2099:
38:
2523:
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2770:(liberation) by all, but particularly kings for powers of domination. The Saptamatrikas or Matrikas are worshipped for "personal and spiritual renewal" with Mukti as the ultimate goal as well as for powers to control and rule and earthly desires (Bhukti).Also important are the banners of the Saptamatrikas, which are carved outside the Udayagiri caves. These banners are called "Indra's sisters" in the Devi Purana. The Purana lists them as: swan, bull, peacock, conch, discus, elephant and skeleton â attributes of the Matrikas. A king installing these banners is believed to get mukti and bhukti. As per the
826:(lit "destroyers of children") worship related to conception, birth, diseases and protection of children. The Balagraha tradition included the worship of the infant Skanda with the Matrikas. The goddesses were considered as personifications of perils, related to children and thus, were pacified by worship. The Kushana images emphasize the maternal as well as destructive characteristics of the Matrikas through their emblems and weapons. They appear to be an undifferentiated sculptural group but develop in standard and complex iconographic representation during the following Gupta period.
1921:
1648:
729:. In most early references, the Matrikas are associated with the conception, birth, diseases and protection of children. They were seen as inauspicious and the "personification of perils", propitiated in order to avoid those ills, that carried off so many children before they reached adulthood. They come to play a protective role in later mythology, although some of their early inauspicious and wild characteristics continue in these legends. Thus, they represent the prodigiously fecund aspect of nature as well as its destructive force aspect.
2042:(Caves 21, 14, 16 and 22). In sixth century Rameshvara cave (Cave 21) at Ellora, "With the terrific aspect repressed entirely, the Matrikas are depicted as benign and are worshipped in adulation. Sensuous, elegant, tender, beautiful adolescents, they are yet haughty and grand, quintessentially the creatrix." Kaumari is depicted with a child on her lap and even Varahi is depicted with a human head, rather than the usual boar one. In the Ravanakakai cave (Cave 14), each of the Matrikas is with a child. In eighth century
2375:
2364:
1960:, all the seven mothers are described as fatal or serve as threats to foetuses or infants. They are described as living in trees, crossroads, caves and funeral grounds and they are terrible as well as beautiful. But, in the sculptural portrayal, they are depicted quite differently as protectors and benevolent mothers. They are armed with the same weapons, wear the same ornaments, and ride the same vahanas and carry the same banners as their corresponding male deities.
2012:
6530:
6352:
113:
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Jnanamrita, Apypayani, Vyapini, Vyomarupa, Ananta, Srishti, Riddhi, Smriti, Medha, Kanti, Lakshmi, Dyuti, Sthira, Sthiti, Siddhi, Jada, Palini, Shanti, Aishvarya, Rati, Kamika, Varada, Ahladini, Pritih, Dirgha, Tikshna, Raudri, Bhaya, Nidra, Tandra, Kshudha, Krodhini, Kriya, Utkari, Mrityurupa, Pita, Shveta, Asita, Ananta. Sometimes, the
Matrikas represent a diagram written in the letter, believed to possess magical powers.
1887:(7 great sages), who were accused of being Skanda's real mothers and thus abandoned by their husbands. They request Skanda to adopt them as his mothers. Skanda agrees and grants them two boons: to be worshipped as great goddesses and permission to torment children as long as they are younger than 16 years and then act as their protectors. These six goddesses as well as the Saptamatrikas are identified or associated with
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912:
535:
2179:. The rise of the Yogini cult is analogous to the rise of the Matrikas's cult. Bhattacharyya sums it this way: "The growing importance of Shaktism (of the matrikas and yoginis in the first millennium CE) brought them into greater prominence and distributed their cult far and wide. The primitive Yogini cult was also revived on account of the increasing influences of the cult of the Seven Mothers."
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2292:
1834:
1781:(mothers of the world), a term used in the Mahabharata, in the first chapter. Kind to all creatures, the Matrikas are said to reside in various places for the benefit of children. The text paradoxically describes the Matrikas as being created by various gods like Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva, Indra as well as being their mothers. Devi Purana describe a pentad of Matrikas, who help
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2755:
all over the (Indian) subcontinent". Although circular
Mandalas and Chakras are mentioned in religious texts, most existing shrines are rectangular in nature. Pal speculates that earlier circular shrines, which open to the sky or under trees of less durable material were replaced by the Guptas in stone as rectangular shrines.
2743:(13.66) recommends worship to Matrikas before setting up the stage and before dance performances. Indra declares in chapter 90 of Devi Purana that the Matrikas are the best among all deities and should be worshipped in cities, villages, towns and shields. Matrikas are generally to be worshipped on all occasions with
780:
Mahabharata as dark in colour, speaking foreign languages and living in "peripheral areas" and their association with god Skanda and his father and mother, Shiva and
Parvati, whose forms were the Matrikas and Bhairavas had Vedic attributes. Sara L. Schastok suggests that the Matrikas maybe inspired by the concept of
1902:
They are said to fight like Indra in battles, invoking terror in minds of enemies; speak different foreign tongues and lives in inaccessible places away from human settlements like crossroads, caves, mountains, springs, forests, riverbanks and cremation grounds. Notable among these lists of
Matrikas is
1698:(identified with Devi) with whatever form, ornaments and vehicle the god possessed. In that form, they slaughter the demon army. Thus, the Matrikas are goddesses of the battlefield. They are described as assistants of Durga having sinister as well as propitious characteristics. After the battle, the
833:
period (3rd to 6th century A.D.), folk images of
Matrikas became important in villages. The diverse folk goddesses of the soldiers like Matrikas were acknowledged by the Gupta rulers and their images were carved on royal monuments in order to strengthen the loyalty and adherence of the armed forces.
1901:
The Shalya Parva of the
Mahabharata mentions characteristics of a host of Matrikas, who serve Skanda. Ninety-two of them are named but the text says there exist more. The Shalya Parva describes them as young, cheerful, most of them fair but having dangerous features like long nails and large teeth.
2754:
The Matsya Purana and Devi Purana prescribe that
Matrika shrines should be north-facing and be placed in northern part of a temple-complex. The temples of the Matrikas are found earliest dating to the fourth century and from textual evidence, it is predicated that "there must be impressive shrines
897:
The inconsistency in the number of
Matrikas found in the Indus valley today (seven, eight, or nine) possibly reflects the localization of goddesses. Although the Matrikas are mostly grouped as seven goddesses over the rest of the Indian Subcontinent, an eighth Matrikas has sometimes been added in
1731:
in the text. When demon
Shumbha challenges Durga to a single combat, she absorbs the Matrikas in herself and says that they are her different forms.In the Vamana Purana too, the Matrikas arise from different parts of Devi and not from male gods although they are described and named after the male
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is composed. It is believed that the power of mantra derives from the fact that the letters of the alphabet are in fact forms of the goddess. The 50 Matrika Kalas are given in the same account as follows: Nivritti, Pratishtha, Vidya, Shanti, Indhika, Dipika, Mochika, Para, Sukshma, Sukshmamrita,
1739:, who had the ability to duplicate from each drop of his blood that falls from him when he is wounded. The Matrikas drink up his blood and help Shiva defeat the demon. After the battle, the Matrikas begin a rampage of destruction by starting to devour other gods, demons and peoples of the world.
