Martin Van Buren - Knowledge

9292: 2947: 2709: 1094: 1574:, which opponents labeled as the "Tariff of Abominations". The tariff was intended to protect northern and western agricultural products from foreign competition, but the resulting tax on imports cut into the profits of New England businessmen, who imported raw materials including iron to make into finished goods for subsequent resale, as well as finished goods including clothing for distribution and resale throughout the United States. The tariff also raised the cost of living in the South, because Southern states had little manufacturing capacity, which required them to export raw materials including cotton or sell them to Northern manufacturers, then import higher-priced finished goods or purchase them from the North. The tariff thus satisfied many who sought 2834: 1737: 1708:, wife of Vice President John Calhoun, the other cabinet wives refused to pay courtesy calls to the Eatons, receive them as visitors, or invite them to social events. As a widower, Van Buren was unaffected by the position of the cabinet wives. Van Buren initially sought to mend the divide in the cabinet, but most of the leading citizens in Washington continued to snub the Eatons. Jackson was close to Eaton, and he came to the conclusion that the allegations against Eaton arose from a plot against his administration led by Henry Clay. The Petticoat Affair, combined with a contentious debate over the tariff and Calhoun's decade-old criticisms of Jackson's actions in the 2218: 1956: 2209:

Washington, D.C., proposed annexation to the administration in August 1837, he was told that the proposition could not be entertained. Constitutional scruples and fear of war with Mexico were the reasons given for the rejection, but concern that it would precipitate a clash over the extension of slavery undoubtedly influenced Van Buren and continued to be the chief obstacle to annexation. Northern and Southern Democrats followed an unspoken rule: Northerners helped quash anti-slavery proposals and Southerners refrained from agitating for the annexation of Texas. Texas withdrew the annexation offer in 1838.

1514:. While Adams and Jackson finished in the top three and were eligible for selection in the contingent election, New York's electors would help determine whether Clay or Crawford would finish third. Though most of the state's electoral votes went to Adams, Crawford won one more electoral vote than Clay in the state, and Clay's defeat in Louisiana left Crawford in third place. With Crawford still in the running, Van Buren lobbied members of the House to support him. He hoped to engineer a Crawford victory on the second ballot of the contingent election, but Adams won on the first ballot with the help of Clay and 13152: 2008:

mediator, and to some extent an umpire between the conflicting opinions" of his counselors. Such detachment allowed the president to reserve judgment and protect his prerogative for making final decisions. These open discussions gave cabinet members a sense of participation and made them feel part of a functioning entity, rather than isolated executive agents. Van Buren was closely involved in foreign affairs and matters pertaining to the Treasury Department; but the Post Office, War Department, and Navy Department had significant autonomy under their respective cabinet secretaries.

59: 14366: 2544:. Van Buren's presidency had been a difficult affair, with the U.S. economy mired in a severe downturn, and other divisive issues, such as slavery, western expansion, and tensions with the United Kingdom, providing opportunities for Van Buren's political opponents—including some of his fellow Democrats—to criticize his actions. Although Van Buren's renomination was never in doubt, Democratic strategists began to question the wisdom of keeping Johnson on the ticket. Even former president Jackson conceded that Johnson was a liability and insisted on former House Speaker 12408: 2911: 873: 11640: 771: 2668:, Van Buren's supporters anticipated that he would win a majority of the delegates on the first presidential ballot, but would not be able to win the support of the required two-thirds of delegates. Van Buren's supporters attempted to prevent the adoption of the two-thirds rule, but several Northern delegates joined with Southern delegates in implementing the two-thirds rule for the 1844 convention. Van Buren won 146 of the 266 votes on the first presidential ballot, with only 12 of his votes coming from Southern states. 2593:", coupled with the country's severe economic crisis, made it impossible for Van Buren to win a second term. Harrison won by a popular vote of 1,275,612 to 1,130,033, and an electoral vote margin of 234 to 60. An astonishing 80% of eligible voters went to the polls on election day. Van Buren actually won more votes than he had in 1836, but the Whig success in attracting new voters more than canceled out Democratic gains. Additionally, Whigs won majorities for the first time in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. 1105: 1602:

Jackson, winning the state by 30,000 votes compared to a margin of 5,000 for Jackson. Nationally, Jackson defeated Adams by a wide margin, winning nearly every state outside of New England. After the election, Van Buren resigned from the Senate to start his term as governor, which began on January 1, 1829. While his term as governor was short, he did manage to pass the Bank Safety Fund Law, an early form of deposit insurance, through the legislature. He also appointed several key supporters, including

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negotiated end to the war. Pierce asked the 78-year-old Van Buren to use his role as the senior living ex-president to issue a formal call. Van Buren's reply suggested that Buchanan should be the one to call the meeting, since he was the former president who had served most recently, or that Pierce should issue the call himself if he strongly believed in the merit of his proposal. Neither Buchanan nor Pierce was willing to make Pierce's proposal public, and nothing more resulted from it. Once the

2340: 2153: 2004:, who argued that their state deserved a cabinet position as well as some Democrats who argued that Van Buren should have used his patronage powers to augment his power. However, Van Buren saw value in avoiding contentious patronage battles, and his decision to retain Jackson's cabinet made it clear that he intended to continue the policies of his predecessor. Additionally, Van Buren had helped select Jackson's cabinet appointees and enjoyed strong working relationships with them. 17359: 2525: 1867: 1811:, a senator from Massachusetts who could have potentially threatened Van Buren's project to create two parties separated by policy differences rather than personalities. During Jackson's second term, the president's supporters began to refer to themselves as members of the Democratic Party. Meanwhile, those opposed to Jackson, including Clay's National Republicans, followers of Calhoun and Webster, and many members of the Anti-Masonic Party, coalesced into the 18097: 11240: 10864: 9781: 1494:. The other Democratic-Republican candidates in the race refused to accept the poorly attended caucus's decision, and as the Federalist Party had all but ceased to function as a national party, the 1824 campaign became a competition among four candidates of the same party. Though Crawford suffered a severe stroke that left him in poor health, Van Buren continued to support his chosen candidate. In May 1824, Van Buren met with 81-year-old former President 1911:

the Whig Party to muster an effective candidate and campaign. Despite their lack of organization, the Whigs came close to their goal of forcing the election into the House of Representatives, with Van Buren winning the decisive state of Pennsylvania by a little over 4,000 voters, indicating the fragility of the voting coalition that Van Buren had inherited from Jackson. Virginia's presidential electors voted for Van Buren for president, but voted for

1269: 1227: 1760:, and Van Buren arrived in London in September. He was cordially received, but in February 1832, shortly after his 49th birthday, he learned that the Senate had rejected his nomination. The rejection of Van Buren was essentially the work of Calhoun. When the vote on Van Buren's nomination was taken, enough pro-Calhoun Jacksonians refrained from voting to produce a tie, which allowed Calhoun to cast the deciding vote against Van Buren. 18117: 18107: 11260: 10874: 9107: 17128: 2854:. Van Buren also worked on a history of American political parties and embarked on a tour of Europe, becoming the first former U.S. president to visit Britain. Though still concerned about slavery, Van Buren and his followers returned to the Democratic fold, partly out of the fear that a continuing Democratic split would help the Whig Party. He also attempted to reconcile the Barnburners and the Hunkers, with mixed results. 1182:. Van Buren was raised speaking primarily Dutch and learned English while attending school; he is the only president of the United States whose first language was not English. Also during his childhood, Van Buren learned at his father's inn how to interact with people from varied ethnic, income, and societal groups, which he used to his advantage as a political organizer. His formal education ended in 1796, when he began 9311: 1551:

ensure that elections were decided on national, rather than sectional or local, issues; as he put it, "party attachment in former times furnished a complete antidote for sectional prejudices". After the 1824 election, Van Buren was initially somewhat skeptical of Jackson, who had not taken strong positions on most policy issues. Nonetheless, he settled on Jackson as the one candidate who could beat Adams in the

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man of the people. They threw such jabs as "Van, Van, is a used-up man" and "Martin Van Ruin" and ridiculed him in newspapers and cartoons. Issues of policy were not absent from the campaign; the Whigs derided the alleged executive overreaches of Jackson and Van Buren, while also calling for a national bank and higher tariffs. Democrats attempted to campaign on the Independent Treasury system, but the onset of

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believed that his public acceptance of annexation would likely help him win the 1844 Democratic nomination, Van Buren thought that annexation would inevitably lead to an unjust war with Mexico. In a public letter published shortly after Henry Clay also announced his opposition to the annexation treaty, Van Buren articulated his views on the Texas question.

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Democrats and Whigs prevented it from becoming law until 1840. As the debate continued, conservative Democrats like Rives defected to the Whig Party, which itself grew more unified in its opposition to Van Buren. The Whigs would abolish the Independent Treasury system in 1841, but it was revived in 1846, and remained in place until the passage of the

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aspiring lawyer. He accepted their advice, and subsequently emulated the Silvesters' clothing, appearance, bearing, and conduct. The lessons he learned from the Silvesters were reflected in his career as a lawyer and politician, in which Van Buren was known for his amiability and fastidious appearance. Despite Kinderhook's strong affiliation with the

1451:, among others. Though not an exceptional orator, Van Buren frequently spoke on the Senate floor, usually after extensively researching the subject at hand. Despite his commitments as a father and state party leader, Van Buren remained closely engaged in his legislative duties, and during his time in the Senate he served as the chairman of the 3014:, at best, by historians. He was blamed for the Panic of 1837 and defeated for reelection. His tenure was dominated by the economic conditions caused by the panic, and historians have split on the adequacy of the Independent Treasury as a response. Some historians disagree with these negative assessments. For example, libertarian writer 2733:, the two factions of the New York Democratic Party, Van Buren moved closer to the Barnburners after the 1844 Democratic National Convention. The split in the state party worsened during Polk's presidency, as his administration lavished patronage on the Hunkers. In his retirement, Van Buren also grew increasingly opposed to slavery. 1899:

where it already existed. To demonstrate consistency regarding his opinions on slavery, Van Buren cast the tie-breaking Senate vote for a bill to subject abolitionist mail to state laws, thus ensuring that its circulation would be prohibited in the South. Van Buren considered slavery to be immoral but sanctioned by the Constitution.

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the Spanish government's demand that the ship and its cargo (including the Africans) be turned over to Spain. However, abolitionist lawyers intervened. A federal district court judge ruled that the Africans were legally free and should be transported home, but Van Buren's administration appealed the case to the Supreme Court.

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formation of his cabinet, but offended Van Buren by offering to appoint a New Yorker only to the lesser post of Secretary of War, rather than as Secretary of State or Secretary of the Treasury. Other patronage decisions also angered Van Buren and Wright, and they became permanently alienated from the Polk administration.

1490:". Van Buren's support for Crawford aroused strong opposition in New York in the form of the People's party, which drew support from Clintonians, Federalists, and others opposed to Van Buren. Nonetheless, Van Buren helped Crawford win the Democratic-Republican party's presidential nomination at the February 1824 1724:, who had sided with the Eatons in the Petticoat Affair, was the lone cabinet member to remain in office. The cabinet reorganization removed Calhoun's allies from the Jackson administration, and Van Buren had a major role in shaping the new cabinet. After leaving office, Van Buren continued to play a part in the 1370:. In 1816, Van Buren won re-election to the state senate, and he would continue to simultaneously serve as both state senator and as the state's attorney general. In 1819, he played an active part in prosecuting the accused murderers of Richard Jennings, the first murder-for-hire case in the state of New York. 3254:

which attaches itself to a host tree to survive. Comparing Van Buren to mistletoe implied that he advanced politically only through his connection to the "Old Hickory" tree, which represented Andrew Jackson. This idea was common in Whig propaganda pieces, and also seen in political comics such as The

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Van Buren hoped that the Whigs would nominate Clay for president, which would allow Van Buren to cast the 1840 campaign as a clash between Van Buren's Independent Treasury system and Clay's support for a national bank. However, rather than nominating longtime party spokesmen like Clay and Daniel

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frontier. Americans were settling on long-disputed land claimed by the United States and the United Kingdom. The British considered possession of the area vital to the defense of Canada. Both American and New Brunswick lumberjack cut timber in the disputed territory during the winter of 1838–1839. On

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were three members of the Whig Party, which remained a loose coalition bound by mutual opposition to Jackson's anti-bank policies. Lacking the party unity or organizational strength to field a single ticket or define a single platform, the Whigs ran several regional candidates in hopes of sending the

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to the Atlantic Ocean. Though many of Van Buren's allies urged him to block Clinton's Erie Canal bill, Van Buren believed that the canal would benefit the state. His support for the bill helped it win approval from the New York legislature. Despite his support for the Erie Canal, Van Buren became the

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on ways to reorganize the New York Militia in the winter of 1814–1815, but the end of the war halted their work in early 1815. Van Buren was so favorably impressed by Scott that he named his fourth son after him. Van Buren's strong support for the war boosted his standing, and in 1815, he was elected

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won much of the remaining vote, and he gradually picked up support on subsequent ballots until the convention adjourned for the day. When the convention reconvened and held another ballot, James K. Polk, who shared many of Van Buren's views but favored immediate annexation, won 44 votes. On the

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Whigs presented Harrison as the antithesis of the president, whom they derided as ineffective, corrupt, and effete. Whigs also depicted Van Buren as an aristocrat living in high style in the White House, while they used images of Harrison in a log cabin sipping cider to convince voters that he was a

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Africans were free people and should be allowed to return home. The unique nature of the case heightened public interest in the saga, including the participation of former president Adams, Africans testifying in federal court, and their representation by prominent lawyers. Van Buren's administration

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In February 1829, Jackson wrote to Van Buren to ask him to become Secretary of State. Van Buren quickly agreed, and he resigned as governor the following month; his tenure of forty-three days is the shortest of any Governor of New York. No serious diplomatic crises arose during Van Buren's tenure as

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Van Buren's overarching goal at the national level was to restore a two-party system with party cleavages based on philosophical differences, and he viewed the old divide between Federalists and Democratic-Republicans as beneficial to the nation. Van Buren believed that these national parties helped

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Shortly after taking office, Calhoun negotiated an annexation treaty between the United States and Texas. Van Buren had hoped he would not have to take a public stand on annexation, but as the Texas question came to dominate U.S. politics, he decided to make his views on the issue public. Though he

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in 1839. The ship ended up in American waters and was seized by the predecessor agency of the Coast Guard. Van Buren viewed abolitionism as the greatest threat to the nation's unity, and he resisted the slightest interference with slavery in the states where it existed. His administration supported

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Van Buren wanted peace and met with the British minister to the United States. The two men agreed to resolve the border issue diplomatically. Van Buren sent General Scott to the scene to lower the tensions. Scott successfully convinced all sides to submit the border issue to arbitration. The border

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Boldly reversing Jackson's policies, Van Buren sought peace abroad and harmony at home. He proposed a diplomatic solution to a long-standing financial dispute between American citizens and the Mexican government, rejecting Jackson's threat to settle it by force. Likewise, when the Texas minister at

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received South Carolina's 11 electoral votes, which were awarded by the state legislature. Van Buren's victory resulted from a combination of his attractive political and personal qualities, Jackson's popularity and endorsement, the organizational power of the Democratic Party, and the inability of

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A New York state referendum that expanded state voting rights to all white men in 1821, and which further increased the power of Tammany Hall, was guided by Van Buren. Although Governor Clinton remained in office until late 1822, Van Buren emerged as the leader of the state's Democratic-Republicans

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An estimated 4,000 Cherokee died during the Trail of Tears. Entire Indian nations were relocated, with some losing as much as half their populations. Van Buren claimed that America was "perhaps in the beginning unjustifiable aggressors” toward the Indians, but later became the "guardians". He told

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Van Buren held regular formal cabinet meetings and discontinued the informal gatherings of advisors that had attracted so much attention during Jackson's presidency. He solicited advice from department heads, tolerated open and even frank exchanges between cabinet members, perceiving himself as "a

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Southern voters represented the biggest potential impediment to Van Buren's quest for the presidency, as many were apprehensive at the prospect of a Northern president. Van Buren moved to obtain their support by assuring them that he opposed abolitionism and supported maintaining slavery in states

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As vice president, Van Buren continued to be one of Jackson's primary advisors and confidants, and accompanied Jackson on his tour of the northeastern United States in 1833. Jackson's struggle with the Second Bank of the United States continued, as the president sought to remove federal funds from

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In Mr. Van Buren's anti-slavery professions, Mr. Webster had no confidence. He said pleasantly, but significantly, that "if he and Mr. Van Buren should meet under the Free-soil flag, the latter with his accustomed good-nature would laugh." He added, with a touch of characteristic humor, "that the

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as his second term came to an end. Jackson was determined to help elect Van Buren in 1836 so that the latter could continue the Jackson administration's policies. The two men—the charismatic "Old Hickory" and the efficient "Sly Fox"—had entirely different personalities but had become an effective

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Van Buren had long been distrustful of banks, and he viewed the bank as an extension of the Hamiltonian economic program, so he supported Jackson's veto of the bank's re-charter. Henry Clay, the presidential nominee of the National Republicans, made the struggle over the bank the key issue of the

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at will; both measures were designed to prevent inflation. The plan would permanently separate the government from private banks by storing government funds in government vaults rather than in private banks. Van Buren announced his proposal in September 1837, but an alliance of conservative

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When Van Buren entered office, the nation's economic health had taken a turn for the worse and the prosperity of the early 1830s was over. Two months into his presidency, on May 10, 1837, some important state banks in New York, running out of hard currency reserves, refused to convert paper

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Martin Van Buren was sworn in as the eighth President of the United States on March 4, 1837. He retained much of Jackson's cabinet and lower-level appointees, as he hoped that the retention of Jackson's appointees would stop Whig momentum in the South and restore confidence in the Democrats as a

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Calhoun was elated, convinced that he had ended Van Buren's career. "It will kill him dead, sir, kill him dead. He will never kick, sir, never kick", Calhoun exclaimed to a friend. Calhoun's move backfired; by making Van Buren appear the victim of petty politics, Calhoun raised Van Buren in both

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as an intermediary to offer Van Buren the ambassadorship to London. Van Buren declined, partly because he was upset with Polk over the treatment the Van Buren delegates had received at the 1844 convention, and partly because he was content in his retirement. Polk also consulted Van Buren in the

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lost its case and the ex-slaves won. The episode case drew attention to the personal tragedies of slavery and attracted new support for the growing abolition movement in the North. It also transformed the courts into the principal forum for a national debate on the legal foundations of slavery.

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Reflecting his public association with Jackson, Van Buren accepted the gubernatorial nomination on a ticket that called itself "Jacksonian-Democrat". He campaigned on local as well as national issues, emphasizing his opposition to the policies of the Adams administration. Van Buren ran ahead of

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Van Buren, at 5 feet 6 inches (1.68 m) tall, was small in stature, and affectionately nicknamed "Little Van". When he began his legal studies he wore rough, homespun clothing, causing the Silvesters to admonish him to pay greater heed to his clothing and personal appearance as an

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with large discretionary powers for its protection and its peace. Scott impressed upon American citizens the need for a peaceful resolution to the crisis, and made it clear that the U.S. government would not support adventuresome Americans attacking the British. In early January 1838, the

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where they were kept for the summer of 1838. The actual transportation west was delayed by intense heat and drought, but in the fall, the Cherokee reluctantly agreed to transport themselves west. Some 20,000 people were relocated against their will during the Cherokee removal, part of the

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and the secession of several Southern states in 1860, Van Buren unsuccessfully sought to call a constitutional convention. In April 1861, former president Pierce wrote to the other living former presidents and asked them to consider meeting to use their stature and influence to propose a

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After the House contest, Van Buren shrewdly kept out of the controversy which followed, and began looking forward to 1828. Jackson was angered to see the presidency go to Adams despite Jackson having won more popular votes than Adams had, and he eagerly looked forward to a rematch. Jackson's

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The American press clamored for war; "Maine and her soil, or BLOOD!" screamed one editorial. "Let the sword be drawn and the scabbard thrown away!" In June, Congress authorized 50,000 troops and a $ 10 million budget in the event foreign military troops crossed into United States

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I must go into the Presidential chair with the inflexible and uncompromising opponent of every attempt on the part of Congress to abolish slavery in the District of Columbia against the wishes of the slaveholding States, and also with a determination equally decided to resist the slightest

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from foreign competition, but angered Southern cotton interests and New England importers and manufacturers. Because Van Buren believed the South would never support Adams, and New England would never support Jackson, he was willing to alienate both regions through passage of the tariff.

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but resigned shortly after Jackson was inaugurated so he could accept appointment as Jackson's secretary of state. In the cabinet, Van Buren was a key Jackson advisor and built the organizational structure for the coalescing Democratic Party. He ultimately resigned to help resolve the

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The Bucktails succeeded in emphasizing party loyalty and used it to capture and control many patronage posts throughout New York. Through his use of patronage, loyal newspapers, and connections with local party officials and leaders, Van Buren established what became known as the

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Van Buren blamed the economic collapse on greedy American and foreign business and financial institutions, as well as the over-extension of credit by U.S. banks. Whig leaders in Congress blamed the Democrats, along with Andrew Jackson's economic policies, specifically his 1836

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Upon returning to Kinderhook in 1803, Van Buren formed a law partnership with his half-brother, James Van Alen, and became financially secure enough to increase his focus on politics. Van Buren had been active in politics from age 18, if not before. In 1801, he attended a

2645:, hoping to arrange for the appearance of a draft movement for his presidential candidacy. Tyler made the annexation of Texas his chief foreign policy goal, and many Democrats, particularly in the South, were anxious to quickly complete it. After an explosion on the 2773:, the Barnburners nominated 65-year-old Van Buren for president. Though reluctant to bolt from the Democratic Party, Van Buren accepted the nomination to show the power of the anti-slavery movement, help defeat Cass, and weaken the Hunkers. At a convention held in 1858:

of Virginia. Southern Democrats, and Van Buren himself, strongly preferred Rives. Jackson, on the other hand, strongly preferred Johnson. Again, Jackson's considerable influence prevailed, and Johnson received the required two-thirds vote after New York Senator

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brought the debate over slavery in the territories to the forefront of American politics, Van Buren published an anti-slavery manifesto. In it, he refuted the notion that Congress did not have the power to regulate slavery in the territories, and argued the

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Van Buren outlived all four of his immediate successors: Harrison, Tyler, Polk, and Taylor. In addition, he saw more successors ascend to the presidency than anyone else (eight), living to see Abraham Lincoln elected as the 16th President before his death.

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In addition to his foreign policy duties, Van Buren quickly emerged as an important advisor to Jackson on major domestic issues like the tariff and internal improvements. The Secretary of State was instrumental in convincing Jackson to issue the

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ninth ballot, Van Buren's supporters withdrew his name from consideration, and Polk won the nomination. Although angered that his opponents had denied him the nomination, Van Buren endorsed Polk in the interest of party unity. He also convinced

2328:. Washington responded using the Neutrality Act. It prosecuted the leaders and actively deterred Americans from subversive activities abroad. In the long term, Van Buren's opposition to the Patriot War contributed to the construction of healthy 3468: 2548:

of Tennessee as Van Buren's new running mate. Van Buren was reluctant to drop Johnson, who was popular with workers and radicals in the North and added military experience to the ticket, which might prove important against likely Whig nominee

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For the first half of his presidency, Van Buren, who had been a widower for many years, did not have a specific person to act as White House hostess at administration social events, but tried to assume such duties himself. When his eldest son

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system, a plan under which the federal government of the United States would store its funds in vaults rather than in banks; more conservative Democrats and Whigs in Congress ultimately delayed his plan from being implemented until 1840.

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seated competing Barnburner and Hunker delegations from New York, but the Barnburners walked out of the convention when Lewis Cass, who opposed congressional regulation of slavery in the territories, was nominated on the fourth ballot.

1530:. Van Buren was always courteous in his treatment of opponents and showed no bitterness toward either Adams or Clay, and he voted to confirm Clay's nomination to the cabinet. At the same time, Van Buren opposed the Adams-Clay plans for 13497: 13485: 1322:. Though several Democratic-Republicans, including John Peter Van Ness, joined with the Federalists to oppose his candidacy, Van Buren won election to the state senate in mid-1812. Later in the year, the United States entered the 994:

With Jackson's strong support and the organizational strength of the Democratic Party, Van Buren successfully ran for president in the 1836 presidential election. However, his popularity soon eroded because of his response to the

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suggested that Van Buren's political leanings constrained him to complete his education with a Democratic-Republican attorney, so he spent a final year of apprenticeship in the New York City office of John Van Ness's brother

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The Petticoat affair was finally resolved when Van Buren offered to resign. In April 1831, Jackson accepted and reorganized his cabinet by asking for the resignations of the anti-Eaton cabinet members. Postmaster General

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the bank. Though initially apprehensive of the removal due to congressional support for the bank, Van Buren eventually came to support Jackson's policy. He also helped undermine a fledgling alliance between Jackson and

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president proclaimed neutrality in the Canadian independence issue, a declaration which Congress endorsed by passing a neutrality law designed to discourage the participation of American citizens in foreign conflicts.

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in February 1844, Tyler brought Calhoun into his cabinet to direct foreign affairs. Like Tyler, Calhoun pursued the annexation of Texas to upend the presidential race and to extend slavery into new territories.

13555: 16710: 16705: 1518:, a Congressman from New York. Despite his close ties with Van Buren, Van Rensselaer cast his vote for Adams, thus giving Adams a narrow majority of New York's delegation and a victory in the contingent election. 1143:. Along with being the first U.S. president who was not born a British subject, Van Buren was also the first U.S. president not of British ancestry; he was of entirely Dutch descent. Abraham Van Buren had been a 874: 2845:

Van Buren never sought public office again after the 1848 election, but he continued to closely follow national politics. He was deeply troubled by the stirrings of secessionism in the South and welcomed the

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The 1824 elections dealt a severe blow to the Albany Regency, as Clinton returned to the governorship with the support of the People's party. By the time the state legislature convened to choose the state's

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Making himself nearly disappear completely from the history books was probably not the trick the "Little Magician" Martin Van Buren had in mind, but his was the first truly forgettable American presidency.

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The Amistad case was a freedom suit that involved international issues and was decided by the U.S. Supreme Court. It resulted from the successful rebellion of African slaves on board the Spanish schooner

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and a new phase of attrition. Realizing it was almost impossible to remove the remaining Seminoles from Florida, the administration negotiated a compromise allowing them to remain in southwest Florida.

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For the lone open position of Secretary of War, Van Buren first approached William Cabell Rives, who had sought the vice presidency in 1836. After Rives declined to join the cabinet, Van Buren appointed

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Considerable sentiment arose within the United States to declare war, and a British ship was burned in revenge. Van Buren, looking to avoid a war with Great Britain, sent General Winfield Scott to the

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Congress that a "mixed occupancy of the same territory by the white and red man is incompatible with the safety or happiness of either", and also claimed the Cherokee had not protested their removal.

2057:. Cries of "rescind the circular!" went up and former president Jackson sent word to Van Buren asking him not to rescind the order, believing that it had to be given enough time to work. Others, like 1248:, and like Van Buren her home life was primarily Dutch; she spoke Dutch as her first language, and spoke English with a marked accent. The couple had six children, four of whom lived to adulthood: 2618:, who took office after Harrison's death in April 1841. Though undecided on another presidential run, Van Buren made several moves calculated to maintain his support, including a trip to the 19554: 9095: 2822: 1634: 1498:

in an attempt to bolster Crawford's candidacy, and though he was unsuccessful in gaining a public endorsement for Crawford, he nonetheless cherished the chance to meet with his political hero.

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economic model favored by Federalists, which he strongly opposed. Despite his opposition to Adams's public policies, Van Buren easily secured re-election in his divided home state in 1827.

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Jackson's regard and the esteem of others in the Democratic Party. Far from ending Van Buren's career, Calhoun's action gave greater impetus to Van Buren's candidacy for vice president.

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Secretary of State, but he achieved several notable successes, such as settling long-standing claims against France and winning reparations for property that had been seized during the

6730: 6218: 19181: 18857: 18658: 18450: 18153: 17509: 2336:;. It also led, more immediately, to a backlash among citizens regarding the seeming overreach of federal authority, which hurt congressional Democrats in the 1838 midterm elections. 1244:, on February 21, 1807, when he was 24 years old and she was 23. She was his childhood sweetheart and a daughter of his maternal first cousin, Johannes Dircksen Hoes. She grew up in 5889: 8317: 2753:, both of whom were leaders of the Barnburner faction. After the publication of the Barnburner Manifesto, many Barnburners urged the former president to seek his old office in the 16748: 1447:", a period in which partisan distinctions at the national level had faded. Van Buren quickly became a prominent figure in Washington, D.C., befriending Secretary of the Treasury 9096: 1211:. Van Ness introduced Van Buren to the intricacies of New York state politics, and Van Buren observed Burr's battles for control of the state Democratic-Republican party against 19594: 19539: 16522: 1198:, of which the Silvesters were also strong supporters, Van Buren adopted his father's Democratic-Republican leanings. The Silvesters and Democratic-Republican political figure 19609: 19437: 19143: 18819: 18412: 16680: 15483: 13644: 12189: 9381: 16193: 4259: 8143: 2553:. Rather than re-nominating Johnson, the Democratic convention decided to allow state Democratic Party leaders to select the vice-presidential candidates for their states. 2487:

raved: " lady of rare accomplishments, very modest yet perfectly easy and graceful in her manners and free and vivacious in her conversation ... universally admired."

18620: 13109: 3418: 7032: 6326: 2808:, in his "Marshfield Speech", expressed skepticism, in terms that may have influenced Whig voters, about the sincerity of Van Buren's espousal of the anti-slavery cause: 19614: 15476: 15423: 15419: 14463: 9998: 9965: 1155:. He owned an inn and tavern in Kinderhook and served as Kinderhook's town clerk for several years. In 1776, he married Maria Hoes (or Goes) Van Alen (1746–1818) in the 6751: 19489: 14397: 7926: 19709: 2065:

was directly responsible for the irresponsible creation of paper money by the state banks which had precipitated this panic. The Panic of 1837 loomed large over the

19514: 19509: 16700: 16695: 3226: 2494:, Angelica Van Buren's receiving style at receptions was influenced by her heavy reading about European court life (and her naive delight in being received as the 1159:, also of Dutch extraction and the widow of Johannes Van Alen (1744-c. 1773). She had three children from her first marriage, including future U.S. Representative 7952: 3203:

that admires Van Buren and bases its rituals and symbols on him, including the hand sign of eight fingers pointing up to signify Van Buren, the eighth president.

