59:
1262:
75:
150:
668:
658:
During the conflict, Masisi
Territory was a hotspot of violence and human rights abuses, with numerous reports of massacres, rape, and other atrocities committed by both rebel groups and government forces. The conflict also had a devastating impact on the local economy and infrastructure, with many
636:. However, Kabila's rule was also marked by conflict and instability, as various rebel groups sought to gain control of the country's vast mineral resources. In 1998, a new rebellion broke out in the east of the country, led by the
986:
van
Leeuwen, Mathijs; Mathys, Gillian; de Vries, Lotje; van der Haar, Gemma (2020-12-04). "From resolving land disputes to agrarian justice – dealing with the structural crisis of plantation agriculture in eastern DR Congo".
516:
Since at least the 1970s, the territory has been divided into the four modern collectives: Bahunde chiefdom and
Bashali chiefdom are run by the traditional ethnic Hunde chiefs, and Katoyi and Osso are organized as sectors.
481:
in the early 1960s, voting rights were first granted to the
Rwandan immigrants. Their immediate electoral success prompted a backlash from the Hunde population, who took control of local politics under the slogan
770:
378:
614:, launched an offensive against Mobutu's forces. The rebels quickly gained control of much of eastern Congo, including Masisi Territory, and Mobutu was forced to flee the country in May 1997.
643:
This round of conflict, the Second Congo War, also known as the
African World War, was a complex conflict involving multiple rebel groups, foreign armies, and various factions within the
385:
plant as part of a 450 hectare tea plantation known as JTN. Beginning in 1975, Belgian priests introduced a cheese-making tradition, and small farmers in the area produce
456:
30:
697:
border security and the control of eastern Congo's minerals by rebel groups and business interests. Armed groups have systematically targeted the civilian population.
1122:
606:, was facing growing opposition from various factions in the country, including rebel groups in the east. In 1996, a coalition of rebel groups, backed by neighboring
1171:
778:
1146:
713:
161:
58:
1261:
682:
936:
184:
Masisi territory has an area of 4734 km. Masisi
Territory is administratively subdivided into four sectors: Bahunde, Bashali, Katoyi, and Osso.
439:
During the colonial period in the 1940s and 1950s, the
Belgian administration had a "dual colonization" policy of bringing in many immigrant
1534:
1425:
1430:
800:
351:
1450:
362:
336:
173:
640:(RCD). The rebels quickly gained control of Masisi Territory and other areas of eastern Congo, and a new round of fighting began.
1495:
1229:
490:. The violence prompted most of the white settlers to leave, with all the remaining whites gone after the implementation of the
1410:
1300:
648:
347:
1105:
1208:
343:, treats civilians and fighters from all sides of the conflict. The town is inaccessible much of the time, due to fighting.
1251:
1065:"Communal Conflict and the Geopolitics of Land, Ethnicity and Territoriality in North Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo"
693:
and the
Congolese civil war, and Ugandan rebel groups, are involved in these episodes of conflict, which also relates to
1147:"Masisi, Down the Road from Goma: Ethnic Cleansing and Displacement in Eastern Zaire - Democratic Republic of the Congo"
886:
1064:
486:(father's land). Increasing violence between the Hunde administration and the immigrant population spiraled into the
1195:
644:
633:
603:
169:
80:
534:. Although fighting ended in Walikale after two weeks, the violence had since spread to Masisi Territory and the
214:
is the DRC's administrative language. The most common language for a majority of the local population (56%) is
1172:"Sud-Kivu : la situation sécuritaire toujours tendue à Fizi et Uvira - Democratic Republic of the Congo"
745:
637:
340:
461:
1088:
Mararo, Stanislas
Bucyalimwe (2005). "Kivu and Ituri in the Congo War: The Roots and Nature of a Linkage".
568:
Peace negotiations were attempted, but violence resumed in 1994, and then escalated significantly with the
506:
629:
569:
836:
Mararo, Bucyalimwe (1997). "Land, Power, and Ethnic
Conflict in Masisi (Congo-Kinshasa), 1940s-1994".
734:
by the Congolese army and UN forces liberated 20 rebel controlled towns, freeing the local residents.
1034:"Legal Pluralism, Customary Authority and Conflict in Masisi, (Eastern) Democratic Republic of Congo"
727:
227:
1259:
647:. In the course of the conflict, the original RCD faction fractured into several groups, with the
1244:
562:
498:
491:
807:
397:
565:, the fighting in March and May 1993 killed between 6,000 and 15,000 and displaced 250,000.