1743:, Vishnu's man-lion incarnation, creates a host of thirty-two benign goddesses who calm down the terrible, fire-breathing Matrikas. Narasimha commanded the Matrikas to protect the world, instead of destroying it and thus be worshipped by mankind. At the end of the episode, Shiva's terrible form
1868:
version, the
Saptamatrikas are mentioned. Later in the Mahabharata; when absorption of these indigenous goddesses in the Hindu pantheon was initiated, a standardized group of seven goddesses â the Saptamatrikas, Shaktis or powers of Hindu gods are mentioned as Brahmi, Maheshvari, Kaumari,
892:
from the fifth century A.D. praise the Matrikas in their preambles, as giver of powers to defeat enemies. In most of the relevant texts, their exact number has not been specified, but gradually their number and names became increasingly crystallized and seven goddesses were identified as the
2129:
engaged in fighting with the demons Shumbha and Nishumbha, and the principal Yoginis are identified with the Matrikas. Other Yoginis are described as born from one or more Matrikas. The derivation of sixty-four Yoginis from eight Matrikas became a common tradition, by mid- 11th century. The
779:
By the fifth century, all these goddesses were incorporated in mainstream orthodox Hinduism as Tantric deities. David Kinsley proposes that the Matrikas may be local village goddesses, who were being assimilated in the mainstream. He cites two reasons for his assertion: their description in
1532:
Though the first six are unanimously accepted by texts, the name and features of the seventh and eighth Matrikas are disputed. In the Devi Mahatmya, Chamunda is omitted after the Matrikas list, while in sculpture in shrines or caves and the Mahabharata, Narasimhi is omitted. The
2326:
In India, shrines of the Saptamatrikas are located in "the wilderness", usually near lakes or rivers, and are made of seven vermilion smeared stones. It is believed that the Matrikas kill fetuses and newborns unless pacified with bridal finery and prayers by women. A prominent
2195:, matrikaksara), though there is considerable variation in the precise interpretation of the term from one author to another. Sometimes it denotes a single character, the entire collection of characters (an "alphabet"), the alphabetic "matrix" used as a
1747:
is enshrined with the images of the Matrikas at the place where the battle took place. This story is retold in Vishnudharmottara Purana. Vishnudharmottara Purana further relates them with vices or inauspicious emotions like envy, pride, anger etc.
2124:
as important deities, whereas another tradition, which views the Yoginis as cruel minor deities, considers them separate entities. In Sanskrit literature the Yoginis have been represented as the attendants or various manifestations of goddess
2637:, part of Devi Bhagavata Purana. It involves installation of powers of Matrikas â as letters of the alphabet â in one's body, by "feeling the deity worshipped in different parts of the body" like head, face, anus and legs and reciting
1304:, the god of thunderstorms. Seated on an elephant, Indrani, is depicted dark-skinned, with two or four or six arms. She is depicted as having two or three or four eyes like Indra, and a thousand eyes on her body. She is armed with the
1363:, the god of war. Kaumari rides a peacock and has four or twelve arms. She holds a spear, axe, a Shakti (power) or Tanka (silver coins) and bow. She is sometimes depicted six-headed like Kartikeya and wears a cylindrical crown called
842:(c. second half of the fifth century A.D.) made Skanda (Kumara) their model and elevated the position of Skanda's foster mothers, the Matrikas from a cluster of folk goddesses to court goddesses. Since the fourth century, Parhari,
1751:
In Varaha Purana, they are created from the distracted mind of goddess Vaishnavi, who loses her concentration while doing asceticism. They are described as lovely and act as the goddesses' attendants on the battlefield. In the
2138:
of Yoginis were used alternatively. The eighty-one Yoginis evolve from a group of nine Matrikas, instead of seven or eight. The Saptamatrika (Brahmani, Maheshvari, Kaumari, Vaishnavi, Varahi, Indrani, Chamunda) joined by
748:
The Matrikas originated from the sweat of Shiva who chased the asuras away from the heavens and killed them when the asuras conquered the heavens after defeating the devas and after that the devas conquered the heavens.
1963:
The Saptamatrikas are generally carved in relief on a rectangular stone slab in the sequential order of Brahmani, Maheshvari, Kaumari, Vaishnavi, Varahi, Indrani, Chamunda, being flanked by two male figures â
2147:
form the nine Matrikas cluster. Each Matrika is considered to be a Yogini and is associated with eight other Yoginis resulting in the troupe of eighty-one (nine times nine); there is an 81-Yogini temple at
2261:, have been described as being the Matrikas themselves. It is believed that they are infused with the power of the Divine Mother herself. The Matrikas are considered to be the subtle form of the letters
2098:
2311:) of Shiva and Parvati. Their images moved from the sanctums to corners of temple complexes and now they are as guardian deities in small village shrines. The Saptamatrikas are worshipped as
2498:
In the Kathmandu valley of Nepal, the Ashta-matrikas with a central village goddess are worshipped as protectors of the city or town. They are identified with the guardians of directions (
2323:
is important in worship of the Matrikas. Here once stood a temple dedicated to the Saptamatrikas, which was replaced by the present temple where that are still worshipped by everyone now.
1876:(thunderbolt). These are KÄki, HalimÄ, MÄlinÄŤ, BášhalÄŤ, ÄryÄ, PalÄlÄ and VaimitrÄ, which Skanda accepted as his mothers, who stole other children â a characteristic of the Matrikas.
621:
says that "Mothers are to be made with cognizance of (different major Hindu) gods corresponding to their names." They are associated with these gods as their spouses or their energies (
1864:(king of gods) sends the goddesses called "mothers of the world" to kill him. However, upon seeing Skanda, instead they follow their maternal instincts and raise him. In the chapter
1996:). The earliest instance of their portrayal with Uma-Maheshvara is at Desha Bhattarika, Nepal although now the Matrika images have withered away. The 12th century Sanskrit author
2595:(ritual) to cure the ailing king. The text describes "young nobles (of the king) burning themselves with lamps to propitiate the Matrikas in a temple dedicated to the Matrikas (
2463:
around the city and assisted to a certain compass point. In other temples like the ones dedicated to Pacali Bhairava, the Asthamatrikas are worshipped as a circle of stones. In
2307:
in the eighth century CE, had once temples dedicated exclusively to them, but since the ninth century CE onwards, they were demoted to status of "deities of the entourage" (
1524:. She is described as holding a Damaru (drum), trishula (trident), sword and Panapatra (drinking-vessel). She rides on a lion. She is regarded as the consort of the deity
877:
claimed to have been nursed by the Sapta Matrikas. It was a popular practice to link South Indian royal family lineage to a Northern kingdom in ancient times. During the
1099:(mount or vehicle). She is also shown seated on a lotus with the hamsa on her banner. She wears various ornaments and is distinguished by her basket-shaped crown called
2077:(the treasurer of the gods and a companion of Shiva and Parvati) while Shiva sits in the middle of the group. In Gupta and post-Gupta art, like in 6th Century caves of
2491:(court) in 1667 AD and is believed to have seen the Matrikas dance in the durbar one night. The king ordered that the Ashta-matrika be worshipped during the Ashwin
2346:â new moon day, with the 64 yoginis represented by rice flour images or supari nuts. The goddesses are worshipped by ceremonial offerings of fruits and flowers and
3570:
The stories are quoted in (Rao, T.A. Gopinatha, Elements of Hindu Iconography, Vol.I, Part-II, 2nd Edition, Indological Book House, Varanasi, 1971, pp.379â383).
1162:
mudra (No fear hand gesture). Like Vishnu, she is heavily adorned with ornaments like necklaces, anklets, earrings, bangles, etc and a cylindrical crown called
1655:
statue of Matrika Maheshvari, seen with a trident in a hand, adorned by serpent ornaments and her vahana (mount), the bull Nandi is seen on her seat â
2906:
2510:), satiated by blood sacrifice. Newar Buddhists associate the Matrikas with 24 human qualities, which can mastered by visiting three sets of eight Matrika
1777:(6th â 10th century) mentions a group of sixteen matrikas and six other types of Matrikas mentioned, apart from the Saptamatrikas. It introduces the
796:
The cult of the Female Principle was a major aspect of Dravidian religion, The concept of Shakti was an integral part of their religion. The cult of the
584:
3978:
Cox, Colette (1992). "The unbroken treatise: Scripture and argument in early Buddhist scholasticism". In Williams, M. A.; Cox, C.; Jaffee, M. (eds.).
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2467:, the Ashtamatrikas are believed to the preserver goddesses of the city guarding the eight geometrical directions. Mary Sluser says "Not only do the
2623:. Other offerings include flowers and clothes and meat and wine for some Matrikas. Tantric works like TantrarÄja-Tantra (unknown date, author) and
1719:
According to latter episode of Devi Mahatmya, Durga created Matrikas from herself and with their help slaughtered the demon army. In this version,
818:
The Sapta-Matrikas were earlier connected with Skanda (Kumara) and in later times, associated with the Shaiva sect of Shiva himself. During the
2203:), or the sound of the syllable represented by the character. Various traditions identify the script matrikas with the sacred divine Matrikas.