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believed that Harrison's war record would effectively counter the popular appeals of the Democratic Party. For vice president, the Whigs nominated former Senator

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when she visited the royal courts of England and France after her marriage). Newspaper coverage of this, and the claim that she intended to re-landscape the

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as their primary language; he is the only president to have spoken English as a second language. Trained as a lawyer, he entered politics as a member of the

16741: 16370: 14079: 9602: 9148: 2286:. Seeking to deter an imminent invasion, British forces crossed to the American bank of the river in late December 1837, and they burned and sank the 1767:

Seeking to ensure that Van Buren would replace Calhoun as his running mate, Jackson had arranged for a national convention of his supporters. The May

1315:, the seat of Columbia County, in 1808. Van Buren's legal practice continued to flourish, and he traveled all over the state to represent various clients. 2821:

in New York, taking enough votes from Cass to give the state—and perhaps the election—to Taylor. Nationwide, Van Buren won 10.1% of the popular vote, the

2510:. The attack was delivered in Congress and the depiction of the president as living a royal lifestyle was a primary factor in his defeat for re-election. 1916: 9263: 2369:, ensued. Tensions escalated with officials from both Maine and New Brunswick arresting each other's citizens. British troops began to gather along the 13635: 13521: 12182: 1779:

due to the support of Jackson and the strength of the Albany Regency. Upon Van Buren's return from Europe in July 1832, he became involved in the

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on the Canadian side of the Niagara River. Several hundred volunteers traveled to Navy Island in the weeks that followed. They procured the steamboat

19504: 19167: 18843: 18716: 18644: 18436: 18139: 17798: 17794: 17790: 17750: 17495: 13538: 13126: 13118: 9389: 6909: 1055:. Worried about sectional tensions, Van Buren returned to the Democratic Party after 1848 but was disappointed with the pro-southern presidencies of 1594:

as his running mate and preferred successor. Van Buren's candidacy was aided by the split between supporters of Adams, who had adopted the label of

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eloquently denounced annexation. Many Southern leaders, meanwhile, strongly desired the expansion of slave-holding territory in the United States.

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to support the Madison administration's prosecution of the war. In addition, he was a special judge advocate appointed to serve as a prosecutor of

1334:. After the election, Van Buren became suspicious that Clinton was working with the Federalist Party, and he broke from his former political ally. 1047:. Growing opposed to slavery, Van Buren was the newly formed Free Soil Party's presidential nominee in 1848, and his candidacy helped Whig nominee 19624: 16734: 16675: 16460: 16315: 14472: 14419: 14089: 11296: 10789: 10498: 9900: 9457: 7119: 5833: 5709: 4965: 3385: 2638:, and others loomed as potential challengers for the 1844 Democratic nomination, but it was Calhoun who posed the most formidable obstacle. 2073: 1799:, Van Buren counseled Jackson to pursue a policy of conciliation with South Carolina leaders. He played little direct role in the passage of the 1486:

and limited government, and Van Buren believed that Crawford was the ideal figure to lead a coalition of New York, Pennsylvania, and Virginia's "

1456: 10478: 8369: 6879: 3024:, ranked Van Buren as the third greatest president. He argues that Van Buren handled the Panic of 1837 well, and praised Van Buren for reducing 1415:

that emerged as an important factor in New York politics. The Regency relied on a coalition of small farmers, but also enjoyed support from the

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machine in New York City. During this era, Van Buren largely determined Tammany Hall's political policy for New York's Democratic-Republicans.

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nominated Harrison, who had served in various governmental positions during his career and had earned fame for his military leadership in the

2197:, Jackson raised the danger of war with Mexico and heightened sectional tensions at home. New England abolitionists charged that there was a " 19704: 12175: 11243: 10749: 8838:

McBride, Spencer W. "When Joseph Smith Met Martin Van Buren: Mormonism and the Politics of Religious Liberty in Nineteenth-Century America",

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Van Buren was initially the leading candidate for the Democratic Party's nomination again in 1844, but his continued opposition to the

7644:"Twenty Years of Congress, Vol. 1 From Lincoln to Garfield, with a Review of the Events Which Led to the Political Revolution of 1860" 2804:, a proposed law that would ban slavery in all territories acquired from Mexico in the Mexican–American War. Anti-slavery Whig orator 2093:

in 1913. More important for Van Buren's immediate future, the depression would be a major issue in his upcoming re-election campaign.

2080:, which he contended would take the politics out of the nation's money supply. Under the plan, the government would hold its money in 19664: 19634: 19564: 17986: 17730: 17065: 16592: 15725: 14383: 10834: 10774: 10759: 7074: 2680:

to run for Governor of New York so that the popular Wright could help boost Polk in the state. Wright narrowly defeated Whig nominee

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Teaching and Civic Outreach Resources Amistad: The Federal Courts and the Challenge to Slavery – Historical Background and Documents

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of slavery. The document, which became known as the "Barnburner Manifesto", was edited at Van Buren's request by John Van Buren and

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Van Buren's most lasting achievement was as a political organizer who built the Democratic Party and guided it to dominance in the

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emerged as an increasingly important factor. After some initial reluctance, Van Buren chose to run for Governor of New York in the

1552: 1475: 1379: 1331: 1292: 1025: 979: 940: 928: 924: 920: 916: 1712:, contributed to a split between Jackson and Calhoun. As the debate over the tariff and the proposed ability of South Carolina to 1427:, where he favored expanded voting rights, but opposed universal suffrage and tried to maintain property requirements for voting. 19112: 18110: 18076: 17976: 17367: 17136: 17032: 16945: 16633: 15358: 10877: 10844: 10839: 10829: 10814: 10237: 9590: 9517: 9359: 9200: 8135: 3059: 2581:

of Virginia. Clay was deeply disappointed by his defeat at the convention, but he nonetheless threw his support behind Harrison.

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Indians in Florida to move to the west. Many did surrender but they then escaped from detention camps. In December 1837, in the

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Michael T. Perry, "'Maine and Her Soil, or Blood!': Political Rhetoric and Spatial Identity during the Aroostook War in Maine".

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Lacroix, Patrick (2016). "Choosing Peace and Order: National Security and Sovereignty in a North American Borderland, 1837–42".

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secret society, became the first incumbent vice president to win election to the presidency since Van Buren. In the comic strip

2502:

to resemble the royal gardens of Europe, was used in a political attack on her father-in-law by a Pennsylvania Whig Congressman

1590:. Hoping that a Jackson victory would lead to his elevation to Secretary of State or Secretary of the Treasury, Van Buren chose 19649: 19619: 18056: 18046: 17966: 16480: 14115: 13628: 12872: 12571: 10809: 9892: 7651: 7036: 6322: 2439: 1912: 1582:

Meanwhile, Clinton's death from a heart attack in 1828 dramatically shook up the politics of Van Buren's home state, while the

1511: 1256:(1810–1866), Martin Jr. (1812–1855), Winfield Scott (born and died in 1814), and Smith Thompson (1817–1876). Hannah contracted 6701: 18036: 16685: 16350: 14140: 11810: 9656: 9059: 9038: 9000: 8975: 8954: 8931: 8891: 8855: 8819: 8760: 8734: 8684: 8665: 8641: 8591: 8567: 8548: 8527: 8501: 8473: 8449: 8402: 8276: 8039: 7901: 7853: 7539: 6978: 6747: 6557: 6526: 6495: 6357: 6276: 6251: 6135: 6108: 6081: 6054: 6023: 5792: 5680: 5522: 5450: 5351: 5312: 5273: 5206: 5179: 5104: 5061: 5034: 4893: 4866: 4422: 4383: 4180: 4153: 4126: 3994: 3923: 3896: 3800: 3750: 3723: 3684: 3561: 3534: 3501: 3053: 2987:, and historians have come to regard Van Buren as integral to the development of the American political system. According to 1922:

The election of 1836 marked an important turning point in American political history because it saw the establishment of the

1587: 1506:, results from other states had made it clear that no individual would win a majority of the electoral vote, necessitating a 1387: 14365: 8610:. American Statesmen, Volume 18: Domestic Politics – The Tariff and Slavery. Boston and New York: Houghton, Mifflin and Co. 8069: 1968:

party of sectional unity. The cabinet holdovers represented the different regions of the country: Secretary of the Treasury

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Van Buren's opposition to immediate annexation cost him the support of many pro-slavery Democrats. In the weeks before the

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in Kinderhook. He continued to closely watch political developments, including the battle between the Whig alliance of the

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in 1838, he quickly acted to install his daughter-in-law as his hostess. She solicited the advice of her distant relative,

1570:. Seeking to solidify his standing in New York and bolster Jackson's campaign, Van Buren helped arrange the passage of the 991:

nominated Van Buren for vice president, and he took office after the Democratic ticket won the 1832 presidential election.

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leader of the Free-spoil party suddenly becoming the leader of the Free-soil party is a joke to shake his sides and mine."

2324:. It carried out several small attacks in Upper Canada between December 1837 and December 1838, collectively known as the 19644: 19294: 19065: 19023: 18891: 18768: 18484: 18016: 17858: 17487: 17461: 17260: 16940: 16935: 16770: 16360: 15333: 15313: 15293: 15273: 15253: 15233: 15213: 15193: 15173: 15153: 15133: 15113: 15093: 15068: 15048: 15028: 15008: 14988: 14968: 14948: 14928: 14908: 14888: 14868: 14848: 14828: 14808: 14788: 14768: 14755: 14742: 14729: 14716: 14703: 14690: 14677: 14664: 14651: 14638: 14625: 14612: 14573: 14560: 14547: 14534: 14521: 14508: 14495: 14065: 11289: 10919: 10578: 10118: 9617: 9532: 9522: 9502: 9487: 9373: 9276: 6802: 3335: 3112:, a major plot theme is an attempt to prevent Van Buren's election as president by proving he is the illegitimate son of 2778: 2758: 2665: 2533: 1847: 1768: 1032:. While Van Buren is praised for anti-slavery stances, in historical rankings, historians and political scientists often 988: 912: 135: 97: 9208: 3180:. The film depicts the legal battle surrounding the status of slaves who in 1839 rebelled against their transporters on 2117:

tribe had established terms under which the Cherokees ceded their territory in the southeast and agreed to move west to

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The Invention of Party Politics: Federalism, Popular Sovereignty, and Constitutional Development in Jacksonian Illinois

5643: 2333: 1950: 770: 9054:. Annual Report Of The American Historical Association For The Year 1918. Vol. II. Washington: Govt. Print. Off. 8339: 8217: 1863:

prevailed upon non-delegate Edward Rucker to cast the 15 votes of the absent Tennessee delegation in Johnson's favor.

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subsequently nominated Van Buren to serve as the party's vice presidential nominee. Van Buren won the nomination over

19654: 19579: 19549: 17413: 17224: 16435: 13621: 12732: 10528: 10448: 5755: 3641: 3284: 2800:, as Van Buren's running mate. In a public message accepting the nomination, Van Buren gave his full support for the 2746: 2708: 1973: 1903: 1892: 1713: 1503: 1363: 1216: 849: 2109:, and the federal government negotiated 19 treaties with Indian tribes during Van Buren's presidency. The 1835 1291:, where he worked successfully to secure for John Peter Van Ness the party nomination in a special election for the 19629: 19288: 18885: 18762: 18478: 18308: 18181: 17436: 17339: 17235: 17090: 16852: 16655: 16587: 16544: 16051: 15506: 15406: 14406: 14130: 13160: 11758: 10903: 10518: 10091: 9995: 9962: 9929: 9565: 9467: 9392: 8701: 8112: 6374: 2882: 2253: 1792: 1784: 1527: 1076: 904: 884: 646: 238: 8777: 5593: 2962:

and heart failure at his Lindenwald estate at 2:00 a.m. on Thursday, July 24, 1862. He is buried in the

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depicted members of Skull and Bones as stealing Van Buren's skull as a congratulatory gift to the new president.

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team in eight years in office together. With Jackson's support, Van Buren won the presidential nomination of the

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series in 2008. The U.S. Mint also issued commemorative silver medals for Van Buren, released for sale in 2021.

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money into gold or silver, and other financial institutions throughout the nation quickly followed suit. This

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Duncan, Jason K. "'Plain Catholics of the North': Martin Van Buren and the Politics of Religion, 1807–1836",

6799:"Martin Van Buren, First Inaugural, March 4, 1837 | AMDOCS: Documents for the Study of American History" 2685: 2558: 2370: 2066: 1716:

federal law consumed Washington, Van Buren, not Calhoun, increasingly emerged as Jackson's likely successor.

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Several writers have portrayed Van Buren as among the nation's most obscure presidents. As noted in a 2014

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Mutiny on the Amistad: the saga of a slave revolt and its impact on American abolition, law, and diplomacy

5615:"History of the Life, Administration and Times of Martin Van Buren, Eighth President of the United States" 5585:

Thomas Brown, "From Old Hickory to Sly Fox: The Routinization of Charisma in the Early Democratic Party."

1803:, but he quietly hoped that the tariff would help bring an end to the Nullification Crisis, which it did. 1311:. Seeking a better base for his political and legal career, Van Buren and his family moved to the town of 19584: 19052: 17554: 16250: 16225: 15382: 15362: 12026: 12002: 11594: 11509: 10896: 10658: 10628: 10368: 10298: 10230: 3075: 2766: 2361:

December 29, New Brunswick lumbermen were spotted cutting down trees on an American estate near the

1741: 1284: 1152: 959: 640: 9175: 2062: 19209: 19033: 18971: 18686: 18535: 18274: 17300: 16726: 16650: 16410: 16385: 16290: 16255: 16086: 15459: 15453: 15447: 13310: 12809: 11199: 10708: 10698: 10678: 10648: 10458: 10308: 9707: 9633: 9260: 6292: 3071: 3063: 3003: 2935: 2851: 2106: 1812: 1088: 1017: 20: 10378: 9252: 9231: 7111: 5829: 4957: 3368: 1303:. After the faction led by Clinton and Tompkins dominated the 1807 elections, Van Buren was appointed 19699: 19469: 19394: 18248: 17347: 17116: 16823: 16715: 16643: 16380: 16335: 16325: 16310: 16300: 16285: 16240: 16230: 14633: 14021: 13809: 13230: 12297: 12113: 10638: 9827: 9784: 9324: 9131: 8365: 6871: 5701: 3159: 2789: 2503: 2425:

presented the government's case. In March 1841, the Supreme Court issued its final verdict: the

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was almost complete, as nearly every faction had been absorbed by either the Democrats or the Whigs.

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without opposition. Two names were put forward for the vice-presidential nomination: Representative

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seat. Upon returning to Kinderhook, Van Buren broke with the Burr faction, becoming an ally of both

17051: 16512: 16465: 16450: 16425: 16330: 16270: 16245: 16215: 16205: 16173: 15733: 12851: 11899: 11753: 11671: 10358: 10278: 9143: 8433:"Chapter 7: 'Party and Corruption: The Columbia Junto and the Rise of Martin Van Buren, 1799–1812'" 6608:. The Detroit Evening News, revised for the Michigan Pioneer and Historical Society. pp. 11–12 2737: 2590: 2499: 2058: 1567: 1558:

He also forged alliances with other members of Congress opposed to Adams, including Vice President

490: 17043: 8202: 7001: 5473: 4661: 17187: 17017: 16529: 16340: 16280: 16210: 15600: 15490: 15465: 12900: 12627: 12387: 11666: 11544: 11342: 11274: 10718: 9910: 9527: 8227: 8064: 4017: 2730: 2252:. While the initial insurrection in Upper Canada ended quickly (following the December 1837 1915:

for vice president, leaving Johnson one electoral vote short of election. In accordance with the

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The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party: Jacksonian Politics and the Onset of the Civil War

7999: 6848:. National Park Service's National Register of Historic Places U.S. Department of the Interior. 2833: 2185:

Just before leaving office in March 1837, Andrew Jackson extended diplomatic recognition to the

1906:. Harrison led the Whigs with 73 electoral votes, White receiving 26, and Webster 14. 19320: 19056: 19003: 18956: 18710: 18552: 18519: 18233: 17786: 17746: 17636: 17012: 16559: 16554: 16415: 16295: 16260: 15926: 14759: 14733: 14720: 14672: 14668: 14555: 14516: 13951: 13946: 13734: 13370: 12998: 12914: 12522: 12282: 12136: 12124: 11845: 11661: 10979: 10344: 10223: 10155: 10128: 9978: 9771: 9758: 9462: 8222: 6125: 5986: 5670: 3775: 3067: 2904: 2891: 2777:

in August 1848, a group of anti-slavery Democrats, Whigs, and members of the abolitionist

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and sectional tension, and attacked Jackson for "acts of aggression and usurpation of power".

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Marsh Genealogy: Giving Several Thousand Descendants of John Marsh of Hartford, Ct. 1636–1895

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Rejected Minister, where Van Buren is shown being carried into office by Jackson and Parscal.

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death, and soon the president's parties livened up. After the 1839 New Year's Eve reception,

1993: 1960: 1888: 1531: 1526:" in which Clay helped Adams win the contingent election in return for Clay's appointment as 1319: 963: 8831:

Lucas, M. Philip. "Martin Van Buren as Party Leader and at Andrew Jackson's Right Hand", in

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Curtis, James C. "In the Shadow of Old Hickory: The Political Travail of Martin Van Buren",

8605: 8165: 7876: 5614: 3945: 3817: 978:. He ran successfully for governor of New York to support Andrew Jackson's candidacy in the 58: 19479: 19474: 19416: 17824: 17475: 17027: 16056: 15797: 14598: 14581: 14230: 13986: 13926: 13881: 13839: 13475: 13385: 13136: 12844: 12676: 12662: 12641: 12342: 11815: 11800: 11656: 11519: 11305: 11081: 11009: 10594: 10064: 9933: 9845: 9666: 9585: 9580: 9403: 9127: 8992: 6163: 3627: 3083: 2646: 2562: 2466: 2329: 2110: 2077: 1997: 1907: 1855: 1796: 1595: 1444: 1440: 1249: 1156: 1113: 1000: 967: 947: 896: 711: 612: 596: 592: 341: 289: 17517: 9156: 7070: 6549: 6543: 5343:

The First American Political Conventions: Transforming Presidential Nominations, 1832–1872

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Columbia Rising: Civil Life on the Upper Hudson from the Revolution to the Age of Jackson

6841: 6046: 6040: 5861: 3376:. Senate Historical Office. Washington: US Government Printing Office. pp. 105–118. 3025: 2984: 2896: 2537: 2491: 2449: 2169: 2138: 2090: 2081: 1927: 1923: 1828: 1683: 1651: 1507: 1448: 1204: 1199: 1179: 1148: 1009: 436: 8196: 6450: 5857:"How a 'faithless elector' in Georgia could cost Donald Trump an electoral college vote" 5469:

The Life and Political Opinions of Martin Van Buren, Vice President of the United States

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Van Buren won the election with 764,198 popular votes, 50.9% of the total, and 170

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Affairs of State: The Untold History of Presidential Love, Sex, and Scandal, 1789–1900

1701:, was ostracized by the other cabinet wives due to the circumstances of her marriage. 1326:

against Great Britain, while Clinton launched an unsuccessful bid to defeat President

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argued passionately for the Africans' right to freedom. Van Buren's Attorney General

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Van Buren received a basic education at the village schoolhouse, and briefly studied

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A new crisis surfaced in late 1838, in the disputed territory on the thinly settled

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Federal policy under Jackson had sought to move Indian tribes to lands west of the

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Ceaser, James W. "III. Martin Van Buren and the Case for Electoral Restraint", in

6655: 2688:, and Wright's victory in the state helped Polk narrowly defeat Henry Clay in the 2365:. When American woodcutters rushed to stand guard, a shouting match, known as the 1104: 19362: 19263: 19075: 18591: 18290: 18062: 17992: 17952: 17942: 17932: 17894: 17884: 17804: 17756: 17716: 17425: 17212: 16966: 16901: 16878: 16874: 16811: 16792: 16778: 16158: 16026: 16021: 15956: 15941: 15833: 15714: 15576: 15297: 15157: 15080: 15076: 15072: 15052: 15036: 15012: 14952: 14936: 14746: 14629: 14568: 14564: 14490: 14270: 14160: 14145: 14125: 14087: 14046: 13814: 13789: 13784: 13729: 13682: 13667: 13533: 13445: 13410: 13320: 13305: 13255: 13245: 13175: 13012: 12977: 12956: 12648: 12512: 12492: 12472: 12392: 12377: 12367: 12317: 12302: 12222: 12212: 12142: 12108: 12065: 12048: 12008: 11980: 11975: 11949: 11938: 11921: 11862: 11805: 11579: 11574: 11539: 11469: 11454: 11444: 11439: 11424: 11419: 11364: 11153: 11129: 11099: 11027: 11015: 11003: 10967: 10604: 10584: 10554: 10414: 10394: 10111: 10029: 9955: 9766: 9661: 9575: 9537: 9512: 9482: 9267: 9245: 9235: 9212: 9196: 9179: 9163: 8965: 8781: 8655: 8581: 8538: 8491: 8463: 8296: 8292: 8266: 8059: 8029: 7356: 6968: 6734: 6605: 6514: 5597: 3790: 3740: 3674: 3551: 3251: 3212: 3171: 3137: 3133: 3079: 3058:

Van Buren's home in Kinderhook, New York, which he called Lindenwald, is now the

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Rival claims in yellow. The diplomats split the difference along the dotted line.

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boundary dispute with Great Britain, gaining settlement of the U.S. claim to the

1647: 1638: 1559: 1523: 1338: 1072: 1056: 951: 936: 652: 457: 166: 12563: 3712:

Henretta, James A.; Edwards, Rebecca; Hinderaker, Eric; Self, Robert O. (2015).

2966:

Cemetery, as are his wife Hannah, his parents, and his son Martin Van Buren Jr.

1260:, and died in Kinderhook on February 5, 1819. Martin Van Buren never remarried. 19337: 19273: 19268: 19233: 18946: 18747: 18566: 18199: 17982: 17864: 17726: 17676: 17588: 17568: 17218: 17162: 17081: 16971: 16905: 16183: 16106: 16076: 16011: 16006: 15976: 15971: 15966: 15951: 15936: 15869: 15851: 15803: 15779: 15684: 15630: 15137: 15121: 15101: 14996: 14792: 14772: 14750: 14646: 14642: 14577: 14499: 14486: 14350: 14345: 14300: 14290: 14280: 14215: 14205: 14180: 14165: 14155: 14036: 13981: 13799: 13774: 13586: 13460: 13375: 13345: 13325: 13265: 13260: 13250: 13240: 13235: 13026: 12935: 12746: 12613: 12477: 12457: 12437: 12337: 12312: 12267: 12262: 12130: 12075: 11960: 11955: 11910: 11830: 11763: 11734: 11694: 11683: 11619: 11534: 11529: 11499: 11494: 11459: 11429: 11384: 11369: 11359: 11177: 11111: 11057: 11021: 10955: 10684: 10564: 10534: 10424: 10404: 10374: 10324: 10138: 10074: 9988: 9945: 9874: 9854: 9751: 9736: 9683: 9442: 9186:; when completed, this website will feature 13,000 transcribed Van Burn papers. 9049: 9028: 9024: 8908: 8627: 8459: 8427: 7256:

Lambert, Robert S. (March 1955). "The Democratic National Convention of 1844".

3296: 3175: 2818: 2805: 2801: 2653: 2642: 2631: 2570: 2474: 2374: 2283: 2202: 2141:, who would go on to become America's foremost man of letters, wrote Van Buren 2134: 2122: 2001: 1834: 1808: 1800: 1671: 1655: 1591: 1487: 1467: 1408: 1350: 1296: 1288: 1253: 1136: 1060: 1048: 975: 974:

faction of the party, Van Buren established the political machine known as the

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Martin Van Buren: The American Presidents Series: The 8th President, 1837-1841

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The War of 1812: A Complete Chronology with Biographies of 63 General Officers

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In response to the nomination of Cass, the Barnburners began to organize as a

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During the War of 1812, Van Buren worked with Clinton, Governor Tompkins, and

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List of international trips made by secretaries of state of the United States

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Report of the Trial of the Murderers of Richard Jennings in Orange County, NY

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and put into motion a plan whereby volunteers would invade Upper Canada from

2257: 2152: 2042: 2017: 1969: 1698: 1667: 1575: 1555:, and he worked to bring Crawford's former backers into line behind Jackson. 1367: 1327: 1304: 1163:. Her second marriage produced five children, of which Martin was the third. 1121: 1108:

Baptismal record with the Dutch spelling of Van Buren's first name, "Maarten"

1044: 996: 9030:

Inquiry into the Origin and Course of Political Parties in the United States

8725:

Boller, Paul F. (2004). "Chapter 13: Van Buren's Victory over three Whigs".

8031:

Recarving Rushmore: Ranking the Presidents on Peace, Prosperity, and Liberty

5832:. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. October 4, 2016. 2028: 1674:, concluding a commercial treaty with Russia, and persuading Mexico to sell 987:

and briefly served as ambassador to Great Britain. At Jackson's behest, the

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Teaching with Historic Places: Martin Van Buren's "Return to the Soil" (39)

6932:"Federal Judicial Center: Search by Nominating President; Martin Van Buren" 6581:. Miller Center of Public Affairs University of Virginia. October 4, 2016. 6103:. Vol. 1. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 69. 5989:. Miller Center of Public Affairs University of Virginia. October 4, 2016. 3823: 3647: 3108: 2878: 2838: 2716: 2677: 2248:(now Ontario) rose in rebellion in 1837 and 1838, protesting their lack of 2245: 2241: 1985: 1860: 1607: 1416: 1342: 1257: 1068: 932: 892: 217: 8060:"What Makes a Good President? A Review of Ivan Eland's Recarving Rushmore" 4414:

The Right to Vote: The Contested History of Democracy in the United States

2954:

Van Buren's health began to fail later in 1861, and he was bedridden with

2641:

Van Buren remained silent on major public issues like the debate over the

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was created from a revision of this article dated 28 March 2019

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of Detroit. Anticipating another military campaign, he collaborated with

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dispute was put to rest a few years later, with the signing of the 1842

2000:. Van Buren's cabinet choices were criticized by Pennsylvanians such as 1534:

like roads and canals and declined to support U.S. participation in the

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Ambassadors of the United States of America to the Court of St. James's

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History of the United States of America, 1831–1847. Democrats and Whigs

8866:

Martin Van Buren: law, politics, and the shaping of Republican ideology

8774: 8444:. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: The University of North Carolina Press. 5590: 3220: 3182: 3142: 3113: 3103: 3015: 2797: 2672: 2615: 2607: 2578: 2524: 2409: 2194: 2157: 1866: 1471: 1391: 1208: 1132: 1052: 269: 229: 27: 17519:

Unsuccessful major party candidates for President of the United States

8848:

American Statesmen: Secretaries of State from John Jay to Colin Powell

8291:

Unusually, the date appears on the rim of the coin, as do the mottoes

3250:

The "mistletoe" nickname was inspired by the fact that mistletoe is a

2817:

Van Buren won no electoral votes, but finished second to Whig nominee

1980:

hailed from New York and New Jersey, respectively, Secretary of State

1538:. Van Buren considered Adams's proposals to represent a return to the 17322: 16178: 16168: 16140: 16116: 15696: 15536: 15317: 15301: 15281: 15261: 14305: 13435: 11211: 10714: 9437: 8947:

Party Over Section: The Rough and Ready Presidential Election of 1848

8310:"Silver Medal Honoring President Martin Van Buren on Sale February 1" 2955: 2586: 2125:

to forcibly move all those who had not yet complied with the treaty.

1659: 1400: 1395: 1268: 1226: 971: 9301: 2899:. He assessed that the Buchanan administration handled the issue of 1879:

election to the House of Representatives. The three candidates were

931:. Later in his life, Van Buren emerged as an elder statesman and an 18012: 17854: 17073: 15654: 15341: 14852: 14375: 13876: 13350: 13141: 11559: 11549: 11332: 9316: 9305: 3191: 2999: 2606:

On the expiration of his term, Van Buren returned to his estate of

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after the 1820 elections. Van Buren was a member of the 1820 state

11304: 3679:. Washington, DC: White House Historical Association. p. 23. 3636:. Vol. I. New York, NY: Henry Holt and Company. p. 206. 2850:

as a necessary conciliatory measure despite his opposition to the

1919:, the Senate elected Johnson vice president in a contingent vote. 1662:. Items on which he did not achieve success included settling the 1650:. He reached an agreement with the British to open trade with the 18022: 15217: 15201: 15181: 11195: 6829:

The Amistad Rebellion: An Atlantic Odyssey of Slavery and Freedom

2781:

met in the first national convention of what became known as the

2444:

Van Buren appointed two Associate Justices to the Supreme Court:

2290:. In the melee, one American was killed and others were wounded. 31: 9190:

The American Presidency Project – The Papers of Martin Van Buren

8727:

Presidential Campaigns: From George Washington to George W. Bush

7893:

Who's Buried in Grant's Tomb?: A Tour of Presidential Gravesites

6400:

The Seminole Struggle: A History of America's Longest Indian War

6076:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. p. 177. 6012:

Rorabaugh, W. J.; Critchlow, Donald T.; Baker, Paula C. (2004).

5896:. Philadelphia: The National Constitution Center. Archived from 2347: 1318:

In 1812, Van Buren won his party's nomination for a seat in the

1079:. He died of asthma at his home in Kinderhook in 1862, aged 79. 19555:

American lawyers admitted to the practice of law by reading law

9271: 8633:

Martin Van Buren and the Emergence of American Popular Politics

8518:

What hath God wrought: the transformation of America, 1815–1848

5617:. Chicago: Fairbanks and Palmer Publishing Company. p. 230 5096:

Andrew Jackson and the Rise of the Democrats: A Reference Guide

3822:. Washington, DC: National Park Service. p. 9 – via 2959: 2729:

Though he had previously helped maintain a balance between the

2076:. The president countered by proposing the establishment of an 1399:

leader of an anti-Clintonian faction in New York known as the "

838: 8753:

The Fox at Bay: Martin Van Buren and the Presidency, 1837–1841

7312: 7033:"First Ladies Never Married to Presidents: Angelica Van Buren" 6750:. Stonington: New England Historical Society. March 10, 2015. 6519:

Agent of Destiny: The Life and Times of General Winfield Scott

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Agent of Destiny: The Life and Times of General Winfield Scott

2958:

during the fall and winter of 1861–1862. He died of bronchial

2626:

during which he met with Jackson, former Speaker of the House

923:

against divided Whig opponents. Van Buren lost re-election in

915:

from 1833 to 1837, after being elected on Jackson's ticket in

841: 19605:

Democratic Party United States senators from New York (state)

8560:

Martin Van Buren : The Romantic Age of American Politics

6429: 6427: 5890:"The one election where Faithless Electors made a difference" 5758:. Washington: United States Senate, Office of the Historian. 5646:. Washington: United States Senate, Office of the Historian. 4858:

The Oxford Handbook of New York State Government and Politics

4764: 4611: 3711: 3089:, three state parks and numerous towns were named after him. 2910: 2049:

in which banks failed and unemployment reached record highs.

1675: 1663: 1390:. Clinton threw his influence behind the construction of the 1167: 9172: 7985:

Robert Remini, "Van Buren, Martin" in John A. Garraty, ed.,

7625: 7623: 6130:. Vol. 10. New York: Marshall Cavendish. p. 1046. 5243: 2994: 2885:

exacerbated sectional tensions. He considered Chief Justice

1731: 1034:

rank Van Buren as an average or below-average U.S. president

19600:

Democratic Party (United States) vice presidential nominees

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Van Buren, Martin (1920). Fitzpatrick, John Clement (ed.).

