002, the scholar
884:and his running mate
882:Daniel H. Chamberlain
687:
665:
608:Harriet Beecher Stowe
358:in the free state of
323:, who had escaped to
291:Charlestown, Virginia
179:Martin Robison Delany
172:Catherine A. Richards
141:Years of service
41:Martin Robison Delany
3376:Black Star of Africa
3329:Pan-African Congress
3279:Conseil de l'Entente
3059:Edward Wilmot Blyden
2983:Abdias do Nascimento
2948:Toussaint Louverture
2499:39.1 (2016): 80–95.
2306:A. H. M. Kirk-Greene
2086:Walter Brian Cisco,
2008:Egerton pp. 130, 192
1967:Egerton pp. 7, 14-15
1888:Douglas R. Egerton,
1393:Glasco (2004), p. 56
1051:Heinz History Center
940:Last years and death
894:Governor Chamberlain
859:John Mercer Langston
793:free people of color
718:Toussaint Louverture
597:Underground Railroad
191:free person of color
3673:Union Army officers
3429:Conflicts in Africa
3419:Languages of Africa
3393:Pan-African colours
3114:Yosef Ben-Jochannan
2757:African nationalism
2701:by Robert S. Levine
2562:Sterling, Dorothy.
2517:Nwankwo, Ifeoma K.
2396:45.1 (2018): 1–17.
2368:Asante, Molefi K.,
2203:on December 7, 2013
1641:, pp. 130–131.
878:Franklin Moses, Jr.
647:region, in today's
510:later that summer.
481:Rochester, New York
381:Marriage and family
249:field grade officer
3445:African philosophy
3424:Religion in Africa
3149:Zephania Mothopeng
3099:Amy Ashwood Garvey
3074:John Henrik Clarke
3064:Stokely Carmichael
3049:Molefi Kete Asante
3003:John Nyathi Pokela
2988:Gamal Abdel Nasser
2656:"Martin R. Delany"
2586:Web site on Delany
2487:College Literature
2464:The Black Atlantic
2159:(1974) pp 270-271.
2142:2016-02-12 at the
2123:2016-01-06 at the
1919:Freedom On My Mind
1904:Freedom On My Mind
1736:2011-04-27 at the
1602:. January 12, 2000
1473:Neil A. Hamilton,
1379:Frank A. Rollins,
1025:Molefi Kete Asante
765:Henry Ward Beecher
759:and abolitionists
734:Frederick Douglass
690:
680:Union Army service
653:American Civil War
463:Frederick Douglass
253:United States Army
241:American Civil War
219:Frederick Douglass
163:American Civil War
125:United States Army
3550:
3549:
3542:Africa portal
3382:Le Marron Inconnu
3364:
3363:
3217:
3216:
3013:Ahmed Sékou Touré
2862:
2861:
2782:Black nationalism
2762:African socialism
2618:Project Gutenberg
2347:978-0-306-80721-3
2340:. Da Capo Press.
2332:Sterling, Dorothy
2201:(Database search)
2073:George C. Rable,
1862:Douglass' Monthly
1442:Dayton Daily News
1238:on April 25, 2009
1003:historical marker
972:Legacy and honors
954:Wilberforce, Ohio
934:Harrison N. Bouey
809:Freedmen's Bureau
700:. His efforts in
613:Uncle Tom's Cabin
586:black nationalism
557:many of the ill.
531:Daniel Laing, Jr.
413:Jefferson College
260:Freedmen's Bureau
201:), and raised in
183:black nationalism
176:
175:
83:Wilberforce, Ohio
3735:
3540:
3539:
3538:
3528:
3527:
3516:
3515:
3506:
3505:
3398:Pan-African flag
3228:
3227:
3174:Randall Robinson
3109:Leonard Jeffries
3089:W. E. B. Du Bois
3084:Cheikh Anta Diop
3079:Martin R. Delany
2903:David Comissiong
2873:
2872:
2772:Anti-imperialism
2747:
2746:
2729:
2722:
2715:
2706:
2705:
2699:Martin R. Delany
2627:Internet Archive
2552:
2505:Madera, Judith.