2477:(Eight aspects of Bhairava) and sculpted on temple roofs or terraces. Nepali Buddhists worship the Matrikas as described in Dharanisamgrahas.
1083:. She is depicted yellow in colour and with four heads. She may be depicted with four or six arms. Like Brahma, she holds a rosary, noose and
1482:. Riding a jackal, she is described as having three eyes, a terrifying face and a sunken belly. She is regarded as the consort of the deity
6097:
5958:
3115:
Jagdish Narain Tiwari, "Studies in Goddess Cults in Northern India, with Reference to the First Seven Centuries AD" p.215-244; as cited in
2686:â sixth century). The Gangadhar inscripture deals with a construction to a shrine to Chamunda and the other Matrikas, "who are attended by
772:
dated to 1st century CE. Madhu Wangu believes that Matrika description in Mahabharata is rooted in the group of seven females depicted on
822:
period (1st to 3rd century), the sculptural images of the matrikas first appear in stone. The Kushana images merged from the belief in
6102:
2065:
In each of the four depictions at Ellora, the matrikas are accompanied by Shiva, Ganesha and also on their left (besides Ganesha) by
37:
2550:
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2168:
2069:(the god of death). The presence of Yama in form of a skeleton, seems to indicate the darker aspect of the matrikas' nature. At
694:, they became quite popular by the seventh century and a standard feature of goddess temples from the ninth century onwards. In
5353:
2522:
1872:
In other accounts of Skanda's birth in Mahabharata, eight ferocious goddesses emerge from Skanda, when struck by Indra's
1412:(rod), plough, goad, a Vajra or a sword, and a Panapatra and she rides a buffalo. Sometimes, she carries a bell, chakra,
4893:
4806:
1716:
mentions three other goddesses, Shaktis of other gods' in addition to the Saptamatrika, making a group of 10 Matrikas.
3421:
Cited in Laura Kristine Chamberlain. "Durga and the Dashain Harvest Festival: From the Indus to Kathmandu Valleys" in
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Anecdota Oxoniensia: Texts, Documents, and Extracts Chiefly from Manuscripts in the Bodleian and the Oxford Libraries
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2149:
563:
5346:
792:â both are often portrayed with the Matrikas. In contrast to the Indus valley origins theory, Bhattacharyya notes:
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6473:
5876:
3473:
2398:(grandmother goddesses, who are feared as bringer of disease and misfortune as well act as protectresses) in the
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760:
civilization. Seals with rows of seven feminine deities or priestesses are cited as evidence for the theory. The
2917:
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guard the compass points but they are also regarded as regents of the sky." Sometimes, they are paired with the
881:
period (10th to 12th century A.D.), all Matrikas continued to figure among the deity sculptures of this period.
6585:
5005:
4079:
By James Heitzman and Wolfgang Schenkluhn, pp.244â5, Published 2004, University Press of America, 338 pages,
2018:âShiva (left) with Virabhadra and the first three Matrikas. Matrikas are depicted with children â Ellora
1980:. They are often depicted on the lintel slabs of the main door of a Shiva and Parvati temple â mainly in the
1912:(an incarnation of Vishnu) by suckling him with poisoned breast milk and was consequently killed by Krishna.
380:
6570:
5216:
1793:(the five mothers) named Kaumari, Maheshvari, Chamunda, Brahmi, Vaishnavi and who have been established by
1845:. Surrounded by skeletons, the goddess has large nails and protruding teeth and wears a garland of skulls.
5697:
5291:
5037:
2748:
2455:
is primarily dedicated to a Matrika, the other Matrikas are also worshipped as subordinate deities. The
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and other dangerous beings. In the same text, milkmaids offer a prayer for protection of the infant-god
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from the bodies of the gods â Brahma, Shiva, Skanda, Vishnu, Indra; having the form of each, approached
6590:
5286:
2459:, which are "theoretically located at the outer boundaries of the city" are said to form a protective
1984:
region, with their respective mounts forming the pedestal. Sometimes, they are occupied by the couple
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4530:
3717:
3341:"Sapta Matrikas In Indian Art and their significance in Indian Sculpture and Ethos: A Critical Study"
2731:) of letters of Devanagari alphabet, while BrahmayÄmala states they issue originate from the vowels.
1478:) and holding a Damaru (drum), trishula (trident), sword and Panapatra (drinking-vessel) and wears a
870:
773:
397:
4658:
2668:(by king Vishvavarman- 423 C.E., identified as the first epigraphic evidence of Tantra worship); in
2649:, combines the installation of "most powerful set of all letters (Matrikas)" with the seed syllable
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752:
According to Jagdish Narain Tiwari and Dilip Chakravati, the Matrikas were existent as early as the
6555:
5817:
5653:
4994:
2634:
2320:
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in both sides (first â on their right and last â on their left). Thus, the Matrikas are considered
996:
893:
Matrikas, albeit some references indicate eight or even sixteen Matrikas. Laura K. Amazzone cites:
2629:
discuss the worship of Matrikas as Shaktis or letters of the alphabet. A process of this worship,
613:
6173:
5266:
3994:
2774:, Matrikas acted as the king's tangible Shaktis and conferred him the power to conquer and rule.
2296:
1520:, the woman-lion goddess who throws the stars into disarray by shaking her lion mane and wears a
878:
2845:
966:
The iconographical features of the Matrikas have been described in Hindu scriptures such as the
6565:
5222:
4886:
4500:
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2249:, the fifty or fifty-one letters including vowels as well as consonants from A to Ksha, of the
2043:
902:, a city in the Kathmandu Valley, a ninth Matrika is added to the set to represent the centre.
2214:, then the (Ka), (Cha), (Ta), (ta), (Pa), (Ya) and (Ksha) groups. The seven mother goddesses (
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6381:
5246:
2960:
2620:
2481:
2390:
The Matrikas function both as city protectors and individual protectors in both Hinduism and
2234:) and over sounds of the language. The Mothers were identified with fourteen vowels plus the
1712:
1612:
850:
556:
254:
2431:(god-houses) in towns and villages, they are represented in brass images. The brass images (
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period, the Matrikas appear on the southern boundary of the temple. As the influence of the
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5632:
5211:
5196:
4951:
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1240:(skull-bowl) or a serpent and is adorned with serpent bracelets, the crescent moon and the
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Van den Hoek, Bert (1993). "Kathmandu as a sacrificial arena". In Nas, Peter J. M. (ed.).
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rose, the fertility area and upper parts of body in the Matrika sculptures were stressed.
8:
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5747:
5502:
4913:
2328:
2120:, a group of sixty-four or eighty-one Tantric goddesses, in a tradition which treats the
1920:
1683:
1679:
and the Suprabhedagama contain references to Matrikas, and this asserts their antiquity.
122:
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Art of Osian Temples: Socio-Economic and Religious Life in India, 8thâ12th Centuries A.D
4547:
The Abode of Mahashiva: Cults and Symbology in Jaunsar-Bawar in the Mid â Himalayas
1470:
and is similar in her appearance and habit. The similarity with Kali is explicit in the
1248:(A headdress formed of piled, matted hair). She is regarded as the consort of the deity
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drunk with their victim's blood. This description is repeated with little variation in
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1539:
1039:
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Originally believed to be a personification of the seven stars of the star cluster the
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220:
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According to K.C. Aryan, the number of Matrikas is determined in the structure of the
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3476:. Department of Archaeology and Museums, Government of Andhra Pradesh. Archived from
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1437:
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Innovation in Religions Traditions: Essays in the Interpretation of Religions Change
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2191:) is also a term used to denote features of Indic scripts (also in combination with
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6229:
6168:
6107:
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5938:
5617:
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4698:
3735:
Mahabharata verses 215.16 â 215.18, two of the goddesses are described in 215.21â22
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2616:
2035:
1956:
The textual description of Matrikas is generally frightening and ferocious. In the
1754:
1215:
1214:
derived from Shiva's names Rudra, Mahesha, Shiva. Maheshvari is depicted seated on
874:
805:
549:
344:
289:
2727:(1.33) explains that the primary function of Matrikas is to preside eight groups (
2374:
1474:. The black coloured Chamunda is described as wearing a garland of severed heads (
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5943:
5843:
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4435:
The Devi Gita: The Song of the Goddess: A Translation, Annotation, and Commentary
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2332:
2315:(the seven virgins) in most South Indian Shiva and Parvati temples especially in
2023:
885:
539:
493:
269:
180:
42:
The Seven Mother Goddesses (Matrikas) flanked by Shiva (left) and Ganesha (right)
4840:
History of Nepal: With an Introductory Sketch of the Country and People of Nepal
4687:"Early PÄášá¸ya SiášhavÄhinÄŤ and Sapta MÄtáškÄ Sculptures in the Far South of India"
4610:
Hindu Goddesses: Vision of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Traditions
3469:, pp. 156, IAST Names and Descriptions as per Devi Mahatmya, verses 8.11â20
2877:
2790:
Note that the Gupta rulers took the names of the deity Skanda as their own names
2495:
and cost is defrayed by the durbar. The custom has continued into modern times.