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Van Buren easily won renomination for a second term at the

2156:

A United States Marine Corps boat expedition searching the

2072:

To address the crisis, the Whigs proposed rechartering the

19535:

Candidates in the 1848 United States presidential election

19530:

Candidates in the 1844 United States presidential election

19525:

Candidates in the 1840 United States presidential election

19520:

Candidates in the 1836 United States presidential election

19051: 7560: 7174: 7162: 7150: 7089: 6678: 6424: 6039:

Seigenthaler, John; Schlesinger, Arthur Meier Jr. (2004).

5787:. Albany: State University of New York Press. p. 80. 5125: 4175:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 100–101. 3948:. Miller Center of Public Affairs University of Virginia. 2788:

The convention unanimously nominated Van Buren, and chose

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signed by government officials and representatives of the

1996:, a South Carolinian who had opposed secession during the 9141: 7781: 7769: 7694: 7620: 7608: 7596: 7572: 7548: 7509: 7497: 7485: 7473: 7437: 7425: 7413: 7377: 7365: 7336: 7324: 7288: 7276: 7234: 7210: 7198: 7186: 7118:. National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior. 6625: 6623: 6015:

America's promise: a concise history of the United States

5555: 5543: 5531: 5480: 5420: 5396: 5384: 5113: 5004: 4992: 4980: 3275:

Widmer, Ted and Arthur M. Schlesinger, Edward L. Widmer,

3039:

magazine article on the "Top 10 Forgettable Presidents":

1984:

of Georgia represented the South, and Postmaster General

1891:

and a national bank, the Whigs tried to tie Democrats to

1043:

angered Southern Democrats, leading to the nomination of

824: 12197: 10918: 10207: 7759: 7757: 6410: 6408: 6182: 6144: 6100:

The Pennsylvania Railroad: Building an Empire, 1846–1917

5936: 5736: 5724: 5644:"Richard Mentor Johnson, 9th Vice President (1837–1841)" 5567: 5372: 5360: 4926: 4902: 4824: 4812: 4788: 4752: 4728: 4716: 4692: 4680: 4635: 4599: 4587: 4575: 4563: 4551: 4539: 4527: 4515: 4503: 4491: 3819:

Master Plan, Lindenwald National Historic Site, New York

3445: 3227:

List of presidents of the United States who owned slaves

8882:

Martin Van Buren and the making of the Democratic Party

6375:"Martin Van Buren: The Force Behind the Trail of Tears" 6215:"Martin Van Buren: The Force Behind the Trail of Tears" 6127:

Exploring American History: From Colonial Times to 1877

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strongest showing by a third-party presidential nominee

1252:(1807–1873), unnamed daughter (stillborn around 1809), 19595:

Democratic Party (United States) presidential nominees

19540:

Ambassadors of the United States to the United Kingdom

13117: 8496:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. pp. 103–114. 8340:"Martin Van Buren Presidential Silver Medal – US Mint" 8246: 8198:

The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States

7817: 7718: 7706: 7071:"Democratic National Political Conventions, 1832–2008" 6902:"U.S. Senate: Supreme Court Nominations: 1789–Present" 6766: 6620: 6194: 5960: 5948: 5924: 5053:

Jacksonian and Antebellum Age: People and Perspectives

4431: 4392: 4325: 4301: 4289: 4277: 4230: 4201: 4096: 4084: 4072: 4060: 4048: 4036: 3866: 3854: 3842: 3795:. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company. p. 46. 3232:

Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps

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movement with contempt and felt that the anti-slavery

2172:

the army launched a massive offensive, leading to the

1358:. Van Buren moved from Hudson to the state capital of 883:, serving from 1837 to 1841. A primary founder of the 19610:

Democratic Party vice presidents of the United States

8988:

A Bibliography Of Andrew Jackson And Martin Van Buren

8468:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 7793: 7754: 7742: 7730: 7682: 7584: 7449: 7401: 7389: 7300: 7222: 6959: 6957: 5492: 5198:

Liberty and Power: The Politics of Jacksonian America

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Democracy's Lawyer: Felix Grundy of the Old Southwest

4964:. U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian. 4024: 3918:. Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers. p. 152. 3693: 3654: 1613: 850: 827: 16757:

Historical anti-slavery parties in the United States

9603:

List of federal judges appointed by Martin Van Buren

9229:

Martin Van Buren National Historic Site (Lindenwald)

9149:

Biographical Directory of the United States Congress

8924:

The Market Revolution: Jacksonian America, 1815–1846

8846:

Mihalkanin, Edward, ed. (2004). "Martin Van Buren".

7896:. Washington: National Cable Satellite Corporation. 7805: 7461: 7355:

Moore, John Trotwood; Foster, Austin Powers (1923).

7051: 5912: 5801: 5321: 5282: 4914: 4800: 4776: 4740: 4623: 4467: 4455: 4337: 3964: 3830: 3570: 1783:, a struggle over the renewal of the charter of the 1522:

supporters accused Adams and Clay of having made a "

1382:, Clinton defeated Van Buren's preferred candidate, 1378:

After Tompkins was elected as vice president in the

1131:, was a descendant of Cornelis Maessen, a native of 835: 821: 10245: 8967:

A Companion to the Antebellum Presidents, 1837–1861

8850:. Westport, CT: Greenport Press. pp. 504–511. 8562:. New York, New York: Oxford University Press USA. 8522:. New York, New York: Oxford University Press USA. 8085:"Martin Van Buren: The Greatest American President" 7967: 6816:

interference with it in the States where it exists.

