Tokyo subway sarin attack

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that Asahara was indeed fit to stand trial, and on 27 March 2006, rejected the appeal against his death sentence. Japan's Supreme Court upheld this decision on 15 September 2006. Two re-trial appeals were declined by the appellate court. In June 2012, Asahara's execution was postponed due to the further arrests of the two remaining Aum Shinrikyo members wanted in connection with the attack. Japan does not announce dates of executions, which are by hanging, in advance of them being carried out. On 6 July 2018, the Ministry of Justice announced that Asahara had been executed that morning with six others of those principally involved.

819: 901:(a rival Japanese religious movement), in mid-1994. The first attack involved a truck with a spraying system, as previously used – the spraying system malfunctioned, spraying sarin into the truck itself, and mildly poisoning the operators. The second attack utilized a truck modified to include an evaporation system based on heating sarin over a gas stove fire; despite prior warnings from cult member Kazuyoshi Takizawa, the truck caught fire during the dissemination, severely poisoning the driver Tomomitsu Niimi and causing both Niimi and Murai – the operators – to flee. Niimi received an injection of 1242:

station to meet his accomplice with a car. Leaving the punctured packets on the floor allowed the sarin to leak out into the train car and stations. This sarin affected passengers, subway workers, and those who came into contact with them. Sarin is the most volatile of the nerve agents, which means that it can quickly and easily evaporate from a liquid into a vapor and spread into the environment. People can be exposed to the vapor even if they do not come in contact with the liquid form of sarin. Because it evaporates so quickly, sarin presents an immediate but short-lived threat.

1263: 1157: 1423:, Hirose dropped the newspapers to the floor, repeated an Aum mantra and punctured both sarin packets with so much force that he bent the tip of his sharpened umbrella. Both packets were successfully broken, and all 900 millilitres (30 US fl oz) of sarin was released onto the floor of the train. Hirose then departed the train at Ochanomizu and left via Kitamura's car waiting outside the station. Hirose's clumsy release of the sarin resulted in him accidentally poisoning himself, but he was able to administer an antidote stored in Kitamura's car. 701:), and began construction. However, public attitudes towards the cult had become very negative due to suspicions around the cult's illegal activities. These attitudes were exacerbated once it was revealed to the surrounding community that the group had acted illegally. A police investigation in October resulted in the arrests of several Aum members, causing Asahara to fear a police raid – he hence ordered the destruction of all biological and chemical weapon stockpiles, and for the cult to focus on legitimate, non-violent strategies only. 1590: 1526: 1251: 1451: 1346: 2898: 1168:, whose wife had been left comatose by the attack. Blame would not be clearly attributed to Aum Shinrikyo until after the subway attack, despite tipoffs – in September 1994, two anonymous letters were sent to major media outlets in Japan – the first asserting that the group were responsible for the attack, and the second claiming that Matsumoto was an open-air 'experiment of sorts', noting that the results would have been much worse if sarin had been released indoors, such as in 'a crowded subway'. 710:

in late 1992, Asahara's mental health deteriorated further – he began to complain of hallucinations and paranoia, and he withdrew from public appearances (except on Aum Shinrikyo Broadcasting), claiming society was preventing him from fulfilling his destiny as Christ. The concurrent replacement of the previously predominantly female group of top advisers with a more aggressive male group led to the gradual restarting of the violent campaign to seize power. At some point in 1992, Asahara published

870: 2630:(some of whom, though present at subway entrances and filming the injured, hesitated when asked to transport victims to the hospital) and the Subway Authority, which failed to halt several of the trains despite reports of passenger injury. Health services including hospitals and health staff were also criticised; one hospital refused to admit a victim for almost an hour, and many hospitals turned victims away. Other prefectures near Tokyo like 2551: 2109: 401: 43: 1941: 1628:, he punctured two of the three packets, left the train, and arrived back at Aum headquarters with Sugimoto by 08:30. Hayashi made the most punctures of any of the perpetrators. By the next stop, passengers in the third car began to feel the effects of the sarin. Noticing the large, liquid-soaked package on the floor and assuming it was the culprit, one passenger kicked the sarin packets out of the train and onto 2912: 1230:, was contained in plastic bags which each team then wrapped in newspaper. Each perpetrator carried two packets totaling approximately 0.9 litres (30 US fl oz) of sarin, except Yasuo Hayashi, who carried three bags totalling approximately 1.3 litres (44 US fl oz) of sarin. Aum originally planned to spread the sarin as an aerosol but did not follow through with it. Sarin has an 508: 1496:, Yokoyama began poking at the sarin packets. When the train reached the next station, he fled the scene with Tonozaki, leaving the sarin packets on the train car. The packets were not fully punctured. During his drop, Yokoyama left one packet fully intact, while the other packet was only punctured once (and with a small hole), resulting in the sarin being released relatively slowly. 571:, giving it privileges such as tax breaks and freedom from governmental oversight. This recognition caused dramatic growth, including an increase in net worth from less than 430 million yen to over 100 billion yen (approximately $ 7m to $ 1.3b in 2024 dollars) over the next six years, as well as an increase in membership from around 20 members to around 20,000 by 1992. 2537:

been killed by sarin inhalation, thereby increasing the officially recognised death toll to 13. On 10 March 2020, another victim, who had been bedridden for 25 years since the attack, died. 56-year-old Sachiko Asakawa's cause of death was determined to be hypoxic encephalopathy caused by sarin poisoning; she is considered the attack's 14th fatality.

1430:, 19 stops later, two severely injured passengers were carried out of the train car, while station attendant Sumio Nishimura removed the sarin packets (one of these two passengers was the only fatality from this attack). The train continued with sarin still on the floor of the third car. Five stops later, at 08:38, the train reached 834:, where he had previously studied chemistry), he suggested to Hideo Murai – a senior Aum advisor who had tasked him with researching chemical weapons in November 1992, out of fear that the cult would soon be attacked with them – that the most cost-effective substance to synthesize would be sarin. 671:, and attempted to produce the toxin using three 10,000-litre (2,600 US gal) capacity fermenters. In total, around 50 batches of 9,000 litres (2,400 US gal) of a crude broth were produced – however, the cult did not attempt to purify the broth (which mostly would have consisted of 2393:'s Engineering Department. He worked for an electronics firm in Gunma Prefecture for three years after graduation before leaving to join Aum, where he became Undersecretary at the group's Ministry of Science and Technology. He was also involved in their Automatic Light Weapons Manufacturing scheme. Yokoyama was 802:

executed two attacks in 1993 using this vaccine strain – once from the roof of the headquarters building in Kameido, and once from a truck with a custom spraying device, aimed at the Diet building, Imperial Palace, and Tokyo Tower. Both attacks caused no effects other than a foul smell, reported by passers-by.

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However, the Japanese police had already discovered a sophisticated chemical weapons laboratory at Aum's main compound in March. The facility was capable of producing thousands of kilograms of sarin a year; far in excess of what was used. Later investigation showed that Aum not only created the sarin

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A 2008 law enacted by the Japanese government authorized payments of damages to victims of the gas attack, because the attack was directed at the government of Japan. As of December 2009, 5,259 people have applied for benefits under the law. Of those, 47 out of 70 have been certified as disabled and

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Asahara had at one time suspected Hayashi of being a spy. The extra packet of sarin he carried was part of "ritual character test" set up by Asahara to prove his allegiance, according to the prosecution. Hayashi fled after the attacks. He was arrested 21 months later, one thousand miles from Tokyo on

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The attack was originally believed to be an explosion and was thus labeled as such in media reports. Eventually, station attendants realized that the attack was not an explosion, but rather a chemical attack. At 08:35, the Hibiya Line was completely shut down and all commuters were evacuated. Between

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The Satyan-7 facility was declared ready for occupancy by September 1993 with the capacity to produce about 40–50 litres (11–13 US gal) of sarin, being equipped with 30-litre (7.9 US gal) capacity mixing flasks within protective hoods, and eventually employing 100 Aum members; the

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spores could be spread as a powder, rather than through spraying – this was achieved with a crude hot air dryer. Nakagawa has claimed that an attempt was made to spread this powder through the centre of Tokyo, but this, also, had no effects. The total failure of the biological weapons program had, by

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In the raid following the attack, police arrested many senior members of the cult. Police activity continued throughout the summer, and over 200 members were arrested, including Asahara. Thirteen of the senior Aum management, including Asahara himself, were sentenced to death and later executed; many

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on 27 February 2004, but lawyers immediately appealed the ruling. The Tokyo High Court postponed its decision on the appeal until results were obtained from a court-ordered psychiatric evaluation, which was issued to determine whether Asahara was fit to stand trial. In February 2006, the court ruled

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On the day of the attack, ambulances transported 688 patients and nearly 5,000 people reached hospitals by other means. In total, 278 hospitals saw 5,510 patients – 17 of whom were deemed critical, 37 severe, and 984 moderately ill with vision problems. About 85% of those reporting to hospitals were

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He was subsequently ordered to produce a small amount – within a month, the necessary equipment had been ordered and installed, and 10–20 grams (0.35–0.71 oz) of sarin had been produced via synthetic procedures derived from the five-step DHMP process as originally described by IG

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Again, the group did not attempt to purify the resulting product, which resembled a foul-smelling brown slurry. Further failed attacks on individuals were attempted in 1993 and 1994 using botulinum – first using a homemade sprayer mounted to a car, and then by mixing with juice – but neither had any

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The group reportedly still has about 2,100 members, and continues to recruit new members under the name "Aleph" as well as other names. Though the group has renounced its violent past, it still continues to follow Asahara's spiritual teachings. Members operate several businesses, though boycotts of

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In June 1994, Asahara ordered the cult to assassinate the judges involved in deciding a commercial land dispute involving the cult, due to his belief that they would not deliver a favourable judgement. About a week later, on 27 June, 30 litres (7.9 US gal) of sarin was loaded onto a truck

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After the destruction of the illegal weapon stockpiles, the cult relied on 'mainstream' methods to attract other members – this included frequent television appearances by Asahara, as well as the setting up of the 'Aum Shinrikyo broadcasting' radio station in Russia in April 1992. However, starting

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in Tsukiji was one of very few hospitals in Tokyo at that time to have the entire building wired and piped for conversion into a "field hospital" in the event of a major disaster. This proved to be a very fortunate coincidence as the hospital was able to take in most of the 600+ victims at Tsukiji

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Until 2008, 12 fatalities resulting from the attack had been officially acknowledged. However, in 2008 a survey of victims was conducted by the prefectural police department for the purpose of allocating compensation. This survey determined that a man who had died the day after the attack had also

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By mid-afternoon, over 500 mildly affected victims had recovered from vision problems and were released from hospital. Most of the remaining patients were well enough to go home the following day, and within a week only a few critical patients remained in hospital. The death toll on the day of the

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To aid in this, Tsuchiya was ordered by Endo to produce sarin again on 18 March – due to a lack of normal precursors as a result of the chemical destruction process, the sarin produced was of a lower quality and caused the normally colourless sarin to appear brown. 30 kilograms (66 lb) of the

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received increased funding to monitor the group. In 1999, the Diet gave the commission broad powers to monitor and curtail the activities of groups that have been involved in "indiscriminate mass murder" and whose leaders are "holding strong sway over their members", a bill custom-tailored to Aum

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The train reached the end of the line, Ikebukuro, at 08:30 where it would head back in the opposite direction. Before it departed the train was evacuated and searched, but the searchers failed to discover the sarin packets. The train departed Ikebukuro Station at 08:32 as the Shinjuku-bound A801.