2363:
2200:
1656:
618:
6580:
6514:
6455:
6355:
6337:
6332:
6160:
6087:
5885:
5862:
5471:
5271:
5261:
4816:
2899:
2710:
2604:
2488:
2474:
2222:
groups; when the vocalic (A) group is added to it, the eight mother goddesses (
2164:
2156:. Thus, Yoginis are considered as manifestations or daughters of the Matrikas.
2153:
2111:
2070:
1937:
1525:
1483:
1425:
1368:
1321:
1249:
1171:
1108:
843:
412:
304:
242:
237:
2664:
Stone inscriptions of Tantric worship of the Matrikas are found in Gangadhar,
698:, Saptamatrika worship is prevalent whereas the Ashtamatrika are venerated in
6549:
6533:
6214:
6194:
6051:
5808:
5369:
5251:
5241:
5191:
5183:
5143:
5138:
5085:
4710:
2766:(powers of the gods) as group of seven or more, who should be worshipped for
2740:
2677:
2658:
2570:
2381:
2005:
1981:
1798:
1687:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1608:
1569:
is added omitting Narasimhi. In lists of nine Matrikas, Devi-Purana mentions
1534:
1471:
1236:(A garland of beads), Panapatra (drinking vessel) or axe or an antelope or a
1001:
990:
978:
959:
839:
819:
764:(IX 102.4) speaks of a group of seven Mothers who control the preparation of
503:
402:
294:
274:
259:
225:
133:
4702:
4585:
A concise history of Karnataka : from pre-historic times to the present
2443:), the Matrikas are considered as representing a vice and are worshipped by
768:, but the earliest clear description appears in select chapters of the epic
6311:
6301:
6150:
6046:
5998:
5930:
5889:
5173:
5095:
4600:
3669:
2399:
2055:
2039:
1758:, when beings created by Vishnu are enlisted; the Matrikas are listed with
1676:
1092:
830:
765:
753:
705:
The Matrikas assume paramount significance in the goddess-oriented sect of
445:
392:
5513:
5338:
2722:
2715:
2681:
2651:
2624:
2597:
2575:
2468:
1803:
1787:
1585:, characterized by her elephant head and ability to remove obstacles like
1503:
1445:
1418:
1388:
1339:
1314:
1312:, noose and lotus stalk. Adorned with variety of ornaments, she wears the
1287:
1269:
1242:
1189:
1164:
1126:
1101:
1070:
1052:
955:
607:(Seven Mothers). However, they are also depicted as a group of eight, the
64:
6431:
5948:
5905:
5854:
5801:
5776:
5717:
5491:
5373:
5233:
5133:
5115:
5105:
3798:
3435:
2417:
are usually open-air shrines, but may be closed structures too. In these
2304:
1957:
1945:
1774:
1490:
1409:
984:
968:
835:
769:
757:
695:
672:
407:
208:
3513:
Singh p.1840, Ambika is used as another name for Kaumari in Devi Purana.
2022:
Three panels of Saptamatrikas appear near the Shiva and Parvati cave at
2011:
1849:
The Mahabharata narrates in different chapters the birth of warrior-god
6296:
5953:
5897:
5783:
5712:
5426:
5153:
5027:
4978:
3693:
2706:
2316:
2250:
2207:
1941:
1884:
1785:
to kill demons. Further, sage Mandavya is described as worshipping the
1735:
In Matsya Purana, Shiva had created seven Matrikas to combat the demon
1549:
1032:
928:
478:
352:
299:
48:
4473:
Auspicious Wisdom: The Texts and Traditions of Srividya Sakta Tantrism
3705:
3609:
3477:
6316:
6306:
6265:
6255:
6199:
5983:
5771:
5702:
5592:
5535:
5451:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5148:
5125:
5100:
5062:
4966:
4936:
3657:
2744:
2665:
2554:
2492:
2464:
2407:
2380:
Vaishnavi or Bishnuvi (top) and Brahmi or Brahmayani (bottom) in the
2303:
According to Leslie C. Orr, the Saptamatrikas, who first appeared in
2219:
2196:
2082:
1740:
1724:
1509:
1475:
1413:
1360:
1219:
1084:
916:
899:
889:
854:
785:
726:
676:
652:
488:
473:
440:
330:
195:
170:
4686:
4103:
By P. V. Jagadisa Ayyar. Published 1993, Asian Educational Services,
3681:
1801:
from calamities. The Matrikas direct the sage to perform worship of
1607:, the first and fish avatar of Vishnu is also included sometimes in
6504:
6436:
6416:
6280:
6270:
6260:
6250:
6112:
5978:
5838:
5794:
5766:
5736:
5722:
5642:
5587:
5446:
5389:
5322:
5090:
5052:
5022:
4973:
4931:
4902:
4273:
2771:
2612:
2562:
2542:
2391:
2227:
2078:
2031:
2015:
1977:
1949:
1895:
1891:
1842:
1759:
1744:
1728:
1663:
There are several Puranic texts related to the origin of Matrikas.
1636:
1591:
1574:
1432:
1233:
1225:
944:
932:
725:
goddesses. They are also connected with the worship of warrior god
722:
714:
706:
691:
680:
664:
600:
580:
335:
141:
104:
84:
58:
4191:
4189:
2608:
2569:
mentions the propitiation of Matrikas by a Tantric ascetic in his
1424:
with other ornaments. She is regarded as the consort of the deity
1198:, also known as Maheshvara. Maheshvari is also known by the names
1151:(discus), mace and lotus and bow and sword or her two arms are in
865:. The evidence of Matrika sculptures is further pronounced in the
112:
6426:
6275:
6145:
6026:
5920:
5788:
5761:
5622:
5597:
5577:
5545:
5540:
5530:
5456:
5436:
5431:
5421:
5416:
5110:
5032:
4946:
4941:
3621:
2759:
2582:
2546:
2538:
2460:
2192:
2144:
2131:
2051:
2001:
1997:
1989:
1973:
1969:
1925:
1909:
1854:
1850:
1838:
1822:
1814:
1782:
1767:
1736:
1632:
1600:
1586:
1582:
1565:
1559:
1463:
1148:
1144:
924:
846:
had a rock-cut shrine been solely devoted to the Sapta Matrikas.
761:
721:(goddess) in her fight with demons." Some scholars consider them
684:
644:
367:
190:
160:
4592:
3516:
2619:
mention the ritual offerings of food and shrines of Matrikas at
2258:
911:
6421:
6411:
6397:
6209:
6140:
6135:
6092:
6056:
6036:
5993:
5968:
5963:
5910:
5732:
5727:
5692:
5680:
5670:
5637:
5627:
5562:
5481:
5461:
5399:
5394:
5327:
5042:
4956:
4363:
4186:
3937:
3935:
3192:
2767:
2687:
2638:
2587:
2534:
2347:
2336:
2274:
2246:
2176:
2160:
2140:
2135:
2121:
2117:
2107:
2074:
2059:
2027:
1933:
1904:
1857:) and his association with the Matrikas â his adopted mothers.
1818:
1810:
1794:
1763:
1695:
1691:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1604:
1596:
1578:
1513:
1459:
1405:
1401:
1375:
1237:
1229:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1096:
1080:
1076:
973:
940:
936:
801:
789:
781:
741:
710:
668:
660:
656:
636:
632:
623:
483:
455:
450:
155:
76:
6446:
4162:
1218:(the bull) and has four or six hands. The white complexioned,
6219:
6130:
6031:
6021:
6003:
5988:
5756:
5675:
5607:
5567:
5552:
5476:
5441:
5404:
4983:
4961:
4799:
Kiss of the Yogini: 'Tantric Sex' in its South Asian Contexts
3834:
3832:
3726:, p. 159, verses 2.10.37â39 and 10.63.6 ff., 10.6,27â29.