4938: 4836: 4668: 4479: 4313: 4189: 3433: 2895:to be a "grievous mistake" since it overturned the 1883:of Tennessee, Daniel Webster of Massachusetts, and 879:; December 5, 1782 – July 24, 1862) was the eighth 832: 19615:Democratic-Republican Party United States senators 8879: 8833:A Companion to the Antebellum Presidents 1837–1861 8515: 8486:Henretta, James A. (2004). "Martin Van Buren". In 8465:Martin Van Buren and the American Political System 8437: 8431: 8136:"Top Ten Forgettable Presidents: Martin Van Buren" 7837: 6954: 6167: 5756:"Martin Van Buren, 8th Vice President (1833–1837)" 5442:Liberty, Equality, Power: Enhanced Concise Edition 5265:Correspondence of James K. Polk: January–June 1845 5050:Cheathem, Mark Renfred; Mancall, Peter C. (2008). 4885:Erastus Corning: Merchant and Financier, 1794–1872 3767: 3745:. Hauppauge: Nova Science Publishers. p. 10. 3608: 3518: 1112:Martin Van Buren was born on December 5, 1782, in 19490:19th-century vice presidents of the United States 12593: 8583:The American presidents, from Washington to Tyler 6545:The Reader's Companion to the American Presidency 5696: 5694: 5692: 5174:. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 196. 5029:. Louisiana State University Press. p. 177. 4226:. Amherst: Carpenter & Morehouse. p. 71. 4145:Great American Lawyers: An Encyclopedia, Volume 1 3496:. Albany: Brandow Printing Company. p. 109. 3319: 2934:began, Van Buren made public his support for the 927:, and failed to win the Democratic nomination in 19710:Democratic Party presidents of the United States 19461: 9206:American President: Martin Van Buren (1782–1862) 8679:. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. 6748:"The High Comedy of the Bloodless Aroostook War" 6444: 6442: 6271:. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press. 5672:Guide to the Presidency and the Executive Branch 2513: 2320:created an armed secret society in Vermont, the 2189:, which had won independence from Mexico in the 1818: 1362:, where he established a legal partnership with 19:"Van Buren" redirects here. For other uses, see 16:President of the United States from 1837 to 1841 19515:1832 United States vice-presidential candidates 19510:1824 United States vice-presidential candidates 14090:United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary 9458:United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary 8985:Wise, W. Harvey; Cronin, John W., eds. (2010). 8963: 8755:. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky. 8729:. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. 8218:"Before There Was "Hamilton," There Was "Burr"" 7361:. S. J. Clarke Publishing Company. p. 422. 7035:. National First Ladies Library. Archived from 5824: 5822: 5820: 5818: 5816: 5049: 3556:. Jefferson: McFarland Publishing. p. 45. 3370:Vice Presidents of the United States, 1789–1993 2260:into New York, and Upper Canadian rebel leader 1430: 1219:. He returned to Kinderhook in 1803, after his 19680:Respiratory disease deaths in New York (state) 19590:Democratic Party governors of New York (state) 19495:19th-century Calvinist and Reformed Christians 9453:1821 United States Senate election in New York 8397:. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books. p. 152. 7949:"Executive Order on death of Martin van Buren" 7106: 7104: 6457:. Austin: Texas State Historical Association. 6315: 6206: 6124:Lansford, Tom; Woods, Thomas E., eds. (2008). 5981: 5979: 5977: 5975: 5689: 5268:. University of Tennessee Press. p. 357. 4374:. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. pp. 4349: 4121:. Jefferson: McFarland & Co. p. 327. 3676:The Presidents of the United States of America 3493:New York in the Revolution as Colony and State 2596: 2589:undercut these arguments. The enthusiasm for " 2268:. Mackenzie declared the establishment of the 2212: 1443:. Van Buren arrived in Washington during the " 19560:American members of the Dutch Reformed Church 19175: 18851: 18652: 18444: 18147: 17503: 17308: 17059: 16742: 14391: 14073: 13629: 13103: 12579: 12183: 11290: 10904: 10231: 9332: 7875:. New York: D. Appleton and Company. p. 7251: 7249: 6573: 6571: 6569: 6521:. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 178. 6439: 6174:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 6123: 6032: 5784:New York and Slavery: Time to Teach the Truth 3718:. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's. p. 290. 3592:. Historical Society of the New York Courts. 2769:. At a convention held in June 1848, in 2477:, who had moved back to Washington after her 1951:Presidency of Martin Van Buren § Cabinet 1658:that gained American merchants access to the 19500:19th-century presidents of the United States 10178:United States Minister to the United Kingdom 9801: 8747:(Princeton University Press, 2020). 123–169. 8543:. Vol. 1. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. 6541: 6352:. Cambridge University Press. p. xxii. 6156: 5813: 5608: 5606: 5346:. McFarland & Company, Inc. p. 34. 4371:The Tiger: The Rise and Fall of Tammany Hall 3774:. New York: Rinehart & Company. p. 3633:A Political History of the State of New York 3350: 2063:dismantling of the Bank of the United States 1036:, due to his handling of the Panic of 1837. 16608:National Democratic Redistricting Committee 16583:Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee 10032:nominee for President of the United States 8201:. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 7890:Lamb, Brian & the C-SPAN staff (2000). 7872:Martin Van Buren: Lawyer, Statesman and Man 7354: 7101: 5972: 5830:"Martin Van Buren: Campaigns and Elections" 3891:. Lerner Publications Company. p. 14. 3715:America: a Concise History, Combined Volume 3297:"The Wise Guide: The Red Fox of Kinderhook" 2301: 2225:", illustration by John Charles Dent (1881) 1478:. Crawford shared Van Buren's affinity for 1394:, an ambitious project designed to connect 1272:Painting of Van Buren by Daniel Dickinson, 1082: 19182: 19168: 18858: 18844: 18659: 18645: 18451: 18437: 18154: 18140: 18116: 18106: 17510: 17496: 17315: 17301: 17066: 17052: 16749: 16735: 14398: 14384: 14080: 14066: 13636: 13622: 13110: 13096: 12586: 12572: 12190: 12176: 11297: 11283: 11259: 10911: 10897: 10873: 10238: 10224: 9339: 9325: 8984: 8917:. Vol. 4. Washington: W. H. Morrison. 8845: 7246: 6566: 6542:Brinkley, Alan; Dyer, Davis, eds. (2000). 6535: 6513: 6213:Landry, Alysa Landry (February 23, 2016). 5638: 5636: 5634: 5632: 5514:Vice Presidents: A Biographical Dictionary 5201:. New York: Hill & Wang. p. 125. 5022: 4168: 2145:protesting his treatment of the Cherokee. 1345:during Hull's court-martial following the 356:March 4, 1821 – December 20, 1828 57: 16593:Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee 9047: 9018: 8714:The American Talleyrand: Martin Van Buren 8708: 8536: 8307: 8034:. Independent Institute. pp. 70–91. 7672: 7534:. Westport: Greenwood Press. p. 88. 7358:Tennessee: The Volunteer State, 1769–1923 7140: 6170:The Oxford History of the American People 6018:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 210. 5603: 5233: 5076: 4009: 3626: 3269: 2540:, but he and his party faced a difficult 2448:, confirmed September 25, 1837, and 2164:President Jackson used the army to force 2128:The Cherokees were herded violently into 1933: 1841:, but he remained influential within the 1752:In August 1831, Jackson gave Van Buren a 1732:Ambassador to Britain and vice presidency 1728:, Jackson's informal circle of advisors. 1654:colonies and concluded a treaty with the 1366:, and shared a house with political ally 1263: 692: 399:February 17, 1815 – July 8, 1819 302:January 1, 1829 – March 12, 1829 19505:1820 United States presidential electors 19196:1848 United States presidential election 18872:1844 United States presidential election 18673:1840 United States presidential election 18465:1836 United States presidential election 18168:1832 United States presidential election 16603:National Conference of Democratic Mayors 16598:Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee 16578:Democratic Attorneys General Association 9968:for Vice President of the United States 9613:1840 United States presidential election 9543:1848 United States presidential election 9498:1836 United States presidential election 9493:1832 United States presidential election 9123:, and does not reflect subsequent edits. 9106: 8949:. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. 8907: 8900:Remini, Robert V. "The Albany Regency." 8586:. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. 8485: 8133: 6414: 6266: 6217:. Verona: Indian Country Media Network. 6096: 5307:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 42. 5099:. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. p. 131. 5092: 4888:. Cornell University Press. p. 91. 4861:. Oxford University Press. p. 322. 4854: 4653: 4148:. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. p. 689. 4114: 3982: 3939: 3937: 3935: 3417:. Albany, NY: New Netherland Institute. 3356: 2993: 2978: 2945: 2909: 2832: 2707: 2523: 2520:1840 United States presidential election 2433: 2417:In the Supreme Court in February, 1840, 2338: 2282:to deliver supplies to Navy Island from 2216: 2151: 2084:, and would be restricted from printing 2045:. The Panic was followed by a five-year 2021: 1972:came from New England, Attorney General 1954: 1865: 1825:1836 United States presidential election 1735: 1632: 1435:In February 1821, the state legislature 1267: 1225: 1139:in 1631 and purchased a plot of land on 1103: 1092: 1071:who supported the policies of President 696: 19695:United States senators who owned slaves 19640:New York (state) Democratic-Republicans 18986: 18900: 18777: 18701: 18299: 18257: 16634:National Federation of Democratic Women 9518:Martin Van Buren National Historic Site 9201:University of California, Santa Barbara 8921: 8886:. New York: Columbia University Press. 8600: 8390: 8264: 8234:from the original on September 12, 2022 8194: 8170:Martin Van Buren National Historic Site 7635: 7527: 7255: 7112:"Historical Context: Setting the Stage" 7030: 6973:. Oxford University Press. p. 41. 6878:. Washington: Federal Judicial Center. 6846:Amistad: Seeking Freedom in Connecticut 6641: 6509: 6507: 6329:from the original on September 14, 2015 6239: 6162: 6069: 5629: 5510: 5465: 5304:Representative Americans: The Romantics 5300: 5249: 4962:Biographies of the Secretaries of State 4410: 3738: 3489: 3421:from the original on September 14, 2015 3060:Martin Van Buren National Historic Site 1439:Van Buren to represent New York in the 1116:, about 20 miles (32 km) south of 199:August 8, 1831 – April 4, 1832 19625:Jackson administration cabinet members 19462: 9256:. Vol. XXIV (9th ed.). 1888. 8944: 8874: 8794: 8750: 8724: 8674: 8650: 8636:. New York: Rowman & Littlefield. 8626: 8614:from the original on February 21, 2022 8579: 8426: 8368:. University of Missouri-Kansas City. 8366:"Stephen Spielberg's "Amistad" (1997)" 8271:. Nova Science Publishers. p. 1. 8252: 8146:from the original on February 28, 2017 8082: 8057: 8053: 8051: 8023: 8021: 7868: 7835: 7823: 7724: 7712: 7566: 7180: 7168: 7156: 7095: 6963: 6942:from the original on February 16, 2015 6938:. Federal Judicial Center Foundation. 6882:from the original on December 31, 2016 6772: 6684: 6629: 6548:. New York: Houghton Mifflin. p. 6433: 6372: 6323:"Martin van Buren [1782–1862]" 6212: 6200: 6188: 6150: 5966: 5954: 5942: 5930: 5887: 5780: 5730: 5668: 5612: 5573: 5438: 5378: 5366: 5339: 5194: 5167: 5143: 4842: 4710: 4629: 4449: 4030: 4013:The Life and Times of Martin Van Buren 3970: 3943: 3815: 3765: 3699: 3660: 3451: 3411:"Martin van Buren [1782–1862]" 3325: 3215:, a slave who worked for Van Buren at 3062:. Counties are named for Van Buren in 2796:and grandson of late former President 2459: 2440:Martin Van Buren judicial appointments 2256:), many of the rebels fled across the 2193:. By suggesting the prospect of quick 2121:. In 1838, Van Buren directed General 1512:United States House of Representatives 1462:Van Buren chose to back Crawford over 251:March 28, 1829 – May 23, 1831 148:March 4, 1833 – March 4, 1837 91:March 4, 1837 – March 4, 1841 19163: 19050: 18839: 18640: 18432: 18135: 17491: 17296: 17047: 16730: 16711:2018 House Caucus leadership election 16706:2006 House Caucus leadership election 14379: 14061: 13617: 13091: 12567: 12171: 11278: 10892: 10219: 10206: 9800: 9657:List of memorials to Martin Van Buren 9320: 9051:The Autobiography of Martin Van Buren 9011: 8926:. New York: Oxford University Press. 8814:. New York: Oxford University Press. 8557: 8346:from the original on October 18, 2021 8320:from the original on January 30, 2021 8268:Martin Van Buren: The Little Magician 8172:. Washington: National Park Service. 8072:from the original on August 19, 2022. 8027: 8000:"Martin Van Buren: Impact and Legacy" 7955:from the original on January 13, 2021 7916: 7844:. Metuchen: Scarecrow Press. p. 7840:Our Vice-Presidents and Second Ladies 7799: 7787: 7775: 7763: 7748: 7736: 7700: 7688: 7629: 7614: 7602: 7590: 7578: 7554: 7515: 7503: 7491: 7479: 7455: 7443: 7431: 7419: 7407: 7395: 7383: 7371: 7342: 7330: 7318: 7306: 7294: 7282: 7240: 7228: 7216: 7204: 7192: 7077:from the original on November 2, 2020 7012:from the original on February 9, 2017 6912:from the original on December 9, 2020 6805:from the original on December 5, 2011 6486:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p. 6347: 6303:from the original on October 14, 2017 6299:. A&E Television Networks. 2014. 6243:The Trail of Tears and Indian Removal 5869:from the original on January 16, 2019 5854: 5762:from the original on November 8, 2014 5561: 5549: 5537: 5498: 5486: 5426: 5414: 5402: 5390: 5221: 5155: 5131: 5119: 5010: 4998: 4986: 4968:from the original on December 5, 2018 4932: 4920: 4908: 4830: 4818: 4806: 4794: 4782: 4770: 4758: 4746: 4734: 4722: 4698: 4686: 4641: 4617: 4605: 4593: 4581: 4569: 4557: 4545: 4533: 4521: 4509: 4497: 4473: 4461: 4437: 4398: 4367: 4343: 4331: 4319: 4307: 4295: 4283: 4248: 4236: 4219: 4207: 4195: 4102: 4090: 4078: 4066: 4054: 4042: 3932: 3911: 3872: 3860: 3848: 3836: 3792:Childhoods of the American Presidents 3742:Martin Van Buren: The Little Magician 3672: 3576: 3553:Childhoods of the American Presidents 3307:from the original on February 4, 2023 3219:, while her suit for freedom against 3054:List of memorials to Martin Van Buren 1837:declined to seek another term in the 1690:. The Petticoat Affair arose because 1618: 866: 473:July 1, 1813 – June 30, 1820 19705:Vice presidents of the United States 14405: 12199:United States senators from New York 11249: 10920:Vice presidents of the United States 10208:Articles related to Martin Van Buren 9862:U.S. Senator (Class 1) from New York 9591:Emerson's letter to Martin Van Buren 9473:1828 New York gubernatorial election 9346: 8809: 8510: 8458: 8394:Seinology: The Sociology of Seinfeld 8215: 7973: 7811: 7467: 7057: 7031:Anthony, Carl (September 24, 2014). 6754:from the original on October 6, 2017 6603: 6504: 6479: 6398:John Missall, and Mary Lou Missall, 6373:Landry, Alysa (September 13, 2018). 6325:. Albany: New Netherland Institute. 5987:"Martin Van Buren: Domestic affairs" 5918: 5807: 5742: 5472:. Belknap & Hammersley. p. 5327: 5288: 5261: 4950: 4944: 4674: 4485: 4141: 3986:The Everything American History Book 3788: 3614: 3549: 3516: 3439: 1388:1817 New York gubernatorial election 10119:Vice President of the United States 10001:for President of the United States 9618:1840 Democratic National Convention 9533:1848 Democratic National Convention 9523:1844 Democratic National Convention 9503:1835 Democratic National Convention 9488:1832 Democratic National Convention 9382:U.S. Minister to the United Kingdom 9374:Vice President of the United States 9277:American Presidents: Life Portraits 9261:"Life Portrait of Martin Van Buren" 8660:. New York, New York: Times Books. 8115:from the original on April 13, 2022 8048: 8018: 8006:from the original on March 28, 2017 7122:from the original on March 28, 2017 7073:. Washington: Library of Congress. 6704:from the original on March 18, 2017 6585:from the original on March 18, 2017 6579:"Martin Van Buren: Foreign Affairs" 6461:from the original on August 7, 2020 6448: 6221:from the original on March 17, 2017 5888:Bomboy, Scott (December 19, 2016). 5650:from the original on April 15, 2022 4881: 4657:Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren 3326:Silbey, Joel (September 26, 2016). 2759:1848 Democratic National Convention 2703: 2666:1844 Democratic National Convention 2601: 2534:1840 Democratic National Convention 2348:Northern Maine: the Aroostook "War" 2229: 1848:1835 Democratic National Convention 1769:1832 Democratic National Convention 989:1832 Democratic National Convention 628:Kinderhook Reformed Church Cemetery 136:Vice President of the United States 13: 19690:United States secretaries of state 19675:Reformed Church in America members 13119:United States Secretaries of State 9293:Works by or about Martin Van Buren 9157:Martin Van Buren: A Resource Guide 9093: 8695: 8677:The Presidency of Martin Van Buren 8372:from the original on June 24, 2016 8176:from the original on April 7, 2017 7987:Encyclopedia of American Biography 7641: 7002:"Van Buren's Presidential Hostess" 6269:Cherokee Removal: Before and After 5836:from the original on March 3, 2022 5712:from the original on June 14, 2018 5517:. Facts on File, Inc. p. 81. 5445:. Thomson Wadsworth. p. 327. 3952:from the original on April 3, 2019 3596:from the original on April 2, 2015 3391:from the original on March 6, 2017 3338:from the original on June 15, 2018 3092: 2825:up to that point in U.S. history. 1988:of Kentucky represented the West. 1775:(Calhoun's favored candidate) and 1614:Jackson administration (1829–1837) 919:. Van Buren won the presidency in 14: 19721: 19570:American political party founders 9223:Inaugural Address (March 4, 1837) 9070: 8798:The Presidential Campaign of 1832 8540:Chronology of the U.S. Presidency 7929:from the original on May 14, 2019 7836:Dunlap, Leslie Whittaker (1988). 7654:from the original on June 6, 2021 6852:from the original on May 12, 2017 6402:(Rowman & Littlefield, 2019). 5993:from the original on May 17, 2021 4654:Stoddard, William Osborn (1887). 3946:"Martin Van Buren: Life in Brief" 3158:Martin Van Buren appeared in the 2907:as a sop to Southern extremists. 2877:. Van Buren viewed the fledgling 2096: 1963:during his presidency, c. 1837-38 1545: 1373: 1008:was further marred by the costly 868:[ˈmaːrtə(n)vɑm‿ˈbyːrə(n)] 666:5 ft 6 in (1.68 m) 19665:People from Kinderhook, New York 19635:New York State attorneys general 19565:American people of Dutch descent 18115: 18105: 18096: 18095: 17357: 17126: 16656:High School Democrats of America 16588:Democratic Governors Association 16545:Congressional Progressive Caucus 15314:2020 (Milwaukee/other locations) 14364: 13150: 12406: 11638: 11258: 11248: 11239: 11238: 10872: 10863: 10862: 10092:United States Secretary of State 9780: 9779: 9566:Inauguration of Martin Van Buren 9393:United States Secretary of State 9309: 9144:"Martin Van Buren (id: V000009)" 9105: 8702:Bibliography of Martin Van Buren 8384: 8358: 8332: 8301: 8285: 8258: 8209: 8188: 8158: 8134:Fletcher, Dan (March 10, 2009). 8127: 8076: 7992: 7979: 7941: 7910: 7883: 7862: 7829: 7521: 7348: 7063: 7024: 6994: 6924: 6894: 6864: 6834: 6821: 6791: 6788:(Oxford University Press, 1997). 6778: 6740: 6716: 6690: 6644:The International History Review 6635: 6597: 6483:History of the Westward Movement 6473: 6392: 6366: 6341: 6285: 6260: 6233: 6117: 6090: 6063: 6005: 5881: 5848: 5774: 5748: 5662: 5579: 5504: 5459: 5432: 5333: 5294: 5255: 5188: 5161: 5086: 5043: 5023:Heller III, J. Roderick (2010). 5016: 4355: 4016:. Cooke & Company. pp. 4010:Mackenzie, William Lyon (1846). 3944:Silbey, Joel (October 4, 2016). 3884: 3471:from the original on May 7, 2022 3465:"Our Non-Anglo-Saxon Presidents" 2964:Kinderhook Reformed Dutch Church 2312:During the Canadian rebellions, 2011: 1854:of Kentucky, and former Senator 1785:Second Bank of the United States 1610:, to important state positions. 905:United States secretary of state 817: 769: 239:United States Secretary of State 19670:Presidents of the United States 19660:New York (state) state senators 19485:19th-century American diplomats 16523:Steering and Outreach Committee 10247:Presidents of the United States 9217:Miller Center of Public Affairs 9033:. New York: Hurd and Houghton. 8537:Manweller, Mathew, ed. (2012). 8083:Hummel, Jeffrey Rogers (1999). 7917:Glass, Andrew (July 21, 2014). 5855:Blake, Aaron (August 3, 2016). 4875: 4848: 4660:. Frederick A. Stokes. p. 4647: 4404: 4361: 4242: 4213: 4169:Eisenhower, John S. D. (1997). 4162: 4135: 4108: 4003: 3976: 3905: 3885:Lazo, Caroline Evensen (2005). 3878: 3809: 3782: 3759: 3732: 3705: 3666: 3628:Alexander, De Alva S. Alexander 3620: 3582: 3543: 3510: 3483: 3119: 2950:Van Buren's grave in Kinderhook 2792:, son of late former President 2695:After taking office, Polk used 2630:, and others. President Tyler, 2396:case: victory for the ex-slaves 2264:began recruiting volunteers in 1874:Van Buren's competitors in the 1492:congressional nominating caucus 950:, where most residents were of 903:'s administration as the tenth 688: 10146:President of the United States 9363:President of the United States 9173:The Papers of Martin Van Buren 8622:– via Project Gutenberg. 8308:U.S. Mint (January 28, 2021). 8265:Loizeau, Pierre-Marie (2008). 7869:Butler, William Allen (1862). 7258:Tennessee Historical Quarterly 4220:Marsh, Dwight Whitney (1895). 3766:Koenig, Louis William (1960). 3739:Loizeau, Pierre-Marie (2008). 3457: 3403: 3362:"Martin Van Buren (1833–1837)" 3244: 3165: 2889:'s ruling in the 1857 case of 2334:Canada–United States relations 2160:during the Second Seminole War 1940:Presidency of Martin Van Buren 1887:of Indiana. Besides endorsing 1641:, a leader of the "petticoats" 1598:, and the Anti-Masonic Party. 1024:. In 1840, Van Buren lost his 970:in 1821. As the leader of the 881:president of the United States 79:President of the United States 1: 19650:New York (state) Free Soilers 19620:Governors of New York (state) 17008:American Anti-Slavery Society 12595:Attorneys General of New York 12158:indicate acting officeholders 8771:Journal of the Early Republic 7528:Ferrell, Claudine L. (2006). 6656:10.1080/07075332.2015.1070892 5587:Journal of the Early Republic 5056:. ABC-CLIO, Inc. p. 30. 3590:"Martin Van Buren, 1782–1862" 3262: 2828: 2720: 2559:1839 Whig National Convention 2514:Presidential election of 1840 2490:As the nation endured a deep 2454:United States district courts 2377:mobilized the state militia. 2254:Battle of Montgomery's Tavern 1819:Presidential election of 1836 1793:presidential election of 1832 1745: 1476:presidential election of 1824 1273: 1221:admission to the New York bar 64: 16624:College Democrats of America 13704:Ministers Plenipotentiary to 13652:Ministers Plenipotentiary to 13127:Secretary of Foreign Affairs 9828:Attorney General of New York 9731:Angelica Singleton Van Buren 9597:United States v. The Amistad 9420:Attorney General of New York 8795:Gammon, Samuel Rhea (1922). 6097:Churella, Albert J. (2013). 5613:Irelan, John Robert (1887). 5466:Holland, William M. (1836). 3989:. Adams Media. p. 295. 3517:Kane, Joseph Nathan (1998). 3415:New Netherland Institute.org 3047: 2402:United States v. The Amistad 1629:Presidency of Andrew Jackson 1431:Entry into national politics 1207:, a political lieutenant of 911:, and ultimately the eighth 895:, then briefly as the ninth 387:Attorney General of New York 7: 19685:Trail of Tears perpetrators 19575:Burials in New York (state) 18101:All presidential candidates 14587:1860 (Charleston/Baltimore) 9308:(public domain audiobooks) 8970:. Wiley. pp. 109–154. 8216:Hanc, John (June 6, 2016). 7919:"Van Buren slips into coma" 6449:Neu, C. T. (June 9, 2010). 6350:Emerson: Political Writings 5511:Purcell, L. Edward (2010). 5301:Risjord, Norman K. (2001). 4417:. Basic Books. p. 55. 4411:Keyssar, Alexander (2000). 4249:Lewis, Benjamin F. (1819). 3279:, Times Books, 2005, p. 2. 3206: 3153: 3136:graduate and member of the 2837:Photograph of Van Buren by 2686:1844 gubernatorial election 2597:Post-presidency (1841–1862) 2528:1840 electoral vote results 2295:Canada–United States border 2213:Border violence with Canada 1870:1836 electoral vote results 1740:A painting of Van Buren by 1285:Democratic-Republican Party 1153:Democratic-Republican Party 960:Democratic-Republican Party 889:New York's attorney general 649:(1825–1848, from 1852) 10: 19726: 19645:New York (state) Democrats 16701:2017 chairmanship election 16696:2005 chairmanship election 16651:Young Democrats of America 9901:Senate Judiciary Committee 9708:Family of Martin Van Buren 9634:Papers of Martin Van Buren 9412:U.S. Senator from New York 9019:Van Buren, Martin (1867). 8780:December 24, 2019, at the 8699: 8580:Nowlan, Robert A. (2012). 8419: 6604:Ross, Robert Budd (1890). 6348:Sacks, Kenneth S. (2008). 6267:Anderson, William (1991). 5675:. CQ Press. p. 1962. 5596:February 21, 2022, at the 5168:Watson, Robert P. (2012). 5093:Cheathem, Mark R. (2015). 4258:. Newburgh. Archived from 3983:McGeehan, John R. (2007). 3490:Roberts, James A. (1898). 3170:Van Buren is portrayed by 3126:1988 presidential campaign 3051: 2852:Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 2755:1848 presidential election 2690:1844 presidential election 2652:killed Secretary of State 2517: 2496:Queen of the United States 2437: 2399: 2305: 2233: 2107:Indian Removal Act of 1830 2061:, believed that Jackson's 2041:would become known as the 2015: 1976:and Secretary of the Navy 1948: 1944: 1937: 1839:1836 presidential election 1822: 1622: 1553:1828 presidential election 1457:Senate Judiciary Committee 1380:1816 presidential election 1332:1812 presidential election 1293:6th Congressional District 1151:, and he later joined the 1097:Van Buren's birthplace by 1089:Family of Martin Van Buren 1086: 980:1828 presidential election 941:1848 presidential election 184:United States Minister to 25: 21:Van Buren (disambiguation) 18: 19429: 19404: 19377: 19360: 19330: 19303: 19286: 19251: 19224: 19207: 19135: 19093: 19064: 19046: 19013: 18969: 18934: 18883: 18811: 18760: 18735: 18684: 18612: 18583: 18544: 18533: 18511: 18493: 18476: 18404: 18368: 18341: 18330: 18288: 18249:National Republican Party 18246: 18218: 18190: 18179: 18091: 17529: 17525: 17460: 17435: 17404: 17385: 17368:Secretary of the Treasury 17366: 17355: 17338: 17259: 17234: 17203: 17178: 17137:Secretary of the Treasury 17135: 17124: 17089: 17000: 16954: 16923: 16892: 16851: 16810: 16769: 16762: 16716:Weekly Democratic Address 16668: 16644:Stonewall Young Democrats 16616: 16570: 16505: 16494: 16192: 15909: 15724: 15475: 15357: 14455: 14415: 14362: 14096: 13859:Ambassadors Extraordinary 13858: 13702:Envoys Extraordinary and 13701: 13651: 13602: 13159: 13148: 13125: 13078: 12601: 12415: 12404: 12205: 12151: 11647: 11636: 11320: 11234: 10926: 10858: 10730: 10253: 10213: 10184: 10175: 10167: 10162: 10152: 10143: 10135: 10125: 10116: 10108: 10098: 10089: 10081: 10071: 10062: 10054: 10049: 10039: 10027: 10022: 10012: 9993: 9985: 9975: 9960: 9952: 9942: 9927: 9922: 9917: 9907: 9897: 9889: 9879: 9859: 9851: 9844: 9834: 9825: 9817: 9812: 9807: 9746: 9700: 9642: 9626: 9556: 9430: 9354: 9302:Works by Martin Van Buren 9284:Works by Martin Van Buren 9234:January 20, 2005, at the 9211:October 30, 2011, at the 8922:Sellers, Charles (1992). 8810:Holt, Michael F. (1999). 8751:Curtis, James C. (1970). 8675:Wilson, Major L. (1984). 7642:Blaine, James Gillespie. 7531:The Abolitionist Movement 6246:. Greenwood. p. 39. 5262:Polk, James Knox (1886). 5195:Watson, Harry L. (2006). 4855:Benjamin, Gerald (2012). 