1379:
196:
1033:
8:
1315:
1292:
140:
651:
maintaining control of Masisi. The war officially ended in 2003 with the signing of the
1389:
1384:
1237:
731:
652:
539:
531:
505:
acquired the overwhelming majority of the ex-colonial plantations, such as the case of
192:
188:
1101:
1045:
1014:
853:
741:
1481:
1369:
1093:
1004:
996:
845:
709:
690:
686:
655:, but fighting continued in some parts of the country, including Masisi Territory.
623:
599:
573:
273:
231:
215:
1000:
393:-like cow cheese that is the only significant cheese production in the whole DRC.
748:. The Nyatura and APCLS militias are currently in a coalition to resist the M23.
593:
487:
242:(2%), which is more common in the south of Masisi in the two Ufamando groupings.
211:
963:"North Kivu: The Background to Conflict in North Kivu Province of Eastern Congo"
870:
1364:
1307:
1288:
962:
535:
455:) to settle in the area, based on the promise of land. The colonial parastatal
382:
239:
235:
200:
245:
The following lists the organizational subunits of the territory, as of 1977.
1528:
1510:
1497:
1049:
1018:
912:
857:
676:
546:
530:
Beginning in March 1993, the conflict broke out along ethnic lines in nearby
425:
405:
1097:
1445:
1009:
717:
681:
Masisi Territory has constantly been subjected to the conflict between the
550:
478:
466:
gave out long term leases to the settlers in Bashali Chiefdom, to focus on
440:
417:
390:
374:
685:
and militias, which has plagued the eastern Congo since the ending of the
1405:
671:
War displaced family on the hills of Lushebere in Masisi territory (2015)
502:
444:
401:
219:
1265:
1123:"Highlights from leaked UN draft report on Congo atrocities: 1993-1996"
554:
421:
204:
165:
149:
90:
1455:
1435:
1334:
985:
471:
131:
659:
villages and towns destroyed and large numbers of people displaced.
350:
in Masisi, located at a crossroads, is the main headquarters of the
1465:
1319:
849:
667:
572:
when there was an influx of around 600,000 Rwandan refugees due to
1415:
1346:
1327:
1311:
720:
701:
557:), conducting a campaign aimed at forcibly removing the majority
366:
355:
801:"DĂ©coupage administratif de la RĂ©publique DĂ©mocratique du Congo"
545:
This began with militias made up of the autochtone populations (
1460:
1342:
1338:
694:
611:
607:
510:
370:
136:
1440:
1420:
738:
581:
452:
223:
513:
as well as taking over the large Osso concession in Masisi.
1280:
705:
577:
558:
448:
744:
has taken control of portions of the territory during its
335:
The administrative center of the territory is the town of
1090:
The Political Economy of the Great Lakes Region in Africa
467:
887:"Tea factory struggles on amid clashes in east DR Congo"
172:. Its political headquarters are located in the town of
838:
The International Journal of African Historical Studies
937:"The world's least blessed cheesemakers are in Congo"
771:"Cellule d'Analyses des Indicateurs de DĂ©veloppement"
339:, which contains Masisi Hospital, run by aid agency
1092:. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 190–222.
714:
Alliance of Patriots for a Free and Sovereign Congo
700:One of the armed groups active in the territory is
416:The area was traditionally inhabited mostly by the
561:population from Walikale and Masisi. According to
509:, who served as chief of staff for DRC president
501:prompted additional immigration to the area. The
1526:
396:The eastern portion of the territory is part of
617:
871:Arnaud Zajtman: "Behind DR Congo's war games."
587:
1245:
1120:
1031:
960:
1209:"Rebel clashes break out in DR Congo's east"
1062:
831:
829:
827:
708:militia which was founded in 2010 in nearby
913:"The rare art of cheese-making in DR Congo"
712:in South Kivu. Another active group is the
1252:
1238:
432:André Kalinda, expanded his chiefdom, the
1008:
824:
352:United Nations Force Intervention Brigade
1038:The Journal of Sociology and Development
666:
148:
968:. The Rift Valley Institute. p. 13
910:
436:to encompass of all of Masisi by 1935.
1527:
1087:
835:
765:
763:
761:
51:Masisi on a map of North Kivu Province
1233:
1196:Military Offensives Free DRC Villages
798:
105:4,734 km (1,828 sq mi)
525:
361:Other settlements in Masisi include
758:
13:
1535:Territories of North Kivu Province
995:(2). Informa UK Limited: 309–334.
662:
649:Rally for Congolese Democracy–Goma
400:, and contains the active volcano
14:
1546:
499:1977 eruption of Mount Nyiragongo
428:, one of the small local chiefs,
16:Territory in North Kivu, DR Congo
1260:
689:. militias originating from the
602:, the long-time dictator of the
170:Democratic Republic of the Congo
73:
57:
1201:
1198:Voice of America. 28 July 2014.