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1040:Shenandoah River
978:Benjamin Quarles
961:Cedarville, Ohio
726:Edwin M. Stanton
722:Secretary of War
661:George M. Dallas
593:Chatham, Ontario
535:Isaac H. Snowden
275:Wade Hampton III
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100:Cedarville, Ohio
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3209:Omali Yeshitela
3189:Issa Laye Thiaw
3119:Maulana Karenga
3104:John G. Jackson
3032:
2953:Patrice Lumumba
2918:Muammar Gaddafi
2858:
2823:African century
2811:
2738:
2733:
2695:by Mario Beatty
2686:Wayback Machine
2640:Wayback Machine
2605:Wayback Machine
2591:"Martin Delany"
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1068:Wayback Machine
1060:
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838:
822:Salmon P. Chase
789:Salmon P. Chase
749:Robert Anderson
694:Abraham Lincoln
692:In 1863, after
682:
606:In response to
574:Cleveland, Ohio
567:
516:
504:Free Soil Party
500:Salmon P. Chase
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317:Virginia colony
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3018:Haile Selassie
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2037:- Foner p. 543
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2019:
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3184:Burning Spear
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2978:Robert Mugabe
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2014:
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1992:
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1977:Whitelaw Reid
1973:
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1958:Egerton p. 91
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1940:Egerton p. 51
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830:Supreme Court
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826:Chief Justice
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817:Whitelaw Reid
814:
811:, serving on
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786:Chief Justice
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27:
23:Martin Delany
20:
3380:
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3169:Paul Robeson
3094:Frantz Fanon
3078:
3069:Aimé Césaire
2938:Modibo KeĂŻta
2883:Dennis Akumu
2846:
2839:
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2767:Afrocentrism
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2669:Find a Grave
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2460:Gilroy, Paul
2445:
2444:Lott, Eric,
2426:
2405:
2393:
2383:
2369:
2351:. Retrieved
2336:
2325:Bibliography
2313:
2301:
2287:
2275:. Retrieved
2265:
2256:
2247:
2231:
2226:
2217:
2207:December 10,
2205:. Retrieved
2198:the original
2193:
2171:
2164:
2156:
2151:
2132:
2113:
2105:
2097:
2088:
2082:
2074:
2069:
2064:Foner p. 572
2060:
2051:
2042:
2031:
2022:
2013:
2004:
1996:
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1597:
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1576:. Retrieved
1570:
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1542:
1530:. Retrieved
1528:. April 2011
1525:
1510:. Retrieved
1506:the original
1501:
1492:
1483:
1474:
1468:
1456:
1446:Dayton, Ohio
1440:
1430:
1422:
1389:
1380:
1347:(3): 13–27.
1344:
1340:
1330:
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1289:
1284:
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1271:. 2007-03-03
1252:
1240:. Retrieved
1236:the original
1226:
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950:tuberculosis
943:
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926:
922:
917:paramilitary
905:Wade Hampton
902:
898:Wade Hampton
890:
863:
839:
801:Rufus Saxton
798:
782:
773:
757:Henry Wilson
742:
730:
708:, and later
702:Rhode Island
691:
674:
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634:
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429:
421:fire cupping
393:
384:
372:
364:
360:Pennsylvania
356:Chambersburg
351:
349:
332:Niger Valley
329:
302:
288:
257:
222:
216:
203:Chambersburg
178:
177:
159:Battles/wars
3568:1885 deaths
3563:1812 births
3231:Educational
3044:Marimba Ani
2968:Thabo Mbeki
2876:Politicians
2828:Black power
2650:The Mystery
2634:The Mystery
1606:November 2,
1578:November 2,
1015:The Mystery
813:Hilton Head
753:Fort Sumter
706:Connecticut
543:segregation
492:John McLean
454:of being a
452:The Mystery
437:The Mystery
187:Pan-African
56:May 6, 1812
3557:Categories
3144:Ali Mazrui
3054:Steve Biko
2868:Proponents
1984:, pp.80-82
1873:The Empire
1795:2021-04-11
1704:(2): 221.
1532:August 13,
1512:August 13,
1321:2022-03-06
1275:2022-03-06
1219:References
1011:Pittsburgh
913:Red Shirts
836:Later life
698:Union Army
565:Emigration
547:Freemasons
508:Presidency
488:North Star
476:North Star
390:Pittsburgh
368:Pittsburgh
345:Winchester
279:Red Shirts
224:North Star
130:Union Army
108:Allegiance
76:1885-01-24
52:1812-05-06
38:Birth name
3252:Political
3134:Malcolm X
3129:Fela Kuti
2973:Tom Mboya
2834:NĂ©gritude
2797:Sankarism
2792:Nkrumaism
2787:Garveyism
1353:0017-8136
1042:carrying
1007:PPG Place
496:Crosswait
321:chieftain
169:Spouse(s)
144:1863–1865
3407:Dynamics
2888:Idi Amin
2816:Concepts
2750:Variants
2743:Ideology
2497:Callaloo
2334:(1996).
2253:"HCR 41"
2140:Archived
2121:Archived
1870:see also
1734:Archived
1361:11612967
1242:June 21,
1188:Politics
1155:See also
1079:, (1852)
645:Abeokuta
506:for the
425:leeching
401:classics
336:Mandinka
272:Democrat
116:Service/
3470:Kwanzaa
3438:Related
3369:Symbols
3356:ZANU–PF
2684:at the
2638:at the
2625:at the
2603:at the
2353:May 29,
2277:17 July
1761:May 30,
1718:2967385
1174:Portals
1066:at the
1005:near 5
907:in the
866:Liberia
828:of the
803:in the
774:Planter
649:Nigeria
637:Liberia
554:colored
417:cholera
313:Liberia
251:in the
233:Liberia
211:cholera
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3037:Others
2848:Ujamaa
2841:Ubuntu
2807:Zikism
2545:
2530:online
2501:online
2491:online
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1134:(1870)
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461:While
340:prince
325:Canada
297:, not
118:branch
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1866:p.334
1714:JSTOR
1058:Works
409:Greek
405:Latin
153:Major
61:(now
2543:ISBN
2477:ISBN
2450:ISBN
2432:ISBN
2411:ISBN
2374:ISBN
2355:2013
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2279:2018
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2209:2013
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1763:2013
1672:EPUB
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1534:2015
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1357:PMID
1349:ISSN
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