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and may have tested the efficacy of the synthesized sarin on animals. They remained in Australia for eight days and attempted to return in October of the same year, but were denied visas – Banjawarn Station was sold by Aum in October 1994 for ~AU$ 150,000 less than market rate, the

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After this small quantity had been produced, Murai ordered Tsuchiya to produce about 70 tonnes (150,000 lb) – when Tsuchiya protested, noting that this level of scaling was not feasible in a research laboratory, a chemical plant was ordered to be built alongside the biological

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The drastically increasing popularity of the group also saw an increase in violent behavior from its members. In the year preceding its recognition by the Tokyo government, a member of the cult – Terayuki Majima – had accidentally drowned during a ritual; his body was cremated, with the remaining

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for treatment. Medical personnel at the hospital had not been given prior notice of the attack and were consequently clueless regarding what treatment Hirose needed. When Kitamura realized that he had driven Hirose to the hospital in vain, he instead drove to Aum's headquarters in Shibuya where

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and isopropyl methylphosphonic acid – the former being a degradation product of sarin, and the latter being a definitive signature of both sarin production and of failures in production. However, there was no law at the time prohibiting the production of the nerve agents. This evidence was left

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When the facility developed leaks, buckets were used to contain spills; several technicians inhaled fumes on repeated occasions, developing 'symptoms ranging from nosebleeds to convulsions', and toxic chemicals leaked from the site and into the soil. Citizens lodged complaints about foul smells

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Carrying their packets of sarin and umbrellas with sharpened tips, the perpetrators boarded their appointed trains. At prearranged stations, the sarin packets were dropped and punctured several times with the sharpened tip of the umbrella. Each perpetrator then got off the train and exited the

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Despite mouse bioassays run by Tomomasu Nakagawa (another cult member assisting Endo) returning no toxic effects, in April 1990 the crude broth was loaded into three trucks equipped with custom spray devices, which was to be sprayed at two US naval bases, Narita airport, the Diet building, the

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Reader concluded that, "The visit was well-intentioned, and the participants were genuinely concerned about possible violations of civil rights in the wake of the extensive police investigations and detentions of followers." However, it was ill-fated and detrimental to the reputation of those

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Similarly, the Aum anthrax program was a failure – despite having access to a sympathiser outside of the group who could acquire anthrax spores, the strain received by the group was a Sterne vaccine strain incapable of causing harm. It was unclear why, despite having this knowledge, the group

2775:(1997). He was critical of the Japanese media for focusing on the sensational profiles of the attackers and ignoring the lives of the victimized average citizens. The book contains extensive interviews with the survivors, telling their stories. Murakami later added a second part to the work, 663:

in order to overthrow the Japanese government. As members became disillusioned with the group (following contact with the outside world made during the election campaign) and defected, an attitude among the remaining members that 'the unenlightened' did not deserve salvation became accepted.

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The president of the Okamura ironworks, an industrial plant facing debt troubles, was a member of the cult who consulted with Asahara about a takeover strategy. In September 1992, Asahara was made president of the ironworks, resulting in 90% of staff being dismissed or leaving due to the

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In 1990, Hayashi resigned his job and left his family to join Aum in the monastic order Sangha, where he became one of Asahara's favorites and was appointed the group's Minister of Healing, as which he was responsible for administering a variety of "treatments" to Aum members, including

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care. Several of those affected by sarin went to work in spite of their symptoms, not realizing that they had been exposed to sarin. Most of the victims sought medical treatment as the symptoms worsened and as they learned of the actual circumstances of the attacks via news broadcasts.

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was upheld by Japan's Supreme Court. As a result, among a total of 189 members indicted, 13 were sentenced to death, five were sentenced to life in prison, 80 were given prison sentences of various lengths, 87 received suspended sentences, two were fined, and one was found not guilty.

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British scholar of Japanese religions Ian Reader, in a detailed account of the incident, reported that Melton "had few doubts by the end of his visit to Japan of Aum’s complicity" and eventually "concluded that Aum had in fact been involved in the attack and other crimes" In fact, the

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to be inevitable in the form of a global war involving the United States and Japan; that non-members were doomed to eternal hell, but could be saved if killed by cult members; and that only members of the cult would survive the apocalypse, and would afterwards build the Kingdom of

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pm. Within an hour, a mass disaster caused by an unknown toxic gas had been declared. Fifty-eight people were hospitalised, of whom seven people died in the immediate aftermath, and an eighth 14 years later, and an additional 253 people sought medical care at outpatient clinics.

1613:. Unlike the rest of the attackers, Hayashi carried three sarin packets onto the train instead of two. Prior to the attack, Hayashi asked to carry a flawed leftover packet in addition to the two others in an apparent bid to allay suspicions and prove his loyalty to the group. 1577:, the next stop, the passengers in the car had begun panicking. The first car was evacuated and several passengers were immediately taken to a hospital. Still, with the first car empty, the train continued down the line for one more stop until it was completely evacuated at 881:

Despite the safety features and often state-of-the-art equipment and practices, the operation of the facility was very unsafe – one analyst would later describe the cult as having a "high degree of book learning, but virtually nothing in the way of technical skill."

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After the verdict was read, his lawyer said that Kitamura was still under Asahara's spell which made him a victim of the cult as well. He also said that the court had dismissed this point adding that he would discuss with him whether to appeal to the higher courts.

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In the press conferences, Fisher and Lewis announced that Aum could not have produced the sarin with which the attacks had been committed. They had determined this, Lewis said, with their technical expert, based on photos and documents provided by the group.

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Kiyotaka Tonozaki, a high school graduate who joined the group in 1987, was Yokoyama's getaway driver. Tonozaki was 31 years old at the time of the attacks. He was a member of the group's Ministry of Construction. Tonozaki was sentenced to life imprisonment.

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mid-1993, convinced Asahara to focus on the chemical weapons division under Masami Tsuchiya. While Endo would be promoted within the cult to 'health minister' in 1994 – reflecting his seniority – no further attacks using biological weapons were attempted.

2696:, suggested Aum may be innocent. Shimada later apologized, claiming he had been deceived by Aum, but his and others' statements damaged the public image of scholars of religion in general in Japan. Shimada later had to resign from his academic position. 908:

Despite the failure of the attack, the members of Aum were convinced of sarin's efficacy, prompting Asahara to appoint Takizawa in charge of operations of Satyan-7; Tsuchiya was assigned to several other projects and would go on to manufacture several

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Fingerprint evidence for an Aum member linked to an earlier kidnapping, in addition to the sarin-contaminated soil samples, caused the police to set a raid date for 22 March. Asahara was made aware of the impending raid by two cult members inside the

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buyers noted that the previous owners wanted the property sold as soon as possible. They left behind several drums of hazardous and toxic chemicals and empty bottles of sake strewn about the property. Being concerned, the new owners contacted the

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Toyoda was sentenced to death. The appeal against his death sentence was rejected by the Tokyo High Court on 28 July 2003, and was upheld by the Supreme Court on 6 November 2009. Toyoda was executed at the Tokyo Detention House on 26 July 2018.

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As he was about to release the sarin, Hirose believed the loud noises, on the usually quiet train, caused by the newspaper-wrapped packets had caught the attention of a schoolgirl. To avoid further suspicion, he got off the train at either

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as early as 1985. In his meditation sessions during this time, he claimed that the god Shiva had been revealed to him, and had appointed him 'Abiraketsu no Mikoto' ('The god of light who leads the armies of the gods'), who was to build the

1508:, staff removed the sarin packets and mopped the floor, but the train continued on to Shinjuku. After arriving at 09:09, the train once again began to make its way back to Ikebukuro as the B901. The train was finally put out of service at 2533:. In one survey 20% of 837 respondents complained that they felt insecure when on a train, while 10% answered that they tried to avoid any nerve-attack related news. Over 60% reported chronic eyestrain and said their vision had worsened. 4564:

5,510 casualties; they had a total of 12 deaths, there were 8 as of that day; 17 critical patients; 37 severe, and 984 moderate. This leaves about 4,000 casualties who reported to medical facilities who seemingly had nothing wrong with

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chemical was manufactured and stored in a large container, from which it was decanted into plastic bags. Later forensic analysis found that the sarin utilised in the attack was roughly half as pure as that used in the Matsumoto attack.

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In May and June 2012, the last two of the fugitives wanted in connection with the attack were arrested in the Tokyo and Kanagawa area. Of them, Katsuya Takahashi, was taken into custody by police near a comic book cafe in Tokyo.

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Following the attack, Japanese police raided Aum Shinrikyo facilities and arrested members. The cult's headquarters in Tokyo was raided by police on 16 May 1995. Due to fears that armed cult members might resist the raid, the

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Naoko Kikuchi, who was involved in producing the sarin gas, was 24 years old at the time of the attacks. She was arrested after a tipoff in June 2012, but was acquitted in 2015 on the grounds that she was unaware of the plot.

2311:. In his first trial in May 1997 he admitted to the crimes and reportedly renounced the cult although he maintained the belief that Asahara had superpowers and his lawyer said that he still was under the spell of the cult. 4455: 2318:

in November 1999, with the presiding judge chastising him for playing an "indispensable role" in the attack. The judge also highlighted his self-righteous motive for his crimes and pronounced the sentencing saying that:

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Lewis, on the other hand, maintained his opinion that Aum had been framed, and wrote that having the trip funded by Aum had been arranged "so that financial considerations would not be attached to our final report".

4388: 647:. Despite showing confidence in their ability to gain seats in the diet, the party received only 1,783 votes; the failure to achieve power legitimately, blamed by Asahara on an external conspiracy propagated by " 4134: 2749:

involved. While distinguishing between Lewis' and Melton's attitudes, Reader observed that Melton was criticized as well by both Japanese media and some fellow scholars. Using stronger words, Canadian scholar

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in January 1995, alerting Asahara and the cult, and causing Nakagawa and Endo to begin the process of destroying and/or hiding all nerve agents and biological weapons, which lasted until the end of February.

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of 550 micrograms per kilogram (0.0039 gr/lb), corresponding to 38.5 milligrams (0.594 gr) for a 70-kilogram (150 lb) human; however, dispersal issues dramatically reduced its effectiveness.

336:) during rush hour, killing 13 people, severely injuring 50 (some of whom later died), and causing temporary vision problems for nearly 1,000 others. The attack was directed against trains passing through 5008: 575:

bones ground up and scattered over a nearby lake. Majima's friend – a fellow member of the group – was murdered by members acting under Asahara's orders, after he became disillusioned and tried to leave.

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Katsuya Takahashi, who was 37 years old at the time of the attack, was Toyoda's getaway driver. Takahashi was arrested in June 2012. He was the last of the wanted fugitives of the attack to be arrested.

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Detailed information on each subway line, including names of perpetrators, times of attack, train numbers and numbers of casualties, as well as biographical details on the perpetrators, were taken from

2707:, and chemical expert Thomas Banigan. They flew to Japan, with their travel expenses paid by Aum, and announced that they will investigate and report through press conferences at the end of their trip. 2086:, who was Hayashi's getaway driver, was 31 years old at the time of the attacks; he was sentenced to death due to his involvement in other crimes perpetrated by Aum members. Niimi was executed at the 1332:. There, the bags were removed and eventually disposed of by station attendants, of whom two died. The train continued on to the next station where it was completely stopped, evacuated and cleaned. 842:

production facility in the Fujigamine district of Kamikuishiki, to be labeled Satyan-7 ('Truth'). The specialized equipment and substantial chemicals needed to run the facility were purchased using

1488:, to wrap the two sarin packets. When they arrived at the station, Yokoyama put on a wig and fake glasses and boarded the fifth car of the Ikebukuro-bound 07:39 Marunouchi Line train number B801 ( 150: 2502:(excessive constriction of the pupil), a severe casualty was short of breath or had muscular twitching or gastrointestinal problems as well as miosis, and a severe or critical casualty required 2455:

Hayashi's getaway driver was 36-year-old Shigeo Sugimoto, whose lawyers argued he played only a minor role in the attack, but the argument was rejected and he was sentenced to life in prison.

2215:, Hirose became an important member of the group's Chemical Brigade in their Ministry of Science and Technology. He was also involved in the group's Automatic Light Weapon Development scheme. 5548: 2805:

The sarin attack was the most serious attack upon Japan since World War II. Shortly after the attack, Aum lost its status as a religious organization, and many of its assets were seized. The

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upheld Kitamura's sentence, which he called "too harsh" given his role in the attack. The court refuted his argument and highlighted his lack of remorse as motive for upholding the sentence.

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Ikuo Hayashi (born 23 January 1947) was 48 years old at the time of the attacks. Prior to joining Aum, Hayashi was a senior medical doctor with "an active 'front-line' track record" at the

5229: 3035: 371:. Asahara had been made aware of a police raid scheduled for 22 March and had planned the Tokyo subway attack in order to hinder police investigations into the cult and perhaps spark the 2522:

Several of those affected were exposed to sarin only by helping those who had been directly exposed. Among these were passengers on other trains, subway workers and health care workers.