1189:
1164:
1139:
1114:
1081:
1056:
1025:
876:online, Friday, 19 October 2007
63:North Kivu on a map of DR Congo
989:The Journal of Peasant Studies
979:
954:
929:
904:
879:
864:
792:
497:Historical events such as the
1:
1127:The Christian Science Monitor
1001:10.1080/03066150.2020.1824179
751:
638:Rally for Congolese Democracy
1121:Jason Stearns (2010-08-27).
911:Jullien, Maud (2014-02-04).
618:Second Congo War (1998–2003)
434:Grande Chefferie des Bahunde
330:
164:which is located within the
7:
777:(in French). Archived from
588:First Congo War (1996–1997)
520:
218:. Congolese Rwandans speak
179:
10:
1551:
806:. PNUD-SIG. Archived from
799:Blaes, X. (October 2008).
674:
621:
591:
570:Great Lakes refugee crisis
411:
226:(20%). A few people speak
1474:
1398:
1357:
1326:
1299:
1279:
1272:
737:As of 2023, the majority
238:, and a few others speak
130:
122:
114:
109:
101:
96:
86:
68:
56:
37:
28:
21:
424:. With support from the
341:Médecins Sans Frontières
230:(2%), who migrated from
1178:(in French). 2011-11-03
1098:10.1057/9780230523890_8
628:After Mobutu's ouster,
563:Doctors Without Borders
457:Comité national du Kivu
191:on the west and north,
126:180/km (460/sq mi)
1032:Blaise Muhire (2017).
961:Jason Stearns (2012).
672:
507:Barthélémy Bisengimana
187:Masisi is bordered by
154:
1063:Elias Pottek (2007).
670:
632:assumed power in the
630:Laurent-Désiré Kabila
398:Virunga National Park
152:
732:Walikale Territories
716:(APCLS), a majority
494:in the early 1970s.
492:ZaĂŻranization policy
197:Nyiragongo Territory
123: • Density
1507: /
1273:Cities and communes
1266:North Kivu Province
377:. Near the town of
166:North Kivu Province
730:in the Masisi and
673:
653:Sun City Agreement
540:Rutshuru Territory
532:Walikale Territory
420:, as well as some
404:and its satellite
195:to the northeast,
193:Rutshuru Territory
189:Walikale Territory
155:
115: • Total
102: • Total
1490:
1489:
1353:
1352:
1107:978-1-349-52574-4
844:(3). JSTOR: 503.
742:March 23 Movement
726:In July 2014, an
526:Masisi War (1993)
373:mining center of
369:, as well as the
253:Bahunde Chiefdom
250:Masisi Territory
203:to the east, and
147:
146:
1542:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1512:
1511:1.400°S 28.800°E
1508:
1505:
1504:
1503:
1500:
1482:Mount Nyiragongo
1399:Populated places
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787:
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746:recent offensive
710:Kalehe Territory
691:Rwandan genocide
687:Second Congo War
624:Second Congo War
600:Mobutu Sese Seko
574:Rwandan Genocide
465:
274:Bashali Chiefdom
232:Lubero Territory
158:Masisi Territory
79:
77:
76:
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23:Masisi Territory
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18:
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1010:1854/LU-8685623
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663:Post-Congo Wars
626:
620:
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594:First Congo War
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528:
523:
488:Kanyarwanda War
459:
414:
333:
328:
262:Muvunyi-Matanda
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64:
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48:
45:
43:
40:
33:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1548:
1538:
1537:
1516:-1.400; 28.800
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850:10.2307/220574
823:
791:
756:
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683:Congolese army
664:
661:
622:Main article:
619:
616:
598:In the 1990s,
592:Main article:
589:
586:
536:Bwito Chiefdom
527:
524:
522:
519:
484:udongo ya baba
413:
410:
383:tea processing
332:
329:
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324:
323:
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319:
316:
313:
310:
304:
303:
302:
299:
296:
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286:Katoyi Sector
284:
283:
282:
281:Bashali Kaembe
279:
278:Bashali Mokoto
271:
270:
269:
266:
265:Muvunyi-Shanga
263:
260:
259:Muvunyi-Kibabi
257:
256:Muvunyi-Karuba
247:
236:Beni Territory
210:Language-wise
207:to the south.