2996:
2994:
2979:
2669:
2526:
2439:
once every year. Like Vishnudharmottara Purana (discussed in
2395:
2291:
2211:
2126:
2047:
1993:
1965:
1888:
1873:
1861:
1723:
is described as a Matrika, who sucked all the blood of demon
1652:
1554:
1305:
1301:
1195:
1155:
952:
699:
648:
640:
362:
215:
165:
4739:
The ĹÄmalÄjÄŤ Sculptures and 6th Century Art in Western India
4668:
The Goddess in India: The Five Faces of the Eternal Feminine
3932:
3777:
3211:
3209:
3207:
3182:
3180:
3178:
3027:
800:, or Seven Divine Mothers, which is an integral part of the
5915:
5707:
5647:
5612:
5582:
5522:
5496:
5486:
5466:
5411:
5070:
4988:
4923:
4871:
4536:. In Claus, Peter; Diamond, Sarah; Mills, Margaret (eds.).
4351:
4261:
4201:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3160:
3158:
2423:
2066:
1833:
1720:
1544:
1467:
1309:
948:
718:
603:. The Matrikas are often depicted in a group of seven, the
596:
498:
435:
430:
175:
150:
80:
6366:
4309:
3884:
3829:
3753:
3391:
2991:
2081:, the Matrikas are accompanied by Shiva and Parvati's son
6082:
4859:
The Art Of Indian Asia, Its Mythology and Transformations
4297:
3743:
3741:
3245:
3233:
3204:
3099:
3097:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3061:
3059:
2701:
The eight Matrikas are said to reside the second line of
2435:) are paraded around town and placed at their respective
861:
carvings and memorials, containing sculptural details of
737:
4174:
4125:
4041:
4017:
3338:
3155:
2860:
2858:
1883:(the great mothers), a group of the wives of six of the
4321:
2690:(female demons)" and rituals of daily Tantric worship (
2427:) in form of stone statues or natural stones, while in
2000:
mentions worship of Matrikas with Shiva and Parvati in
1553:
as the eighth Matrika, created by flames emerging from
4285:
4029:
3995:"Palaeographical remarks on the Horiuzi palm leaf MSS"
3959:
3896:
3808:
3765:
3738:
3633:
3439:, Tr. by M.N. Dutta, Calcutta, 1903â1904, Ch.50.18.22.
3403:
3088:
3071:
3056:
2633:(lit. "installation of the Mothers"), is described in
1817:
or a circular shrine to the Matrikas), established by
915:
The eight Matrikas in battle (top row, from the left)
4249:
4225:
4113:
4099:, Annual Report 1909-10 p. 285 as quoted in pp.285â6
4053:
3844:
3594:, pp. 156, Devi Mahatmya verses 8.38, 44, 49, 62
2855:
2406:
i.e. seats) of the ashta matrika built in and around
898:
Nepal to represent the eight cardinal directions. In
4237:
3947:
3920:
3908:
3362:
3339:
Goswami, Meghali; Gupta, Ila; Jha, P. (March 2005).
3320:
3308:
2421:, the Matrikas are worshipped with their followers (
2210:
alphabet. First is the (A) group which contains the
2199:
tool, vowels in particular (considered erroneous by
1033:
The Ashta-Matrikas as described in the Devi Mahatmya
717:, they are described as "assisting the great Shakta
4213:
3281:
3269:
3257:
2799:This very ability is possessed by Raktabija of the
2342:The Saptamatrika images are worshipped by women on
1416:(a yak's tail) and a bow. She wears a crown called
1143:(eagle-man) and having four or six arms. She holds
4073:Gods and Worshippers on South Indian sacred ground
4005:
2819:
2167:across India including the well-preserved ones at
951:before them, all fighting against and killing the
4510:Harper, Katherine Anne; Brown, Robert L. (2002).
1557:'s mouth. In Nepal, the eighth Matrika is called
6547:
4629:The Mother Goddesses According to the Devipurana
3874:
3872:
3381:
3379:
3377:
3298:
3296:
4717:
4492:The Iconography and Ritual of Ĺiva at Elephanta
4168:
3805:(1883 -1896), Book 9: Shalya Parva: Section 46.
3459:
3457:
3455:
3453:
3451:
3449:
3447:
3445:
2837:
2734:
2230:hold that the Mothers preside over impurities (
2319:. But the Selliyamman temple at Alambakkam in
2159:The yoginis also occupy an important place in
1367:. She is regarded as the consort of the deity
1320:. She is regarded as the consort of the deity
1170:. She is regarded as the consort of the deity
1107:. She is regarded as the consort of the deity
6382:
5870:
5354:
4887:
4861:. New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidas Publications.
4627:Pal, P. (1997). Singh, Nagendra Kumar (ed.).
4423:
3941:
3869:
3374:
3293:
3251:
3221:
3143:
3033:
1932:, Kaumari, Vaishnavi, â the 3 Matrikas,
557:
4755:
4502:Yogini Cult and Temples: A Tantric Tradition
4207:
4195:
3582:, p. 156, Devi Mahatmya verses 8.11â20.
3442:
3000:
30:Goddesses of War, Children and Emancipation.
5368:
4509:
4369:
4357:
4148:. Asian Educational Services. p. 110.
3838:
3759:
3654:, p. 158, Devi Mahatmya verses 10.2â5.
3397:
3385:
3215:
2410:are considered powerful places of worship.
2265:. These letters combined make up syllables
813:Bhattacharyya, Bhattacharyya, Bhattacharyya
6389:
6375:
5884:
5877:
5863:
5361:
5347:
4894:
4880:
2958:
732:
564:
550:
36:
4815:
4684:
4670:. Inner Traditions / Bear & Company.
4665:
4544:
4143:
4131:
4119:
4047:
4023:
3783:
3606:, p. 156, Devi Mahatmya verses 8.62.
2959:Leeming, David; Fee, Christopher (2016).
2946:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2451:) to free oneself from them. Though each
2073:, the Matrikas is flanked by Ganesha and
1908:, a goddess who tried to kill the infant
1825:mountains, by meat and ritual sacrifice.
4736:
4718:Reed, David; McConnachie, James (2002).
3239:
2672:(by Guptas â fifth century) and in
2521:
2484:king of Nepal Srinivasa Malla built the
2290:
2102:Kaumari, a folio from the Devi Mahatmya.
2097:
2010:
1919:
1832:
1646:
1404:, the third and the boar-headed form of
910:
736:
4607:
4498:
4489:
4451:
4404:
4327:
4291:
4267:
4255:
4059:
3965:
3926:
3902:
3890:
3878:
3863:
3850:
3814:
3771:
3747:
3723:
3711:
3699:
3687:
3675:
3663:
3651:
3639:
3627:
3615:
3603:
3591:
3579:
3522:
3466:
3409:
3332:
3302:
3227:
3149:
3116:
3103:
3065:
2864:
2709:. They are frequently aligned with the
2394:. The Astha Matrikas are considered as
1091:stalk, a book, bell and is seated on a
873:period (8th to 12th century A.D.). The
6548:
4856:
4837:
4582:
4505:. National Museum, Janpath, New Delhi.
4470:
4315:
4231:
4001:. Clarendon Press. p. 67, note 2.
3992:
3533:
3531:
3368:
3326:
3314:
3198:
3017:
3015:
3013:
3011:
3009:
2962:The Goddess: Myths of the Great Mother
2935:
2916:. Government of Orissa. Archived from
1869:Vaishnavi, Varahi, Indrani, Chamunda.
587:: mÄtáškÄ, lit. "mothers") also called
6370:
5858:
5342:
4875:
4793:
4774:
4563:
4538:South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia
4531:"Goddesses, place, Identity in Nepal"
4528:
4494:. State University of New York Press.