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equipped with a fan, heater, and pump – six members, pre-administered with sarin antidotes and wearing improvised gas masks, began the propagation of sarin at around 10:40

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investigators about the sarin attacks and Aum activities post-Tokyo subway attack; his cooperation with the authorities resulted in numerous arrests and convictions, and he was given a

3889: 4038:"TOKYO METROPOLITAN SUBWAY: HIBIYA LINE (Departing: Kita-senju / Destination: Naka-meguro) - UNDERGROUND - Underground: The Tokyo Gas Attack and the Japanese Psyche - Haruki Murakami" 4531: 2423:

Yasuo Hayashi (15 December 1957 – 26 July 2018) was 37 years old at the time of the attacks, and was the oldest person at the group's Ministry of Science and Technology. He studied

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in Chiyoda at 09:27, one hour and forty minutes after Yokoyama punctured the sarin packet. The attack resulted in no fatalities, but over 200 people were left in serious condition.

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in order to seek shelter. The spraying attacks failed to cause any ill effects among the population but 1,270 people attended the seminar, many of them becoming devout monks.

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received casualties. The cause of the incident was not immediately understood, and many hospitals received information on diagnosis and treatment only because a professor at

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Posing as joggers, Aum members sprayed Tadahito Hamaguchi, a man who the cult believed was spying on them, with VX from a syringe. He was pronounced dead four days later.

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As there was a severe shortage of antidotes in Tokyo, sarin antidote stored in rural hospitals as an antidote for herbicide/insecticide poisoning was delivered to nearby

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Cults, Conspiracies, and Secret Societies: The Straight Scoop on Freemasons, the Illuminati, Skull and Bones, Black Helicopters, the New World Order, and Many, Many More

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Aum had carefully cultivated the friendship of Japanese scholars of religion. After the sarin gas attack, some of them, including Shimada Hiromi, a professor at Tokyo's

1566:, Toyoda punctured both packets and got off the train. He was on the train for a total of two minutes, by far the quickest sarin drop out of the five attacks that day. 5796: 4481: 4126: 4200: 893:

By December, Tsuchiya had accumulated in total about 3 kilograms (6.6 lb) of sarin – from this, two separate assassination attempts were made on

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Attempts to stockpile botulinum toxin proved unsuccessful. Seiichi Endo – one of the members tasked with acquiring botulinum toxin – collected soil samples from the

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In 2015, Takahashi was convicted for his role in the attack and was sentenced to life in prison. His appeal was rejected by the Tokyo High Court in September 2016.

736:. His purported mission was to take upon himself the sins of the world, and he claimed he could transfer to his followers spiritual power and take away their sins. 2662:; he recognized the symptoms, had information on diagnosis and treatment collected, and led a team who sent the information to hospitals throughout Tokyo via fax. 682:

Simultaneously, Asahara announced that the coming apocalyptic war could not save people outside of the cult, and that members should attend a three-day seminar in

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Sugiyama, Aya; Matsuoka, Toshihiko; Sakamune, Kazuaki; Akita, Tomoyuki; Makita, Ryosuke; Kimura, Shinsuke; Kuroiwa, Yukio; Nagao, Masataka; Tanaka, Junko (2020).

5746: 5000: 3978:"TOKYO METROPOLITAN SUBWAY: MARUNOUCHI LINE (Destination: Ikebukuro) - UNDERGROUND - Underground: The Tokyo Gas Attack and the Japanese Psyche - Haruki Murakami" 890:

had assaulted the complex with poison gas. An accident at the plant in November 1994 would eventually force the suspension of the production of chemical agents.

4508: 2447:. He was later sentenced to death. His appeal was rejected by the Tokyo High Court in 2008. Hayashi was executed at the Sendai Detention House on 26 July 2018. 846:

under Hasegawa Chemical, a chemical company already owned by Aum. At the same time, in September 1993, Asahara and 24 other cult members traveled from Tokyo to

5721: 3950:"TOKYO METROPOLITAN SUBWAY: MARUNOUCHI LINE (Destination: Ogikubo) - UNDERGROUND - Underground: The Tokyo Gas Attack and the Japanese Psyche - Haruki Murakami" 2869:, the fates of a handful of characters are explored and intertwined through a subway terrorist attack. Many references to the year 1995 are presented as well. 2511:

attack was eight, with four more dying subsequently. Hospitals only became aware that sarin was involved after about two hours, and then started administering

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Two vinyl bags – one containing sulfuric acid and the other containing sodium cyanide – were found, on fire, in the toilet of a subway station. Four injuries.

5349: 4006:"TOKYO METROPOLITAN SUBWAY: HIBIYA LINE (Departing: Naka-meguro) - UNDERGROUND - Underground: The Tokyo Gas Attack and the Japanese Psyche - Haruki Murakami" 3542: 2984:

The definition of "terrorism" has changed over time, sporadic rebel clashes and/or raids throughout Japanese history can also be seen as a form of terrorism.

5066: 3419: 866:, who soon inspected the property due to concerns about its previous owners, and Banjawarn was exposed as a former chemical weapons testing site for Aum. 1309:

commonly worn by the Japanese during cold and flu season, Hayashi boarded the first car of southwest-bound 07:48 Chiyoda Line train number A725K (JR East

2842:

known Aleph-related businesses, in addition to searches, confiscations of possible evidence and picketing by protest groups, have resulted in closures.

778:

Under the oversight of Endo, the biological weapons division of the cult resumed – this time pursuing not only botulinum toxin, but also

1148:

Due to it being a warm evening, many residents had left their windows open while they slept – the first emergency call was made at 11:09

3577: 995:

Attempted assassination of Taro Takimoto, an attorney working on behalf of victims of the group – Takimoto was hospitalized but made a full recovery.

5776: 4728: 4543:. Proceedings of the Seminar Responding to the Consequences of Chemical and Biological Terrorism; Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences. 4721:"Alleged Persecution of Cult Investigated: Japan: U.S. activists visit Tokyo. They're concerned about treatment of sect suspected in subway attack" 3254: 2699:

In May 1995, Aum contacted an American group known as AWARE (Association of World Academics for Religious Education), founded by American scholar

1635:

A puddle of sarin remained on the floor of the passenger car as the train continued to the next station. At 08:10, after the train pulled out of

5226: 3311: 4263: 2439:. He then became an Aum member, taking vows in 1988 and rising to the number three position in the group's Ministry of Science and Technology. 5786: 5123: 3886: 4159: 3744:

The Cult at the End of the World: The Terrifying Story of the Aum Doomsday Cult, from the Subways of Tokyo to the Nuclear Arsenals of Russia

2703:, claiming that the human rights of its members were being violated. Lewis recruited human rights lawyer Barry Fisher, scholar of religion 4296: 2323:

Though the defendant knew the deadliness of the nerve gas, he took part without hesitation, believing the attack was an "act of salvation"

2211:

Kenichi Hirose (12 June 1964 – 26 July 2018) was 30 years old at the time of the attacks. Holder of a postgraduate degree in physics from

5275:

Ogawa Y, Yamamura Y, Ando A, et al. (1999). "An Attack with Sarin Nerve Gas on the Tokyo Subway System and Its Effects on Victims".

5149: 4788: 2658:'s school of medicine happened to see reports on television. Dr. Nobuo Yanagisawa had experience with treating sarin poisoning after the 3478: 2173: 2009: 465: 107: 5736: 5343: 4882: 4811: 4618: 2572: 2126: 2037: 418: 60: 4584: 4424: 2145: 1981: 1639:, a passenger in the third car pressed the emergency stop button. The train was in a tunnel at the time, and was forced to proceed to 1073:

Attempted assassination of Hiroyuki Nagaoka, head of the 'Aum Shinrikyo Victim's Group' – Nagaoka was hospitalized for several weeks.

759:'Aum-ification' of the plant. These workers were replaced with other members of the group. Over the course of 1993, the cult smuggled 437: 79: 3918:"TOKYO METROPOLITAN SUBWAY: CHIYODA LINE - UNDERGROUND - Underground: The Tokyo Gas Attack and the Japanese Psyche - Haruki Murakami" 2810: 3106: 1655:

Ten members of Aum Shinrikyo were responsible for carrying out the attacks: five released the sarin, while the other five served as

1171:

Following an accident at Satyan-7 the next month (and complaints from the surrounding communities), a police investigation revealed

3607: 4548: 4095: 3783: 850:, Australia, bringing generators, tools, protective equipment (including gas masks and respirators), and chemicals to make sarin. 689:

With the intention of building a compound incorporating facilities such as a phosgene plant (as well as facilities to manufacture

5427: 3396: 3355: 2152: 1988: 1951: 444: 86: 3169:"The Tokyo subway sarin attack has long-term effects on survivors: A 10-year study started 5 years after the terrorist incident" 3027: 1438:, all while passengers continued to board the train. The train continued eastbound until it was finally taken out of service at 3653: 2885:

satirizes the attack and Aum Shinrikyo as a whole, mocking its members and showcasing "humiliating" news coverage of the event.

5052: 4410: 3079: 2779:. The additional section consists of a series of interviews with present and former Aum Shinrikyo members, first published in 5791: 5319: 4610: 3823: 3751: 3700: 3665: 3615: 3073: 2498:, who had to be distinguished from those who had physical symptoms. The categorization was that a moderate casualty just had 4477: 4358: 3717: 5801: 5100: 2665: 2159: 1995: 1195: 451: 179: 93: 4977: 4196: 3280: 2234:

Hirose was later sentenced to death for his role in the attack. His appeal against his death sentence was rejected by the

383:

others were given prison sentences up to life. The attack remains the deadliest terrorist incident in Japan as defined by

5756: 2852: 1400:. He then bought a sports tabloid to wrap the sarin packets in and boarded the second car of Marunouchi Line train A777 ( 794:– a dissident member had replaced the active compound with water, but the cult had failed to acquire an active strain of 4840: 2860:: The attack is a central plot element of the book with the main character's husband being a fatal victim of the attack. 5806: 3843: 2771: 2737:

article and implied that Melton had spoken in the press conference. Melton was, however, not mentioned in the original

2348:

Toru Toyoda (23 January 1968 – 26 July 2018) was 27 years old at the time of the attack. He studied Applied Physics at

2218:

After releasing the sarin, Hirose showed symptoms of sarin poisoning. He was able to inject himself with the antidote (

1562:

set 11). Sitting close to the door, he set the sarin packets on the floor. When the train arrived at the next station,

582:. Sakamoto had been working on a class-action lawsuit against the cult. Asahara had previously advanced the concept of 560:. Around this time, the mental health of Matsumoto (now going by the name Shoko Asahara) deteriorated – he developed a 2389:

Yokoyama (19 October 1963 – 26 July 2018) was 31 at the time of the attack. He was a graduate in Applied Physics from

2141: 1977: 433: 75: 5726: 5620: 5292: 5265: 4931: 4504: 4340: 3514: 3429: 2881: 2598: 2192: 484: 126: 4764: 4697: 2580: 2045: 1605:

Yasuo Hayashi and Shigeo Sugimoto were the team assigned to drop sarin on the southwest-bound Hibiya Line departing

1530: 1325:, he punctured one of his two bags of sarin, leaving the other untouched, and exited the train at Shin-Ochanomizu. 145: 3535: 2797: 2642:

sent emergency services to Tokyo to support the rescue operation, and other hospitals in the region, including in

5237: 2478: 17: 4862:

Lewis, James R. (1995). "Japan's Waco: Aum Shinrikyo and the Eclipse of Freedom in the Land of the Rising Sun".

1643:, where passengers stumbled out and collapsed on the station's platform and the train was taken out of service. 5716: 2576: 2530: 2130: 2068: 1966: 1573:, passengers in the train's first car began to feel the effects of the sarin and began to open the windows. By 619: 422: 174: 64: 3020: 675:; one member even fell into one of the fermenters and nearly drowned, but otherwise suffered no ill effects). 568: 5167: 2715:

used in the subway attacks, but had committed previous chemical and biological weapons attacks, including a

1636: 5781: 5082:, "Last AUM Cult Fugitive Arrested In Tokyo, Ending 17 Years On The Run", 15 June 2012; wire service report 3657: 2474: 2360:

when he joined Aum, where he belonged to the Chemical Brigade in their Ministry of Science and Technology.