4368:Allen, Oliver E. (1993). 3789:Foss, William O. (2005). 3550:Foss, William O. (2005). 3160:Presidential dollar coins 2973: 2745:had favored the eventual 2174:Battle of Lake Okeechobee 2078:independent U.S. treasury 1425:constitutional convention 1356:New York Attorney General 1309:Columbia County, New York 1012:and his refusal to admit 966:, and was elected to the 806: 793:The Red Fox of Kinderhook 777: 765: 748: 738: 721: 706: 670: 662: 633: 623: 602: 575: 570: 566: 556: 544: 533: 528:Columbia County, New York 522: 496: 484: 466: 454: 442: 430: 403: 392: 384: 372: 360: 349: 340: 328: 316: 306: 295: 287: 275: 263: 255: 244: 236: 223: 211: 203: 192: 182: 172: 160: 152: 141: 133: 121: 109: 95: 84: 76: 72: 56: 49: 19655:New York (state) lawyers 19580:Claverack College alumni 19550:American autobiographers 17414:Benjamin Franklin Butler 17225:Benjamin Franklin Butler 16471:Northern Mariana Islands 13863:the Court of St. James's 13706:the Court of St. James's 13654:the Court of St. James's 9918:Party political offices 9802:Offices and distinctions 9772:Richard Mentor Johnson → 9759:William Henry Harrison → 9266:January 6, 2019, at the 9247:"Martin Van Buren" 9219:, University of Virginia 9195:August 20, 2019, at the 9142:United States Congress. 8964:Silbey, Joel H. (2014). 8945:Silbey, Joel H. (2009). 8058:Doucet, Bradley (2013). 7321:, pp. 520–521, 525. 6480:Merk, Frederick (1978). 6455:Handbook of Texas Online 6240:Sturgis, Amy H. (2006). 6070:Leonard, Gerald (2002). 5781:Singer, Alan J. (2008). 5702:"Presidential Elections" 5669:Nelson, Michael (2013). 5417:, pp. 303, 306–307. 5340:Haynes, Stan M. (2012). 5224:, pp. 266, 269–270. 4773:, pp. 202–203, 209. 4620:, pp. 158, 160–161. 3915:The Presidents Fact Book 3816:Bright, John W. (1970). 3770:The Invisible Presidency 3525:. Random House. p. 3237: 3097: 3012:considered to be average 2941: 2591:Tippecanoe and Tyler Too 2387:Webster–Ashburton Treaty 2302:Patriot War of 1837–1838 2180: 1974:Benjamin Franklin Butler 1959:Van Buren as painted by 1453:Senate Finance Committee 1083:Early life and education 999:, which centered on his 799:The Mistletoe Politician 491:Edward Philip Livingston 462:from the Middle district 19630:Leaders of Tammany Hall 17033:Radical Democracy Party 16681:Presidential candidates 13861:and Plenipotentiary to 9911:John Macpherson Berrien 9721:(maternal half-brother) 9528:Barnburners and Hunkers 9253:Encyclopædia Britannica 9199:(Online Collection) at 9178:April 17, 2016, at the 8789:U.S. Catholic Historian 8493:The American Presidency 8228:Smithsonian Institution 8195:Gannett, Henry (1905). 7008:. Library of Congress. 6936:Federal Judicial Center 3199:" is about a fictional 3189:On the television show 3002:of Martin Van Buren by 2731:Barnburners and Hunkers 2201:to acquire Texas", and 2199:slaveholding conspiracy 1133:Buurmalsen, Netherlands 19545:American abolitionists 19004:Theodore Frelinghuysen 18711:William Henry Harrison 18553:William Henry Harrison 18121:Third-party candidates 17747:Winfield Scott Hancock 17637:William Henry Harrison 17013:Anti-Nebraska movement 16560:Problem Solvers Caucus 16555:New Democrat Coalition 15409:(1885–1889; 1893–1897) 10345:William Henry Harrison 10156:William Henry Harrison 10129:Richard Mentor Johnson 9979:Richard Mentor Johnson 9463:Tariff of Abominations 9225:, at the Miller Center 9162:June 12, 2017, at the 9101: 9077:Listen to this article 8745:Presidential Selection 8490:; Dyer, Davis (eds.). 8089:The Independent Review 6733:June 27, 2023, at the 6698:"1837 – Aroostook War" 6515:Eisenhower, John S. D. 6045:. Macmillen. pp. 4882:Neu, Irene D. (1960). 4142:Vile, John R. (2001). 4115:Hannings, Bud (2012). 3521:Presidential Fact Book 3045: 3007: 2951: 2925:After the election of 2922: 2905:Lecompton Constitution 2892:Dred Scott v. Sandford 2842: 2815: 2726: 2620:Southern United States 2551:William Henry Harrison 2529: 2344: 2262:William Lyon Mackenzie 2250:responsible government 2226: 2161: 2033: 1964: 1934:Presidency (1837–1841) 1885:William Henry Harrison 1871: 1777:Richard Mentor Johnson 1749: 1642: 1516:Stephen Van Rensselaer 1279: 1264:Early political career 1233: 1109: 1101: 1030:William Henry Harrison 946:Van Buren was born in 863: 479:(multimember district) 178:Richard Mentor Johnson 128:William Henry Harrison 104:Richard Mentor Johnson 17462:Secretary of the Navy 17395:Joel Roberts Poinsett 17261:Secretary of the Navy 10575:Franklin D. Roosevelt 9548:Reformed Dutch Church 9240:National Park Service 9184:Cumberland University 9100: 8391:Delaney, Tim (2006). 6164:Morison, Samuel Eliot 5589:11.3 (1991): 339–369 5439:Murrin, John (2009). 3912:Matuz, Roger (2012). 3041: 2997: 2979:Historical reputation 2949: 2913: 2836: 2810: 2790:Charles Francis Adams 2711: 2624:Western United States 2527: 2434:Judicial appointments 2342: 2220: 2155: 2025: 1994:Joel Roberts Poinsett 1958: 1889:internal improvements 1869: 1758:ambassador to Britain 1739: 1636: 1623:Further information: 1532:internal improvements 1504:presidential electors 1320:New York State Senate 1271: 1229: 1190:and his son Francis. 1135:who had emigrated to 1107: 1096: 1087:Further information: 964:New York State Senate 641:Democratic-Republican 475:Serving with 342:United States Senator 19434:Other 1848 elections 19140:Other 1844 elections 18816:Other 1840 elections 18617:Other 1836 elections 18409:Other 1832 elections 17825:Charles Evans Hughes 17476:James Kirke Paulding 17028:North American Party 16924:National conventions 16894:National Union Party 16763:Presidential tickets 16461:District of Columbia 15134:1984 (San Francisco) 15029:1964 (Atlantic City) 14809:1920 (San Francisco) 11310:lieutenant governors 11082:Charles W. Fairbanks 11010:John C. Breckinridge 10595:Dwight D. Eisenhower 10065:Governor of New York 9934:Governor of New York 9586:Treaty of New Echota 9581:Independent Treasury 9404:Governor of New York 9132:More spoken articles 8993:Kessinger Publishing 8773:1.3 (1981): 249-267 8558:Niven, John (1983). 8028:Eland, Ivan (2009). 7989:(1974) pp 1120–1122. 5252:, pp. 224, 248. 5134:, pp. 249, 253. 3673:Sidey, Hugh (1999). 3195:, the 1997 episode " 3030:balancing the budget 2918:, on display at the 2903:poorly, and saw the 2865:, James Buchanan in 2857:Van Buren supported 2738:Mexican–American War 2569:. Whig leaders like 2563:Battle of Tippecanoe 2240:British subjects in 2221:"Destruction of the 2111:Treaty of New Echota 1998:Nullification Crisis 1908:Willie Person Mangum 1856:William Cabell Rives 1797:Nullification Crisis 1596:National Republicans 1445:Era of Good Feelings 1441:United States Senate 1217:Robert R. Livingston 1114:Kinderhook, New York 1001:Independent Treasury 968:United States Senate 962:, won a seat in the 948:Kinderhook, New York 897:governor of New York 695:; died 597:Province of New York 290:Governor of New York 19021:for Vice President: 17815:William Howard Taft 17707:George B. McClellan 17599:William H. Crawford 17555:Charles C. Pinckney 16955:Other party leaders 16946:1864 National Union 16639:Stonewall Democrats 15294:2016 (Philadelphia) 14949:1948 (Philadelphia) 14889:1936 (Philadelphia) 14435:Fourth Party System 14425:Second Party System 11052:Thomas A. Hendricks 10525:William Howard Taft 10445:Rutherford B. Hayes 10024:New political party 9924:New political party 9821:Abraham Van Vechten 9508:Second Party System 9168:Library of Congress 8803:Johns Hopkins Press 8791:38.1 (2020): 25–48. 8512:Howe, Daniel Walker 7790:, pp. 605–606. 7778:, pp. 604–605. 7703:, pp. 598–602. 7632:, pp. 587–589. 7617:, pp. 585–586. 7605:, pp. 581–585. 7581:, pp. 575–576. 7569:, pp. 193–194. 7557:, pp. 567–570. 7518:, pp. 570–571. 7494:, pp. 564–565. 7482:, pp. 550–556. 7446:, pp. 547–548. 7434:, pp. 541–542. 7422:, pp. 539–540. 7386:, pp. 535–538. 7374:, pp. 533–534. 7345:, pp. 528–529. 7333:, pp. 525–527. 7297:, pp. 518–520. 7285:, pp. 516–520. 7243:, pp. 504–505. 7219:, pp. 488–494. 7207:, pp. 487–488. 7195:, pp. 478–479. 7183:, pp. 206–207. 7171:, pp. 203–204. 7159:, pp. 199–200. 7098:, pp. 191–195. 6872:"A Brief Narrative" 6726:47.1 (2013): 68-93 6687:, pp. 164–166. 6436:, pp. 151–152. 5862:The Washington Post 5745:, pp. 508–509. 5564:, pp. 355–358. 5552:, pp. 330–334. 5540:, pp. 330–332. 5489:, pp. 321–322. 5429:, pp. 307–308. 5405:, pp. 301–303. 5393:, pp. 300–301. 5122:, pp. 249–253. 5013:, pp. 245–247. 5001:, pp. 261–262. 4989:, pp. 250–252. 4935:, pp. 229–231. 4911:, pp. 218–219. 4833:, pp. 214–215. 4821:, pp. 211–212. 4797:, pp. 206–208. 4761:, pp. 194–196. 4737:, pp. 196–199. 4725:, pp. 178–181. 4701:, pp. 177–178. 4689:, pp. 163–164. 4644:, pp. 164–165. 4608:, pp. 157–158. 4596:, pp. 156–157. 4584:, pp. 152–153. 4572:, pp. 151–152. 4560:, pp. 146–148. 4548:, pp. 145–146. 4536:, pp. 143–144. 4524:, pp. 139–140. 4512:, pp. 129–130. 4500:, pp. 126–127. 3454:, pp. 153–165. 3301:Library of Congress 3026:government spending 3018:, in his 2009 book 2985:Second Party System 2897:Missouri Compromise 2538:Baltimore, Maryland 2500:White House grounds 2492:economic depression 2460:White House hostess 2450:Peter Vivian Daniel 2170:Second Seminole War 2139:Ralph Waldo Emerson 2091:Federal Reserve Act 2067:1838 election cycle 1928:Second Party System 1924:Second Party System 1829:Second Party System 1684:Maysville Road veto 1652:British West Indies 1508:contingent election 1449:William H. Crawford 1354:to the position of 1205:William P. Van Ness 1200:John Peter Van Ness 1176:Washington Seminary 1149:American Revolution 1122:Hudson River Valley 1041:annexation of Texas 1010:Second Seminole War 935:leader who led the 790:The Little Magician 437:Abraham Van Vechten 19585:Deaths from asthma 19417:Joshua R. Giddings 18957:Richard M. Johnson 18520:Richard M. Johnson 18333:Anti-Masonic Party 18234:Richard M. Johnson 17697:Stephen A. Douglas 17437:Postmaster General 17340:Secretary of State 17236:Postmaster General 17091:Secretary of State 16540:Blue Dog Coalition 15214:2000 (Los Angeles) 15069:1972 (Miami Beach) 15009:1960 (Los Angeles) 14789:1916 (Saint Louis) 14743:1904 (Saint Louis) 14730:1900 (Kansas City) 14691:1888 (Saint Louis) 14652:1876 (Saint Louis) 14445:Sixth Party System 14440:Fifth Party System 14430:Third Party System 13164:1789–present 13161:Secretary of State 11172:Nelson Rockefeller 11094:Thomas R. Marshall 11076:Theodore Roosevelt 11040:William A. Wheeler 10980:Richard M. Johnson 10962:Daniel D. Tompkins 10515:Theodore Roosevelt 10050:Political offices 9868:Served alongside: 9691:The Van Buren Boys 9651:Recarving Rushmore 9608:Gold Spoon Oration 9102: 9021:Van Buren, Abraham 9012:Books by Van Buren 8904:39.4 (1958): 341+. 8602:Shepard, Edward M. 8226:. Washington, DC: 8065:Le Québécois Libre 7506:, p. 543–544. 7039:on August 13, 2018 6965:Caroli, Betty Boyd 6700:. Historycentral. 5894:Constitution Daily 4958:"Martin Van Buren" 3328:"Martin Van Buren" 3197:The Van Buren Boys 3021:Recarving Rushmore 3010:His presidency is 3008: 2952: 2932:American Civil War 2923: 2871:Stephen A. Douglas 2848:Compromise of 1850 2843: 2727: 2530: 2508:Gold Spoon Oration 2471:Angelica Singleton 2345: 2270:Republic of Canada 2227: 2162: 2034: 2029:Balaam and His Ass 1965: 1872: 1852:Richard M. Johnson 1754:recess appointment 1750: 1710:First Seminole War 1643: 1619:Secretary of State 1584:Anti-Masonic Party 1564:Thomas Hart Benton 1536:Congress of Panama 1528:Secretary of State 1384:Peter Buell Porter 1301:Daniel D. Tompkins 1280: 1242:Catskill, New York 1236:Van Buren married 1234: 1172:Kinderhook Academy 1157:town of Kinderhook 1110: 1102: 1099:John Warner Barber 1067:, Van Buren was a 1065:American Civil War 954:descent and spoke 411:Daniel D. Tompkins 186:the United Kingdom 19457: 19456: 19451: 19450: 19425: 19424: 19356: 19355: 19321:William O. Butler 19282: 19281: 19157: 19156: 19131: 19130: 19042: 19041: 18965: 18964: 18833: 18832: 18807: 18806: 18756: 18755: 18634: 18633: 18608: 18607: 18529: 18528: 18426: 18425: 18400: 18399: 18379:John Quincy Adams 18326: 18325: 18284: 18283: 18242: 18241: 18229:Philip P. Barbour 18129: 18128: 18087: 18086: 18003:George H. W. Bush 17777:Benjamin Harrison 17647:Hugh Lawson White 17627:John Quincy Adams 17485: 17484: 17451:John Milton Niles 17290: 17289: 17105:Edward Livingston 17041: 17040: 16977:William H. Seward 16919: 16918: 16865:William L. Dayton 16724: 16723: 16664: 16663: 16550:Justice Democrats 16174:Wasserman Schultz 14665:1880 (Cincinnati) 14574:1856 (Cincinnati) 14373: 14372: 14055: 14054: 13764:chargé d'affaires 13739:chargé d'affaires 13692:chargé d'affaires 13611: 13610: 13085: 13084: 12561: 12560: 12165: 12164: 11667:J. Van Rensselaer 11662:S. Van Rensselaer 11272: 11271: 11184:George H. W. Bush 11148:Lyndon B. Johnson 11046:Chester A. Arthur 10886: 10885: 10665:George H. W. Bush 10615:Lyndon B. Johnson 10545:Warren G. Harding 10485:Benjamin Harrison 10465:Chester A. Arthur 10455:James A. Garfield 10315:John Quincy Adams 10265:George Washington 10200: 10199: 10195: 10194: 10185:Succeeded by 10163:Diplomatic posts 10153:Succeeded by 10126:Succeeded by 10102:Edward Livingston 10099:Succeeded by 10072:Succeeded by 10058:Nathaniel Pitcher 10040:Succeeded by 10013:Succeeded by 9976:Succeeded by 9943:Succeeded by 9908:Succeeded by 9883:Charles E. Dudley 9880:Succeeded by 9866:1821–1828 9835:Succeeded by 9794: 9793: 9767:← John C. Calhoun 9733:(daughter-in-law) 9725:Abraham Van Buren 9719:James I. Van Alen 9713:Abraham Van Buren 9288:Project Gutenberg 9098: 9061:978-0-678-00531-6 9040:978-1-4181-2924-8 9002:978-1-163-19693-9 8991:. Whitefish, MT: 8977:978-1-118-60929-3 8956:978-0-7006-1640-4 8933:978-0-19-503889-7 8893:978-0-231-02288-0 8876:Remini, Robert V. 8864:Mushkat, Jerome. 8857:978-0-313-30828-4 8821:978-0-19-505544-3 8801:. Baltimore, MD: 8762:978-0-8131-1214-5 8736:978-0-19-516716-0 8710:Alexander, Holmes 8686:978-0-7006-0238-4 8667:978-0-8050-6922-8 8643:978-0-7425-2243-5 8593:978-0-7864-6336-7 8569:978-0-945707-25-7 8550:978-1-59884-645-4 8529:978-0-19-507894-7 8503:978-0-618-38273-6 8475:978-0-691-64025-9 8451:978-0-8078-3323-0 8404:978-1-6159-2084-6 8316:(Press release). 8278:978-1-60456-773-1 8041:978-1-59813-022-5 7903:978-1-881846-07-9 7855:978-0-8108-2114-9 7541:978-0-313-33180-0 6980:978-0-19-516676-7 6606:"The Patriot War" 6559:978-0-395-78889-9 6528:978-0-8061-3128-3 6497:978-0-394-41175-0 6359:978-0-521-88369-6 6278:978-0-8203-1254-5 6253:978-0-313-33658-4 6191:, pp. 61–62. 6153:, pp. 58–62. 6137:978-0-7614-7758-7 6110:978-0-8122-0762-0 6083:978-0-8078-2744-4 6056:978-0-8050-6942-6 6025:978-0-7425-1189-7 5945:, pp. 37–40. 5794:978-0-7914-7509-6 5733:, pp. 17–18. 5682:978-1-4522-3428-1 5576:, pp. 14–15. 5524:978-1-4381-3071-2 5452:978-0-495-56598-7 5381:, pp. 81–82. 5369:, pp. 10–11. 5353:978-0-7864-9030-1 5314:978-0-7425-2083-7 5275:978-0-87049-947-0 5208:978-0-8090-6547-9 5181:978-1-4422-1834-5 5106:978-1-61069-406-3 5063:978-1-59884-017-9 5036:978-0-8071-3742-0 4895:978-0-8014-7645-7 4868:978-0-19-999635-3 4713:, pp. 27–28. 4452:, pp. 26–27. 4440:, pp. 92–93. 4424:978-0-465-01014-1 4401:, pp. 81–82. 4385:978-0-201-62463-2 4334:, pp. 64–65. 4310:, pp. 63–64. 4298:, pp. 61–62. 4286:, pp. 58–59. 4265:on April 15, 2021 4239:, pp. 51–52. 4210:, pp. 48–50. 4182:978-0-8061-3128-3 4155:978-1-57607-202-8 4128:978-0-7864-6385-5 4105:, pp. 41–42. 4093:, pp. 33–39. 4081:, pp. 29–32. 4069:, pp. 25–26. 4057:, pp. 23–24. 4045:, pp. 18–22. 3996:978-1-60550-265-6 3925:978-1-57912-889-0 3898:978-0-8225-1394-0 3875:, pp. 15–17. 3863:, pp. 14–15. 3851:, pp. 10–11. 3802:978-0-7864-2382-8 3752:978-1-60456-773-1 3725:978-1-4576-4862-5 3686:978-0-912308-73-9 3563:978-0-7864-2382-8 3536:978-0-375-70244-0 3503:978-0-8063-0496-0 3467:. July 25, 2012. 3358:Hatfield, Mark O. 3303:. December 2011. 3174:in the 1997 film 3130:George H. W. Bush 3004:Daniel Huntington 2914:1858 portrait by 2861:for president in 2841:, circa 1855-1858 2794:John Quincy Adams 2775:Buffalo, New York 2612:Great Triumvirate 2467:Abraham Van Buren 2419:John Quincy Adams 2373:. Maine Governor 2367:Battle of Caribou 2244:(now Quebec) and 2187:Republic of Texas 2103:Mississippi River 1917:Twelfth Amendment 1881:Hugh Lawson White 1773:Philip P. Barbour 1742:Francis Alexander 1464:John Quincy Adams 1413:political machine 1186:at the office of 1161:James I. Van Alen 1129:Abraham Van Buren 864:Maarten van Buren 810: 809: 729:Abraham Van Buren 580:Maarten van Buren 551:James I. Van Alen 379:Charles E. Dudley 323:Nathaniel Pitcher 282:Edward Livingston 19717: 19700:Van Buren family 19470:Martin Van Buren 19405:Other candidates 19395:Charles F. Adams 19393:Vice President: 19387:Martin Van Buren 19375: 19374: 19348:Martin Van Buren 19331:Other candidates 19319:Vice President: 19301: 19300: 19289:Democratic Party 19252:Other candidates 19242:Millard Fillmore 19240:Vice President: 19222: 19221: 19184: 19177: 19170: 19161: 19160: 19082:Vice President: 19048: 19047: 19029:Millard Fillmore 19014:Other candidates 19002:Vice President: 18984: 18983: 18942:Martin Van Buren 18935:Other candidates 18925:George M. Dallas 18923:Vice President: 18898: 18897: 18886:Democratic Party 18860: 18853: 18846: 18837: 18836: 18787:Martin Van Buren 18775: 18774: 18763:Democratic Party 18736:Other candidates 18724:Vice President: 18699: 18698: 18661: 18654: 18647: 18638: 18637: 18574:Willie P. Mangum 18542: 18541: 18502:Martin Van Buren 18491: 18490: 18479:Democratic Party 18453: 18446: 18439: 18430: 18429: 18369:Other candidates 18357:Vice President: 18339: 18338: 18315:Vice President: 18297: 18296: 18273:Vice President: 18255: 18254: 18219:Other candidates 18209:Martin Van Buren 18207:Vice President: 18188: 18187: 18182:Democratic Party 18156: 18149: 18142: 18133: 18132: 18119: 18118: 18109: 18108: 18099: 18098: 17787:William J. Bryan 17767:Grover Cleveland 17737:Samuel J. Tilden 17657:Martin Van Buren 17535:Thomas Jefferson 17527: 17526: 17512: 17505: 17498: 17489: 17488: 17470:Mahlon Dickerson 17406:Attorney General 17387:Secretary of War 17361: 17360: 17331:Martin Van Buren 17317: 17310: 17303: 17294: 17293: 17281:Mahlon Dickerson 17244:William T. Barry 17205:Attorney General 17180:Secretary of War 17157:William J. Duane 17145:Samuel D. Ingham 17130: 17129: 17099:Martin Van Buren 17068: 17061: 17054: 17045: 17044: 17023:Conscience Whigs 16992:Francis P. Blair 16853:Republican Party 16838:George W. Julian 16824:Charles F. Adams 16820:Martin Van Buren 16767: 16766: 16751: 16744: 16737: 16728: 16727: 16629:Democrats Abroad 16518:Policy Committee 16503: 16502: 16486:Democrats Abroad 15274:2012 (Charlotte) 14769:1912 (Baltimore) 14639:1872 (Baltimore) 14561:1852 (Baltimore) 14548:1848 (Baltimore) 14535:1844 (Baltimore) 14522:1840 (Baltimore) 14509:1835 (Baltimore) 14496:1832 (Baltimore) 14409: 14408:Democratic Party 14400: 14393: 14386: 14377: 14376: 14368: 14082: 14075: 14068: 14059: 14058: 13638: 13631: 13624: 13615: 13614: 13154: 13153: 13112: 13105: 13098: 13089: 13088: 13071: 13064: 13057: 13050: 13043: 13036: 13029: 13022: 13015: 13008: 13001: 12994: 12987: 12980: 12973: 12966: 12959: 12952: 12945: 12938: 12931: 12924: 12917: 12910: 12903: 12896: 12889: 12882: 12875: 12868: 12861: 12854: 12847: 12840: 12833: 12826: 12819: 12812: 12805: 12798: 12791: 12784: 12777: 12770: 12763: 12756: 12749: 12742: 12735: 12728: 12721: 12714: 12707: 12700: 12693: 12686: 12679: 12672: 12665: 12658: 12651: 12644: 12637: 12630: 12623: 12616: 12609: 12588: 12581: 12574: 12565: 12564: 12410: 12192: 12185: 12178: 12169: 12168: 11642: 11641: 11299: 11292: 11285: 11276: 11275: 11262: 11261: 11252: 11251: 11242: 11241: 11136:Alben W. Barkley 11124:Henry A. Wallace 11106:Charles G. Dawes 11088:James S. Sherman 10998:Millard Fillmore 10992:George M. Dallas 10974:Martin Van Buren 10938:Thomas Jefferson 10913: 10906: 10899: 10890: 10889: 10876: 10875: 10866: 10865: 10505:William McKinley 10495:Grover Cleveland 10475:Grover Cleveland 10435:Ulysses S. Grant 10385:Millard Fillmore 10335:Martin Van Buren 10285:Thomas Jefferson 10240: 10233: 10226: 10217: 10216: 10204: 10203: 10168:Preceded by 10136:Preceded by 10109:Preceded by 10082:Preceded by 10055:Preceded by 9986:Preceded by 9953:Preceded by 9890:Preceded by 9852:Preceded by 9838:Thomas J. Oakley 9818:Preceded by 9810: 9809: 9798: 9797: 9783: 9782: 9752:← Andrew Jackson 9478:Petticoat affair 9468:Democratic Party 9423: 9415: 9407: 9396: 9385: 9377: 9366: 9348:Martin Van Buren 9341: 9334: 9327: 9318: 9317: 9313: 9312: 9297:Internet Archive 9257: 9249: 9153: 9122: 9120: 9109: 9108: 9099: 9089: 9087: 9083: 9078: 9065: 9044: 9006: 8981: 8960: 8937: 8918: 8902:New York History 8897: 8885: 8861: 8825: 8806: 8766: 8740: 8717: 8690: 8671: 8647: 8623: 8621: 8619: 8607:Martin Van Buren 8597: 8573: 8554: 8533: 8521: 8507: 8479: 8455: 8443: 8435: 8413: 8412: 8388: 8382: 8381: 8379: 8377: 8362: 8356: 8355: 8353: 8351: 8336: 8330: 8329: 8327: 8325: 8305: 8299: 8289: 8283: 8282: 8262: 8256: 8250: 8244: 8243: 8241: 8239: 8213: 8207: 8206: 8192: 8186: 8185: 8183: 8181: 8162: 8156: 8155: 8153: 8151: 8131: 8125: 8124: 8122: 8120: 8080: 8074: 8073: 8055: 8046: 8045: 8025: 8016: 8015: 8013: 8011: 7996: 7990: 7983: 7977: 7971: 7965: 7964: 7962: 7960: 7945: 7939: 7938: 7936: 7934: 7914: 7908: 7907: 7887: 7881: 7880: 7866: 7860: 7859: 7843: 7833: 7827: 7821: 7815: 7809: 7803: 7797: 7791: 7785: 7779: 7773: 7767: 7761: 7752: 7746: 7740: 7734: 7728: 7722: 7716: 7710: 7704: 7698: 7692: 7686: 7680: 7670: 7664: 7663: 7661: 7659: 7639: 7633: 7627: 7618: 7612: 7606: 7600: 7594: 7588: 7582: 7576: 7570: 7564: 7558: 7552: 7546: 7545: 7525: 7519: 7513: 7507: 7501: 7495: 7489: 7483: 7477: 7471: 7465: 7459: 7453: 7447: 7441: 7435: 7429: 7423: 7417: 7411: 7405: 7399: 7393: 7387: 7381: 7375: 7369: 7363: 7362: 7352: 7346: 7340: 7334: 7328: 7322: 7316: 7310: 7304: 7298: 7292: 7286: 7280: 7274: 7273: 7253: 7244: 7238: 7232: 7226: 7220: 7214: 7208: 7202: 7196: 7190: 7184: 7178: 7172: 7166: 7160: 7154: 7148: 7138: 7132: 7131: 7129: 7127: 7108: 7099: 7093: 7087: 7086: 7084: 7082: 7067: 7061: 7055: 7049: 7048: 7046: 7044: 7028: 7022: 7021: 7019: 7017: 6998: 6992: 6991: 6989: 6987: 6961: 6952: 6951: 6949: 6947: 6928: 6922: 6921: 6919: 6917: 6898: 6892: 6891: 6889: 6887: 6868: 6862: 6861: 6859: 6857: 6838: 6832: 6831:(Penguin, 2013). 6827:Marcus Rediker, 6825: 6819: 6818: 6812: 6810: 6795: 6789: 6782: 6776: 6770: 6764: 6763: 6761: 6759: 6744: 6738: 6720: 6714: 6713: 6711: 6709: 6694: 6688: 6682: 6676: 6675: 6639: 6633: 6627: 6618: 6617: 6615: 6613: 6601: 6595: 6594: 6592: 6590: 6575: 6564: 6563: 6539: 6533: 6532: 6511: 6502: 6501: 6477: 6471: 6470: 6468: 6466: 6446: 6437: 6431: 6422: 6412: 6403: 6396: 6390: 6389: 6387: 6385: 6370: 6364: 6363: 6345: 6339: 6338: 6336: 6334: 6319: 6313: 6312: 6310: 6308: 6293:"Trail of Tears" 6289: 6283: 6282: 6264: 6258: 6257: 6237: 6231: 6230: 6228: 6226: 6210: 6204: 6198: 6192: 6186: 6180: 6179: 6173: 6160: 6154: 6148: 6142: 6141: 6121: 6115: 6114: 6094: 6088: 6087: 6067: 6061: 6060: 6036: 6030: 6029: 6009: 6003: 6002: 6000: 5998: 5983: 5970: 5964: 5958: 5952: 5946: 5940: 5934: 5928: 5922: 5916: 5910: 5909: 5907: 5905: 5900:on March 8, 2017 5885: 5879: 5878: 5876: 5874: 5852: 5846: 5845: 5843: 5841: 5826: 5811: 5805: 5799: 5798: 5778: 5772: 5771: 5769: 5767: 5752: 5746: 5740: 5734: 5728: 5722: 5721: 5719: 5717: 5708:. A+E Networks. 5698: 5687: 5686: 5666: 5660: 5659: 5657: 5655: 5640: 5627: 5626: 5624: 5622: 5610: 5601: 5583: 5577: 5571: 5565: 5559: 5553: 5547: 5541: 5535: 5529: 5528: 5508: 5502: 5496: 5490: 5484: 5478: 5477: 5463: 5457: 5456: 5436: 5430: 5424: 5418: 5412: 5406: 5400: 5394: 5388: 5382: 5376: 5370: 5364: 5358: 5357: 5337: 5331: 5325: 5319: 5318: 5298: 5292: 5286: 5280: 5279: 5259: 5253: 5247: 5241: 5231: 5225: 5219: 5213: 5212: 5192: 5186: 5185: 5165: 5159: 5153: 5147: 5146:, pp. 9–10. 5141: 5135: 5129: 5123: 5117: 5111: 5110: 5090: 5084: 5074: 5068: 5067: 5047: 5041: 5040: 5020: 5014: 5008: 5002: 4996: 4990: 4984: 4978: 4977: 4975: 4973: 4954: 4948: 4942: 4936: 4930: 4924: 4918: 4912: 4906: 4900: 4899: 4879: 4873: 4872: 4852: 4846: 4840: 4834: 4828: 4822: 4816: 4810: 4804: 4798: 4792: 4786: 4780: 4774: 4768: 4762: 4756: 4750: 4744: 4738: 4732: 4726: 4720: 4714: 4708: 4702: 4696: 4690: 4684: 4678: 4672: 4666: 4665: 4651: 4645: 4639: 4633: 4627: 4621: 4615: 4609: 4603: 4597: 4591: 4585: 4579: 4573: 4567: 4561: 4555: 4549: 4543: 4537: 4531: 4525: 4519: 4513: 4507: 4501: 4495: 4489: 4483: 4477: 4471: 4465: 4459: 4453: 4447: 4441: 4435: 4429: 4428: 4408: 4402: 4396: 4390: 4389: 4365: 4359: 4353: 4347: 4341: 4335: 4329: 4323: 4317: 4311: 4305: 4299: 4293: 4287: 4281: 4275: 4274: 4272: 4270: 4264: 4257: 4246: 4240: 4234: 4228: 4227: 4217: 4211: 4205: 4199: 4193: 4187: 4186: 4166: 4160: 4159: 4139: 4133: 4132: 4112: 4106: 4100: 4094: 4088: 4082: 4076: 4070: 4064: 4058: 4052: 4046: 4040: 4034: 4028: 4022: 4021: 4007: 4001: 4000: 3980: 3974: 3968: 3962: 3961: 3959: 3957: 3941: 3930: 3929: 3909: 3903: 3902: 3888:Martin Van Buren 3882: 3876: 3870: 3864: 3858: 3852: 3846: 3840: 3834: 3828: 3827: 3813: 3807: 3806: 3786: 3780: 3779: 3773: 3763: 3757: 3756: 3736: 3730: 3729: 3709: 3703: 3697: 3691: 3690: 3670: 3664: 3658: 3652: 3651: 3624: 3618: 3612: 3606: 3605: 3603: 3601: 3586: 3580: 3574: 3568: 3567: 3547: 3541: 3540: 3524: 3514: 3508: 3507: 3487: 3481: 3480: 3478: 3476: 3461: 3455: 3449: 3443: 3442:, pp. 3, 9. 