4432:
4385:
4303:
4279:
4243:
4219:
4180:
4035:
4011:
3953:
3914:
3558:
3537:
3499:
3287:
3275:
3263:
3082:
3050:
3021:
2985:
2907:"Sakti Cult in Upper Mahanadi Valley"
2904:
2825:
2269:which are combined to make sentences
1944:, dedicated in 43rd year of reign of
1595:omitting Narasimhi. The female power
3678:, pp. 158â159, verses 179.8â90.
3132:By Timothy Insoll, 2001, Routledge,
3046:
3044:
3042:
2747:(the nine planets) and the Dikpala (
2182:
2116:The Matrikas are included among the
857:built many Hindu temples along with
599:who are always depicted together in
4823:. Chennai, India: Ganesh & Co.
4626:
3977:
3528:
3493:
3425:, Summer 2002, vol. 25, no. 1, p.26
3186:
3006:
2965:. Reaktion Books. p. part 33.
1762:(demons), bhutas (ghosts), pretas,
13:
4545:Jain, Madhu; Handa, O. C. (1995).
4428:. Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers.
4097:The Madras Epigraphical Department
2533:, Vaishnavi, Maheshvari, Kaumari,
2517:
14:
6602:
4867:
4490:Collins, Charles Dillard (1988).
4433:Brown, Cheever Mackenzie (1998).
4144:Underhill, Muriel Marion (1991).
3039:
2751:) and at night with the Goddess.
2295:A shrine of the seven mothers in
2273:and it is of these elements that
1512:(the fourth and lion-man form of
6529:
6528:
6445:
6351:
6350:
5512:
5004:
4471:Brooks, Douglas Renfrew (1992).
4342:
4333:
4101:South Indian shrines illustrated
2838:Monier-Williams, Monier (1872).
2373:
2362:
2030:. They are also depicted in the
1194:) is the power of destroyer god
1139:, is described as seated on the
533:
111:
4801:. University of Chicago Press.
4388:The Little Goddesses (Matrikas)
4137:
4090:
4065:
3986:
3971:
3856:
3820:
3789:
3729:
3702:, p. 159, verses 17.33â37.
3585:
3564:
3552:
3543:
3507:
3428:
3415:
3122:
3109:
2905:Panda, S. S. (September 2004).
2793:
2784:
2242:, making their number sixteen.
2088:
869:(8th to 10th century A.D.) and
16:Group of Hindu mother goddesses
4842:. Asian Educational Services.
4583:Kamath, Suryanath U. (2001) .
4540:. Routledge. pp. 257â260.
4390:. New Delhi: Rekha Prakashan.
3714:, p. 159, Verses 44.1â96.
3618:, p. 156, verses 5.28â29.
3492:Other names from Devi Purana:
3130:Archaeology and World Religion
2952:
2892:
2870:
2831:
1924:Bronze group with (from left)
1828:
906:
1:
4426:History of the Sakta Religion
4424:Bhattacharyya, N. N. (1974).
3666:, p. 158, verses 30.3â9.
2813:
2645:, a more specialized form of
2573:. The text mentions use of a
1915:
1879:Another account mentions the
1224:(three eyed) goddess holds a
4901:
4587:. Bangalore: Jupiter books.
4282:, p. 292 Verses 10.6â8.
3690:, p. 159, verses 1.225.
3474:"Sapta Matrikas (12th C AD)"
2878:"Mantras to the AᚣášamÄtáškÄs"
2735:Rituals and goals of worship
2440:
1727:. Kali is given the epithet
1158:(Blessing hand gesture) and
1079:(energy) of the creator god
7:
6396:
5292:Sarasvati-rahasya Upanishad
4775:Wangu, Madhu Bazaz (2003).
4666:Pattanaik, Devdutt (2000).
4169:Reed & McConnachie 2002
2880:. Cambridge Digital Library
2841:Sanskrit-English Dictionary
2749:Guardians of the directions
2723:
2716:
2682:
2652:
2625:
2598:
2576:
2469:
2353:
2286:
1804:
1788:
1504:
1446:
1419:
1389:
1340:
1315:
1288:
1270:
1243:
1190:
1165:
1127:
1102:
1071:
1053:
65:
10:
6607:
5287:Saubhagyalakshmi Upanishad
4857:Zimmer, Heinrich (2001) .
4777:Images of Indian Goddesses
4737:Schastok, Sara L. (1985).
4685:Rajarajan, R.K.K. (2015).
4378:
4077:The World in the Year 1000
3997:. In MĂźller, F. M. (ed.).
3982:. de Gruyter. p. 152.
2281:
2218:) correspond to the seven
2105:
2093:
1642:
1615:mentions 2 other Matrikas
1508:) is the divine energy of
935:. (bottom row, from left)
784:, who are associated with
6523:
6497:
6454:
6443:
6404:
6346:
6325:
6289:
6238:
6187:
6159:
6121:
6075:
6012:
5929:
5896:
5834:
5745:
5663:
5521:
5510:
5380:
5318:
5302:
5232:
5182:
5124:
5061:
5013:
5002:
4922:
4909:
4454:Ellora, Concept and Style
3630:, p. 156, verses 30.
3201:, pp. B4C, 257, 135.
2762:mentions the Matrikas or
2447:(a pilgrimage around the
2046:(cave 16) â dedicated to
1651:9thâ10th century granite
1516:). She is also called as
1499:
1441:
1384:
1335:
1283:
1265:
1185:
1122:
1066:
1048:
853:(350â1000 A.D.) kings of
398:Krishnananda Agamavagisha
72:
57:
47:
35:
28:
23:
5818:Yoga Sutras of Patanjali
4779:. Abhinav Publications.
4720:The Rough Guide to Nepal
4608:Kinsley, David (1998) .
4568:. Abhinav Publications.
4456:. Abhinav Publications.
4452:Berkson, Carmel (1992).
4409:. Abhinav Publications.
4146:The Hindu Religious Year
3525:, p. 241 Footnotes.
2988:, p. 187, Glossary.
2777:
2551:Panchalingeshvara temple
997:Vishnudharmottara Purana
595:, are a group of mother
363:Trika (Kashmir Shaivism)
6174:Nepal Bhasa renaissance
5267:Tripuratapini Upanishad
4838:Wright, Daniel (1996).
4703:10.1558/rosa.v9i2.31071
4691:Religions of South Asia
4612:. Motilal Banarsidass.
4499:Dehejia, Vidya (1986).
4405:Banerji, S. C. (2002).
4370:Harper & Brown 2002
4358:Harper & Brown 2002
3839:Harper & Brown 2002
3760:Harper & Brown 2002
3398:Harper & Brown 2002
3386:Harper & Brown 2002
3216:Harper & Brown 2002
2643:Hrillekha-matrika-nyasa
2321:Tiruchirapalli district
2297:Ramanathapuram District
1841:sculpture of Chamunda,
733:Origins and development
4821:The Garland of Letters
4631:. Anmol Publications.
2585:of the Matrikas) or a
2558:
2300:
2103:
2019:
1953:
1853:(the son of Shiva and
1846:
1660:
1543: â the shakti of
1398:Verai, Dandini, Dandai
1300:, is the power of the
963:
904:
816:
745:
702:, among other places.
671:. and additionals are
6586:Hindu tantric deities
5247:Devi-Bhagavata Purana
4529:Iltis, Linda (2002).
4386:Aryan, K. C. (1980).
4024:Jain & Handa 1995
3796:Vaishampayana said...
3189:, pp. 1835â1858.
2947:Jain & Handa 1995
2844:. Clarendon. p.
2698:(offering of grain).
2694:) like the ritual of
2591:along with a special
2525:
2294:
2253:alphabet itself, the
2106:Further information:
2101:
2014:
1923:
1836:
1713:Devi-Bhagavata Purana
1704:Devi Bhagavata Purana
1690:, Matrikas appear as
1650:
1613:Devi Bhagavata Purana
1547:, as the seventh and
1466:. She is almost like
1135:of the preserver god
914:
895:
851:Western Ganga Dynasty
794:
744:, one of the Matrikas
740:
583:: ऎञतŕĽŕ¤ŕ¤ž (singular),
468:Festivals and temples
6179:Nepal Bhasa movement
6062:Jana Baha Dyah Jatra
4564:Kalia, Asha (1982).
4549:. Indus Publishing.