1578: 1329: 791: 3570: 1509: 1369:

Two men, Ken'ichi Hirose and Koichi Kitamura, were assigned to release two sarin packets on the westbound

1289: 5766: 5731: 5630: 5527: 5420: 4720: 4636: 4222: 3604:

The Re-Enchantment of the West: Alternative Spiritualities, Sacralization, Popular Culture, and Occulture

2944: 2939: 2818: 2693: 2394: 2293: 1732: 1505: 1459: 1370: 1354: 1270:

The team of Ikuo Hayashi and Tomomitsu Niimi were assigned to drop and puncture two sarin packets on the

5362: 2780: 1548:

The pair, with Takahashi driving, left Aum headquarters in Shibuya at 06:30. After purchasing a copy of

733: 5761: 5751: 2166: 2002: 1442:

two stops later. The entire ordeal resulted in one passenger's death with 358 being seriously injured.

1386: 458: 100: 1466: 1361: 1165: 1164:

Investigations after the Matsumoto attack were generally inconclusive, with the primary suspect being

770: 3303: 2857: 1191: 863: 31: 3142: 5771: 3632:

Destroying the World to Save It: Aum Shinrikyo, Apocalyptic Violence, and the New Global Terrorism.

2753:

chastised both Lewis and Melton for having put the reputation of the whole category of scholars of

2700: 2561: 2495: 1962: 1682: 1541:

Toru Toyoda and his driver Katsuya Takahashi were assigned to release sarin on the northeast-bound

1271: 384: 355:, had already carried out several assassinations and terrorist attacks using sarin, including the 5672: 5241: 4167: 3776:

Proceedings of the Seminar on Responding to the Consequences of Chemical and Biological Terrorism

3646: 3031: 2829:

On 27 November 2004, all the Aum trials concluded, excluding Asahara's, as the death sentence of

2754: 2676:

stations, where it was collected by a Ministry of Health official on a train bound for Tokyo. An

2565: 2491: 2424: 2119: 1831: 1598: 1542: 1534: 1328:

The train proceeded down the line with the punctured bag of sarin leaking until 4 stops later at

1318: 827: 411: 53: 2792: 853:

After repurchasing chemicals confiscated by customs, the group chartered aircraft from Perth to

818: 5741: 5711: 5610: 5600: 5573: 5565: 5413: 3235: 2950: 2926: 2876:

where the player can experience a fictionalized version of the events leading up to the attack.

2398: 2239: 1135: 1028: 1009: 579: 356: 4785: 3815: 3809: 2048:, which he left to become head of Circulatory Medicine at the National Sanatorium Hospital in 1439: 945:, and gunpowder. These compounds would be used in several attacks and assassination attempts: 5690: 5667: 5436: 5215: 4529: 3692: 3682: 3453: 2729:

account of the final press conference mentioned Lewis and Fisher but not Melton. A Christian

2619: 2243: 2087: 1621: 1563: 1489: 1427: 1401: 1279: 1172: 697:

gas), Aum Shinrikyo used 14 dummy companies to purchase acres of land in Namino (now part of

4808: 2809:(Japanese parliament) rejected a request from government officials to outlaw the group. The 1958: 1629: 1500:

Passengers soon became ill and alerted station attendants of the sarin-soaked newspapers at

805:

In the summer of 1993, Endo attempted a different strategy – by desiccating the slurry, the

782:, using improved 200-litre (53 US gal) drum fermenters at their Kameido facility. 30:"Tokyo subway attack" redirects here. For the October 2021 arson and stabbing incident, see 4581: 3180: 2061: 1484: 1262: 1156: 752: 8: 3114: 2503: 2428: 2349: 2308: 1656: 1647:

the five stations affected in this attack, 8 people died and 275 were seriously injured.

1620:, Hayashi boarded the third car of southwest-bound 07:43 Hibiya Line train number A720S ( 1610: 1594: 1555: 603: 246: 215: 4535: 3768: 3184: 2626:

services, were criticised for their handling of the attack and the injured, as were the

1558:

where he boarded the first car of northeast-bound 07:59 Hibiya Line train number B711T (

1501: 1198:

on the morning of 20 March – possibly as a desperate attack to initiate the apocalypse.

341: 5060: 4689: 3351: 3211: 3168: 2865: 2716: 2659: 2655: 2647: 2639: 2611: 2353: 1606: 1474:

Masato Yokoyama and his driver Kiyotaka Tonozaki were assigned to release sarin on the

1420: 1385:. There Hirose boarded a westbound Marunouchi Line train, then changed to a northbound 1231: 831: 730: 313: 241: 5055:. The Daily Yomiuri. 22 November 2011. Archived from the original on 22 November 2011. 4381:"Ex-Aum Shinrikyo member Katsuya Takahashi gets life in prison over 1995 sarin attack" 4087: 4062: 3473: 3392: 535:. The group believed in a doctrine revolving around a syncretic mixture of Indian and 5507: 5472: 5315: 5288: 5261: 5053:"Aum trials conclude at last/Top court finalizes death penalty on sarin chemist Endo" 5033: 4927: 4693: 4336: 4227: 3819: 3747: 3696: 3661: 3611: 3536:"Aum Shinrikyo: Insights Into How Terrorists Develop Biological and Chemical Weapons" 3510: 3504: 3425: 3216: 3198: 3069: 2956: 2933: 2315: 2212: 2072: 2057: 1625: 1574: 1559: 1475: 1455: 1409: 1397: 1222:), one of the world's busiest commuter transport systems, at the peak of the morning 858: 854: 683: 4037: 4005: 3977: 3949: 3917: 878:

UN would later estimate the value of the building and its contents at $ 30 million.

5685: 5467: 5280: 5253: 5205: 4681: 4607: 3876:

Ed. James J.F. Forest & Russell D. Howard: New York: McGraw-Hill, 2013, pg. 99.

3468: 3206: 3188: 3143:"Woman bedridden since AUM cult's 1995 sarin gas attack on Tokyo subway dies at 56" 2704: 2635: 2529:

Surveys of the victims in 1998 and 2001 showed that many were still suffering from

2526:

1,077 of 1,163 applications for serious injuries or illnesses have been certified.

2390: 2332: 2278: 2235: 1589: 1570: 1525: 1479: 1413: 1393: 1115: 690: 567:

In August 1989, the group was granted official religious corporation status by the

536: 360: 1450: 1345: 1250: 359:

nine months earlier. They had also produced several other nerve agents, including

5532: 5517: 5512: 5492: 5312:

Il Caso Aum Shinrikyo: Società, Religione e Terrorismo nel Giappone Contemporaneo

5233: 5220: 5092: 4815: 4792: 4614: 4588: 4362: 4355: 4301: 4268: 3893: 3193: 3063: 2766: 2750: 2725: 2444: 2083: 2064:

to those whose loyalty was suspect. These treatments resulted in several deaths.

2041: 1922:

Naoko Kikuchi, an eleventh member of Aum, was involved with producing the sarin.

1710: 1640: 1493: 1435: 1431: 1382: 1374: 1350: 1275: 1177: 922: 843: 787: 561: 557: 364: 5487: 5284: 5257: 4969: 3718:"Photos: A Doomsday Cult Bought This Farm to Build Weapons of Mass Destruction" 3272: 2872:

One fictional portrayal of the Tokyo train gas terrorist attack is in the game

2206: 2049: 1743: 1378: 1322: 1294: 668: 539:, as well as Christian and Hindu beliefs, especially relating to the Hindu god 5355: 3454:"In the Wake of Aum: The Formation and Transformation of a Universe of Belief" 2930:, a documentary film made following the arrest of the leaders of Aum Shinrikyo 1389: 1274:. Hayashi was the perpetrator and Niimi was his getaway driver. On the way to 739:

Asahara claimed to be able to see dark conspiracies everywhere promulgated by

5705: 5497: 5482: 5457: 5391: 5378: 4832: 4332: 3202: 2806: 2286: 2282: 2271: 2223: 1550: 1306: 1211: 1088: 930: 918: 910: 894: 722: 698: 672: 623: 553: 532: 515: 376: 352: 345: 321: 285: 141: 4685: 4448:"Court acquits Kikuchi of 1995 Aum bombing, deeming she was unaware of plot" 3872:

Tucker, Johnathan B. "Chemical Terrorism: Assessing Threats and Responses."

869: 5651: 5477: 5462: 5367: 3688: 3220: 2917: 2903: 2830: 2615: 2228: 2031: 1690: 1617: 1255: 1215: 934: 748: 578:

Three months after recognition, six Aum Shinrikyo members were involved in

368: 337: 226: 5358:

Several pictures taken by One of the passengers on the scene (in Japanese)

2379: 2270:

was 27 years old when the attack was committed. He is currently serving a

764: 5522: 5502: 5127: 5038: 4756: 4669: 4127:"Profiles of top Aum Shinrikyo members, including six still on death row" 3898: 1219: 1027:

Attempted assassination of Shoko Egawa, a journalist who had covered the

978: 898: 715: 618:

In 1990, Asahara announced that the group would run 25 candidates in the

329: 5333: 5227:

Ataxia: The Chemical and Biological Terrorism Threat and the US Response

4883:"CLarifying Contentious Issues: A Rejoinder to Melton, Shupe, and Lewis" 3028:

Ataxia: The Chemical and Biological Terrorism Threat and the US Response

1624:

set 10) and dropped his sarin packets to the floor. Two stops later, at

5079: 5029: 4577: 3239: 2975:

17 critical (some later died), 37 severe, 984 temporary vision problems

2673: 2627: 2301: 2133: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1314: 1310: 942: 744: 726: 648: 544: 518:

was founded in 1984 as a yoga and meditation class, initially known as

425: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 372: 5549:

United States State Department list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations

2730: 2623: 2222:

sulphate) and was rushed to the Aum-affiliated Shinrikyo Hospital in

1223: 926: 656: 608: 549: 2687: 2684:

rushed emergency supplies to Tokyo unsolicited on hearing the news.

2550: 2413: 2108: 1940: 400: 42: 4625:, Kyle B. Olson, Research Planning, Inc., Arlington, Virginia, U.S. 3421:

Religious violence in contemporary Japan: the case of Aum Shinrikyō

2643: 2631: 2516: 2219: 2093: 1266:

JR East 203 series set 67, the Chiyoda Line train involved as A725K

1019: 902: 694: 660: 5001:"Aum Shinrikyo guru Shoko Asahara hanged for mass murder: reports" 1581:. This attack killed one person and seriously injured 532 others. 679:

Imperial Palace, and the headquarters of a rival religious group.

5248:

Tu A. T. (1999). "Overview of Sarin Terrorist Attacks in Japan".

2822: 2651: 1632:'s subway platform. Four people in the station died as a result. 1284: 887: 786:

effects. Five days before the sarin attack on the Tokyo subways,

779: 5350:

The Aum Supreme Truth Terrorist Organization – The Crime library

3424:(1. publ ed.). Richmond, Surrey: Curzon. pp. 193–195. 2352:'s Science Department and graduated with honors. He also held a 1091:, who had criticized the group – Okawa suffered no ill effects. 5150:"The True, Secret History of the Creepiest Cult Game Ever Made" 2911: 2499: 2397:

in 1999. His appeals were rejected, and he was executed at the

2338: 612: 2936:, a cattle station in Western Australia owned by Aum Shinrikyo 2307:

He was a fugitive until November 1996 when he was arrested in

2296:

where Hirose boarded a train and punctured two bags of liquid

2090:

on 6 July 2018 with six others of those principally involved.

1278:, Niimi purchased newspapers to wrap the sarin packets in—the 838:

Farben in 1938, and as used by the Allies after World War II.

3354:. Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations. 31 October 1995. 3166: 2681: 2677: 2512: 2432: 2297: 1227: 938: 847: 760: 615:

society made up of those who had developed 'psychic powers'.