181:
178:
153:View of Masisi
145:
144:
134:
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41:Show territory
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1070:. p. 104
1066:
1059:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
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1028:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
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964:
957:
942:
941:The Economist
938:
932:
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888:
882:
875:
872:
867:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
832:
830:
828:
813:on 2010-04-01
809:
802:
795:
781:on 2021-11-28
780:
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704:, a majority
703:
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688:
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678:
677:Kivu conflict
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547:Nyanga people
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46:Show province
36:
32:
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1446:Kanyabayonga
1374:
1217:. Retrieved
1215:. 2022-12-16
1212:
1203:
1191:
1180:. Retrieved
1175:
1166:
1155:. Retrieved
1153:. 1996-06-30
1150:
1141:
1130:. Retrieved
1126:
1116:
1089:
1083:
1072:. Retrieved
1058:
1041:
1037:
1027:
992:
988:
981:
970:. Retrieved
956:
945:. Retrieved
943:. 2018-09-13
940:
931:
920:. Retrieved
916:
906:
895:. Retrieved
893:. 2019-04-26
890:
881:
873:
866:
841:
837:
815:. Retrieved
808:the original
794:
783:. Retrieved
779:the original
774:
736:
725:
699:
680:
657:
642:
627:
597:
576:and related
567:
551:Hunde people
544:
529:
515:
496:
483:
479:Congo crisis
476:
474:cash crops.
441:white people
438:
433:
429:
418:Hunde people
415:
395:
386:
360:
346:The town of
345:
334:
306:Osso Sector
298:Nyamaboko II
244:
209:
186:
183:
157:
156:
1514: /
1406:Abakuasimbo
1358:Territories
503:Banyarwanda
477:During the
460: [
445:Banyarwanda
402:Nyamuragira
387:Goma cheese
381:there is a
321:Nyamaboko I
301:Ufamando II
220:Kinyarwanda
1380:Nyiragongo
1333:Communes:
1306:Communes:
1287:Communes:
1219:2023-03-17
1182:2023-03-14
1157:2023-03-30
1132:2023-03-30
1074:2023-03-13
972:2023-03-13
947:2023-04-16
922:2023-04-16
897:2023-03-17
817:2011-12-09
785:2023-03-26
752:References
675:See also:
584:conflict.
555:Twa people
422:Twa people
268:Ufamando I
205:South Kivu
110:Population
91:North Kivu
1456:Kitchanga
1436:Chambucha
1335:Bulengera
1316:Ruwenzori
1293:Karisimbi
1283:(capital)
1213:France 24
1176:ReliefWeb
1151:ReliefWeb
1050:2591-6955
1019:0306-6150
891:France 24
858:0361-7882
728:offensive
538:(western
472:pyrethrum
354:(part of
331:Locations
162:territory
132:Time zone
31:Territory
1529:Category
1466:Rutshuru
1426:Bunagana
1390:Walikale
1385:Rutshuru
1320:Muhekera
917:BBC News
874:BBC News
521:Conflict
426:Belgians
312:Banyungu
180:Overview
87:Province
81:DR Congo
1502:28°48′E
1431:Busengo
1416:Asangwa
1347:Vulamba
1328:Butembo
1312:Bungulu
721:Mai-Mai
702:Nyatura
695:Rwandan
412:History
367:Burungu
356:MONUSCO
309:Bapfuna
295:Nyalipe
289:Kambuli
222:(15%),
216:Swahili
168:of the
118:843,396
69:Country
1499:1°24′S
1461:Masisi
1451:Karuba
1375:Masisi
1370:Lubero
1343:Mususa
1339:Kimemi
1104:
1048:
1017:
856:
612:Uganda
608:Rwanda
553:, and
511:Mobutu
453:Tutsis
406:Rumoka
375:Rubaya
371:coltan
363:Karuba
337:Masisi
318:Bugabo
315:Bigiri
292:Lwindi
212:French
174:Masisi
78:
1475:Other
1441:Ikobo
1421:Bisie
1068:(PDF)
1044:(1).
966:(PDF)
811:(PDF)
804:(PDF)
739:Tutsi
718:Hunde
582:Tutsi
464:]
449:Hutus
430:Mwami
391:Gouda
379:Mweso
240:Nande
228:Tembo
224:Hunde
160:is a
137:UTC+2
1411:Aloi
1365:Beni
1308:Beni
1301:Beni
1289:Goma
1281:Goma
1102:ISBN
1046:ISSN
1015:ISSN
854:ISSN
775:CAID
706:Hutu
610:and
578:Hutu
559:Hutu
470:and
451:and
443:and
389:, a
365:and
348:Sake
234:and
201:Goma
199:and
97:Area
1094:doi
1005:hdl
997:doi
846:doi
645:DRC
634:DRC
604:DRC
542:).
468:tea
358:).
141:CAT
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1345:,
1341:,
1337:,
1318:,
1314:,
1310:,
1291:,
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