4270:, pp. 148, 205.
3803:Kisari Mohan Ganguli
3496:, pp. 1835â1858
3128:Dilip Chakravati in
2226:) are obtained. The
1894:, the constellation
1450:), is also known as
1393:), is also known as
804:religion, may be of
209:Scriptures and texts
6571:Childhood goddesses
5303:Regional variations
4817:Woodroffe, Sir John
4795:White, David Gordon
4512:The Roots of Tantra
4407:Companion to Tantra
4372:, pp. 125â127.
4306:, pp. 293â294.
4198:, pp. 367â368.
4183:, pp. 257â260.
3993:BĂźhler, G. (1881).
3893:, pp. 186â187.
3786:, pp. 132â133.
3348:Anistoriton Journal
2402:pantheon. Temples (
2329:Saptamatrika temple
1770:from the Matrikas.
540:Hinduism portal
516:Regional variations
6246:Newar caste system
5310:Caribbean Shaktism
4318:, p. 143-144.
3942:Bhattacharyya 1974
3866:, pp. 136â144
3502:, pp. 106â109
3252:Bhattacharyya 1974
3034:Bhattacharyya 1974
2559:
2301:
2187:Matrika (Sanskrit
2104:
2020:
1978:Shaivite goddesses
1954:
1940:; originally from
1847:
1809:(interpreted as a
1797:; for saving king
1661:
1458:, is the power of
1109:Asithanga Bhairava
1010:) and also in the
964:
746:
639:, Maheshvari from
522:Caribbean Shaktism
265:Lalita Sahasranama
6591:Liminal goddesses
6543:
6542:
6510:Women in Hinduism
6364:
6363:
5852:
5851:
5336:
5335:
5282:Bhavana Upanishad
5277:Tripura Upanishad
5257:Shakta Upanishads
4208:Van den Hoek 1993
4196:Van den Hoek 1993
4038:, pp. 24â28.
3242:, pp. 58â60.
3085:, pp. 58â59.
3001:Van den Hoek 1993
2724:Svacchaášá¸a Tantra
2717:JĹÄnÄrášava Tantra
2183:Script characters
1968:and his son with
1952:I (about AD 1043)
1684:Shumbha-Nishumbha
1682:According to the
1484:Bhishana Bhairava
1344:), also known as
1274:), also known as
1007:Markandeya Purana
867:GurjaraâPatiharas
635:, Vaishnavi from
574:
573:
388:Bharatchandra Ray
233:Shakta Upanishads
90:
89:
6598:
6561:Mother goddesses
6532:
6531:
6449:
6391:
6384:
6377:
6368:
6367:
6354:
6353:
6067:Bunga Dyah Jatra
5879:
5872:
5865:
5856:
5855:
5516:
5363:
5356:
5349:
5340:
5339:
5008:
4896:
4889:
4882:
4873:
4872:
4862:
4853:
4834:
4812:
4790:
4771:
4752:
4733:
4722:. Rough Guides.
4714:
4681:
4662:
4656:
4652:
4650:
4642:
4623:
4604:
4579:
4560:
4541:
4535:
4525:
4506:
4495:
4486:
4467:
4448:
4429:
4420:
4401:
4373:
4367:
4361:
4355:
4349:
4346:
4340:
4337:
4331:
4325:
4319:
4313:
4307:
4301:
4295:
4289:
4283:
4277:
4271:
4265:
4259:
4253:
4247:
4241:
4235:
4229:
4223:
4217:
4211:
4205:
4199:
4193:
4184:
4178:
4172:
4166:
4160:
4159:
4141:
4135:
4129:
4123:
4117:
4111:
4094:
4088:
4069:
4063:
4057:
4051:
4045:
4039:
4033:
4027:
4021:
4015:
4009:
4003:
4002:
3990:
3984:
3983:
3975:
3969:
3963:
3957:
3951:
3945:
3939:
3930:
3924:
3918:
3912:
3906:
3900:
3894:
3888:
3882:
3876:
3867:
3860:
3854:
3848:
3842:
3836:
3827:
3824:
3818:
3812:
3806:
3793:
3787:
3781:
3775:
3769:
3763:
3757:
3751:
3745:
3736:
3733:
3727:
3721:
3715:
3709:
3703:
3697:
3691:
3685:
3679:
3673:
3667:
3661:
3655:
3649:
3643:
3637:
3631:
3625:
3619:
3613:
3607:
3601:
3595:
3589:
3583:
3577:
3571:
3568:
3562:
3556:
3550:
3547:
3541:
3535:
3526:
3520:
3514:
3511:
3505:
3489:
3487:
3485:
3461:
3440:
3432:
3426:
3419:
3413:
3407:
3401:
3395:
3389:
3383:
3372:
3366:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3355:
3345:
3336:
3330:
3324:
3318:
3312:
3306:
3300:
3291:
3285:
3279:
3273:
3267:
3261:
3255:
3249:
3243:
3237:
3231:
3225:
3219:
3213:
3202:
3196:
3190:
3184:
3153:
3147:
3141:
3126:
3120:
3113:
3107:
3101:
3086:
3080:
3069:
3063:
3054:
3048:
3037:
3031:
3025:
3019:
3004:
2998:
2989:
2983:
2977:
2976:
2956:
2950:
2944:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2922:
2911:
2896:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2874:
2868:
2862:
2853:
2852:
2835:
2829:
2823:
2807:
2797:
2791:
2788:
2726:
2719:
2685:
2655:
2628:
2603:). Banabhatta's
2601:
2579:
2561:The 7th century
2472:
2377:
2366:
2331:is located near
1860:In one version,
1807:
1791:
1755:Bhagavata Purana
1526:Samhara Bhairava
1507:
1501:
1449:
1443:
1426:Unmatha Bhairava
1422:
1400:is the power of
1392:
1386:
1359:is the power of
1343:
1337:
1318:
1291:
1285:
1273:
1267:
1246:
1193:
1187:
1168:
1130:
1124:
1105:
1074:
1068:
1056:
1050:
1016:Amsumadbhedagama
879:Western Chalukya
834:The Gupta kings
814:
566:
559:
552:
538:
537:
536:
413:Abhirami Bhattar
290:Saundarya Lahari
115:
92:
91:
68:
40:
21:
20:
6606:
6605:
6601:
6600:
6599:
6597:
6596:
6595:
6556:Hindu goddesses
6546:
6545:
6544:
6539:
6519:
6493:
6479:Ranipur Jharial
6450:
6441:
6400:
6395:
6365:
6360:
6342:
6321:
6285:
6234:
6183:
6155:
6117:
6071:
6008:
5925:
5892:
5883:
5853:
5848:
5844:Hindu mythology
5830:
5741:
5659:
5517:
5508:
5376:
5367:
5337:
5332:
5314:
5298:
5228:
5178:
5120:
5081:Tripura Sundari
5057:
5009:
5000:
4918:
4905:
4900:
4870:
4865:
4850:
4831:
4809:
4787:
4768:
4758:Urban Symbolism
4749:
4730:
4678:
4654:
4653:
4644:
4643:
4639:
4620:
4576:
4557:
4533:
4522:
4483:
4464:
4445:
4417:
4398:
4381:
4376:
4368:
4364:
4356:
4352:
4348:Singh p.1850-51
4347:
4343:
4338:
4334:
4326:
4322:
4314:
4310:
4302:
4298:
4290:
4286:
4278:
4274:
4266:
4262:
4254:
4250:
4242:
4238:
4230:
4226:
4218:
4214:
4206:
4202:
4194:
4187:
4179:
4175:
4167:
4163:
4156:
4142:
4138:
4130:
4126:
4118:
4114:
4095:
4091:
4071:Leslie C. Orr,
4070:
4066:
4058:
4054:
4046:
4042:
4034:
4030:
4022:
4018:
4010:
4006:
3991:
3987:
3976:
3972:
3964:
3960:
3952:
3948:
3940:
3933:
3925:
3921:
3913:
3909:
3901:
3897:
3889:
3885:
3877:
3870:
3862:For images see
3861:
3857:
3849:
3845:
3837:
3830:
3825:
3821:
3813:
3809:
3799:The Mahabharata
3794:
3790:
3782:
3778:
3770:
3766:
3758:
3754:
3746:
3739:
3734:
3730:
3722:
3718:
3710:
3706:
3698:
3694:
3686:
3682:
3674:
3670:
3662:
3658:
3650:
3646:
3638:
3634:
3626:
3622:
3614:
3610:
3602:
3598:
3590:
3586:
3578:
3574:
3569:
3565:
3557:
3553:
3548:
3544:
3536:
3529:
3521:
3517:
3512:
3508:
3483:
3481:
3472:
3462:
3443:
3433:
3429:
3420:
3416:
3408:
3404:
3396:
3392:
3384:
3375:
3367:
3363:
3353:
3351:
3343:
3337:
3333:
3325:
3321:
3313:
3309:
3301:
3294:
3286:
3282:
3274:
3270:
3262:
3258:
3250:
3246:
3238:
3234:
3226:
3222:
3214:
3205:
3197:
3193:
3185:
3156:
3148:
3144:
3127:
3123:
3114:
3110:
3102:
3089:
3081:
3072:
3064:
3057:
3049:
3040:
3032:
3028:
3020:
3007:
2999:
2992:
2984:
2980:
2973:
2957:
2953:
2945:
2936:
2926:
2924:
2923:on 4 March 2009
2920:
2909:
2903:, Ch.57, v.56.