587: 586:: a doctrine which stated that not only were people with bad 540: 507: 325: 317: 259: 195: 191: 5093:"Last Aum cult fugitive Katsuya Takahashi arrested in Japan" 4547:. Bethesda: U.S. Public Health Service. pp. 2-32–2-33. 4356:"Last Aum cult fugitive Katsuya Takahashi arrested in Japan" 977:

Two failed attempts to assassinate Daisaku Ikeda, leader of

2436: 1194:, and ordered an attack on Tokyo subway lines close to the 1045:

VX was used to assassinate up to 20 dissident Aum members.

937:; he would also manufacture small amounts of phosgene, VX, 767:, and began to prototype rifles based on the AK-74 design. 740: 652: 591: 3576:. Monterey Institute of International Studies. June 2016. 830:

complex in November 1992. After initial research (done at

725:, and described a final conflict culminating in a nuclear 5356:

I got some pictures of sarin scattered on the metro floor

5279:. ACS Symposium Series. Vol. 745. pp. 333–355. 5252:. ACS Symposium Series. Vol. 745. pp. 304–317. 5216:

Underground: The Tokyo Gas Attack and the Japanese Psyche

4970:"Aum Shinrikyo: Japan executes cult leader Shoko Asahara" 4924:

Underground: The Tokyo Gas Attack and the Japanese Psyche

4366: 3506:

Underground: The Tokyo Gas Attack and the Japanese Psyche

2772:

Underground: The Tokyo Gas Attack and the Japanese Psyche

2357: 2285:

in the late 1980s after reading a book written by leader

914: 822:

Aum Shinrikyo facility in Kamikuisshiki, 8 September 1996

324:. In five coordinated attacks, the perpetrators released 5405: 4505:"20 Years Ago, A Shadowy Cult Poisoned The Tokyo Subway" 4166:. Asahi Shimbun Company. 7 November 2009. Archived from 3113:(in Japanese). Kyodo News. 11 March 2010. Archived from 1313:

set 67) which was running on a through service from the

556:

branch; the following year, it opened a headquarters in

5203:"Survey: Subway sarin attack haunts more survivors" in 4949:"TOKYO JUDGE SETS IN MOTION SEIZURE OF AUM CULT ASSETS" 3844:"March 20, 1995: Poison Gas Wreaks Tokyo Subway Terror" 2380:

Train B711T (Tōbu Dōbutsu Kōen-bound Hibiya Line train)

774:

Layout of the Aum Shinrikyo biological weapons facility

5124:"Aum may be gone in name but guru still has following" 1554:

and wrapping his two sarin packets, Toyoda arrived at

1482:, Tonozaki stopped to allow Yokoyama to buy a copy of 1470:

02 series set 50, the train involved as B701/A801/B901

1254:

Detailed map of the attack on the Yoyogi-Uehara bound

1087:

Attempted assassination of Ryuho Okawa, leader of the

873:

Overhead view of the Satyan-7 chemical weapon facility

5178:. Vol. 4. Core Magazine. 1995. pp. 190–191. 2669:

Station, resulting in no fatalities at that station.

2246:

on 26 July 2018, along with five other cult members.

949:

Confirmed chemical attacks executed by Aum Shinrikyo

826:

Tsuchiya had established a small laboratory in their

5301: 4992: 4670:"Scholarship, Aum Shinrikyô, and Academic Integrity" 3769:"Overview: Recent events and responder implications" 2893: 375:

they believed in. The leader also wanted to start a

4809:"Matsumoto sarin victim dies 14 years after attack" 4329:オウム法廷〈10〉地下鉄サリンの「実行犯」たち (朝日文庫) (日本語) 文庫 – 2002/12/1 4197:"Japan hangs all 6 remaining Aum death row inmates" 3255:"Tokyo marks 15th anniversary of subway gas attack" 3019:Smithson, Amy E; Levy, Leslie-Anne (October 2000). 2481:was stationed nearby to provide support if needed. 2238:on 28 July 2003 and the sentence was upheld by the 1925: 857:, where they searched for uranium deposits to make 67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3874:Weapons of Mass Destruction and Terrorism, 2nd Ed. 3645: 3021:"Chapter 3 – Rethinking the Lessons of Tokyo" 1416:and moved to the third car instead of the second. 721:He outlined a doomsday prophecy, which included a 5797:Terrorist incidents on subterranean rapid transit 5274: 4962: 3541:. Centre for a New American Security. July 2011. 3065:Handbook of Toxicology of Chemical Warfare Agents 3014: 3012: 3010: 3008: 3006: 3004: 3002: 3000: 2688:Defense offered by Japanese and American scholars 2414:Train A720S (Naka-Meguro-bound Hibiya Line train) 552:. In 1987, the group rebranded and established a 348:(Japanese parliament) is headquartered in Tokyo. 5703: 5065:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 4999:Yoshida, Reiji; Murakami, Sakura (6 July 2018). 4523: 3252: 2094:Train A777 (Ogikubo-bound Marunouchi Line train) 597: 5363:Homebrew chemical terror bombs, hype or horror? 4998: 4532:Medical Research Institute for Chemical Defense 3141:Tanaka, Richi; Tatsumi, Kenji (20 March 2020). 3061: 2263: 2242:on 6 November 2009. Hirose was executed at the 1910: 1892: 1869: 1848: 1817: 1799: 1774: 1754: 1721: 1701: 886:several times, with the cult claiming that the 638: 305: 5747:History of the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force 5346:A history of Aum and list of Aum-related links 4291: 4289: 4287: 4088:"Sources: 7 former Aum cult members. executed" 3741: 3571:"Chronology of Aum Shinrikyo's CBQ Activities" 3101: 3099: 3097: 2997: 2257: 2040:. The son of a doctor, Hayashi graduated from 1904: 1886: 1863: 1842: 1811: 1793: 1768: 1748: 1715: 1695: 704: 632: 580:the murder of Tsutsumi Sakamoto and his family 524: 299: 163: 5722:Accidents and incidents involving Tokyo Metro 5421: 4258: 4256: 4254: 4252: 4250: 4248: 4246: 4191: 4189: 4187: 4185: 3565: 3563: 3381:. The Japan News. 21 October 1995. p. 2. 3377:"Asahara rearrested in 1989 cultist murder". 3140: 1184: 813: 4833:"How cult apologists defended Aum Shinrikyo" 4154: 4152: 3344: 3057: 3055: 3053: 3018: 2733:Web site called Apologetic Index quoted the 2339:Train B801 (Ikebukuro-bound Marunouchi Line) 1967:introducing citations to additional sources 1365:02 series set 16, the train involved as B777 5238:Chapter 3 – Rethinking the Lessons of Tokyo 4284: 3094: 2579:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1218:(on lines that are part of the present-day 1089:Institute for Research into Human Happiness 655:", caused him to order the cult to produce 367:and had perpetrated several failed acts of 5428: 5414: 4619:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 4425:"Woman arrested for 1995 Tokyo gas attack" 4264:"Gas attack getaway driver gets life term" 4243: 4182: 3648:The War on Terrorism and the Terror of God 3560: 2719:that killed eight people and injured 144. 2044:. He was a heart and artery specialist at 1520: 1210:On Monday, 20 March 1995, five members of 173: 5191:(June 29, 1995). HappySoft Ltd. Aum Soft. 4926:. London, UK: Vintage. pp. 213–216. 4881:Kent, Stephen A.; Krebs, Theresa (1999). 4880: 4663: 4661: 4659: 4657: 4349: 4149: 3601: 3472: 3445: 3335: 3210: 3192: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3050: 2599:Learn how and when to remove this message 2292:During the attack he drove Hirose to the 2193:Learn how and when to remove this message 1129: 905:and pralidoxime iodine, saving his life. 485:Learn how and when to remove this message 320:, Japan, by members of the cult movement 127:Learn how and when to remove this message 5777:Railway accidents and incidents in Japan 5247: 5034:Failed appeal ends last Aum murder trial 4946: 4921: 4718: 4326: 3837: 3835: 3807: 3742:Kaplan, David; Marshall, Andrew (1996). 3643: 3608:Continuum International Publishing Group 3502: 3496: 3331: 3329: 3301: 3233: 2796: 1957:Relevant discussion may be found on the 1588: 1524: 1465: 1449: 1360: 1344: 1261: 1249: 1155: 868: 817: 769: 506: 5182: 4795:, A Brief History of Chemical Warfare, 4757:"Tokyo Cult Find an Unlikely Supporter" 4750: 4748: 4746: 4478:"オウム真理教事件から20年、学ぶべきだった「普遍性」とは森達也さんに聞く" 4411:"Chronology of cultists' legal battles" 4322: 4320: 4215: 4121: 4119: 4117: 4115: 4113: 3715: 3680: 3530: 3528: 3526: 2793:Aum Shinrikyo § Current activities 1145:pm, spraying for around 10–20 minutes. 1029:1989 disappearance of Tsutsumi Sakamoto 14: 5704: 4667: 4654: 4634: 4623:Aum Shinrikyo: Once and Future Threat? 4603: 4601: 4582:Aum victim keeps memory alive via film 4502: 4297:"Life term upheld in '95 sarin attack" 4223:"Police Arrest Pair in '95 Gas Attack" 3854:from the original on 11 September 2018 3654:William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company 3624: 3451: 3417: 3273:"Japan executes Sarin attack cultists" 3129: 3034:. pp. 91–95, 100. Report No. 35. 2484: 1478:-bound Marunouchi Line. On the way to 1160:Depiction of Aum Shinrikyo sarin truck 933:to be used in the cult activities and 27:1995 terrorist attack by Aum Shinrikyo 5409: 5277:Natural and Selected Synthetic Toxins 5250:Natural and Selected Synthetic Toxins 5160: 5147: 5121: 4861: 4843:from the original on 5 September 2019 4637:"Luck Played Role in Aid for Victims" 4445: 4378: 4327:Furuhata, Kenichi (1 December 2002). 4160:"Death sentences upheld for cultists" 4137:from the original on 12 November 2018 4032: 4030: 4028: 4026: 4000: 3998: 3972: 3970: 3944: 3942: 3940: 3938: 3912: 3910: 3908: 3887:Last trial brings dark Aum era to end 3841: 3832: 3766: 3760: 3461:Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 3393:"Death sentence on Aum leader upheld" 3326: 3234:Pletcher, Kenneth (31 October 2023). 3038:from the original on 25 December 2014 2845: 2540: 182:police officers respond to the scene. 5787:Terrorist incidents in Japan in 1995 5304:Jane's Chem-Bio Handbook 3rd edition 5141: 4903:from the original on 7 February 2020 4767:from the original on 7 February 2020 4754: 4743: 4731:from the original on 28 October 2019 4700:from the original on 7 February 2020 4446:Osaki, Tomohiro (27 November 2015). 4317: 4110: 3602:Partridge, Christopher Hugh (2006). 3523: 2577:adding citations to reliable sources 2544: 2404: 2367: 2131:adding citations to reliable sources 2102: 1934: 1650: 1584: 1377:. The pair left Aum headquarters in 1196:Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department 790:was dispersed in a failed attack on 423:adding citations to reliable sources 394: 180:Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department 65:adding citations to reliable sources 36: 5148:Gault, Matthew (12 November 2019). 5085: 4958:– via www.washingtonpost.com. 4947:Sullivan, Kevin (31 October 1995). 4598: 4503:Alfred, Charlotte (20 March 2015). 2853:The Fine Art of Invisible Detection 2274:for the attack and other offenses. 1321:, the central business district in 714:, in which he identified with the " 24: 4023: 3995: 3967: 3935: 3905: 3583:from the original on 11 April 2018 3253:Tomoko A. Hosaka (20 March 2010). 2786: 2450: 2431:; after graduation he traveled to 2384: 2249: 2078: 2038:Ministry of Science and Technology 1593:Detailed map of the attack on the 1529:Detailed map of the attack on the 1454:Detailed map of the attack on the 1445: 1349:Detailed map of the attack on the 1335: 1226:. The chemical agent used, liquid 1214:launched a chemical attack on the 1176:unacted on, but was leaked to the 25: 5818: 5737:Deaths from nerve agent poisoning 5622:The Story of Kamikuishiki Village 5326: 5189:The Story of Kamikuishiki Village 5170:The Story of Kamikuishiki Village 5103:from the original on 15 June 2012 4554:from the original on 3 March 2016 4511:from the original on 26 July 2018 4484:from the original on 18 July 2018 4391:from the original on 9 April 2016 4379:Osaki, Tomohiro (30 April 2015). 4203:from the original on 26 July 2018 3789:from the original on 3 March 2016 3716:Morgans, Julian (17 March 2021). 3548:from the original on 29 July 2019 3474:10.18874/jjrs.22.3-4.1995.381-415 3314:from the original on 6 April 2020 3082:from the original on 28 July 2018 2882:The Story of Kamikuishiki Village 2811:National Public Safety Commission 2666:St. Luke's International Hospital 2098: 1492:set 50). As the train approached 316:perpetrated on 20 March 1995, in 5011:from the original on 8 July 2018 4980:from the original on 8 July 2018 4797:Historical Cases of CW Terrorism 4635:FARLEY, MAGGIE (29 March 1995). 4545:Office of Emergency Preparedness 4458:from the original on 8 July 2018 4098:from the original on 6 July 2018 4063:"Japanese Cult Member Gets Life" 3811:Holy Terror: Armageddon in Tokyo 3399:from the original on 6 July 2018 3322:– via www.theguardian.com. 3283:from the original on 8 July 2018 2910: 2896: 2760: 2549: 2458: 2418: 2107: 1950:relies largely or entirely on a 1939: 1926:Train A725K (Chiyoda Line train) 1340: 1301:Hayashi eventually chose to use 755:, and rival Japanese religions. 497: 399: 41: 5445:Formerly known as Aum Shinrikyo 5352:Crime Library article about Aum 5197: 5122:Hongo, Jun (22 November 2011). 5115: 5073: 5045: 5023: 4940: 4915: 4874: 4855: 4825: 4802: 4779: 4719:Watanabe, Teresa (6 May 1995). 4712: 4628: 4570: 4496: 4470: 4439: 4417: 4403: 4372: 4080: 4055: 3879: 3866: 3801: 3735: 3709: 3674: 3637: 3595: 3484:from the original on 6 May 2018 3411: 3385: 3370: 3358:from the original on 2 May 2016 3352:"A Case Study on Aum Shinrikyo" 3302:Rafferty, Kevin (16 May 1995). 3295: 3265: 2479:Japan Ground Self-Defense Force 2118:needs additional citations for 1930: 1616:After Sugimoto escorted him to 1245: 529:, "Aum Divine Beings’ Society") 410:needs additional citations for 52:needs additional citations for 3842:Staff, WIRED (20 March 2009). 3246: 3227: 3160: 3068:. Academic Press. p. 27. 2978: 2969: 2765:Popular contemporary novelist 2531:post-traumatic stress disorder 2343: 2067:Hayashi later reported to the 1515: 729:, borrowing the term from the 564:and expressed suicidal views. 13: 1: 5314:, 2010, Edizioni Solfanelli, 5302:Sidell, Frederick R. (1998). 3395:. BBC.com. 13 December 2001. 3236:"Tokyo subway attack of 1995" 3107:"地下鉄サリン死傷者６３００人に救済法の認定作業で調査" 2991: 2801:Shoko Asahara's death warrant 1381:at 6:00 am and drove to 598:Early attempts to seize power 569:Tokyo Metropolitan Government 390: 334:Teito Rapid Transit Authority 5792:Terrorist incidents in Tokyo 5322:. Preface by Erica Baffelli. 3194:10.1371/journal.pone.0234967 2467: 7: 5802:Political violence in Japan 5306:. Jane's Information Group. 5244:Report No. 35, October 2000 3634:New York: Macmillan (2000). 3259:The San Diego Union-Tribune 2945:List of executions in Japan 2940:Capital punishment in Japan 2889: 2777:The Place That Was Promised 2294:Tokyo Metro Marunouchi Line 2264: 2142:"Tokyo subway sarin attack" 1978:"Tokyo subway sarin attack" 1911: 1893: 1870: 1849: 1818: 1800: 1775: 1755: 1722: 1702: 712:Declaring Myself the Christ 705:Restarting violent activity 673:bacterial cultivation media 639: 434:"Tokyo subway sarin attack" 306: 76:"Tokyo subway sarin attack" 10: 5823: 5757:March 1995 events in Japan 5582:Tokyo subway sarin attack 5285:10.1021/bk-2000-0745.ch022 5258:10.1021/bk-2000-0745.ch020 5042:, 22 November 2011, pg. 1. 4668:Reader, Ian (April 2000). 4537:U.S. Medical Team Briefing 3902:, 22 November 2011, pg. 3. 3862:– via www.wired.com. 3452:Susumu, Shimazono (1995). 2874:Tales of the Black Forest, 2790: 2717:previous attack with sarin 2680:company that manufactured 2314:Kitamura was sentenced to 2204: 2075:instead of death penalty. 2029: 1317:. As the train approached 1185:Preparation for the attack 1133: 814:Chemical weapon production 502: 310:, "Subway Sarin Incident") 29: 5807:Military history of Tokyo 5681: 5660: 5644: 5593: 5558: 5541: 5450: 5443: 5435: 4922:Murakami, Haruki (2003). 