3437: 3431: 3430: 3428: 3426: 3407: 3401: 3400: 3398: 3396: 3390: 3375: 3366: 3354: 3348: 3347: 3345: 3343: 3323: 3317: 3316: 3314: 3312: 3293: 3287: 3277:Martin Van Buren 3273: 3256: 3248: 3006:in The Civil War 2989:Robert V. Remini 2883:Republican Party 2743:Founding Fathers 2725: 2724: 1849–1850 2722: 2715:of Van Buren by 2704:Election of 1848 2682:Millard Fillmore 2602:Election of 1844 2575:Thaddeus Stevens 2542:election in 1840 2371:Saint John River 2314:Charles Duncombe 2230:Caroline episode 2191:Texas Revolution 2130:internment camps 2039:financial crisis 1978:Mahlon Dickerson 1876:election of 1836 1843:Democratic Party 1747: 1722:William T. Barry 1696:Secretary of War 1688:Petticoat Affair 1625:Petticoat affair 1604:William L. Marcy 1496:Thomas Jefferson 1278: 1275: 1231:Hannah Van Buren 1196:Federalist Party 1141:Manhattan Island 1051:defeat Democrat 985:Petticoat affair 885:Democratic Party 878: 877: 876: 870: 854: 848: 847: 844: 843: 840: 837: 834: 830: 829: 826: 823: 813:Martin Van Buren 773: 743:Van Buren family 700: 698: 694: 690: 609: 590:December 5, 1782 589: 587: 571:Personal details 562:James Vanderpoel 559: 547: 538: 506:William C. Bouck 499: 487: 471: 460: 449:Thomas J. Oakley 445: 433: 397: 375: 363: 354: 331: 319: 300: 278: 266: 249: 226: 214: 197: 187: 175: 163: 146: 124: 112: 100: 89: 66: 61: 51:Martin Van Buren 47: 46: 19725: 19724: 19720: 19719: 19718: 19716: 19715: 19714: 19460: 19459: 19458: 19453: 19452: 19447: 19421: 19400: 19366: 19363:Free Soil Party 19352: 19326: 19292: 19278: 19264:John M. Clayton 19247: 19213: 19203: 19188: 19158: 19153: 19127: 19120:Vice President: 19089: 19076:James G. Birney 19060: 19038: 19009: 18975: 18961: 18930: 18889: 18879: 18864: 18834: 18829: 18803: 18796:Vice President: 18766: 18752: 18731: 18690: 18680: 18665: 18635: 18630: 18604: 18592:Francis Granger 18579: 18525: 18507: 18482: 18472: 18457: 18427: 18422: 18396: 18392:John C. Spencer 18389:Vice President: 18364: 18322: 18291:Nullifier Party 18280: 18238: 18226:Vice President: 18214: 18175: 18160: 18130: 18125: 18083: 18082: 18063:Hillary Clinton 17993:Michael Dukakis 17953:George McGovern 17943:Hubert Humphrey 17933:Barry Goldwater 17909:Adlai Stevenson 17895:Thomas E. Dewey 17885:Wendell Willkie 17805:Alton B. Parker 17757:James G. Blaine 17717:Horatio Seymour 17687:John C. Frémont 17521: 17516: 17486: 17481: 17456: 17431: 17426:Henry D. Gilpin 17400: 17381: 17362: 17358: 17353: 17334: 17321: 17291: 17286: 17255: 17230: 17213:John M. Berrien 17199: 17174: 17131: 17127: 17122: 17085: 17072: 17042: 17037: 16996: 16967:Salmon P. Chase 16950: 16941:1860 Republican 16936:1856 Republican 16915: 16902:Abraham Lincoln 16888: 16879:Hannibal Hamlin 16875:Abraham Lincoln 16861:John C. Frémont 16847: 16812:Free Soil Party 16806: 16793:James G. Birney 16779:James G. Birney 16758: 16755: 16725: 16720: 16660: 16612: 16566: 16497: 16490: 16197: 16195: 16188: 15911: 15905: 15798:C. A. Culberson 15744:J. W. Stevenson 15735: 15732: 15730: 15727: 15720: 15607:D. B. Culberson 15492: 15489: 15487: 15482: 15478: 15471: 15363:administrations 15361: 15353: 15174:1992 (New York) 15114:1980 (New York) 15094:1976 (New York) 14829:1924 (New York) 14626:1868 (New York) 14474: 14471: 14469: 14465: 14462: 14458: 14451: 14411: 14407: 14404: 14374: 14369: 14360: 14092: 14086: 14056: 14051: 13864: 13862: 13860: 13854: 13707: 13705: 13703: 13697: 13655: 13653: 13647: 13642: 13612: 13607: 13598: 13163: 13155: 13151: 13146: 13130:1781–1789 13129: 13121: 13116: 13086: 13081: 13074: 13067: 13060: 13053: 13046: 13039: 13032: 13025: 13018: 13011: 13004: 12997: 12990: 12983: 12976: 12969: 12962: 12955: 12948: 12941: 12934: 12927: 12920: 12913: 12906: 12899: 12892: 12885: 12878: 12871: 12864: 12857: 12850: 12843: 12836: 12829: 12822: 12815: 12808: 12801: 12794: 12787: 12780: 12773: 12766: 12759: 12752: 12745: 12738: 12731: 12724: 12717: 12710: 12703: 12696: 12689: 12682: 12675: 12668: 12661: 12654: 12647: 12640: 12633: 12626: 12619: 12612: 12605: 12597: 12592: 12562: 12557: 12411: 12402: 12201: 12196: 12166: 12161: 12147: 12137:Stewart-Cousins 12125:Stewart-Cousins 11649: 11643: 11639: 11634: 11316: 11303: 11273: 11268: 11230: 11229: 11154:Hubert Humphrey 11130:Harry S. Truman 11100:Calvin Coolidge 11064:Adlai Stevenson 11028:Schuyler Colfax 11016:Hannibal Hamlin 11004:William R. King 10968:John C. Calhoun 10922: 10917: 10887: 10882: 10854: 10780:F. D. Roosevelt 10732: 10726: 10725: 10724: 10605:John F. Kennedy 10585:Harry S. Truman 10555:Calvin Coolidge 10415:Abraham Lincoln 10395:Franklin Pierce 10255: 10249: 10244: 10209: 10201: 10196: 10191: 10181: 10173: 10158: 10149: 10141: 10131: 10122: 10114: 10112:John C. Calhoun 10104: 10095: 10087: 10077: 10068: 10060: 10045: 10034: 10018: 10003: 9991: 9981: 9970: 9958: 9956:John C. Calhoun 9948: 9937: 9913: 9904: 9895: 9885: 9867: 9865: 9857: 9840: 9831: 9823: 9803: 9795: 9790: 9742: 9696: 9662:Mount Van Buren 9638: 9622: 9576:Specie Circular 9552: 9538:Free Soil Party 9513:Seven Buildings 9483:Kitchen Cabinet 9426: 9418: 9410: 9399: 9388: 9380: 9369: 9358: 9350: 9345: 9310: 9268:Wayback Machine 9244: 9236:Wayback Machine 9213:Wayback Machine 9197:Wayback Machine 9180:Wayback Machine 9164:Wayback Machine 9136: 9135: 9124: 9118: 9116: 9113:This audio file 9110: 9103: 9094: 9091: 9085: 9081: 9080: 9076: 9073: 9068: 9062: 9041: 9025:Van Buren, John 9014: 9009: 9003: 8978: 8957: 8934: 8909:Schouler, James 8894: 8858: 8835:(2014): 107–129 8822: 8782:Wayback Machine 8763: 8737: 8704: 8698: 8696:Further reading 8693: 8687: 8668: 8644: 8628:Silbey, Joel H. 8617: 8615: 8594: 8570: 8551: 8530: 8504: 8476: 8452: 8428:Brooke, John L. 8422: 8417: 8416: 8405: 8389: 8385: 8375: 8373: 8364: 8363: 8359: 8349: 8347: 8338: 8337: 8333: 8323: 8321: 8306: 8302: 8297:E Pluribus Unum 8293:In God We Trust 8290: 8286: 8279: 8263: 8259: 8251: 8247: 8237: 8235: 8214: 8210: 8193: 8189: 8179: 8177: 8164: 8163: 8159: 8149: 8147: 8132: 8128: 8118: 8116: 8081: 8077: 8056: 8049: 8042: 8026: 8019: 8009: 8007: 7998: 7997: 7993: 7984: 7980: 7972: 7968: 7958: 7956: 7947: 7946: 7942: 7932: 7930: 7915: 7911: 7904: 7888: 7884: 7867: 7863: 7856: 7834: 7830: 7822: 7818: 7810: 7806: 7798: 7794: 7786: 7782: 7774: 7770: 7762: 7755: 7747: 7743: 7735: 7731: 7723: 7719: 7711: 7707: 7699: 7695: 7687: 7683: 7671: 7667: 7657: 7655: 7640: 7636: 7628: 7621: 7613: 7609: 7601: 7597: 7589: 7585: 7577: 7573: 7565: 7561: 7553: 7549: 7542: 7526: 7522: 7514: 7510: 7502: 7498: 7490: 7486: 7478: 7474: 7466: 7462: 7454: 7450: 7442: 7438: 7430: 7426: 7418: 7414: 7406: 7402: 7394: 7390: 7382: 7378: 7370: 7366: 7353: 7349: 7341: 7337: 7329: 7325: 7317: 7313: 7305: 7301: 7293: 7289: 7281: 7277: 7254: 7247: 7239: 7235: 7227: 7223: 7215: 7211: 7203: 7199: 7191: 7187: 7179: 7175: 7167: 7163: 7155: 7151: 7139: 7135: 7125: 7123: 7110: 7109: 7102: 7094: 7090: 7080: 7078: 7069: 7068: 7064: 7056: 7052: 7042: 7040: 7029: 7025: 7015: 7013: 7006:America's Story 7000: 6999: 6995: 6985: 6983: 6981: 6962: 6955: 6945: 6943: 6930: 6929: 6925: 6915: 6913: 6900: 6899: 6895: 6885: 6883: 6870: 6869: 6865: 6855: 6853: 6842:"Amistad Story" 6840: 6839: 6835: 6826: 6822: 6808: 6806: 6797: 6796: 6792: 6783: 6779: 6771: 6767: 6757: 6755: 6746: 6745: 6741: 6735:Wayback Machine 6721: 6717: 6707: 6705: 6696: 6695: 6691: 6683: 6679: 6640: 6636: 6628: 6621: 6611: 6609: 6602: 6598: 6588: 6586: 6577: 6576: 6567: 6560: 6540: 6536: 6529: 6512: 6505: 6498: 6478: 6474: 6464: 6462: 6447: 6440: 6432: 6425: 6413: 6406: 6397: 6393: 6383: 6381: 6371: 6367: 6360: 6346: 6342: 6332: 6330: 6321: 6320: 6316: 6306: 6304: 6291: 6290: 6286: 6279: 6265: 6261: 6254: 6238: 6234: 6224: 6222: 6211: 6207: 6199: 6195: 6187: 6183: 6161: 6157: 6149: 6145: 6138: 6122: 6118: 6111: 6095: 6091: 6084: 6068: 6064: 6057: 6037: 6033: 6026: 6010: 6006: 5996: 5994: 5985: 5984: 5973: 5965: 5961: 5953: 5949: 5941: 5937: 5929: 5925: 5917: 5913: 5903: 5901: 5886: 5882: 5872: 5870: 5853: 5849: 5839: 5837: 5828: 5827: 5814: 5806: 5802: 5795: 5779: 5775: 5765: 5763: 5754: 5753: 5749: 5741: 5737: 5729: 5725: 5715: 5713: 5700: 5699: 5690: 5683: 5667: 5663: 5653: 5651: 5642: 5641: 5630: 5620: 5618: 5611: 5604: 5598:Wayback Machine 5584: 5580: 5572: 5568: 5560: 5556: 5548: 5544: 5536: 5532: 5525: 5509: 5505: 5497: 5493: 5485: 5481: 5464: 5460: 5453: 5437: 5433: 5425: 5421: 5413: 5409: 5401: 5397: 5389: 5385: 5377: 5373: 5365: 5361: 5354: 5338: 5334: 5326: 5322: 5315: 5299: 5295: 5287: 5283: 5276: 5260: 5256: 5248: 5244: 5232: 5228: 5220: 5216: 5209: 5193: 5189: 5182: 5166: 5162: 5154: 5150: 5142: 5138: 5130: 5126: 5118: 5114: 5107: 5091: 5087: 5075: 5071: 5064: 5048: 5044: 5037: 5021: 5017: 5009: 5005: 4997: 4993: 4985: 4981: 4971: 4969: 4956: 4955: 4951: 4943: 4939: 4931: 4927: 4919: 4915: 4907: 4903: 4896: 4880: 4876: 4869: 4853: 4849: 4841: 4837: 4829: 4825: 4817: 4813: 4805: 4801: 4793: 4789: 4781: 4777: 4769: 4765: 4757: 4753: 4745: 4741: 4733: 4729: 4721: 4717: 4709: 4705: 4697: 4693: 4685: 4681: 4673: 4669: 4652: 4648: 4640: 4636: 4628: 4624: 4616: 4612: 4604: 4600: 4592: 4588: 4580: 4576: 4568: 4564: 4556: 4552: 4544: 4540: 4532: 4528: 4520: 4516: 4508: 4504: 4496: 4492: 4484: 4480: 4472: 4468: 4460: 4456: 4448: 4444: 4436: 4432: 4425: 4409: 4405: 4397: 4393: 4386: 4366: 4362: 4354: 4350: 4342: 4338: 4330: 4326: 4318: 4314: 4306: 4302: 4294: 4290: 4282: 4278: 4268: 4266: 4262: 4255: 4247: 4243: 4235: 4231: 4218: 4214: 4206: 4202: 4194: 4190: 4183: 4167: 4163: 4156: 4140: 4136: 4129: 4113: 4109: 4101: 4097: 4089: 4085: 4077: 4073: 4065: 4061: 4053: 4049: 4041: 4037: 4029: 4025: 4008: 4004: 3997: 3981: 3977: 3969: 3965: 3955: 3953: 3942: 3933: 3926: 3910: 3906: 3899: 3883: 3879: 3871: 3867: 3859: 3855: 3847: 3843: 3839:, pp. 8–9. 3835: 3831: 3814: 3810: 3803: 3787: 3783: 3764: 3760: 3753: 3737: 3733: 3726: 3710: 3706: 3698: 3694: 3687: 3671: 3667: 3663:, pp. 6–7. 3659: 3655: 3644: 3625: 3621: 3613: 3609: 3599: 3597: 3588: 3587: 3583: 3579:, pp. 5–6. 3575: 3571: 3564: 3548: 3544: 3537: 3515: 3511: 3504: 3488: 3484: 3474: 3472: 3463: 3462: 3458: 3450: 3446: 3438: 3434: 3424: 3422: 3409: 3408: 3404: 3394: 3392: 3388: 3373: 3364: 3355: 3351: 3341: 3339: 3324: 3320: 3310: 3308: 3295: 3294: 3290: 3274: 3270: 3265: 3260: 3259: 3252:parasitic plant 3249: 3245: 3240: 3213:Charlotte Dupuy 3209: 3172:Nigel Hawthorne 3168: 3156: 3138:Skull and Bones 3134:Yale University 3122: 3100: 3095: 3093:Popular culture 3080:Mount Van Buren 3056: 3050: 2981: 2976: 2944: 2927:Abraham Lincoln 2901:Bleeding Kansas 2859:Franklin Pierce 2831: 2783:Free Soil Party 2771:Utica, New York 2723: 2706: 2697:George Bancroft 2604: 2599: 2522: 2516: 2484:The Boston Post 2462: 2442: 2436: 2423:Henry D. Gilpin 2404: 2398: 2363:Aroostook River 2350: 2310: 2304: 2238: 2236:Caroline affair 2232: 2215: 2183: 2099: 2059:Nicholas Biddle 2055:Specie Circular 2020: 2014: 1953: 1947: 1942: 1936: 1904:electoral votes 1831: 1823:Main articles: 1821: 1734: 1726:Kitchen Cabinet 1706:Floride Calhoun 1648:Napoleonic Wars 1639:Floride Calhoun 1631: 1621: 1616: 1560:John C. Calhoun 1548: 1524:corrupt bargain 1433: 1376: 1364:Benjamin Butler 1339:Ambrose Spencer 1276: 1266: 1188:Peter Silvester 1091: 1085: 1073:Abraham Lincoln 1057:Franklin Pierce 1026:re-election bid 937:Free Soil Party 899:before joining 887:, he served as 872: 871: 852: 831: 820: 816: 802: 796:Martin van Ruin 761: 734: 702: 686: 682: 679: 658: 634:Political party 611: 607: 591: 585: 583: 582: 581: 557: 545: 539: 534: 518: 497: 485: 480: 472: 467: 461: 458:New York Senate 456: 443: 431: 426: 398: 393: 373: 361: 355: 350: 344: 329: 317: 301: 296: 276: 264: 250: 245: 224: 212: 198: 193: 185: 173: 167:John C. Calhoun 161: 147: 142: 122: 110: 96: 90: 85: 68: 52: 43: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 19723: 19713: 19712: 19707: 19702: 19697: 19692: 19687: 19682: 19677: 19672: 19667: 19662: 19657: 19652: 19647: 19642: 19637: 19632: 19627: 19622: 19617: 19612: 19607: 19602: 19597: 19592: 19587: 19582: 19577: 19572: 19567: 19562: 19557: 19552: 19547: 19542: 19537: 19532: 19527: 19522: 19517: 19512: 19507: 19502: 19497: 19492: 19487: 19482: 19477: 19472: 19455: 19454: 19449: 19448: 19446: 19445: 19440: 19430: 19427: 19426: 19423: 19422: 19420: 19419: 19414: 19408: 19406: 19402: 19401: 19399: 19398: 19390: 19381: 19379: 19372: 19358: 19357: 19354: 19353: 19351: 19350: 19345: 19340: 19338:James Buchanan 19334: 19332: 19328: 19327: 19325: 19324: 19316: 19307: 19305: 19298: 19284: 19283: 19280: 19279: 19277: 19276: 19274:Daniel Webster 19271: 19269:Winfield Scott 19266: 19261: 19255: 19253: 19249: 19248: 19246: 19245: 19237: 19234:Zachary Taylor 19228: 19226: 19219: 19205: 19204: 19187: 19186: 19179: 19172: 19164: 19155: 19154: 19152: 19151: 19146: 19136: 19133: 19132: 19129: 19128: 19126: 19125: 19117: 19116: 19115: 19099: 19097: 19091: 19090: 19088: 19087: 19079: 19070: 19068: 19062: 19061: 19044: 19043: 19040: 19039: 19037: 19036: 19031: 19026: 19017: 19015: 19011: 19010: 19008: 19007: 18999: 18990: 18988: 18981: 18967: 18966: 18963: 18962: 18960: 18959: 18954: 18949: 18947:James Buchanan 18944: 18938: 18936: 18932: 18931: 18929: 18928: 18920: 18919: 18918: 18904: 18902: 18895: 18881: 18880: 18863: 18862: 18855: 18848: 18840: 18831: 18830: 18828: 18827: 18822: 18812: 18809: 18808: 18805: 18804: 18802: 18801: 18792: 18791: 18781: 18779: 18772: 18758: 18757: 18754: 18753: 18751: 18750: 18748:Winfield Scott 18745: 18739: 18737: 18733: 18732: 18730: 18729: 18721: 18720: 18719: 18705: 18703: 18696: 18682: 18681: 18664: 18663: 18656: 18649: 18641: 18632: 18631: 18629: 18628: 18623: 18613: 18610: 18609: 18606: 18605: 18603: 18602: 18595: 18587: 18585: 18581: 18580: 18578: 18577: 18570: 18567:Daniel Webster 18563: 18556: 18548: 18546: 18539: 18531: 18530: 18527: 18526: 18524: 18523: 18515: 18513: 18509: 18508: 18506: 18505: 18497: 18495: 18488: 18474: 18473: 18456: 18455: 18448: 18441: 18433: 18424: 18423: 18421: 18420: 18415: 18405: 18402: 18401: 18398: 18397: 18395: 18394: 18386: 18381: 18372: 18370: 18366: 18365: 18363: 18362: 18354: 18345: 18343: 18336: 18328: 18327: 18324: 18323: 18321: 18320: 18312: 18303: 18301: 18294: 18286: 18285: 18282: 18281: 18279: 18278: 18270: 18261: 18259: 18252: 18244: 18243: 18240: 18239: 18237: 18236: 18231: 18222: 18220: 18216: 18215: 18213: 18212: 18204: 18200:Andrew Jackson 18194: 18192: 18185: 18177: 18176: 18159: 18158: 18151: 18144: 18136: 18127: 18126: 18124: 18123: 18113: 18103: 18092: 18089: 18088: 18085: 18084: 18081: 18080: 18070: 18060: 18050: 18040: 18030: 18020: 18010: 18000: 17990: 17983:Walter Mondale 17980: 17970: 17960: 17950: 17940: 17930: 17920: 17906: 17892: 17882: 17872: 17865:Herbert Hoover 17862: 17852: 17842: 17832: 17822: 17812: 17802: 17784: 17774: 17764: 17754: 17744: 17734: 17727:Horace Greeley 17724: 17714: 17704: 17694: 17684: 17677:Winfield Scott 17674: 17664: 17654: 17644: 17634: 17624: 17606: 17596: 17589:Andrew Jackson 17586: 17576: 17569:DeWitt Clinton 17566: 17552: 17542: 17531: 17530: 17523: 17522: 17515: 17514: 17507: 17500: 17492: 17483: 17482: 17480: 17479: 17473: 17466: 17464: 17458: 17457: 17455: 17454: 17448: 17441: 17439: 17433: 17432: 17430: 17429: 17423: 17417: 17410: 17408: 17402: 17401: 17399: 17398: 17391: 17389: 17383: 17382: 17380: 17379: 17372: 17370: 17364: 17363: 17356: 17354: 17352: 17351: 17344: 17342: 17336: 17335: 17320: 17319: 17312: 17305: 17297: 17288: 17287: 17285: 17284: 17278: 17272: 17265: 17263: 17257: 17256: 17254: 17253: 17247: 17240: 17238: 17232: 17231: 17229: 17228: 17222: 17219:Roger B. Taney 17216: 17209: 17207: 17201: 17200: 17198: 17197: 17191: 17184: 17182: 17176: 17175: 17173: 17172: 17166: 17163:Roger B. Taney 17160: 17154: 17148: 17141: 17139: 17133: 17132: 17125: 17123: 17121: 17120: 17114: 17108: 17102: 17095: 17093: 17087: 17086: 17082:Andrew Jackson 17071: 17070: 17063: 17056: 17048: 17039: 17038: 17036: 17035: 17030: 17025: 17020: 17015: 17010: 17004: 17002: 17001:Related groups 16998: 16997: 16995: 16994: 16989: 16984: 16979: 16974: 16972:Charles Sumner 16969: 16964: 16958: 16956: 16952: 16951: 16949: 16948: 16943: 16938: 16933: 16931:1848 Free Soil 16927: 16925: 16921: 16920: 16917: 16916: 16914: 16913: 16906:Andrew Johnson 16898: 16896: 16890: 16889: 16887: 16886: 16872: 16857: 16855: 16849: 16848: 16846: 16845: 16831: 16816: 16814: 16808: 16807: 16805: 16804: 16790: 16775: 16773: 16764: 16760: 16759: 16754: 16753: 16746: 16739: 16731: 16722: 16721: 16719: 16718: 16713: 16708: 16703: 16698: 16693: 16688: 16683: 16678: 16672: 16670: 16666: 16665: 16662: 16661: 16659: 16658: 16653: 16648: 16647: 16646: 16636: 16631: 16626: 16620: 16618: 16614: 16613: 16611: 16610: 16605: 16600: 16595: 16590: 16585: 16580: 16574: 16572: 16568: 16567: 16565: 16564: 16563: 16562: 16557: 16552: 16547: 16542: 16532: 16527: 16526: 16525: 16520: 16509: 16507: 16500: 16492: 16491: 16489: 16488: 16483: 16481:Virgin Islands 16478: 16473: 16468: 16463: 16458: 16456:American Samoa 16453: 16448: 16443: 16438: 16433: 16428: 16423: 16418: 16413: 16408: 16403: 16401:South Carolina 16398: 16393: 16388: 16383: 16378: 16373: 16368: 16366:North Carolina 16363: 16358: 16353: 16348: 16343: 16338: 16333: 16328: 16323: 16318: 16313: 16308: 16303: 16298: 16293: 16288: 16283: 16278: 16273: 16268: 16263: 16258: 16253: 16248: 16243: 16238: 16233: 16228: 16223: 16218: 16213: 16208: 16202: 16200: 16190: 16189: 16187: 16186: 16181: 16176: 16171: 16166: 16161: 16156: 16147: 16138: 16129: 16124: 16119: 16114: 16109: 16104: 16099: 16094: 16089: 16084: 16079: 16074: 16069: 16064: 16059: 16054: 16049: 16044: 16039: 16034: 16029: 16024: 16019: 16014: 16009: 16004: 15999: 15994: 15989: 15984: 15979: 15974: 15969: 15964: 15959: 15954: 15949: 15944: 15939: 15934: 15929: 15924: 15918: 15916: 15907: 15906: 15904: 15903: 15897: 15891: 15885: 15879: 15873: 15867: 15861: 15855: 15849: 15843: 15837: 15831: 15825: 15819: 15813: 15807: 15801: 15795: 15789: 15783: 15777: 15771: 15765: 15759: 15753: 15747: 15740: 15738: 15722: 15721: 15719: 15718: 15712: 15706: 15700: 15694: 15688: 15682: 15676: 15670: 15664: 15658: 15652: 15646: 15640: 15634: 15628: 15622: 15616: 15610: 15604: 15598: 15592: 15586: 15580: 15574: 15568: 15558: 15552: 15546: 15540: 15534: 15528: 15522: 15516: 15510: 15504: 15497: 15495: 15473: 15472: 15470: 15469: 15463: 15457: 15451: 15445: 15439: 15433: 15427: 15416: 15410: 15404: 15398: 15392: 15386: 15380: 15374: 15367: 15365: 15355: 15354: 15352: 15351: 15350: 15349: 15334:2024 (Chicago) 15331: 15330: 15329: 15311: 15310: 15309: 15291: 15290: 15289: 15271: 15270: 15269: 15251: 15250: 15249: 15231: 15230: 15229: 15211: 15210: 15209: 15194:1996 (Chicago) 15191: 15190: 15189: 15171: 15170: 15169: 15154:1988 (Atlanta) 15151: 15150: 15149: 15131: 15130: 15129: 15111: 15110: 15109: 15091: 15090: 15089: 15066: 15065: 15064: 15049:1968 (Chicago) 15046: 15045: 15044: 15026: 15025: 15024: 15006: 15005: 15004: 14989:1956 (Chicago) 14986: 14985: 14984: 14969:1952 (Chicago) 14966: 14965: 14964: 14946: 14945: 14944: 14929:1944 (Chicago) 14926: 14925: 14924: 14909:1940 (Chicago) 14906: 14905: 14904: 14886: 14885: 14884: 14869:1932 (Chicago) 14866: 14865: 14864: 14849:1928 (Houston) 14846: 14845: 14844: 14826: 14825: 14824: 14806: 14805: 14804: 14786: 14785: 14784: 14766: 14753: 14740: 14727: 14717:1896 (Chicago) 14714: 14704:1892 (Chicago) 14701: 14688: 14678:1884 (Chicago) 14675: 14662: 14649: 14636: 14623: 14613:1864 (Chicago) 14610: 14584: 14571: 14558: 14545: 14532: 14519: 14506: 14493: 14479: 14477: 14453: 14452: 14450: 14449: 14448: 14447: 14442: 14437: 14432: 14427: 14416: 14413: 14412: 14403: 14402: 14395: 14388: 14380: 14371: 14370: 14363: 14361: 14359: 14358: 14353: 14348: 14343: 14338: 14333: 14328: 14323: 14318: 14313: 14308: 14303: 14298: 14293: 14288: 14283: 14278: 14273: 14268: 14263: 14258: 14253: 14248: 14243: 14238: 14233: 14228: 14223: 14218: 14213: 14208: 14203: 14198: 14193: 14188: 14183: 14178: 14173: 14168: 14163: 14158: 14153: 14148: 14143: 14138: 14133: 14128: 14123: 14118: 14113: 14108: 14103: 14097: 14094: 14093: 14088:Chairs of the 14085: 14084: 14077: 14070: 14062: 14053: 14052: 14050: 14049: 14044: 14039: 14034: 14029: 14024: 14019: 14014: 14009: 14004: 13999: 13994: 13989: 13984: 13979: 13974: 13969: 13964: 13959: 13954: 13949: 13944: 13939: 13934: 13929: 13924: 13919: 13914: 13909: 13904: 13899: 13894: 13889: 13884: 13879: 13874: 13868: 13866: 13865:(1893–present) 13856: 13855: 13853: 13852: 13847: 13842: 13837: 13832: 13827: 13822: 13817: 13812: 13807: 13802: 13797: 13792: 13787: 13782: 13777: 13772: 13767: 13757: 13752: 13747: 13742: 13732: 13727: 13722: 13717: 13711: 13709: 13699: 13698: 13696: 13695: 13685: 13680: 13675: 13670: 13665: 13659: 13657: 13649: 13648: 13641: 13640: 13633: 13626: 13618: 13609: 13608: 13603: 13600: 13599: 13597: 13596: 13595: 13594: 13584: 13583: 13582: 13572: 13571: 13570: 13560: 13559: 13558: 13548: 13547: 13546: 13541: 13531: 13530: 13529: 13524: 13514: 13513: 13512: 13502: 13501: 13500: 13490: 13489: 13488: 13478: 13473: 13468: 13463: 13458: 13453: 13448: 13443: 13438: 13433: 13428: 13423: 13418: 13413: 13408: 13403: 13398: 13393: 13388: 13383: 13378: 13373: 13368: 13363: 13358: 13353: 13348: 13343: 13338: 13333: 13328: 13323: 13318: 13313: 13308: 13303: 13298: 13293: 13288: 13283: 13278: 13273: 13268: 13263: 13258: 13253: 13248: 13243: 13238: 13233: 13228: 13223: 13218: 13213: 13208: 13203: 13198: 13193: 13188: 13183: 13178: 13173: 13167: 13165: 13157: 13156: 13149: 13147: 13145: 13144: 13139: 13133: 13131: 13123: 13122: 13115: 13114: 13107: 13100: 13092: 13083: 13082: 13079: 13076: 13075: 13073: 13072: 13065: 13058: 13051: 13044: 13037: 13030: 13023: 13016: 13009: 13002: 12995: 12988: 12981: 12974: 12967: 12960: 12953: 12946: 12939: 12932: 12925: 12918: 12911: 12904: 12897: 12890: 12883: 12876: 12869: 12862: 12855: 12848: 12841: 12834: 12827: 12820: 12813: 12806: 12799: 12792: 12785: 12778: 12771: 12764: 12757: 12750: 12743: 12736: 12729: 12722: 12715: 12708: 12701: 12694: 12687: 12680: 12673: 12666: 12659: 12652: 12645: 12638: 12631: 12624: 12617: 12610: 12602: 12599: 12598: 12591: 12590: 12583: 12576: 12568: 12559: 12558: 12556: 12555: 12550: 12545: 12540: 12535: 12530: 12525: 12520: 12515: 12510: 12505: 12500: 12495: 12490: 12485: 12480: 12475: 12470: 12465: 12460: 12455: 12450: 12445: 12440: 12435: 12430: 12425: 12419: 12417: 12413: 12412: 12405: 12403: 12401: 12400: 12395: 12390: 12385: 12380: 12375: 12370: 12365: 12360: 12355: 12350: 12345: 12340: 12335: 12330: 12325: 12320: 12315: 12310: 12305: 12300: 12295: 12290: 12285: 12280: 12275: 12270: 12265: 12260: 12255: 12250: 12245: 12240: 12235: 12230: 12225: 12220: 12215: 12209: 12207: 12203: 12202: 12195: 12194: 12187: 12180: 12172: 12163: 12162: 12160: 12159: 12152: 12149: 12148: 12146: 12145: 12140: 12133: 12128: 12121: 12116: 12111: 12106: 12099: 12092: 12085: 12078: 12073: 12068: 12063: 12058: 12051: 12046: 12041: 12036: 12029: 12024: 12019: 12012: 12005: 12000: 11995: 11990: 11983: 11978: 11973: 11968: 11963: 11958: 11953: 11946: 11941: 11936: 11931: 11924: 11919: 11914: 11907: 11902: 11897: 11890: 11885: 11880: 11875: 11870: 11865: 11860: 11853: 11848: 11843: 11838: 11833: 11828: 11823: 11818: 11813: 11808: 11803: 11798: 11793: 11788: 11783: 11776: 11771: 11766: 11761: 11756: 11751: 11744: 11737: 11732: 11725: 11718: 11713: 11708: 11703: 11698: 11691: 11686: 11681: 11674: 11669: 11664: 11659: 11653: 11651: 11645: 11644: 11637: 11635: 11633: 11632: 11627: 11622: 11617: 11612: 11607: 11602: 11597: 11592: 11587: 11582: 11577: 11572: 11567: 11562: 11557: 11552: 11547: 11542: 11537: 11532: 11527: 11522: 11517: 11512: 11507: 11502: 11497: 11492: 11487: 11482: 11477: 11472: 11467: 11462: 11457: 11452: 11447: 11442: 11437: 11432: 11427: 11422: 11417: 11412: 11407: 11402: 11397: 11392: 11387: 11382: 11377: 11372: 11367: 11362: 11357: 11350: 11345: 11340: 11335: 11330: 11324: 11322: 11318: 11317: 11302: 11301: 11294: 11287: 11279: 11270: 11269: 11267: 11266: 11256: 11246: 11235: 11232: 11231: 11228: 11227: 11226:(2021–present) 11221: 11215: 11209: 11203: 11193: 11187: 11181: 11178:Walter Mondale 11175: 11169: 11163: 11157: 11151: 11145: 11139: 11133: 11127: 11121: 11118:John N. Garner 11115: 11112:Charles Curtis 11109: 11103: 11097: 11091: 11085: 11079: 11073: 11067: 11061: 11058:Levi P. Morton 11055: 11049: 11043: 11037: 11031: 11025: 11022:Andrew Johnson 11019: 11013: 11007: 11001: 10995: 10989: 10983: 10977: 10971: 10965: 10959: 10956:Elbridge Gerry 10953: 10950:George Clinton 10947: 10941: 10935: 10928: 10927: 10924: 10923: 10916: 10915: 10908: 10901: 10893: 10884: 10883: 10881: 10880: 10870: 10859: 10856: 10855: 10853: 10852: 10847: 10842: 10837: 10832: 10827: 10822: 10817: 10812: 10807: 10802: 10797: 10792: 10787: 10782: 10777: 10772: 10767: 10762: 10757: 10752: 10747: 10742: 10736: 10734: 10728: 10727: 10723: 10722: 10712: 10702: 10692: 10685:George W. Bush 10682: 10672: 10662: 10652: 10642: 10632: 10622: 10612: 10602: 10592: 10582: 10572: 10565:Herbert Hoover 10562: 10552: 10542: 10535:Woodrow Wilson 10532: 10522: 10512: 10502: 10492: 10482: 10472: 10462: 10452: 10442: 10432: 10425:Andrew Johnson 10422: 10412: 10405:James Buchanan 10402: 10392: 10382: 10375:Zachary Taylor 10372: 10362: 10352: 10342: 10332: 10325:Andrew Jackson 10322: 10312: 10302: 10292: 10282: 10272: 10261: 10260: 10259: 10257: 10254:Presidents and 10251: 10250: 10243: 10242: 10235: 10228: 10220: 10214: 10211: 10210: 10198: 10197: 10193: 10192: 10186: 10183: 10174: 10169: 10165: 10164: 10160: 10159: 10154: 10151: 10142: 10139:Andrew Jackson 10137: 10133: 10132: 10127: 10124: 10115: 10110: 10106: 10105: 10100: 10097: 10088: 10083: 10079: 10078: 10075:Enos T. Throop 10073: 10070: 10061: 10056: 10052: 10051: 10047: 10046: 10041: 10038: 10026: 10020: 10019: 10014: 10011: 9992: 9989:Andrew Jackson 9987: 9983: 9982: 9977: 9974: 9959: 9954: 9950: 9949: 9946:Enos T. Throop 9944: 9941: 9926: 9920: 9919: 9915: 9914: 9909: 9906: 9896: 9891: 9887: 9886: 9881: 9878: 9875:Nathan Sanford 9858: 9855:Nathan Sanford 9853: 9849: 9848: 9842: 9841: 9836: 9833: 9824: 9819: 9815: 9814: 9813:Legal offices 9808: 9805: 9804: 9792: 9791: 9789: 9788: 9775: 9774: 9769: 9763: 9762: 9755: 9747: 9744: 9743: 9741: 9740: 9737:John Van Buren 9734: 9728: 9722: 9716: 9710: 9704: 9702: 9698: 9697: 9695: 9694: 9687: 9680: 9673: 9664: 9659: 9654: 9646: 9644: 9640: 9639: 9637: 9636: 9630: 9628: 9624: 9623: 9621: 9620: 9615: 9610: 9605: 9600: 9593: 9588: 9583: 9578: 9573: 9568: 9562: 9560: 9554: 9553: 9551: 9550: 9545: 9540: 9535: 9530: 9525: 9520: 9515: 9510: 9505: 9500: 9495: 9490: 9485: 9480: 9475: 9470: 9465: 9460: 9455: 9450: 9445: 9443:Albany Regency 9440: 9434: 9432: 9428: 9427: 9425: 9424: 9416: 9408: 9397: 9386: 9378: 9367: 9355: 9352: 9351: 9344: 9343: 9336: 9329: 9321: 9315: 9314: 9299: 9290: 9281: 9258: 9242: 9226: 9220: 9203: 9187: 9170: 9154: 9139: 9125: 9111: 9104: 9092: 9075: 9074: 9072: 9071:External links 9069: 9067: 9066: 9060: 9045: 9039: 9015: 9013: 9010: 9008: 9007: 9001: 8982: 8976: 8961: 8955: 8942: 8932: 8919: 8905: 8898: 8892: 8872: 8862: 8856: 8843: 8840:Church History 8836: 8829: 8820: 8807: 8792: 8785: 8767: 8761: 8748: 8741: 8735: 8722: 8705: 8697: 8694: 8692: 8691: 8685: 8672: 8666: 8648: 8642: 8624: 8598: 8592: 8577: 8568: 8555: 8549: 8534: 8528: 8508: 8502: 8488:Brinkley, Alan 8483: 8474: 8456: 8450: 8423: 8421: 8418: 8415: 8414: 8403: 8383: 8357: 8331: 8300: 8284: 8277: 8257: 8255:, p. 170. 8245: 8208: 8187: 8157: 8126: 8095:(2): 255–281. 8075: 8047: 8040: 8017: 7991: 7978: 7966: 7940: 7909: 7902: 7882: 7861: 7854: 7828: 7826:, p. 164. 7816: 7814:, p. 425. 7804: 7802:, p. 607. 7792: 7780: 7768: 7766:, p. 610. 7753: 7751:, p. 605. 7741: 7739:, p. 596. 7729: 7727:, p. 204. 7717: 7715:, p. 203. 7705: 7693: 7691:, p. 592. 7681: 7673:Manweller 2012 7665: 7634: 7619: 7607: 7595: 7593:, p. 580. 7583: 7571: 7559: 7547: 7540: 7520: 7508: 7496: 7484: 7472: 7470:, p. 405. 7460: 7458:, p. 548. 7448: 7436: 7424: 7412: 7410:, p. 539. 7400: 7398:, p. 538. 7388: 7376: 7364: 7347: 7335: 7323: 7311: 7309:, p. 520. 7299: 7287: 7275: 7245: 7233: 7231:, p. 501. 7221: 7209: 7197: 7185: 7173: 7161: 7149: 7141:Manweller 2012 7133: 7100: 7088: 7062: 7060:, p. 358. 7050: 7023: 6993: 6979: 6953: 6923: 6906:www.senate.gov 6893: 6863: 6833: 6820: 6790: 6784:Howard Jones, 6777: 6775:, p. 128. 6765: 6739: 6715: 6689: 6677: 6650:(5): 943–960. 6634: 6632:, p. 329. 6619: 6596: 6565: 6558: 6534: 6527: 6503: 6496: 6472: 6438: 6423: 6404: 6391: 6365: 6358: 6340: 6314: 6284: 6277: 6259: 6252: 6232: 6205: 6203:, p. 210. 6193: 6181: 6155: 6143: 6136: 6116: 6109: 6089: 6082: 6062: 6055: 6031: 6024: 6004: 5971: 5969:, p. 171. 5959: 5957:, p. 321. 5947: 5935: 5933:, p. 320. 5923: 5921:, p. 279. 5911: 5880: 5847: 5812: 5810:, p. 487. 5800: 5793: 5773: 5747: 5735: 5723: 5688: 5681: 5661: 5628: 5602: 5578: 5566: 5554: 5542: 5530: 5523: 5503: 5501:, p. 328. 5491: 5479: 5458: 5451: 5431: 5419: 5407: 5395: 5383: 5371: 5359: 5352: 5332: 5330:, p. 378. 5320: 5313: 5293: 5291:, p. 124. 5281: 5274: 5254: 5242: 5234:Manweller 2012 5226: 5214: 5207: 5187: 5180: 5160: 5158:, p. 266. 5148: 5136: 5124: 5112: 5105: 5085: 5077:Manweller 2012 5069: 5062: 5042: 5035: 5015: 5003: 4991: 4979: 4949: 4947:, p. 203. 4937: 4925: 4923:, p. 228. 4913: 4901: 4894: 4874: 4867: 4847: 4835: 4823: 4811: 4809:, p. 211. 4799: 4787: 4785:, p. 209. 4775: 4763: 4751: 4749:, p. 201. 4739: 4727: 4715: 4703: 4691: 4679: 4677:, p. 111. 4667: 4646: 4634: 4622: 4610: 4598: 4586: 4574: 4562: 4550: 4538: 4526: 4514: 4502: 4490: 4488:, p. 432. 4478: 4476:, p. 176. 4466: 4464:, p. 117. 4454: 4442: 4430: 4423: 4403: 4391: 4384: 4360: 4348: 4346:, p. 110. 4336: 4324: 4312: 4300: 4288: 4276: 4241: 4229: 4212: 4200: 4188: 4181: 4161: 4154: 4134: 4127: 4107: 4095: 4083: 4071: 4059: 4047: 4035: 4033:, p. 283. 4023: 4002: 3995: 3975: 3963: 3931: 3924: 3904: 3897: 3877: 3865: 3853: 3841: 3829: 3808: 3801: 3781: 3758: 3751: 3731: 3724: 3704: 3702:, p. 230. 