4755:Reid, T.R. (6 May 1995). 4427:. smh.com.au. 3 June 2012 3503:Murakami, Haruki (1997). 2356:, and was about to begin 2258: 1905: 1887: 1864: 1843: 1830: 1812: 1794: 1769: 1749: 1731: 1716: 1696: 1510:Kokkai-gijidō-mae Station 1205: 1192:Japan Self-Defense Forces 1106:Tokyo subway sarin attack 864:Australian Federal Police 633: 590:doomed to an eternity in 525: 300: 295:Tokyo subway sarin attack 281: 273: 265: 255: 232: 222: 201: 187: 172: 164: 160:Tokyo subway sarin attack 159: 32:October 2021 Tokyo attack 5727:Attacks by Aum Shinrikyo 4837:www.apologeticsindex.org 3814:. Weatherhill. pp. 3681:Goldwag, Arthur (2009). 3338:A Clock That Has Stopped 3336:Matsumoto, Rika (2015). 3062:Ramesh C. Gupta (2015). 2962: 2694:Japan Women's University 2277:Kitamura is a native of 2268:, born 16 February 1968) 1504:. One station later, at 1419:As the train approached 602:Asahara had experienced 5566:Sakamoto family murder 5242:Henry L. Stimson Centre 5172:Magazine Advertisement" 4686:10.1525/nr.2000.3.2.368 4595:, March 9, 2010, pg. 3. 3808:Brackett, D. W (1996). 3032:Henry L. Stimson Centre 2755:new religious movements 2425:Artificial Intelligence 2231:gave Hirose first aid. 1521:Tōbu Dōbutsu Kōen-bound 1319:Shin-Ochanomizu Station 511:Symbol of Aum Shinrikyo 363:, attempted to produce 205:20 March 1995 146:Infobox civilian attack 138: 5612:Me and the Cult Leader 5392:35.68944°N 139.69167°E 4519:– via Huff Post. 4452:The Japan Times Online 4385:The Japan Times Online 4331:(in Japanese). Japan: 3644:Griffith, Lee (2004). 2951:Me and the Cult Leader 2802: 2399:Nagoya Detention House 2325: 2240:Supreme Court of Japan 1602: 1538: 1471: 1463: 1366: 1358: 1267: 1259: 1161: 1136:Matsumoto sarin attack 1130:Matsumoto sarin attack 1010:Matsumoto sarin attack 874: 823: 775: 626:, under the banner of 512: 357:Matsumoto sarin attack 328:on three lines of the 307:Chikatetsu Sarin Jiken 151:considered for merging 5717:1995 murders in Japan 5668:2019 Tokyo car attack 4799:, Aum Shinrikyo, 2004 4791:25 March 2007 at the 4786:CW Terrorism Tutorial 2800: 2331:In January 2002, the 2321: 2244:Tokyo Detention House 2088:Osaka Detention House 1592: 1528: 1469: 1453: 1428:Nakano-sakaue Station 1364: 1348: 1280:Japan Communist Party 1265: 1253: 1173:methylphosphonic acid 1159: 968:Late 1993-early 1994 872: 821: 773: 604:delusions of grandeur 510: 5338:Dark History Podcast 4454:. japantimes.co.jp. 3767:Olson, Kyle (1996). 3746:. Crown Publishing. 3630:Lifton, Robert Jay, 3418:Reader, Ian (2000). 2879:The 1995 video game 2573:improve this section 2496:psychogenic patients 2475:1st Airborne Brigade 2127:improve this article 1963:improve this article 1662:The five duos were: 1579:Kasumigaseki Station 1569:Two stops later, at 1485:Nihon Keizai Shimbun 1330:Kasumigaseki Station 792:Kasumigaseki station 753:British Royal Family 609:Kingdom of Shambhala 419:improve this article 61:improve this article 5782:Religious terrorism 5574:Matsumoto incident 5397:35.68944; 139.69167 5388: / 4413:. 29 December 1999. 4387:. The Japan Times. 4170:on 13 December 2009 3185:2020PLoSO..1534967S 2504:intensive care unit 2485:Injuries and deaths 2429:Kogakuin University 2350:University of Tokyo 2309:Tokorozawa, Saitama 1611:Naka-Meguro Station 1556:Naka-Meguro Station 1440:Shin-Kōenji Station 950: 520:Oumu Shinsen no Kai 247:Religious terrorism 5767:Massacres in Japan 5732:Chemical terrorism 5232:2015-09-24 at the 4814:2008-08-13 at the 4613:2011-09-04 at the 4587:2010-03-10 at the 4534:) (12 July 1995). 4361:2018-07-16 at the 4272:. 12 November 1999 4231:. 14 November 1996 4131:Japan Times Online 3892:2020-01-12 at the 2866:Mawaru Penguindrum 2856:(2021) a novel by 2846:In popular culture 2819:sentenced to death 2803: 2660:Matsumoto incident 2656:Shinshu University 2612:Emergency services 2541:Emergency services 2395:sentenced to death 2052:(north of Tokyo). 1637:Hatchōbori Station 1630:Kodenmachō Station 1607:Kita-Senju Station 1603: 1539: 1472: 1464: 1421:Ochanomizu Station 1367: 1359: 1268: 1260: 1162: 1016:20 September 1994 948: 875: 832:Tsukuba University 824: 776: 731:Book of Revelation 620:election that year 513: 351:The group, led by 314:domestic terrorism 242:Chemical terrorism 5762:Massacres in 1995 5752:March 1995 crimes 5699: 5698: 5551:(removed in 2022) 5508:Tomomasa Nakagawa 5473:Kiyohide Hayakawa 5320:978-88-89756-88-1 5310:Bonino, Stefano. 4725:Los Angeles Times 4641:Los Angeles Times 4305:. 30 January 2002 4228:Los Angeles Times 3825:978-0-8348-0353-4 3753:978-0-517-70543-8 3702:978-0-307-39067-7 3667:978-0-8028-2860-6 3617:978-0-567-04133-3 3379:The Daily Shimbun 3075:978-0-12-800494-4 2957:Religion in Japan 2934:Banjawarn Station 2609: 2608: 2601: 2435:where he studied 2405:Kiyotaka Tonozaki 2401:on 26 July 2018. 2368:Katsuya Takahashi 2316:life imprisonment 2213:Waseda University 2203: 2202: 2195: 2177: 2028: 2027: 2013: 1920: 1919: 1871:Tonozaki Kiyotaka 1860:Kiyotaka Tonozaki 1819:Takahashi Katsuya 1808:Katsuya Takahashi 1651:Main perpetrators 1626:Akihabara Station 1585:Naka-Meguro-bound 1575:Kamiyacho Station 1560:Tobu 20000 series 1531:Tōbu Dōbutsu Kōen 1434:, the end of the 1398:Ikebukuro Station 1127: 1126: 1050:12 December 1994 855:Banjawarn Station 765:5.45x39mm bullets 495: 494: 487: 469: 291: 290: 137: 136: 129: 111: 16:(Redirected from 5814: 5636: 5626: 5616: 5606: 5585: 5577: 5569: 5468:Satoru Hashimoto 5430: 5423: 5416: 5407: 5406: 5403: 5402: 5400: 5399: 5398: 5393: 5389: 5386: 5385: 5384: 5381: 5307: 5298: 5271: 5192: 5186: 5180: 5179: 5164: 5158: 5157: 5145: 5139: 5138: 5136: 5134: 5119: 5113: 5112: 5110: 5108: 5099:. 15 June 2012. 5089: 5083: 5077: 5071: 5070: 5064: 5056: 5049: 5043: 5027: 5021: 5020: 5018: 5016: 4996: 4990: 4989: 4987: 4985: 4966: 4960: 4959: 4957: 4955: 4944: 4938: 4937: 4919: 4913: 4912: 4910: 4908: 4902: 4887: 4878: 4872: 4871: 4864:Prevailing Winds 4859: 4853: 4852: 4850: 4848: 4829: 4823: 4822:, 6 August 2008. 4806: 4800: 4783: 4777: 4776: 4774: 4772: 4752: 4741: 4740: 4738: 4736: 4716: 4710: 4709: 4707: 4705: 4665: 4652: 4651: 4649: 4647: 4632: 4626: 4605: 4596: 4574: 4568: 4567: 4561: 4559: 4553: 4542: 4527: 4521: 4520: 4518: 4516: 4500: 4494: 4493: 4491: 4489: 4474: 4468: 4467: 4465: 4463: 4443: 4437: 4436: 4434: 4432: 4421: 4415: 4414: 4407: 4401: 4400: 4398: 4396: 4376: 4370: 4353: 4347: 4346: 4324: 4315: 4314: 4312: 4310: 4293: 4282: 4281: 4279: 4277: 4260: 4241: 4240: 4238: 4236: 4219: 4213: 4212: 4210: 4208: 4199:. 26 July 2018. 4193: 4180: 4179: 4177: 4175: 4156: 4147: 4146: 4144: 4142: 4123: 4108: 4107: 4105: 4103: 4084: 4078: 4077: 4075: 4073: 4059: 4053: 4052: 4050: 4048: 4034: 4021: 4020: 4018: 4016: 4002: 3993: 3992: 3990: 3988: 3974: 3965: 3964: 3962: 3960: 3946: 3933: 3932: 3930: 3928: 3914: 3903: 3883: 3877: 3870: 3864: 3863: 3861: 3859: 3839: 3830: 3829: 3805: 3799: 3798: 3796: 3794: 3788: 3773: 3764: 3758: 3757: 3739: 3733: 3732: 3730: 3728: 3713: 3707: 3706: 3678: 3672: 3671: 3651: 3641: 3635: 3628: 3622: 3621: 3599: 3593: 3592: 3590: 3588: 3582: 3575: 3567: 3558: 3557: 3555: 3553: 3547: 3540: 3532: 3521: 3520: 3500: 3494: 3493: 3491: 3489: 3483: 3476: 3467:(3/4): 381–415. 3458: 3449: 3443: 3442: 3440: 3438: 3415: 3409: 3408: 3406: 3404: 3389: 3383: 3382: 3374: 3368: 3367: 3365: 3363: 3348: 3342: 3341: 3333: 3324: 3323: 3321: 3319: 3299: 3293: 3292: 3290: 3288: 3269: 3263: 3262: 3250: 3244: 3243: 3231: 3225: 3224: 3214: 3196: 3164: 3158: 3157: 3155: 3153: 3138: 3127: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3103: 3092: 3091: 3089: 3087: 3059: 3048: 3047: 3045: 3043: 3025: 3016: 2985: 2982: 2976: 2973: 2920: 2915: 2914: 2906: 2901: 2900: 2899: 2705:J. Gordon Melton 2604: 2597: 2593: 2590: 2584: 2553: 2545: 2391:Tokai University 2358:doctoral studies 2333:Tokyo High Court 2279:Aichi Prefecture 2269: 2267: 2261: 2260: 2236:Tokyo High Court 2198: 2191: 2187: 2184: 2178: 2176: 2135: 2111: 2103: 2058:sodium pentothal 2023: 2020: 2014: 2012: 1971: 1943: 1935: 1916: 1914: 1908: 1907: 1898: 1896: 1890: 1889: 1875: 1873: 1867: 1866: 1857: 1854: 1852: 1846: 1845: 1826: 1823: 1821: 1815: 1814: 1805: 1803: 1797: 1796: 1782: 1781: 1778: 1772: 1771: 1762: 1761: 1758: 1752: 1751: 1737: 1727: 1725: 1719: 1718: 1707: 1705: 1699: 1698: 1665: 1664: 1571:Roppongi Station 1502:Kōrakuen Station 1480:Shinjuku Station 1414:Korakuen Station 1394:Shinjuku Station 1151: 1144: 1116:Hydrogen cyanide 951: 947: 646: 645: 642: 636: 635: 543:. They believed 537:Tibetan Buddhism 533:Chizuo Matsumoto 531:, by pharmacist 530: 528: 527: 490: 483: 479: 476: 470: 468: 427: 403: 395: 385:modern standards 311: 309: 303: 302: 212: 210: 177: 168: 167: 166: 157: 156: 154: 132: 125: 121: 118: 112: 110: 69: 45: 37: 21: 5822: 5821: 5817: 5816: 5815: 5813: 5812: 5811: 5772:Murder in Tokyo 5702: 5701: 5700: 5695: 5677: 5656: 5645:Sects/Offshoots 5640: 5634: 5624: 5614: 5604: 5589: 5583: 5575: 5567: 5554: 5537: 5533:Masato Yokoyama 5528:Masami Tsuchiya 5518:Kazuaki Okazaki 5513:Tomomitsu Niimi 5493:Yoshihiro Inoue 5446: 5439: 5434: 5396: 5394: 5390: 5387: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5375: 5374: 5329: 5295: 5268: 5234:Wayback Machine 5221:Haruki Murakami 5206:Mainichi Online 5200: 5195: 5187: 5183: 5166: 5165: 5161: 5146: 5142: 5132: 5130: 5120: 5116: 5106: 5104: 5091: 5090: 5086: 5078: 5074: 5058: 5057: 5051: 5050: 5046: 5028: 5024: 5014: 5012: 5005:The Japan Times 4997: 4993: 4983: 4981: 4976:. 6 July 2018. 4968: 4967: 4963: 4953: 4951: 4945: 4941: 4934: 4920: 4916: 4906: 4904: 4900: 4885: 4879: 4875: 4860: 4856: 4846: 4844: 4831: 4830: 4826: 4820:Yomiuri Shimbun 4816:Wayback Machine 4807: 4803: 4793:Wayback Machine 4784: 4780: 4770: 4768: 4761:Washington Post 4753: 4744: 4734: 4732: 4717: 4713: 4703: 4701: 4666: 4655: 4645: 4643: 4633: 4629: 4615:Wayback Machine 4606: 4599: 4593:The Japan Times 4589:Wayback Machine 4576:Sasaki, Sayo, ( 4575: 4571: 4557: 4555: 4551: 4540: 4528: 4524: 4514: 4512: 4501: 4497: 4487: 4485: 4480:. 12 May 2015. 4476: 4475: 4471: 4461: 4459: 4444: 4440: 4430: 4428: 4423: 4422: 4418: 4409: 4408: 4404: 4394: 4392: 4377: 4373: 4363:Wayback Machine 4354: 4350: 4343: 4325: 4318: 4308: 4306: 4302:The Japan Times 4295: 4294: 4285: 4275: 4273: 4269:The Japan Times 4262: 4261: 4244: 4234: 4232: 4221: 4220: 4216: 4206: 4204: 4195: 4194: 4183: 4173: 4171: 4158: 4157: 4150: 4140: 4138: 4133:. 6 July 2018. 4125: 4124: 4111: 4101: 4099: 4086: 4085: 4081: 4071: 4069: 4061: 4060: 4056: 4046: 4044: 4036: 4035: 4024: 4014: 4012: 4004: 4003: 3996: 3986: 3984: 3976: 3975: 3968: 3958: 3956: 3948: 3947: 3936: 3926: 3924: 3916: 3915: 3906: 3894:Wayback Machine 3884: 3880: 3871: 3867: 3857: 3855: 3840: 3833: 3826: 3806: 3802: 3792: 3790: 3786: 3771: 3765: 3761: 3754: 3740: 3736: 3726: 3724: 3714: 3710: 3703: 3679: 3675: 3668: 3642: 3638: 3629: 3625: 3618: 3610:. p. 300. 3600: 3596: 3586: 3584: 3580: 3573: 3569: 3568: 3561: 3551: 3549: 3545: 3538: 3534: 3533: 3524: 3517: 3501: 3497: 3487: 3485: 3481: 3456: 3450: 3446: 3436: 3434: 3432: 3416: 3412: 3402: 3400: 3391: 3390: 3386: 3376: 3375: 3371: 3361: 3359: 3350: 3349: 3345: 3334: 3327: 3317: 3315: 3304:"Shoko tactics" 3300: 3296: 3286: 3284: 3279:. 6 July 2018. 3271: 3270: 3266: 3251: 3247: 3232: 3228: 3179:(6): e0234967. 3165: 3161: 3151: 3149: 3139: 3130: 3120: 3118: 3105: 3104: 3095: 3085: 3083: 3076: 3060: 3051: 3041: 3039: 3023: 3017: 2998: 2994: 2989: 2988: 2983: 2979: 2974: 2970: 2965: 2916: 2909: 2902: 2897: 2895: 2892: 2848: 2795: 2789: 2787:Aum/Aleph today 2767:Haruki Murakami 2763: 2751:Stephen A. Kent 2739:Washington Post 2735:Washington Post 2726:Washington Post 2690: 2605: 2594: 2588: 2585: 2570: 2554: 2543: 2487: 2470: 2461: 2453: 2451:Shigeo Sugimoto 2445:Ishigaki Island 2421: 2416: 2407: 2387: 2385:Masato Yokoyama 2382: 2370: 2354:master's degree 2346: 2341: 2265:Kitamura Kōichi 2255: 2254:Kōichi Kitamura 2252: 2250:Kōichi Kitamura 2209: 2199: 2188: 2182: 2179: 2136: 2134: 2124: 2112: 2101: 2096: 2084:Tomomitsu Niimi 2081: 2079:Tomomitsu Niimi 2069:Japanese police 2062:electric shocks 2042:Keio University 2034: 2024: 2018: 2015: 1972: 1970: 1956: 1944: 1933: 1928: 1912:Sugimoto Shigeo 1902: 1901:Shigeo Sugimoto 1884: 1861: 1855: 1850:Yokoyama Masato 1840: 1839:Masato Yokoyama 1824: 1809: 1791: 1779: 1776:Kitamura Kōichi 1766: 1765:Kōichi Kitamura 1759: 1756:Hirose Ken'ichi 1746: 1735: 1723:Niimi Tomomitsu 1713: 1711:Tomomitsu Niimi 1693: 1677:Getaway driver 1657:getaway drivers 1653: 1641:Tsukiji Station 1587: 1523: 1518: 1494:Yotsuya Station 1460:Marunouchi Line 1448: 1446:Ikebukuro-bound 1436:Marunouchi Line 1432:Ogikubo Station 1396:and got off at 1383:Yotsuya Station 1375:Ogikubo Station 1371:Marunouchi Line 1355:Marunouchi Line 1343: 1338: 1336:Marunouchi Line 1276:Sendagi Station 1248: 1235: 1208: 1187: 1178:Yomiuri Shimbun 1149: 1142: 1138: 1132: 1064:4 January 1995 923:methamphetamine 859:nuclear weapons 844:shell companies 816: 723:Third World War 707: 643: 630: 600: 522: 505: 500: 491: 480: 474: 471: 428: 426: 416: 404: 393: 377:Third World War 365:botulinum toxin 297: 251: 235: 213: 208: 206: 183: 162: 161: 155: 139: 133: 122: 116: 113: 70: 68: 58: 46: 35: 28: 23: 22: 18:Masato Yokoyama 15: 12: 11: 5: 5820: 5810: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5697: 5696: 5694: 5693: 5688: 5682: 5679: 5678: 5676: 5675: 5670: 5664: 5662: 5658: 5657: 5655: 5654: 5648: 5646: 5642: 5641: 5639: 5638: 5628: 5618: 5608: 5597: 5595: 5591: 5590: 5588: 5587: 5579: 5571: 5562: 5560: 5556: 5555: 5553: 5552: 5545: 5543: 5539: 5538: 5536: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5488:Kenichi Hirose 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5454: 5452: 5448: 5447: 5444: 5441: 5440: 5433: 5432: 5425: 5418: 5410: 5372: 5371: 5359: 5353: 5347: 5341: 5328: 5327:External links 5325: 5324: 5323: 5308: 5299: 5293: 5272: 5266: 5245: 5224: 5210: 5209:June 18, 2001. 5199: 5196: 5194: 5193: 5181: 5159: 5140: 5114: 5084: 5072: 5044: 5022: 4991: 4961: 4939: 4932: 4914: 4873: 4854: 4824: 4801: 4778: 4742: 4711: 4680:(2): 368–382. 4653: 4627: 4597: 4569: 4522: 4495: 4469: 4438: 4416: 4402: 4371: 4369:, 14 June 2012 4348: 4341: 4335:. p. 68. 4316: 4283: 4242: 4214: 4181: 4148: 4109: 4079: 4054: 4042:publicism.info 4022: 4010:publicism.info 3994: 3982:publicism.info 3966: 3954:publicism.info 3934: 3922:publicism.info 3904: 3878: 3865: 3831: 3824: 3800: 3759: 3752: 3734: 3708: 3701: 3673: 3666: 3636: 3623: 3616: 3594: 3559: 3522: 3515: 3495: 3444: 3430: 3410: 3384: 3369: 3343: 3325: 3294: 3264: 3245: 3226: 3159: 3128: 3117:on 16 May 2013 3093: 3074: 3049: 2995: 2993: 2990: 2987: 2986: 2977: 2967: 2966: 2964: 2961: 2960: 2959: 2954: 2947: 2942: 2937: 2931: 2922: 2921: 2907: 2891: 2888: 2887: 2886: 2877: 2870: 2861: 2858:Robert Goddard 2847: 2844: 2791:Main article: 2788: 2785: 2762: 2759: 2701:James R. Lewis 2689: 2686: 2607: 2606: 2557: 2555: 2548: 2542: 2539: 2486: 2483: 2469: 2466: 2460: 2457: 2452: 2449: 2420: 2417: 2415: 2412: 2406: 2403: 2386: 2383: 2381: 2378: 2369: 2366: 2345: 2342: 2340: 2337: 2251: 2248: 2207:Kenichi Hirose 2205:Main article: 2201: 2200: 2115: 2113: 2106: 2100: 2099:Kenichi Hirose 2097: 2095: 2092: 2080: 2077: 2050:Tokai, Ibaraki 2030:Main article: 2026: 2025: 1961:. Please help 1947: 1945: 1938: 1932: 1929: 1927: 1924: 1918: 1917: 1899: 1881: 1877: 1876: 1858: 1837: 1834: 1828: 1827: 1806: 1788: 1784: 1783: 1763: 1744:Kenichi Hirose 1741: 1738: 1729: 1728: 1708: 1688: 1685: 1679: 1678: 1675: 1672: 1669: 1652: 1649: 1586: 1583: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1506:Hongō-sanchōme 1447: 1444: 1342: 1339: 1337: 1334: 1295:Seikyo Shimbun 1247: 1244: 1233: 1207: 1204: 1186: 1183: 1166:Yoshiyuki Kōno 1134:Main article: 1131: 1128: 1125: 1124: 1121: 1118: 1113: 1109: 1108: 1103: 1100: 1097: 1096:20 March 1995 1093: 1092: 1085: 1082: 1079: 1078:February 1995 1075: 1074: 1071: 1068: 1065: 1061: 1060: 1057: 1054: 1051: 1047: 1046: 1043: 1040: 1037: 1033: 1032: 1025: 1022: 1017: 1013: 1012: 1007: 1004: 1001: 997: 996: 993: 990: 987: 983: 982: 975: 972: 969: 965: 964: 961: 958: 955: 815: 812: 706: 703: 669:Ishikari River 599: 596: 562:health anxiety 504: 501: 499: 496: 493: 492: 407: 405: 398: 392: 389: 312:was an act of 289: 288: 283: 279: 278: 275: 271: 270: 267: 263: 262: 257: 253: 252: 250: 249: 244: 238: 236: 233: 230: 229: 224: 220: 219: 203: 199: 198: 189: 185: 184: 178: 170: 169: 135: 134: 49: 47: 40: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5819: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5742:Heisei period 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5712:1995 in Tokyo 5710: 5709: 5707: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5683: 5680: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5665: 5663: 5659: 5653: 5650: 5649: 5647: 5643: 5637: 5633: 5629: 5627: 5623: 5619: 5617: 5613: 5609: 5607: 5603: 5599: 5598: 5596: 5592: 5586: 5580: 5578: 5572: 5570: 5564: 5563: 5561: 5557: 5550: 5547: 5546: 5544: 5540: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5498:Fumihiro Joyu 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5483:Yasuo Hayashi 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5458:Shoko Asahara 5456: 5455: 5453: 5449: 5442: 5438: 5431: 5426: 5424: 5419: 5417: 5412: 5411: 5408: 5404: 5401: 5370: 5369: 5364: 5360: 5357: 5354: 5351: 5348: 5345: 5344:Aum Shinrikyo 5342: 5339: 5335: 5334:Aum Shinrikyo 5331: 5330: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5305: 5300: 5296: 5294:0-8412-3630-5 5290: 5286: 5282: 5278: 5273: 5269: 5267:0-8412-3630-5 5263: 5259: 5255: 5251: 5246: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5231: 5228: 5225: 5222: 5218: 5217: 5211: 5208: 5207: 5202: 5201: 5190: 5185: 5177: 5173: 5171: 5163: 5156:. Vice Media. 5155: 5151: 5144: 5129: 5125: 5118: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5088: 5081: 5076: 5068: 5062: 5054: 5048: 5041: 5040: 5035: 5031: 5026: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4995: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4965: 4950: 4943: 4935: 4933:9780099461098 4929: 4925: 4918: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4884: 4877: 4869: 4865: 4858: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4828: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4810: 4805: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4787: 4782: 4766: 4762: 4758: 4751: 4749: 4747: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4715: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4664: 4662: 4660: 4658: 4642: 4638: 4631: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4612: 4609: 4604: 4602: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4583: 4579: 4573: 4566: 4550: 4546: 4539: 4538: 4533: 4530:Fred Sidell ( 4526: 4510: 4506: 4499: 4483: 4479: 4473: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4442: 4426: 4420: 4412: 4406: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4375: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4357: 4352: 4344: 4342:9784022613974 4338: 4334: 4333:Asahi Shimbun 4330: 4323: 4321: 4304: 4303: 4298: 4292: 4290: 4288: 4271: 4270: 4265: 4259: 4257: 4255: 4253: 4251: 4249: 4247: 4230: 4229: 4224: 4218: 4202: 4198: 4192: 4190: 4188: 4186: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4155: 4153: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4122: 4120: 4118: 4116: 4114: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4083: 4068: 4064: 4058: 4043: 4039: 4033: 4031: 4029: 4027: 4011: 4007: 4001: 3999: 3983: 3979: 3973: 3971: 3955: 3951: 3945: 3943: 3941: 3939: 3923: 3919: 3913: 3911: 3909: 3901: 3900: 3895: 3891: 3888: 3885:Hongo, Jun, " 3882: 3875: 3869: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3838: 3836: 3827: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3812: 3804: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3770: 3763: 3755: 3749: 3745: 3738: 3723: 3719: 3712: 3704: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3685: 3677: 3669: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3650: 3649: 3640: 3633: 3627: 3619: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3598: 3579: 3572: 3566: 3564: 3544: 3537: 3531: 3529: 3527: 3518: 3516:0-375-72580-6 3512: 3508: 3507: 3499: 3480: 3475: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3455: 3448: 3433: 3431:9780700711093 3427: 3423: 3422: 3414: 3398: 3394: 3388: 3380: 3373: 3357: 3353: 3347: 3339: 3332: 3330: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3298: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3268: 3260: 3256: 3249: 3241: 3237: 3230: 3222: 3218: 3213: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3195: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3163: 3148: 3144: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3102: 3100: 3098: 3081: 3077: 3071: 3067: 3066: 3058: 3056: 3054: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3022: 3015: 3013: 3011: 3009: 3007: 3005: 3003: 3001: 2996: 2981: 2972: 2968: 2958: 2955: 2953: 2952: 2948: 2946: 2943: 2941: 2938: 2935: 2932: 2929: 2928: 2924: 2923: 2919: 2913: 2908: 2905: 2894: 2884: 2883: 2878: 2875: 2871: 2868: 2867: 2863:In the anime 2862: 2859: 2855: 2854: 2850: 2849: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2832: 2827: 2824: 2820: 2815: 2812: 2808: 2799: 2794: 2784: 2782: 2781:Bungei Shunjū 2778: 2774: 2773: 2768: 2761:Murakami book 2758: 2756: 2752: 2746: 2742: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2727: 2720: 2718: 2712: 2708: 2706: 2702: 2697: 2695: 2685: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2670: 2667: 2663: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2603: 2600: 2592: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2568: 2567: 2563: 2558:This section 2556: 2552: 2547: 2546: 2538: 2534: 2532: 2527: 2523: 2520: 2518: 2514: 2508: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2482: 2480: 2476: 2465: 2459:Naoko Kikuchi 2456: 2448: 2446: 2440: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2419:Yasuo Hayashi 2411: 2402: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2377: 2374: 2365: 2361: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2336: 2334: 2329: 2324: 2320: 2317: 2312: 2310: 2305: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2290: 2288: 2287:Shoko Asahara 2284: 2283:Aum Shinrikyo 2280: 2275: 2273: 2272:life sentence 2266: 2247: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2232: 2230: 2225: 2221: 2216: 2214: 2208: 2197: 2194: 2186: 2175: 2172: 2168: 2165: 2161: 2158: 2154: 2151: 2147: 2144: – 2143: 2139: 2138:Find sources: 2132: 2128: 2122: 2121: 2116:This section 2114: 2110: 2105: 2104: 2091: 2089: 2085: 2076: 2074: 2073:life sentence 2070: 2065: 2063: 2059: 2053: 2051: 2047: 2046:Keio Hospital 2043: 2039: 2033: 2022: 2011: 2008: 2004: 2001: 1997: 1994: 1990: 1987: 1983: 1980: – 1979: 1975: 1974:Find sources: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1954: 1953: 1952:single source 1948:This section 1946: 1942: 1937: 1936: 1923: 1913: 1900: 1895: 1894:Hayashi Yasuo 1883:Yasuo Hayashi 1882: 1879: 1878: 1872: 1859: 1851: 1838: 1835: 1833: 1829: 1820: 1807: 1802: 1789: 1786: 1785: 1777: 1764: 1757: 1745: 1742: 1739: 1734: 1730: 1724: 1712: 1709: 1704: 1692: 1689: 1686: 1684: 1681: 1680: 1676: 1673: 1670: 1667: 1666: 1663: 1660: 1658: 1648: 1644: 1642: 1638: 1633: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1614: 1612: 1608: 1600: 1596: 1591: 1582: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1567: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1552: 1551:Hochi Shimbun 1546: 1544: 1536: 1532: 1527: 1513: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1497: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1486: 1481: 1477: 1468: 1461: 1457: 1452: 1443: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1424: 1422: 1417: 1415: 1411: 1405: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1373:destined for 1372: 1363: 1356: 1352: 1347: 1341:Ogikubo-bound 1333: 1331: 1326: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1307:surgical mask 1304: 1299: 1297: 1296: 1291: 1287: 1286: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1264: 1257: 1252: 1243: 1239: 1236: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1212:Aum Shinrikyo 1203: 1199: 1197: 1193: 1182: 1179: 1174: 1169: 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