3692: 3685: 3665: 3653: 3642: 3619: 3607: 3581: 3569: 3562: 3542: 3535: 3509: 3502: 3482: 3456: 3444: 3432: 3402: 3349: 3318: 3288: 3267: 3266: 3264: 3261: 3258: 3257: 3242: 3241: 3239: 3236: 3235: 3234: 3229: 3224: 3208: 3205: 3167: 3164: 3155: 3152: 3121: 3118: 3106:'s 1973 novel 3099: 3096: 3094: 3091: 3052:Main article: 3049: 3046: 2998:Gubernatorial 2980: 2977: 2975: 2972: 2943: 2940: 2830: 2827: 2819:Zachary Taylor 2806:Daniel Webster 2802:Wilmot Proviso 2705: 2702: 2654:Abel P. Upshur 2643:Tariff of 1842 2632:James Buchanan 2614:and President 2603: 2600: 2598: 2595: 2571:William Seward 2518:Main article: 2515: 2512: 2475:Dolley Madison 2461: 2458: 2438:Main article: 2435: 2432: 2400:Main article: 2397: 2391: 2375:John Fairfield 2349: 2346: 2330:Anglo-American 2322:Hunters' Lodge 2306:Main article: 2303: 2300: 2284:Fort Schlosser 2234:Main article: 2231: 2228: 2214: 2211: 2203:Daniel Webster 2182: 2179: 2135:Trail of Tears 2123:Winfield Scott 2098: 2097:Indian removal 2095: 2082:gold or silver 2016:Main article: 2013: 2010: 2002:James Buchanan 1949:Main article: 1946: 1943: 1938:Main article: 1935: 1932: 1835:Andrew Jackson 1820: 1817: 1809:Daniel Webster 1801:Tariff of 1833 1733: 1730: 1672:Oregon Country 1656:Ottoman Empire 1620: 1617: 1615: 1612: 1592:Enos T. Throop 1572:Tariff of 1828 1566:, and Senator 1547: 1546:1828 elections 1544: 1488:Richmond Junto 1484:states' rights 1482:principles of 1468:Andrew Jackson 1432: 1429: 1409:Albany Regency 1375: 1374:Albany regency 1372: 1351:Winfield Scott 1297:DeWitt Clinton 1289:Troy, New York 1287:convention in 1265: 1262: 1213:George Clinton 1137:New Netherland 1084: 1081: 1061:James Buchanan 1049:Zachary Taylor 1006:His presidency 976:Albany Regency 939:ticket in the 913:vice president 907:, minister to 901:Andrew Jackson 808: 807: 804: 803: 801: 800: 797: 794: 791: 788: 787:Old Kinderhook 785: 781: 779: 775: 774: 767: 763: 762: 760: 759: 756: 752: 750: 746: 745: 740: 736: 735: 733: 732: 725: 723: 719: 718: 708: 704: 703: 684: 680: 675: 674: 672: 668: 667: 664: 660: 659: 657: 656: 650: 644: 637: 635: 631: 630: 625: 621: 620: 610:(aged 79) 604: 600: 599: 579: 577: 573: 572: 568: 567: 564: 563: 560: 554: 553: 548: 542: 541: 531: 530: 520: 519: 517: 516: 511: 510:John I. Miller 508: 502: 500: 494: 493: 488: 482: 481: 474: 464: 463: 455:Member of the 452: 451: 446: 440: 439: 434: 428: 427: 425: 424: 422:DeWitt Clinton 419: 413: 407: 405: 401: 400: 390: 389: 382: 381: 376: 370: 369: 367:Nathan Sanford 364: 358: 357: 347: 346: 338: 337: 335:Enos T. Throop 332: 326: 325: 320: 314: 313: 312:Enos T. Throop 310: 304: 303: 293: 292: 285: 284: 279: 273: 272: 267: 261: 260: 259:Andrew Jackson 257: 253: 252: 242: 241: 234: 233: 227: 221: 220: 215: 209: 208: 207:Andrew Jackson 205: 201: 200: 190: 189: 180: 179: 176: 170: 169: 164: 158: 157: 156:Andrew Jackson 154: 150: 149: 139: 138: 131: 130: 125: 119: 118: 116:Andrew Jackson 113: 107: 106: 101: 98:Vice President 93: 92: 82: 81: 74: 73: 70: 69: 62: 54: 53: 50: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 19722: 19711: 19708: 19706: 19703: 19701: 19698: 19696: 19693: 19691: 19688: 19686: 19683: 19681: 19678: 19676: 19673: 19671: 19668: 19666: 19663: 19661: 19658: 19656: 19653: 19651: 19648: 19646: 19643: 19641: 19638: 19636: 19633: 19631: 19628: 19626: 19623: 19621: 19618: 19616: 19613: 19611: 19608: 19606: 19603: 19601: 19598: 19596: 19593: 19591: 19588: 19586: 19583: 19581: 19578: 19576: 19573: 19571: 19568: 19566: 19563: 19561: 19558: 19556: 19553: 19551: 19548: 19546: 19543: 19541: 19538: 19536: 19533: 19531: 19528: 19526: 19523: 19521: 19518: 19516: 19513: 19511: 19508: 19506: 19503: 19501: 19498: 19496: 19493: 19491: 19488: 19486: 19483: 19481: 19478: 19476: 19473: 19471: 19468: 19467: 19465: 19444: 19441: 19439: 19435: 19432: 19431: 19428: 19418: 19415: 19413: 19410: 19409: 19407: 19403: 19397: 19396: 19391: 19389: 19388: 19383: 19382: 19380: 19376: 19373: 19370: 19365: 19364: 19359: 19349: 19346: 19344: 19343:Levi Woodbury 19341: 19339: 19336: 19335: 19333: 19329: 19323: 19322: 19317: 19315: 19314: 19309: 19308: 19306: 19302: 19299: 19296: 19291: 19290: 19285: 19275: 19272: 19270: 19267: 19265: 19262: 19260: 19257: 19256: 19254: 19250: 19244: 19243: 19238: 19236: 19235: 19230: 19229: 19227: 19223: 19220: 19217: 19212: 19211: 19206: 19201: 19197: 19193: 19185: 19180: 19178: 19173: 19171: 19166: 19165: 19162: 19150: 19147: 19145: 19141: 19138: 19137: 19134: 19124: 19123:Sidney Rigdon 19121: 19118: 19114: 19111: 19110: 19109: 19108: 19104: 19101: 19100: 19098: 19096: 19092: 19086: 19085: 19084:Thomas Morris 19080: 19078: 19077: 19072: 19071: 19069: 19067: 19066:Liberty Party 19063: 19058: 19054: 19049: 19045: 19035: 19034:John Sargeant 19032: 19030: 19027: 19025: 19022: 19019: 19018: 19016: 19012: 19006: 19005: 19000: 18998: 18997: 18992: 18991: 18989: 18985: 18982: 18979: 18974: 18973: 18968: 18958: 18955: 18953: 18950: 18948: 18945: 18943: 18940: 18939: 18937: 18933: 18927: 18926: 18921: 18917: 18914: 18913: 18912: 18911: 18910:James K. Polk 18906: 18905: 18903: 18899: 18896: 18893: 18888: 18887: 18882: 18877: 18873: 18869: 18861: 18856: 18854: 18849: 18847: 18842: 18841: 18838: 18826: 18823: 18821: 18817: 18814: 18813: 18810: 18800: 18797: 18794: 18793: 18789: 18788: 18783: 18782: 18780: 18776: 18773: 18770: 18765: 18764: 18759: 18749: 18746: 18744: 18741: 18740: 18738: 18734: 18728: 18727: 18722: 18718: 18715: 18714: 18713: 18712: 18707: 18706: 18704: 18700: 18697: 18694: 18689: 18688: 18683: 18678: 18674: 18670: 18662: 18657: 18655: 18650: 18648: 18643: 18642: 18639: 18627: 18624: 18622: 18618: 18615: 18614: 18611: 18601: 18600: 18596: 18594: 18593: 18589: 18588: 18586: 18582: 18576: 18575: 18571: 18569: 18568: 18564: 18562: 18561: 18560:Hugh L. White 18557: 18555: 18554: 18550: 18549: 18547: 18543: 18540: 18538: 18537: 18532: 18522: 18521: 18517: 18516: 18514: 18510: 18504: 18503: 18499: 18498: 18496: 18492: 18489: 18486: 18481: 18480: 18475: 18470: 18466: 18462: 18454: 18449: 18447: 18442: 18440: 18435: 18434: 18431: 18419: 18416: 18414: 18410: 18407: 18406: 18403: 18393: 18390: 18387: 18385: 18382: 18380: 18377: 18374: 18373: 18371: 18367: 18361: 18360: 18359:Amos Ellmaker 18355: 18353: 18352: 18347: 18346: 18344: 18340: 18337: 18335: 18334: 18329: 18319: 18318: 18313: 18311: 18310: 18305: 18304: 18302: 18298: 18295: 18293: 18292: 18287: 18277: 18276: 18275:John Sergeant 18271: 18269: 18268: 18263: 18262: 18260: 18256: 18253: 18251: 18250: 18245: 18235: 18232: 18230: 18227: 18224: 18223: 18221: 18217: 18211: 18210: 18205: 18202: 18201: 18196: 18195: 18193: 18189: 18186: 18184: 18183: 18178: 18173: 18169: 18165: 18157: 18152: 18150: 18145: 18143: 18138: 18137: 18134: 18122: 18114: 18112: 18104: 18102: 18094: 18093: 18090: 18078: 18074: 18071: 18068: 18064: 18061: 18058: 18054: 18051: 18048: 18044: 18041: 18038: 18034: 18031: 18028: 18024: 18021: 18018: 18014: 18011: 18008: 18004: 18001: 17998: 17994: 17991: 17988: 17984: 17981: 17978: 17974: 17971: 17968: 17964: 17961: 17958: 17954: 17951: 17948: 17944: 17941: 17938: 17934: 17931: 17928: 17924: 17923:Richard Nixon 17921: 17918: 17914: 17910: 17907: 17904: 17900: 17896: 17893: 17890: 17886: 17883: 17880: 17876: 17873: 17870: 17866: 17863: 17860: 17856: 17853: 17850: 17846: 17845:John W. Davis 17843: 17840: 17836: 17833: 17830: 17826: 17823: 17820: 17816: 17813: 17810: 17806: 17803: 17800: 17796: 17792: 17788: 17785: 17782: 17778: 17775: 17772: 17768: 17765: 17762: 17758: 17755: 17752: 17748: 17745: 17742: 17738: 17735: 17732: 17728: 17725: 17722: 17718: 17715: 17712: 17708: 17705: 17702: 17698: 17695: 17692: 17688: 17685: 17682: 17678: 17675: 17672: 17668: 17665: 17662: 17658: 17655: 17652: 17648: 17645: 17642: 17638: 17635: 17632: 17628: 17625: 17622: 17618: 17614: 17610: 17607: 17604: 17600: 17597: 17594: 17590: 17587: 17584: 17580: 17577: 17574: 17570: 17567: 17564: 17560: 17556: 17553: 17550: 17546: 17543: 17540: 17536: 17533: 17532: 17528: 17524: 17520: 17513: 17508: 17506: 17501: 17499: 17494: 17493: 17490: 17477: 17474: 17471: 17468: 17467: 17465: 17463: 17459: 17452: 17449: 17446: 17443: 17442: 17440: 17438: 17434: 17427: 17424: 17421: 17418: 17415: 17412: 17411: 17409: 17407: 17403: 17396: 17393: 17392: 17390: 17388: 17384: 17377: 17376:Levi Woodbury 17374: 17373: 17371: 17369: 17365: 17349: 17346: 17345: 17343: 17341: 17337: 17332: 17329: 17325: 17318: 17313: 17311: 17306: 17304: 17299: 17298: 17295: 17282: 17279: 17276: 17275:Levi Woodbury 17273: 17270: 17267: 17266: 17264: 17262: 17258: 17251: 17248: 17245: 17242: 17241: 17239: 17237: 17233: 17226: 17223: 17220: 17217: 17214: 17211: 17210: 17208: 17206: 17202: 17195: 17192: 17189: 17186: 17185: 17183: 17181: 17177: 17170: 17169:Levi Woodbury 17167: 17164: 17161: 17158: 17155: 17152: 17149: 17146: 17143: 17142: 17140: 17138: 17134: 17118: 17115: 17112: 17109: 17106: 17103: 17100: 17097: 17096: 17094: 17092: 17088: 17083: 17080: 17076: 17069: 17064: 17062: 17057: 17055: 17050: 17049: 17046: 17034: 17031: 17029: 17026: 17024: 17021: 17019: 17016: 17014: 17011: 17009: 17006: 17005: 17003: 16999: 16993: 16990: 16988: 16985: 16983: 16982:Simon Cameron 16980: 16978: 16975: 16973: 16970: 16968: 16965: 16963: 16960: 16959: 16957: 16953: 16947: 16944: 16942: 16939: 16937: 16934: 16932: 16929: 16928: 16926: 16922: 16911: 16907: 16903: 16900: 16899: 16897: 16895: 16891: 16884: 16880: 16876: 16873: 16870: 16866: 16862: 16859: 16858: 16856: 16854: 16850: 16843: 16839: 16835: 16832: 16829: 16825: 16821: 16818: 16817: 16815: 16813: 16809: 16802: 16798: 16797:Thomas Morris 16794: 16791: 16788: 16784: 16780: 16777: 16776: 16774: 16772: 16771:Liberty Party 16768: 16765: 16761: 16752: 16747: 16745: 16740: 16738: 16733: 16732: 16729: 16717: 16714: 16712: 16709: 16707: 16704: 16702: 16699: 16697: 16694: 16692: 16691:Superdelegate 16689: 16687: 16684: 16682: 16679: 16677: 16674: 16673: 16671: 16667: 16657: 16654: 16652: 16649: 16645: 16642: 16641: 16640: 16637: 16635: 16632: 16630: 16627: 16625: 16622: 16621: 16619: 16615: 16609: 16606: 16604: 16601: 16599: 16596: 16594: 16591: 16589: 16586: 16584: 16581: 16579: 16576: 16575: 16573: 16569: 16561: 16558: 16556: 16553: 16551: 16548: 16546: 16543: 16541: 16538: 16537: 16536: 16533: 16531: 16528: 16524: 16521: 16519: 16516: 16515: 16514: 16513:Senate Caucus 16511: 16510: 16508: 16504: 16501: 16499: 16493: 16487: 16484: 16482: 16479: 16477: 16474: 16472: 16469: 16467: 16464: 16462: 16459: 16457: 16454: 16452: 16449: 16447: 16444: 16442: 16441:West Virginia 16439: 16437: 16434: 16432: 16429: 16427: 16424: 16422: 16419: 16417: 16414: 16412: 16409: 16407: 16404: 16402: 16399: 16397: 16394: 16392: 16389: 16387: 16384: 16382: 16379: 16377: 16374: 16372: 16369: 16367: 16364: 16362: 16359: 16357: 16354: 16352: 16349: 16347: 16346:New Hampshire 16344: 16342: 16339: 16337: 16334: 16332: 16329: 16327: 16324: 16322: 16319: 16317: 16314: 16312: 16309: 16307: 16306:Massachusetts 16304: 16302: 16299: 16297: 16294: 16292: 16289: 16287: 16284: 16282: 16279: 16277: 16274: 16272: 16269: 16267: 16264: 16262: 16259: 16257: 16254: 16252: 16249: 16247: 16244: 16242: 16239: 16237: 16234: 16232: 16229: 16227: 16224: 16222: 16219: 16217: 16214: 16212: 16209: 16207: 16204: 16203: 16201: 16199: 16191: 16185: 16182: 16180: 16177: 16175: 16172: 16170: 16167: 16165: 16162: 16160: 16157: 16155: 16151: 16148: 16146: 16142: 16139: 16137: 16133: 16130: 16128: 16125: 16123: 16120: 16118: 16115: 16113: 16110: 16108: 16105: 16103: 16100: 16098: 16095: 16093: 16090: 16088: 16085: 16083: 16080: 16078: 16075: 16073: 16070: 16068: 16065: 16063: 16060: 16058: 16055: 16053: 16050: 16048: 16045: 16043: 16040: 16038: 16035: 16033: 16030: 16028: 16025: 16023: 16020: 16018: 16015: 16013: 16010: 16008: 16005: 16003: 16000: 15998: 15995: 15993: 15990: 15988: 15985: 15983: 15980: 15978: 15975: 15973: 15970: 15968: 15965: 15963: 15960: 15958: 15955: 15953: 15950: 15948: 15945: 15943: 15940: 15938: 15935: 15933: 15930: 15928: 15925: 15923: 15920: 15919: 15917: 15915: 15908: 15901: 15898: 15895: 15892: 15889: 15886: 15883: 15880: 15877: 15874: 15871: 15868: 15865: 15862: 15859: 15856: 15853: 15850: 15847: 15844: 15841: 15838: 15835: 15832: 15829: 15826: 15823: 15820: 15817: 15814: 15811: 15808: 15805: 15802: 15799: 15796: 15793: 15790: 15787: 15784: 15781: 15778: 15775: 15772: 15769: 15766: 15763: 15760: 15757: 15754: 15751: 15748: 15745: 15742: 15741: 15739: 15737: 15729: 15723: 15716: 15713: 15710: 15707: 15704: 15701: 15698: 15695: 15692: 15689: 15686: 15683: 15680: 15677: 15674: 15671: 15668: 15665: 15662: 15659: 15656: 15653: 15650: 15647: 15644: 15641: 15638: 15635: 15632: 15629: 15626: 15623: 15620: 15617: 15614: 15611: 15608: 15605: 15602: 15599: 15596: 15593: 15590: 15587: 15584: 15581: 15578: 15575: 15572: 15569: 15566: 15562: 15559: 15556: 15553: 15550: 15547: 15544: 15541: 15538: 15535: 15532: 15529: 15526: 15523: 15520: 15517: 15514: 15511: 15508: 15505: 15502: 15499: 15498: 15496: 15494: 15485: 15480: 15474: 15467: 15464: 15461: 15458: 15455: 15452: 15449: 15446: 15443: 15442:L. B. Johnson 15440: 15437: 15434: 15431: 15428: 15425: 15421: 15417: 15414: 15411: 15408: 15405: 15402: 15399: 15396: 15393: 15390: 15387: 15384: 15381: 15378: 15375: 15372: 15369: 15368: 15366: 15364: 15360: 15356: 15348: 15345: 15344: 15343: 15339: 15335: 15332: 15328: 15325: 15324: 15323: 15319: 15315: 15312: 15308: 15305: 15304: 15303: 15299: 15295: 15292: 15288: 15285: 15284: 15283: 15279: 15275: 15272: 15268: 15265: 15264: 15263: 15259: 15255: 15254:2008 (Denver) 15252: 15248: 15245: 15244: 15243: 15239: 15235: 15234:2004 (Boston) 15232: 15228: 15225: 15224: 15223: 15219: 15215: 15212: 15208: 15205: 15204: 15203: 15199: 15195: 15192: 15188: 15185: 15184: 15183: 15179: 15175: 15172: 15168: 15165: 15164: 15163: 15159: 15155: 15152: 15148: 15145: 15144: 15143: 15139: 15135: 15132: 15128: 15125: 15124: 15123: 15119: 15115: 15112: 15108: 15105: 15104: 15103: 15099: 15095: 15092: 15088: 15085: 15084: 15082: 15078: 15074: 15070: 15067: 15063: 15060: 15059: 15058: 15054: 15050: 15047: 15043: 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14187: 14184: 14182: 14179: 14177: 14174: 14172: 14169: 14167: 14164: 14162: 14159: 14157: 14154: 14152: 14149: 14147: 14144: 14142: 14139: 14137: 14134: 14132: 14129: 14127: 14124: 14122: 14119: 14117: 14114: 14112: 14109: 14107: 14104: 14102: 14099: 14098: 14095: 14091: 14083: 14078: 14076: 14071: 14069: 14064: 14063: 14060: 14048: 14045: 14043: 14040: 14038: 14035: 14033: 14030: 14028: 14025: 14023: 14020: 14018: 14015: 14013: 14010: 14008: 14005: 14003: 14000: 13998: 13995: 13993: 13990: 13988: 13985: 13983: 13980: 13978: 13975: 13973: 13970: 13968: 13965: 13963: 13960: 13958: 13955: 13953: 13950: 13948: 13945: 13943: 13940: 13938: 13935: 13933: 13930: 13928: 13925: 13923: 13920: 13918: 13915: 13913: 13910: 13908: 13905: 13903: 13900: 13898: 13895: 13893: 13890: 13888: 13885: 13883: 13880: 13878: 13875: 13873: 13870: 13869: 13867: 13857: 13851: 13848: 13846: 13843: 13841: 13838: 13836: 13833: 13831: 13828: 13826: 13823: 13821: 13818: 13816: 13813: 13811: 13808: 13806: 13803: 13801: 13798: 13796: 13793: 13791: 13788: 13786: 13783: 13781: 13778: 13776: 13773: 13771: 13768: 13765: 13761: 13758: 13756: 13753: 13751: 13748: 13746: 13743: 13740: 13736: 13733: 13731: 13728: 13726: 13723: 13721: 13718: 13716: 13713: 13712: 13710: 13700: 13693: 13689: 13686: 13684: 13681: 13679: 13676: 13674: 13671: 13669: 13666: 13664: 13661: 13660: 13658: 13650: 13646: 13639: 13634: 13632: 13627: 13625: 13620: 13619: 13616: 13606: 13601: 13593: 13590: 13589: 13588: 13585: 13581: 13578: 13577: 13576: 13573: 13569: 13566: 13565: 13564: 13561: 13557: 13554: 13553: 13552: 13549: 13545: 13542: 13540: 13537: 13536: 13535: 13532: 13528: 13525: 13523: 13520: 13519: 13518: 13515: 13511: 13508: 13507: 13506: 13503: 13499: 13496: 13495: 13494: 13491: 13487: 13484: 13483: 13482: 13479: 13477: 13474: 13472: 13469: 13467: 13464: 13462: 13459: 13457: 13454: 13452: 13449: 13447: 13444: 13442: 13439: 13437: 13434: 13432: 13429: 13427: 13424: 13422: 13419: 13417: 13414: 13412: 13409: 13407: 13404: 13402: 13399: 13397: 13394: 13392: 13389: 13387: 13384: 13382: 13379: 13377: 13374: 13372: 13369: 13367: 13364: 13362: 13359: 13357: 13354: 13352: 13349: 13347: 13344: 13342: 13339: 13337: 13334: 13332: 13329: 13327: 13324: 13322: 13319: 13317: 13314: 13312: 13311:Frelinghuysen 13309: 13307: 13304: 13302: 13299: 13297: 13294: 13292: 13289: 13287: 13284: 13282: 13279: 13277: 13274: 13272: 13269: 13267: 13264: 13262: 13259: 13257: 13254: 13252: 13249: 13247: 13244: 13242: 13239: 13237: 13234: 13232: 13229: 13227: 13224: 13222: 13221:E. Livingston 13219: 13217: 13214: 13212: 13209: 13207: 13204: 13202: 13199: 13197: 13194: 13192: 13189: 13187: 13184: 13182: 13179: 13177: 13174: 13172: 13169: 13168: 13166: 13162: 13158: 13143: 13140: 13138: 13137:R. Livingston 13135: 13134: 13132: 13128: 13124: 13120: 13113: 13108: 13106: 13101: 13099: 13094: 13093: 13090: 13077: 13070: 13066: 13063: 13059: 13056: 13052: 13049: 13045: 13042: 13038: 13035: 13031: 13028: 13024: 13021: 13017: 13014: 13010: 13007: 13003: 13000: 12996: 12993: 12989: 12986: 12982: 12979: 12975: 12972: 12968: 12965: 12961: 12958: 12954: 12951: 12947: 12944: 12940: 12937: 12933: 12930: 12926: 12923: 12919: 12916: 12912: 12909: 12905: 12902: 12898: 12895: 12891: 12888: 12884: 12881: 12877: 12874: 12870: 12867: 12863: 12860: 12856: 12853: 12849: 12846: 12842: 12839: 12835: 12832: 12828: 12825: 12821: 12818: 12814: 12811: 12807: 12804: 12800: 12797: 12793: 12790: 12786: 12783: 12779: 12776: 12772: 12769: 12765: 12762: 12758: 12755: 12751: 12748: 12744: 12741: 12737: 12734: 12730: 12727: 12723: 12720: 12716: 12713: 12709: 12706: 12702: 12699: 12695: 12692: 12688: 12685: 12681: 12678: 12674: 12671: 12667: 12664: 12660: 12657: 12653: 12650: 12646: 12643: 12639: 12636: 12632: 12629: 12625: 12622: 12618: 12615: 12611: 12608: 12604: 12603: 12600: 12596: 12589: 12584: 12582: 12577: 12575: 12570: 12569: 12566: 12554: 12551: 12549: 12546: 12544: 12541: 12539: 12536: 12534: 12531: 12529: 12526: 12524: 12521: 12519: 12516: 12514: 12511: 12509: 12506: 12504: 12501: 12499: 12496: 12494: 12491: 12489: 12486: 12484: 12481: 12479: 12476: 12474: 12471: 12469: 12466: 12464: 12461: 12459: 12456: 12454: 12451: 12449: 12446: 12444: 12441: 12439: 12436: 12434: 12431: 12429: 12426: 12424: 12421: 12420: 12418: 12414: 12409: 12399: 12396: 12394: 12391: 12389: 12386: 12384: 12381: 12379: 12376: 12374: 12371: 12369: 12366: 12364: 12361: 12359: 12356: 12354: 12351: 12349: 12346: 12344: 12341: 12339: 12336: 12334: 12331: 12329: 12326: 12324: 12321: 12319: 12316: 12314: 12311: 12309: 12306: 12304: 12301: 12299: 12296: 12294: 12291: 12289: 12286: 12284: 12281: 12279: 12276: 12274: 12271: 12269: 12266: 12264: 12261: 12259: 12256: 12254: 12251: 12249: 12246: 12244: 12241: 12239: 12236: 12234: 12231: 12229: 12226: 12224: 12221: 12219: 12216: 12214: 12211: 12210: 12208: 12204: 12200: 12193: 12188: 12186: 12181: 12179: 12174: 12173: 12170: 12157: 12154: 12153: 12150: 12144: 12141: 12139: 12138: 12134: 12132: 12129: 12127: 12126: 12122: 12120: 12117: 12115: 12112: 12110: 12107: 12105: 12104: 12100: 12098: 12097: 12093: 12091: 12090: 12086: 12084: 12083: 12079: 12077: 12074: 12072: 12069: 12067: 12064: 12062: 12059: 12057: 12056: 12052: 12050: 12047: 12045: 12042: 12040: 12037: 12035: 12034: 12030: 12028: 12025: 12023: 12020: 12018: 12017: 12013: 12011: 12010: 12006: 12004: 12001: 11999: 11996: 11994: 11991: 11989: 11988: 11984: 11982: 11979: 11977: 11974: 11972: 11969: 11967: 11964: 11962: 11959: 11957: 11954: 11952: 11951: 11947: 11945: 11942: 11940: 11937: 11935: 11932: 11930: 11929: 11925: 11923: 11920: 11918: 11915: 11913: 11912: 11908: 11906: 11903: 11901: 11898: 11896: 11895: 11891: 11889: 11886: 11884: 11881: 11879: 11876: 11874: 11871: 11869: 11866: 11864: 11861: 11859: 11858: 11854: 11852: 11849: 11847: 11844: 11842: 11839: 11837: 11834: 11832: 11829: 11827: 11824: 11822: 11819: 11817: 11814: 11812: 11809: 11807: 11804: 11802: 11799: 11797: 11794: 11792: 11789: 11787: 11784: 11782: 11781: 11777: 11775: 11772: 11770: 11767: 11765: 11762: 11760: 11757: 11755: 11754:E. Livingston 11752: 11750: 11749: 11745: 11743: 11742: 11738: 11736: 11733: 11731: 11730: 11726: 11724: 11723: 11722:P. Livingston 11719: 11717: 11714: 11712: 11709: 11707: 11704: 11702: 11699: 11697: 11696: 11692: 11690: 11687: 11685: 11682: 11680: 11679: 11675: 11673: 11670: 11668: 11665: 11663: 11660: 11658: 11657:Van Cortlandt 11655: 11654: 11652: 11646: 11631: 11628: 11626: 11623: 11621: 11618: 11616: 11613: 11611: 11608: 11606: 11603: 11601: 11598: 11596: 11593: 11591: 11588: 11586: 11583: 11581: 11578: 11576: 11573: 11571: 11568: 11566: 11563: 11561: 11558: 11556: 11553: 11551: 11548: 11546: 11543: 11541: 11538: 11536: 11533: 11531: 11528: 11526: 11523: 11521: 11518: 11516: 11513: 11511: 11508: 11506: 11503: 11501: 11498: 11496: 11493: 11491: 11488: 11486: 11483: 11481: 11478: 11476: 11473: 11471: 11468: 11466: 11463: 11461: 11458: 11456: 11453: 11451: 11448: 11446: 11443: 11441: 11438: 11436: 11433: 11431: 11428: 11426: 11423: 11421: 11418: 11416: 11413: 11411: 11408: 11406: 11403: 11401: 11398: 11396: 11393: 11391: 11388: 11386: 11383: 11381: 11378: 11376: 11373: 11371: 11368: 11366: 11363: 11361: 11358: 11356: 11355: 11351: 11349: 11346: 11344: 11341: 11339: 11336: 11334: 11331: 11329: 11326: 11325: 11323: 11319: 11315: 11311: 11307: 11300: 11295: 11293: 11288: 11286: 11281: 11280: 11277: 11265: 11257: 11255: 11247: 11245: 11237: 11236: 11233: 11225: 11224:Kamala Harris 11222: 11219: 11216: 11213: 11210: 11207: 11204: 11201: 11197: 11194: 11191: 11188: 11185: 11182: 11179: 11176: 11173: 11170: 11167: 11164: 11161: 11158: 11155: 11152: 11149: 11146: 11143: 11142:Richard Nixon 11140: 11137: 11134: 11131: 11128: 11125: 11122: 11119: 11116: 11113: 11110: 11107: 11104: 11101: 11098: 11095: 11092: 11089: 11086: 11083: 11080: 11077: 11074: 11071: 11070:Garret Hobart 11068: 11065: 11062: 11059: 11056: 11053: 11050: 11047: 11044: 11041: 11038: 11035: 11032: 11029: 11026: 11023: 11020: 11017: 11014: 11011: 11008: 11005: 11002: 10999: 10996: 10993: 10990: 10987: 10984: 10981: 10978: 10975: 10972: 10969: 10966: 10963: 10960: 10957: 10954: 10951: 10948: 10945: 10942: 10939: 10936: 10933: 10930: 10929: 10925: 10921: 10914: 10909: 10907: 10902: 10900: 10895: 10894: 10891: 10879: 10871: 10869: 10861: 10860: 10857: 10851: 10848: 10846: 10843: 10841: 10838: 10836: 10833: 10831: 10828: 10826: 10825:G. H. W. Bush 10823: 10821: 10818: 10816: 10813: 10811: 10808: 10806: 10803: 10801: 10800:L. B. Johnson 10798: 10796: 10793: 10791: 10788: 10786: 10783: 10781: 10778: 10776: 10773: 10771: 10768: 10766: 10763: 10761: 10758: 10756: 10753: 10751: 10748: 10746: 10743: 10741: 10738: 10737: 10735: 10729: 10720: 10716: 10713: 10710: 10706: 10703: 10700: 10696: 10693: 10690: 10686: 10683: 10680: 10676: 10673: 10670: 10666: 10663: 10660: 10656: 10655:Ronald Reagan 10653: 10650: 10646: 10643: 10640: 10636: 10633: 10630: 10626: 10625:Richard Nixon 10623: 10620: 10616: 10613: 10610: 10606: 10603: 10600: 10596: 10593: 10590: 10586: 10583: 10580: 10576: 10573: 10570: 10566: 10563: 10560: 10556: 10553: 10550: 10546: 10543: 10540: 10536: 10533: 10530: 10526: 10523: 10520: 10516: 10513: 10510: 10506: 10503: 10500: 10496: 10493: 10490: 10486: 10483: 10480: 10476: 10473: 10470: 10466: 10463: 10460: 10456: 10453: 10450: 10446: 10443: 10440: 10436: 10433: 10430: 10426: 10423: 10420: 10416: 10413: 10410: 10406: 10403: 10400: 10396: 10393: 10390: 10386: 10383: 10380: 10376: 10373: 10370: 10366: 10365:James K. Polk 10363: 10360: 10356: 10353: 10350: 10346: 10343: 10340: 10336: 10333: 10330: 10326: 10323: 10320: 10316: 10313: 10310: 10306: 10303: 10300: 10296: 10295:James Madison 10293: 10290: 10286: 10283: 10280: 10276: 10273: 10270: 10266: 10263: 10262: 10258: 10252: 10248: 10241: 10236: 10234: 10229: 10227: 10222: 10221: 10218: 10212: 10205: 10189: 10180: 10179: 10172: 10166: 10161: 10157: 10148: 10147: 10140: 10134: 10130: 10121: 10120: 10113: 10107: 10103: 10094: 10093: 10086: 10080: 10076: 10067: 10066: 10059: 10053: 10048: 10044: 10037: 10033: 10031: 10025: 10021: 10017: 10016:James K. Polk 10010: 10006: 10002: 10000: 9997: 9990: 9984: 9980: 9973: 9969: 9967: 9964: 9957: 9951: 9947: 9940: 9936: 9935: 9931: 9925: 9921: 9916: 9912: 9903: 9902: 9899:Chair of the 9894: 9893:William Smith 9888: 9884: 9877: 9876: 9872: 9864: 9863: 9856: 9850: 9847: 9843: 9839: 9830: 9829: 9822: 9816: 9811: 9806: 9799: 9787: 9786: 9777: 9776: 9773: 9770: 9768: 9765: 9764: 9761: 9760: 9756: 9754: 9753: 9749: 9748: 9745: 9738: 9735: 9732: 9729: 9726: 9723: 9720: 9717: 9714: 9711: 9709: 9706: 9705: 9703: 9699: 9692: 9688: 9686: 9685: 9681: 9679: 9678: 9674: 9672: 9670: 9665: 9663: 9660: 9658: 9655: 9653: 9652: 9648: 9647: 9645: 9641: 9635: 9632: 9631: 9629: 9625: 9619: 9616: 9614: 9611: 9609: 9606: 9604: 9601: 9599: 9598: 9594: 9592: 9589: 9587: 9584: 9582: 9579: 9577: 9574: 9572: 9571:Panic of 1837 9569: 9567: 9564: 9563: 9561: 9559: 9555: 9549: 9546: 9544: 9541: 9539: 9536: 9534: 9531: 9529: 9526: 9524: 9521: 9519: 9516: 9514: 9511: 9509: 9506: 9504: 9501: 9499: 9496: 9494: 9491: 9489: 9486: 9484: 9481: 9479: 9476: 9474: 9471: 9469: 9466: 9464: 9461: 9459: 9456: 9454: 9451: 9449: 9446: 9444: 9441: 9439: 9436: 9435: 9433: 9429: 9421: 9417: 9413: 9409: 9405: 9402: 9398: 9394: 9391: 9387: 9383: 9379: 9375: 9372: 9368: 9364: 9361: 9357: 9356: 9353: 9349: 9342: 9337: 9335: 9330: 9328: 9323: 9322: 9319: 9307: 9303: 9300: 9298: 9294: 9291: 9289: 9285: 9282: 9280:, May 3, 1999 9279: 9278: 9273: 9269: 9265: 9262: 9259: 9255: 9254: 9248: 9243: 9241: 9237: 9233: 9230: 9227: 9224: 9221: 9218: 9214: 9210: 9207: 9204: 9202: 9198: 9194: 9191: 9188: 9185: 9181: 9177: 9174: 9171: 9169: 9165: 9161: 9158: 9155: 9151: 9150: 9145: 9140: 9138: 9137: 9133: 9129: 9114: 9063: 9057: 9053: 9052: 9046: 9042: 9036: 9032: 9031: 9026: 9022: 9017: 9016: 9004: 8998: 8994: 8990: 8989: 8983: 8979: 8973: 8969: 8968: 8962: 8958: 8952: 8948: 8943: 8941: 8935: 8929: 8925: 8920: 8916: 8915: 8910: 8906: 8903: 8899: 8895: 8889: 8884: 8883: 8877: 8873: 8871: 8867: 8863: 8859: 8853: 8849: 8844: 8841: 8837: 8834: 8830: 8828: 8823: 8817: 8813: 8808: 8804: 8800: 8799: 8793: 8790: 8786: 8783: 8779: 8776: 8772: 8768: 8764: 8758: 8754: 8749: 8746: 8742: 8738: 8732: 8728: 8723: 8721: 8715: 8711: 8707: 8706: 8703: 8688: 8682: 8678: 8673: 8669: 8663: 8659: 8658: 8653: 8649: 8645: 8639: 8635: 8634: 8629: 8625: 8613: 8609: 8608: 8603: 8599: 8595: 8589: 8585: 8584: 8578: 8576: 8571: 8565: 8561: 8556: 8552: 8546: 8542: 8541: 8535: 8531: 8525: 8520: 8519: 8513: 8509: 8505: 8499: 8495: 8494: 8489: 8484: 8482: 8477: 8471: 8467: 8466: 8461: 8457: 8453: 8447: 8442: 8441: 8434: 8429: 8425: 8424: 8410: 8406: 8400: 8396: 8395: 8387: 8371: 8367: 8361: 8345: 8341: 8335: 8319: 8315: 8311: 8304: 8298: 8294: 8288: 8280: 8274: 8270: 8269: 8261: 8254: 8249: 8238:September 12, 8233: 8229: 8225: 8224: 8219: 8212: 8204: 8200: 8199: 8191: 8175: 8171: 8167: 8161: 8145: 8141: 8137: 8130: 8114: 8110: 8106: 8102: 8098: 8094: 8090: 8086: 8079: 8071: 8067: 8066: 8061: 8054: 8052: 8043: 8037: 8033: 8032: 8024: 8022: 8005: 8001: 7995: 7988: 7982: 7976:, p. 16. 7975: 7970: 7954: 7950: 7944: 7928: 7924: 7920: 7913: 7905: 7899: 7895: 7894: 7886: 7878: 7874: 7873: 7865: 7857: 7851: 7847: 7842: 7841: 7832: 7825: 7820: 7813: 7808: 7801: 7796: 7789: 7784: 7777: 7772: 7765: 7760: 7758: 7750: 7745: 7738: 7733: 7726: 7721: 7714: 7709: 7702: 7697: 7690: 7685: 7678: 7674: 7669: 7653: 7649: 7648:gutenberg.org 7645: 7638: 7631: 7626: 7624: 7616: 7611: 7604: 7599: 7592: 7587: 7580: 7575: 7568: 7563: 7556: 7551: 7543: 7537: 7533: 7532: 7524: 7517: 7512: 7505: 7500: 7493: 7488: 7481: 7476: 7469: 7464: 7457: 7452: 7445: 7440: 7433: 7428: 7421: 7416: 7409: 7404: 7397: 7392: 7385: 7380: 7373: 7368: 7360: 7359: 7351: 7344: 7339: 7332: 7327: 7320: 7315: 7308: 7303: 7296: 7291: 7284: 7279: 7271: 7267: 7263: 7259: 7252: 7250: 7242: 7237: 7230: 7225: 7218: 7213: 7206: 7201: 7194: 7189: 7182: 7177: 7170: 7165: 7158: 7153: 7146: 7142: 7137: 7121: 7117: 7113: 7107: 7105: 7097: 7092: 7076: 7072: 7066: 7059: 7054: 7038: 7034: 7027: 7011: 7007: 7003: 6997: 6982: 6976: 6972: 6971: 6966: 6960: 6958: 6941: 6937: 6933: 6927: 6911: 6907: 6903: 6897: 6881: 6877: 6873: 6867: 6851: 6847: 6843: 6837: 6830: 6824: 6817: 6804: 6800: 6794: 6787: 6781: 6774: 6769: 6753: 6749: 6743: 6736: 6732: 6729: 6725: 6724:Maine History 6719: 6703: 6699: 6693: 6686: 6681: 6673: 6669: 6665: 6661: 6657: 6653: 6649: 6645: 6638: 6631: 6626: 6624: 6607: 6600: 6584: 6580: 6574: 6572: 6570: 6561: 6555: 6551: 6547: 6546: 6538: 6530: 6524: 6520: 6516: 6510: 6508: 6499: 6493: 6489: 6485: 6484: 6476: 6460: 6456: 6452: 6445: 6443: 6435: 6430: 6428: 6420: 6416: 6415:Henretta 2004 6411: 6409: 6401: 6395: 6380: 6376: 6369: 6361: 6355: 6351: 6344: 6328: 6324: 6318: 6302: 6298: 6294: 6288: 6280: 6274: 6270: 6263: 6255: 6249: 6245: 6244: 6236: 6220: 6216: 6209: 6202: 6197: 6190: 6185: 6177: 6172: 6171: 6165: 6159: 6152: 6147: 6139: 6133: 6129: 6128: 6120: 6112: 6106: 6102: 6101: 6093: 6085: 6079: 6075: 6074: 6066: 6058: 6052: 6048: 6044: 6043: 6035: 6027: 6021: 6017: 6016: 6008: 5992: 5988: 5982: 5980: 5978: 5976: 5968: 5963: 5956: 5951: 5944: 5939: 5932: 5927: 5920: 5915: 5899: 5895: 5891: 5884: 5868: 5864: 5863: 5858: 5851: 5835: 5831: 5825: 5823: 5821: 5819: 5817: 5809: 5804: 5796: 5790: 5786: 5785: 5777: 5761: 5757: 5751: 5744: 5739: 5732: 5727: 5711: 5707: 5703: 5697: 5695: 5693: 5684: 5678: 5674: 5673: 5665: 5649: 5645: 5639: 5637: 5635: 5633: 5616: 5609: 5607: 5599: 5595: 5592: 5588: 5582: 5575: 5570: 5563: 5558: 5551: 5546: 5539: 5534: 5526: 5520: 5516: 5515: 5507: 5500: 5495: 5488: 5483: 5475: 5471: 5470: 5462: 5454: 5448: 5444: 5443: 5435: 5428: 5423: 5416: 5411: 5404: 5399: 5392: 5387: 5380: 5375: 5368: 5363: 5355: 5349: 5345: 5344: 5336: 5329: 5324: 5316: 5310: 5306: 5305: 5297: 5290: 5285: 5277: 5271: 5267: 5266: 5258: 5251: 5246: 5239: 5235: 5230: 5223: 5218: 5210: 5204: 5200: 5199: 5191: 5183: 5177: 5173: 5172: 5164: 5157: 5152: 5145: 5140: 5133: 5128: 5121: 5116: 5108: 5102: 5098: 5097: 5089: 5082: 5078: 5073: 5065: 5059: 5055: 5054: 5046: 5038: 5032: 5028: 5027: 5019: 5012: 5007: 5000: 4995: 4988: 4983: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4953: 4946: 4941: 4934: 4929: 4922: 4917: 4910: 4905: 4897: 4891: 4887: 4886: 4878: 4870: 4864: 4860: 4859: 4851: 4844: 4839: 4832: 4827: 4820: 4815: 4808: 4803: 4796: 4791: 4784: 4779: 4772: 4767: 4760: 4755: 4748: 4743: 4736: 4731: 4724: 4719: 4712: 4707: 4700: 4695: 4688: 4683: 4676: 4671: 4663: 4659: 4658: 4650: 4643: 4638: 4632:, p. 44. 4631: 4626: 4619: 4614: 4607: 4602: 4595: 4590: 4583: 4578: 4571: 4566: 4559: 4554: 4547: 4542: 4535: 4530: 4523: 4518: 4511: 4506: 4499: 4494: 4487: 4482: 4475: 4470: 4463: 4458: 4451: 4446: 4439: 4434: 4426: 4420: 4416: 4415: 4407: 4400: 4395: 4387: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4372: 4364: 4358:, p. 30. 4357: 4352: 4345: 4340: 4333: 4328: 4322:, p. 62. 4321: 4316: 4309: 4304: 4297: 4292: 4285: 4280: 4261: 4254: 4253: 4245: 4238: 4233: 4225: 4224: 4216: 4209: 4204: 4198:, p. 43. 4197: 4192: 4184: 4178: 4174: 4173: 4165: 4157: 4151: 4147: 4146: 4138: 4130: 4124: 4120: 4119: 4111: 4104: 4099: 4092: 4087: 4080: 4075: 4068: 4063: 4056: 4051: 4044: 4039: 4032: 4027: 4019: 4015: 4014: 4006: 3998: 3992: 3988: 3987: 3979: 3973:, p. 27. 3972: 3967: 3951: 3947: 3940: 3938: 3936: 3927: 3921: 3917: 3916: 3908: 3900: 3894: 3890: 3889: 3881: 3874: 3869: 3862: 3857: 3850: 3845: 3838: 3833: 3825: 3821: 3820: 3812: 3804: 3798: 3794: 3793: 3785: 3777: 3772: 3771: 3762: 3754: 3748: 3744: 3743: 3735: 3727: 3721: 3717: 3716: 3708: 3701: 3696: 3688: 3682: 3678: 3677: 3669: 3662: 3657: 3649: 3645: 3643:9780608374819 3639: 3635: 3634: 3629: 3623: 3617:, p. 14. 3616: 3611: 3595: 3591: 3585: 3578: 3573: 3565: 3559: 3555: 3554: 3546: 3538: 3532: 3528: 3523: 3522: 3513: 3505: 3499: 3495: 3494: 3486: 3470: 3466: 3460: 3453: 3448: 3441: 3436: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3406: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3372: 3371: 3363: 3359: 3353: 3337: 3333: 3332:Miller Center 3329: 3322: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3292: 3286: 3285:0-8050-6922-4 3282: 3278: 3272: 3268: 3253: 3247: 3243: 3233: 3230: 3228: 3225: 3222: 3218: 3217:Decatur House 3214: 3211: 3210: 3204: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3193: 3187: 3185: 3184: 3179: 3178: 3173: 3163: 3161: 3151: 3149: 3148:Garry Trudeau 3145: 3144: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3117: 3115: 3111: 3110: 3105: 3090: 3088: 3087: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3055: 3044: 3040: 3038: 3033: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3022: 3017: 3013: 3005: 3001: 2996: 2992: 2990: 2986: 2971: 2967: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2948: 2939: 2937: 2933: 2928: 2921: 2917: 2912: 2908: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2893: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2855: 2853: 2849: 2840: 2835: 2826: 2824: 2820: 2814: 2809: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2786: 2784: 2780: 2779:Liberty Party 2776: 2772: 2768: 2763: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2751:Samuel Tilden 2748: 2744: 2739: 2734: 2732: 2718: 2714: 2713:Daguerreotype 2710: 2701: 2698: 2693: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2674: 2669: 2667: 2662: 2658: 2655: 2651: 2650: 2644: 2639: 2637: 2636:Levi Woodbury 2633: 2629: 2628:James K. Polk 2625: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2594: 2592: 2588: 2582: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2557:Webster, the 2554: 2552: 2547: 2546:James K. Polk 2543: 2539: 2535: 2526: 2521: 2511: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2488: 2486: 2485: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2457: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2446:John McKinley 2441: 2431: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2415: 2412: 2411: 2403: 2395: 2390: 2388: 2382: 2378: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2359: 2358:New Brunswick 2355: 2341: 2337: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2318:Robert Nelson 2315: 2309: 2299: 2296: 2291: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2280: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2258:Niagara River 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2237: 2224: 2219: 2210: 2206: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2178: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2159: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2131: 2126: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2094: 2092: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2074:national bank 2070: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2050: 2048: 2044: 2043:Panic of 1837 2040: 2031: 2030: 2024: 2019: 2018:Panic of 1837 2012:Panic of 1837 2009: 2005: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1989: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1970:Levi Woodbury 1962: 1957: 1952: 1941: 1931: 1929: 1925: 1920: 1918: 1914: 1913:William Smith 1909: 1905: 1900: 1896: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1877: 1868: 1864: 1862: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1830: 1826: 1816: 1814: 1810: 1804: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1788: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1765: 1761: 1759: 1755: 1743: 1738: 1729: 1727: 1723: 1717: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1702: 1700: 1699:John H. Eaton 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1679: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1668:New Brunswick 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1640: 1635: 1630: 1626: 1611: 1609: 1605: 1599: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1588:1828 election 1585: 1580: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1568:John Randolph 1565: 1561: 1556: 1554: 1543: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1519: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1499: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1460: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1428: 1426: 1420: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1404: 1402: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1371: 1369: 1368:Roger Skinner 1365: 1361: 1357: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1335: 1333: 1329: 1328:James Madison 1325: 1321: 1316: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1270: 1261: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1201: 1197: 1191: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1164: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1125: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1106: 1100: 1095: 1090: 1080: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1063:. During the 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1045:James K. Polk 1042: 1037: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1002: 998: 997:Panic of 1837 992: 990: 986: 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 961: 957: 953: 949: 944: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 918: 914: 910: 909:Great Britain 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 875: 869: 865: 861: 857: 856: 846: 814: 805: 798: 795: 792: 789: 786: 783: 782: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 757: 754: 753: 751: 747: 744: 741: 737: 730: 727: 726: 724: 720: 717: 713: 710:5, including 709: 705: 678: 673: 669: 665: 661: 654: 651: 648: 645: 642: 639: 638: 636: 632: 629: 626: 624:Resting place 622: 618: 614: 606:July 24, 1862 605: 601: 598: 594: 578: 574: 569: 565: 561: 555: 552: 549: 543: 537: 532: 529: 525: 521: 515: 512: 509: 507: 504: 503: 501: 495: 492: 489: 483: 478: 470: 465: 459: 453: 450: 447: 441: 438: 435: 429: 423: 420: 417: 414: 412: 409: 408: 406: 402: 396: 391: 388: 383: 380: 377: 371: 368: 365: 359: 353: 348: 345:from New York 343: 339: 336: 333: 327: 324: 321: 315: 311: 309: 305: 299: 294: 291: 286: 283: 280: 274: 271: 268: 262: 258: 254: 248: 243: 240: 235: 231: 228: 222: 219: 216: 210: 206: 202: 196: 191: 188: 181: 177: 171: 168: 165: 159: 155: 151: 145: 140: 137: 132: 129: 126: 120: 117: 114: 108: 105: 102: 99: 94: 88: 83: 80: 75: 71: 60: 55: 48: 45: 41: 37: 33: 29: 22: 19433: 19412:John P. Hale 19392: 19386: 19384: 19361: 19347: 19318: 19310: 19287: 19239: 19231: 19208: 19200:1852 → 19192:← 1844 19139: 19119: 19107:Joseph Smith 19105: 19102: 19095:Reform Party 19081: 19073: 19020: 19001: 18993: 18970: 18941: 18922: 18907: 18884: 18876:1848 → 18868:← 1840 18815: 18798: 18795: 18786: 18784: 18761: 18723: 18708: 18685: 18677:1844 → 18669:← 1836 18616: 18597: 18590: 18572: 18565: 18558: 18551: 18534: 18518: 18501: 18500: 18477: 18469:1840 → 18461:← 1832 18408: 18388: 18384:Richard Rush 18375: 18356: 18351:William Wirt 18348: 18331: 18314: 18306: 18289: 18272: 18264: 18247: 18225: 18208: 18206: 18197: 18180: 18172:1836 → 18164:← 1828 18073:Donald Trump 17973:Jimmy Carter 17835:James M. Cox 17656: 17445:Amos Kendall 17420:Felix Grundy 17348:John Forsyth 17330: 17250:Amos Kendall 17151:Louis McLane 17117:John Forsyth 17111:Louis McLane 17098: 16987:Edward Bates 16962:Gerrit Smith 16834:John P. Hale 16819: 16783:Thomas Earle 16530:House Caucus 16406:South Dakota 16396:Rhode Island 16391:Pennsylvania 16371:North Dakota 15501:A. Stevenson 15359:Presidential 14993:Stevenson II 14973:Stevenson II 14599:Breckinridge 14582:Breckinridge 14529: 14525: 14512: 14503: 14473:presidential 14464:presidential 14120: 13763: 13754: 13738: 13691: 13215: 13055:Schneiderman 12747:J. Van Buren 12698:M. Van Buren 12697: 12272: 12155: 12135: 12123: 12101: 12094: 12087: 12080: 12053: 12031: 12014: 12007: 11985: 11948: 11926: 11909: 11892: 11855: 11778: 11746: 11739: 11727: 11720: 11693: 11676: 11565:F. Roosevelt 11530:J. Alden Dix 11505:T. Roosevelt 11460:J. Adams Dix 11379: 11352: 11034:Henry Wilson 10973: 10750:T. Roosevelt 10719:2021–present 10705:Donald Trump 10695:Barack Obama 10675:Bill Clinton 10645:Jimmy Carter 10334: 10305:James Monroe 10256:presidencies 10176: 10171:Louis McLane 10144: 10117: 10090: 10063: 10043:John P. Hale 10028: 10023: 9994: 9961: 9932:nominee for 9928: 9923: 9898: 9869: 9860: 9826: 9778: 9757: 9750: 9682: 9675: 9668: 9649: 9643:Public image 9595: 9448:Tammany Hall 9347: 9275: 9251: 9147: 9050: 9029: 8987: 8966: 8946: 8923: 8913: 8901: 8881: 8865: 8847: 8842:85.1 (2016). 8839: 8832: 8811: 8797: 8788: 8770: 8752: 8744: 8726: 8713: 8676: 8656: 8632: 8616:. Retrieved 8606: 8582: 8559: 8539: 8517: 8492: 8464: 8460:Cole, Donald 8439: 8409:Google Books 8407:– via 8393: 8386: 8374:. Retrieved 8360: 8348:. Retrieved 8334: 8322:. Retrieved 8313: 8303: 8287: 8267: 8260: 8248: 8236:. Retrieved 8221: 8211: 8197: 8190: 8178:. Retrieved 8169: 8160: 8148:. Retrieved 8139: 8129: 8117:. Retrieved 8092: 8088: 8078: 8063: 8030: 8008:. Retrieved 7994: 7986: 7981: 7969: 7957:. Retrieved 7943: 7931:. Retrieved 7922: 7912: 7892: 7885: 7871: 7864: 7839: 7831: 7819: 7807: 7795: 7783: 7771: 7744: 7732: 7720: 7708: 7696: 7684: 7668: 7656:. Retrieved 7647: 7637: 7610: 7598: 7586: 7574: 7562: 7550: 7530: 7523: 7511: 7499: 7487: 7475: 7463: 7451: 7439: 7427: 7415: 7403: 7391: 7379: 7367: 7357: 7350: 7338: 7326: 7314: 7302: 7290: 7278: 7261: 7257: 7236: 7224: 7212: 7200: 7188: 7176: 7164: 7152: 7136: 7124:. Retrieved 7115: 7091: 7079:. Retrieved 7065: 7053: 7041:. Retrieved 7037:the original 7026: 7014:. Retrieved 7005: 6996: 6984:. Retrieved 6970:First Ladies 6969: 6946:December 24, 6944:. Retrieved 6935: 6926: 6914:. Retrieved 6905: 6896: 6884:. Retrieved 6875: 6866: 6854:. Retrieved 6845: 6836: 6828: 6823: 6814: 6807:. Retrieved 6793: 6785: 6780: 6768: 6756:. Retrieved 6742: 6723: 6718: 6706:. Retrieved 6692: 6680: 6647: 6643: 6637: 6610:. Retrieved 6599: 6587:. Retrieved 6544: 6537: 6518: 6482: 6475: 6463:. Retrieved 6454: 6451:"Annexation" 6399: 6394: 6382:. Retrieved 6378: 6368: 6349: 6343: 6331:. Retrieved 6317: 6305:. Retrieved 6296: 6287: 6268: 6262: 6242: 6235: 6223:. Retrieved 6208: 6196: 6184: 6169: 6158: 6146: 6126: 6119: 6099: 6092: 6072: 6065: 6042:James K Polk 6041: 6034: 6014: 6007: 5995:. Retrieved 5962: 5950: 5938: 5926: 5914: 5902:. Retrieved 5898:the original 5893: 5883: 5871:. Retrieved 5860: 5850: 5838:. Retrieved 5803: 5783: 5776: 5764:. Retrieved 5750: 5738: 5726: 5714:. Retrieved 5705: 5671: 5664: 5652:. Retrieved 5619:. Retrieved 5586: 5581: 5569: 5557: 5545: 5533: 5513: 5506: 5494: 5482: 5468: 5461: 5441: 5434: 5422: 5410: 5398: 5386: 5374: 5362: 5342: 5335: 5323: 5303: 5296: 5284: 5264: 5257: 5250:Shepard 1899 5245: 5229: 5217: 5197: 5190: 5170: 5163: 5151: 5139: 5127: 5115: 5095: 5088: 5072: 5052: 5045: 5025: 5018: 5006: 4994: 4982: 4970:. Retrieved 4961: 4952: 4940: 4928: 4916: 4904: 4884: 4877: 4857: 4850: 4845:, p. 9. 4838: 4826: 4814: 4802: 4790: 4778: 4766: 4754: 4742: 4730: 4718: 4706: 4694: 4682: 4670: 4656: 4649: 4637: 4625: 4613: 4601: 4589: 4577: 4565: 4553: 4541: 4529: 4517: 4505: 4493: 4481: 4469: 4457: 4445: 4433: 4413: 4406: 4394: 4370: 4363: 4351: 4339: 4327: 4315: 4303: 4291: 4279: 4269:November 25, 4267:. Retrieved 4260:the original 4251: 4244: 4232: 4222: 4215: 4203: 4191: 4171: 4164: 4144: 4137: 4117: 4110: 4098: 4086: 4074: 4062: 4050: 4038: 4026: 4012: 4005: 3985: 3978: 3966: 3954:. Retrieved 3914: 3907: 3887: 3880: 3868: 3856: 3844: 3832: 3824:Google Books 3818: 3811: 3791: 3784: 3769: 3761: 3741: 3734: 3714: 3707: 3695: 3675: 3668: 3656: 3648:Google Books 3646:– via 3632: 3622: 3610: 3598:. Retrieved 3584: 3572: 3552: 3545: 3520: 3512: 3492: 3485: 3473:. Retrieved 3459: 3447: 3435: 3425:February 24, 3423:. Retrieved 3414: 3405: 3393:. Retrieved 3369: 3352: 3340:. Retrieved 3331: 3321: 3309:. 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K. Jones 15776:(1898–1899) 15770:(1890–1898) 15764:(1885–1890) 15758:(1881–1885) 15752:(1877–1881) 15746:(1873–1877) 15726:U.S. Senate 15711:(2003–2023) 15705:(1995–2003) 15699:(1989–1995) 15693:(1987–1989) 15687:(1977–1987) 15681:(1971–1977) 15675:(1962–1971) 15669:(1940–1961) 15663:(1936–1940) 15657:(1935–1936) 15651:(1933–1934) 15645:(1929–1933) 15639:(1923–1929) 15633:(1921–1923) 15627:(1909–1921) 15621:(1903–1909) 15615:(1897–1903) 15609:(1895–1897) 15603:(1891–1895) 15597:(1889–1891) 15591:(1883–1889) 15585:(1876–1881) 15579:(1875–1876) 15573:(1873–1875) 15567:(1869–1871) 15557:(1859–1861) 15551:(1857–1859) 15545:(1855–1857) 15543:G. W. Jones 15539:(1851–1855) 15533:(1849–1851) 15527:(1845–1847) 15521:(1843–1845) 15519:J. W. Jones 15515:(1835–1839) 15509:(1834–1835) 15503:(1827–1834) 15462:(2009–2017) 15456:(1993–2001) 15450:(1977–1981) 15444:(1963–1969) 15438:(1961–1963) 15432:(1945–1953) 15418:Roosevelt ( 15415:(1913–1921) 15403:(1868–1869) 15397:(1857–1861) 15391:(1853–1857) 15385:(1845–1849) 15379:(1837–1841) 15373:(1829–1837) 14738:Stevenson I 14712:Stevenson I 14483:1828 (None) 14459:conventions 13715:J. Q. Adams 13708:(1815–1893) 13656:(1785–1811) 13481:Christopher 13476:Eagleburger 13416:G. Marshall 13186:J. Marshall 12957:M. E. Lewis 12852:Schoonmaker 12691:Van Vechten 12670:Van Vechten 11816:Floyd-Jones 11590:Rockefeller 11220:(2017–2021) 11214:(2009–2017) 11208:(2001–2009) 11206:Dick Cheney 11192:(1989–1993) 11186:(1981–1989) 11180:(1977–1981) 11174:(1974–1977) 11168:(1973–1974) 11166:Gerald Ford 11162:(1969–1973) 11160:Spiro Agnew 11156:(1965–1969) 11150:(1961–1963) 11144:(1953–1961) 11138:(1949–1953) 11126:(1941–1945) 11120:(1933–1941) 11114:(1929–1933) 11108:(1925–1929) 11102:(1921–1923) 11096:(1913–1921) 11090:(1909–1912) 11084:(1905–1909) 11072:(1897–1899) 11066:(1893–1897) 11060:(1889–1893) 11042:(1877–1881) 11036:(1873–1875) 11030:(1869–1873) 11018:(1861–1865) 11012:(1857–1861) 11000:(1849–1850) 10994:(1845–1849) 10982:(1837–1841) 10976:(1833–1837) 10970:(1825–1832) 10964:(1817–1825) 10958:(1813–1814) 10952:(1805–1812) 10946:(1801–1805) 10940:(1797–1801) 10934:(1789–1797) 10635:Gerald Ford 9846:U.S. Senate 9422:(1815–1819) 9414:(1821–1828) 9395:(1829–1831) 9384:(1831–1832) 9376:(1833–1837) 9365:(1837–1841) 8652:Widmer, Ted 8350:October 18, 8324:January 31, 8253:Widmer 2005 8223:Smithsonian 7959:January 12, 7824:Widmer 2005 7725:Silbey 2002 7713:Silbey 2002 7658:October 18, 7567:Silbey 2002 7264:(1): 3–23. 7181:Wilson 1984 7169:Wilson 1984 7157:Wilson 1984 7096:Wilson 1984 6809:December 5, 6801:. Vlib.us. 6773:Silbey 2002 6685:Wilson 1984 6630:Nowlan 2012 6434:Wilson 1984 6307:October 27, 6297:history.com 6201:Wilson 1984 6189:Wilson 1984 6151:Wilson 1984 5967:Wilson 1984 5955:Nowlan 2012 5943:Wilson 1984 5931:Nowlan 2012 5873:January 16, 5766:November 8, 5731:Wilson 1984 5706:history.com 5574:Wilson 1984 5379:Silbey 2002 5367:Wilson 1984 5144:Wilson 1984 4972:November 8, 4843:Wilson 1984 4711:Wilson 1984 4630:Silbey 2002 4450:Wilson 1984 4031:Brooke 2010 3971:Silbey 2002 3700:Brooke 2010 3661:Widmer 2005 3452:Widmer 2005 3201:street gang 3166:Film and TV 2920:White House 2887:Roger Taney 2767:third party 2567:War of 1812 2381:territory. 2326:Patriot War 2308:Patriot War 2274:Navy Island 2137:. Notably, 2086:paper money 2027:The Modern 1961:Henry Inman 1692:Peggy Eaton 1540:Hamiltonian 1324:War of 1812 1238:Hannah Hoes 1184:reading law 1147:during the 1022:slave state 677:Hannah Hoes 655:(1848–1852) 643:(1799–1825) 546:Preceded by 514:Tilly Lynde 486:Preceded by 432:Preceded by 416:John Tayler 362:Preceded by 318:Preceded by 265:Preceded by 213:Preceded by 162:Preceded by 111:Preceded by 63:Van Buren, 19464:Categories 19369:Convention 19313:Lewis Cass 19295:Convention 19259:Henry Clay 19216:Convention 19210:Whig Party 19103:President: 19059:candidates 19024:John Davis 18996:Henry Clay 18978:Convention 18972:Whig Party 18952:Lewis Cass 18892:Convention 18769:Convention 18743:Henry Clay 18726:John Tyler 18693:Convention 18687:Whig Party 18599:John Tyler 18536:Whig Party 18512:VP nominee 18485:Convention 18376:President: 18309:John Floyd 18267:Henry Clay 18111:Presidents 18033:John Kerry 17875:Alf Landon 17667:Lewis Cass 17609:Henry Clay 17579:Rufus King 17545:John Adams 17194:Lewis Cass 17188:John Eaton 16496:Affiliated 16436:Washington 16356:New Mexico 16351:New Jersey 16226:California 15613:Richardson 15477:U.S. House 15401:A. Johnson 15298:H. Clinton 15198:B. Clinton 15178:B. Clinton 15033:L. Johnson 15017:L. Johnson 14595:H. Johnson 14517:R. Johnson 14106:Crittenden 14042:W. Johnson 13977:Richardson 13830:Pierrepont 13815:R. Johnson 13406:Stettinius 12817:Martindale 12775:O. Hoffman 12642:J. Hoffman 12438:D. Clinton 12398:Gillibrand 12393:H. Clinton 11841:Dorsheimer 11648:Lieutenant 11370:D. Clinton 11360:D. Clinton 11338:G. Clinton 11328:G. Clinton 11218:Mike Pence 11190:Dan Quayle 10986:John Tyler 10944:Aaron Burr 10932:John Adams 10835:G. W. Bush 10790:Eisenhower 10740:Washington 10731:Presidency 10355:John Tyler 10275:John Adams 10188:Aaron Vail 10182:1831–1832 10150:1837–1841 10123:1833–1837 10096:1829–1831 10085:Henry Clay 9996:Democratic 9963:Democratic 9930:Democratic 9905:1823–1828 9871:Rufus King 9832:1815–1819 9558:Presidency 9128:Audio help 9119:2019-03-28 8700:See also: 7800:Niven 1983 7788:Niven 1983 7776:Niven 1983 7764:Niven 1983 7749:Niven 1983 7737:Niven 1983 7701:Niven 1983 7689:Niven 1983 7675:, p. 7630:Niven 1983 7615:Niven 1983 7603:Niven 1983 7591:Niven 1983 7579:Niven 1983 7555:Niven 1983 7516:Niven 1983 7504:Niven 1983 7492:Niven 1983 7480:Niven 1983 7456:Niven 1983 7444:Niven 1983 7432:Niven 1983 7420:Niven 1983 7408:Niven 1983 7396:Niven 1983 7384:Niven 1983 7372:Niven 1983 7343:Niven 1983 7331:Niven 1983 7319:Niven 1983 7307:Niven 1983 7295:Niven 1983 7283:Niven 1983 7241:Niven 1983 7229:Niven 1983 7217:Niven 1983 7205:Niven 1983 7193:Niven 1983 7143:, p. 6417:, p. 6384:August 11, 5562:Niven 1983 5550:Niven 1983 5538:Niven 1983 5499:Niven 1983 5487:Niven 1983 5427:Niven 1983 5415:Niven 1983 5403:Niven 1983 5391:Niven 1983 5236:, p. 5222:Niven 1983 5156:Niven 1983 5132:Niven 1983 5120:Niven 1983 5079:, p. 5011:Niven 1983 4999:Niven 1983 4987:Niven 1983 4933:Niven 1983 4921:Niven 1983 4909:Niven 1983 4831:Niven 1983 4819:Niven 1983 4807:Niven 1983 4795:Niven 1983 4783:Niven 1983 4771:Niven 1983 4759:Niven 1983 4747:Niven 1983 4735:Niven 1983 4723:Niven 1983 4699:Niven 1983 4687:Niven 1983 4642:Niven 1983 4618:Niven 1983 4606:Niven 1983 4594:Niven 1983 4582:Niven 1983 4570:Niven 1983 4558:Niven 1983 4546:Niven 1983 4534:Niven 1983 4522:Niven 1983 4510:Niven 1983 4498:Niven 1983 4474:Niven 1983 4462:Niven 1983 4438:Niven 1983 4399:Niven 1983 4344:Niven 1983 4332:Niven 1983 4320:Niven 1983 4308:Niven 1983 4296:Niven 1983 4284:Niven 1983 4237:Niven 1983 4208:Niven 1983 4196:Niven 1983 4103:Niven 1983 4091:Niven 1983 4079:Niven 1983 4067:Niven 1983 4055:Niven 1983 4043:Niven 1983 3873:Niven 1983 3861:Niven 1983 3849:Niven 1983 3837:Niven 1983 3577:Niven 1983 3263:References 3221:Henry Clay 3183:La Amistad 3143:Doonesbury 3124:After the 3114:Aaron Burr 3104:Gore Vidal 3016:Ivan Eland 2829:Retirement 2798:John Adams 2673:Lewis Cass 2616:John Tyler 2608:Lindenwald 2579:John Tyler 2410:La Amistad 2195:annexation 2158:Everglades 2047:depression 1833:President 1813:Whig Party 1748: 1830 1694:, wife of 1576:protection 1562:, Senator 1472:Henry Clay 1392:Erie Canal 1209:Aaron Burr 1077:Republican 1053:Lewis Cass 784:Little Van 755:Politician 749:Occupation 712:Abraham II 647:Democratic 613:Kinderhook 593:Kinderhook 586:1782-12-05 308:Lieutenant 270:Henry Clay 230:Aaron Vail 28:Dutch name 18317:Henry Lee 17328:President 17079:President 16676:Primaries 16617:Sectional 16446:Wisconsin 16411:Tennessee 16316:Minnesota 16291:Louisiana 16194:State and 16159:McAuliffe 15987:McCormick 15910:Chairs of 15870:Mansfield 15858:McFarland 15834:Underwood 15828:Hitchcock 15792:Blackburn 15756:Pendleton 15673:McCormack 15424:1941–1945 15420:1933–1941 15407:Cleveland 15377:Van Buren 15347:primaries 15327:primaries 15307:primaries 15287:primaries 15267:primaries 15247:primaries 15227:primaries 15222:Lieberman 15207:primaries 15187:primaries 15167:primaries 15147:primaries 15127:primaries 15107:primaries 15087:primaries 15062:primaries 15042:primaries 15022:primaries 15002:primaries 14982:primaries 14962:primaries 14942:primaries 14933:Roosevelt 14922:primaries 14913:Roosevelt 14902:primaries 14893:Roosevelt 14882:primaries 14873:Roosevelt 14862:primaries 14842:primaries 14822:primaries 14817:Roosevelt 14802:primaries 14782:primaries 14708:Cleveland 14695:Cleveland 14686:Hendricks 14682:Cleveland 14660:Hendricks 14621:Pendleton 14617:McClellan 14526:Van Buren 14513:Van Buren 14504:Van Buren 14475:primaries 14241:Brandegee 14231:Culberson 14121:Van Buren 13982:Armstrong 13972:Annenberg 13795:Ingersoll 13770:Stevenson 13755:Van Buren 13563:Tillerson 13446:Kissinger 13291:Washburne 13216:Van Buren 13181:Pickering 13171:Jefferson 13062:Underwood 13013:Lefkowitz 12999:Goldstein 12887:Rosendale 12845:Fairchild 12824:Champlain 12803:Dickinson 12761:Chatfield 12726:Beardsley 12656:Woodworth 12523:Wadsworth 12443:Armstrong 12433:Armstrong 12288:Dickinson 12283:Tallmadge 12273:Van Buren 12253:Armstrong 12066:McCaughey 11934:Schoeneck 11791:Patterson 11769:Dickinson 11711:Tallmadge 11650:governors 11480:Cleveland 11380:Van Buren 11321:Governors 11306:Governors 11212:Joe Biden 11200:1993–2001 10733:timelines 10715:Joe Biden 10709:2017–2021 10699:2009–2017 10689:2001–2009 10679:1993–2001 10669:1989–1993 10659:1981–1989 10649:1977–1981 10639:1974–1977 10629:1969–1974 10619:1963–1969 10609:1961–1963 10599:1953–1961 10589:1945–1953 10579:1933–1945 10569:1929–1933 10559:1923–1929 10549:1921–1923 10539:1913–1921 10529:1909–1913 10519:1901–1909 10509:1897–1901 10499:1893–1897 10489:1889–1893 10479:1885–1889 10469:1881–1885 10449:1877–1881 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1660:Black Sea 1401:Bucktails 1396:Lake Erie 1386:, in the 1347:surrender 1305:Surrogate 1180:Claverack 972:Bucktails 778:Nicknames 766:Signature 739:Relatives 653:Free Soil 540:1808–1813 536:In office 524:Surrogate 469:In office 395:In office 385:14th 352:In office 298:In office 256:President 247:In office 237:10th 204:President 195:In office 153:President 144:In office 87:In office 67:1855–1858 36:Van Buren 19378:Nominees 19304:Nominees 19225:Nominees 19113:campaign 18987:Nominees 18916:campaign 18901:Nominees 18778:Nominees 18717:campaign 18702:Nominees 18545:Nominees 18342:Nominees 18300:Nominees 18258:Nominees 18191:Nominees 18013:Bob Dole 17855:Al Smith 16535:Factions 16506:Congress 16431:Virginia 16381:Oklahoma 16361:New York 16336:Nebraska 16326:Missouri 16311:Michigan 16301:Maryland 16286:Kentucky 16266:Illinois 16241:Delaware 16231:Colorado 16221:Arkansas 16184:Harrison 16145:Grossman 16087:Westwood 16052:Mitchell 16047:McKinney 16032:Hannegan 15992:Cummings 15882:Mitchell 15840:Robinson 15715:Jeffries 15703:Gephardt 15661:Bankhead 15619:Williams 15589:Carlisle 15484:Speakers 15395:Buchanan 15077:Eagleton 15073:McGovern 15053:Humphrey 15037:Humphrey 14997:Kefauver 14977:Sparkman 14857:Robinson 14837:C. Bryan 14833:J. Davis 14797:Marshall 14777:Marshall 14760:W. Bryan 14751:H. Davis 14734:W. Bryan 14721:W. Bryan 14578:Buchanan 14457:National 14346:Grassley 14301:Thurmond 14291:Eastland 14276:McCarran 14266:McCarran 14261:Van Nuys 14181:Trumbull 13987:Brewster 13942:Harriman 13912:Houghton 13810:C. Adams 13800:Buchanan 13790:Lawrence 13785:Bancroft 13735:Lawrence 13730:Gallatin 13663:J. Adams 13493:Albright 13251:Buchanan 13176:Randolph 13080:* acting 12985:Ward Jr. 12978:Ottinger 12950:Woodbury 12929:O'Malley 12859:Ward Sr. 12810:Cochrane 12677:Hildreth 12663:Hildreth 12635:Lawrence 12628:M. Lewis 12493:Conkling 12428:Laurance 12388:Moynihan 12353:Copeland 12343:O'Gorman 12258:Mitchill 12223:Schuyler 12213:Schuyler 12131:Benjamin 12076:Paterson 12055:Anderson 12049:DelBello 12044:M. Cuomo 12033:Anderson 11878:Woodruff 11857:McCarthy 11836:Robinson 11826:Woodford 11811:Campbell 11774:Gardiner 11741:Stebbins 11625:A. Cuomo 11620:Paterson 11605:M. 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