2897:
2893:
2883:
2881:
2876:
2875:
2871:
2863:
2856:
2836:
2832:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2811:
2810:
2798:
2794:
2789:
2785:
2780:
2737:
2711:Ashta Bhairavas
2520:
2518:Tantric worship
2475:Ashta Bhairavas
2388:
2387:
2386:
2385:
2384:
2378:
2369:
2368:
2367:
2356:
2333:Baitarani River
2309:parivara devata
2289:
2284:
2185:
2169:Ranipur-Jharial
2114:
2096:
2091:
2044:Kailasha Temple
1918:
1831:
1645:
1369:Chanda Bhairava
1322:Kapala Bhairava
1308:(thunderbolt),
1172:Krodha Bhairava
1035:
1024:Purvakarnagama,
958:. A folio from
909:
815:
812:
735:
651:, Kaumari from
609:Ashtamatrika(s)
605:Saptamatrika(s)
570:
534:
532:
527:
526:
517:
509:
508:
469:
461:
460:
426:
418:
417:
383:
373:
372:
340:
320:
318:
310:
309:
279:
270:Tripura Rahasya
255:Devi Bhagavatam
211:
201:
200:
136:
61:transliteration
43:
31:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6604:
6594:
6593:
6588:
6583:
6578:
6573:
6568:
6563:
6558:
6541:
6540:
6538:
6537:
6524:
6521:
6520:
6518:
6517:
6515:Yoga for women
6512:
6507:
6501:
6499:
6495:
6494:
6492:
6491:
6486:
6481:
6476:
6471:
6466:
6460:
6458:
6456:Yogini temples
6452:
6451:
6444:
6442:
6440:
6439:
6434:
6429:
6424:
6419:
6414:
6408:
6406:
6402:
6401:
6394:
6393:
6386:
6379:
6371:
6362:
6361:
6359:
6358:
6347:
6344:
6343:
6341:
6340:
6338:Newar Buddhism
6335:
6333:Newar Hinduism
6329:
6327:
6323:
6322:
6320:
6319:
6314:
6309:
6304:
6299:
6293:
6291:
6287:
6286:
6284:
6283:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6258:
6253:
6248:
6242:
6240:
6236:
6235:
6233:
6232:
6227:
6222:
6217:
6212:
6207:
6202:
6197:
6191:
6189:
6185:
6184:
6182:
6181:
6176:
6171:
6165:
6163:
6157:
6156:
6154:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6127:
6125:
6119:
6118:
6116:
6115:
6110:
6105:
6100:
6095:
6090:
6088:Bahra ceremony
6085:
6079:
6077:
6073:
6072:
6070:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6034:
6029:
6024:
6018:
6016:
6010:
6009:
6007:
6006:
6001:
5996:
5991:
5986:
5981:
5976:
5971:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5935:
5933:
5927:
5926:
5924:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5902:
5900:
5894:
5893:
5882:
5881:
5874:
5867:
5859:
5850:
5849:
5847:
5846:
5841:
5835:
5832:
5831:
5829:
5828:
5821:
5814:
5813:
5812:
5798:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5780:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5753:
5751:
5743:
5742:
5740:
5739:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5689:
5688:
5683:
5673:
5667:
5665:
5661:
5660:
5658:
5657:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5549:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5527:
5525:
5519:
5518:
5511:
5509:
5507:
5506:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5408:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5386:
5384:
5378:
5377:
5366:
5365:
5358:
5351:
5343:
5334:
5333:
5331:
5330:
5325:
5319:
5316:
5315:
5313:
5312:
5306:
5304:
5300:
5299:
5297:
5296:
5295:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5272:Devi Upanishad
5269:
5264:
5262:Sita Upanishad
5254:
5249:
5244:
5238:
5236:
5230:
5229:
5227:
5226:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5188:
5186:
5180:
5179:
5177:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5130:
5128:
5122:
5121:
5119:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5067:
5065:
5059:
5058:
5056:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5019:
5017:
5011:
5010:
5003:
5001:
4999:
4998:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4970:
4969:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4928:
4926:
4920:
4919:
4917:
4916:
4910:
4907:
4906:
4899:
4898:
4891:
4884:
4876:
4869:
4868:External links
4866:
4864:
4863:
4854:
4848:
4835:
4829:
4813:
4808:978-0226894843
4807:
4791:
4785:
4772:
4766:
4753:
4747:
4734:
4728:
4715:
4697:(2): 164â185.
4682:
4676:
4663:
4637:
4624:
4618:
4605:
4580:
4574:
4561:
4555:
4542:
4526:
4520:
4514:. SUNY Press.
4507:
4496:
4487:
4481:
4475:. SUNY Press.
4468:
4462:
4449:
4443:
4437:. SUNY Press.
4430:
4421:
4415:
4402:
4396:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4374:
4362:
4360:, p. 122.
4350:
4341:
4332:
4330:, p. 155.
4320:
4308:
4296:
4284:
4272:
4260:
4248:
4246:, p. 260.
4236:
4234:, p. 245.
4224:
4212:
4210:, p. 364.
4200:
4185:
4173:
4171:, p. 521.
4161:
4154:
4136:
4134:, p. 131.
4132:Pattanaik 2000
4124:
4120:Rajarajan 2015
4112:
4089:
4064:
4052:
4050:, p. 103.
4048:Woodroffe 2001
4040:
4028:
4026:, p. 163.
4016:
4004:
3985:
3970:
3968:, p. 296.
3958:
3956:, p. 114.
3946:
3944:, p. 128.
3931:
3919:
3917:, p. 109.
3907:
3905:, p. 135.
3895:
3883:
3868:
3855:
3843:
3841:, p. 117.
3828:
3819:
3817:, p. 154.
3807:
3801:translated by
3788:
3784:Pattanaik 2000
3776:
3774:, p. 153.
3764:
3762:, p. 116.
3752:
3750:, p. 152.
3737:
3728:
3716:
3704:
3692:
3680:
3668:
3656:
3644:
3642:, p. 242.
3632:
3620:
3608:
3596:
3584:
3572:
3563:
3551:
3542:
3527:
3515:
3506:
3504:
3503:
3497:
3490:
3480:on 1 July 2007
3470:
3441:
3427:
3414:
3412:, p. 156.
3402:
3400:, p. 121.
3390:
3373:
3361:
3331:
3319:
3307:
3292:
3280:
3268:
3256:
3244:
3232:
3220:
3203:
3191:
3154:
3142:
3121:
3108:
3106:, p. 151.
3087:
3070:
3068:, p. 143.
3055:
3038:
3036:, p. 126.
3026:
3005:
3003:, p. 362.
2990:
2978:
2971:
2951:
2934:
2900:Brihat Samhita
2891:
2869:
2867:, p. 134.
2854:
2830:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2792:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2736:
2733:
2611:'s CÄrudatta,
2519:
2516:
2379:
2372:
2371:
2370:
2361:
2360:
2359:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2184:
2181:
2165:Yogini temples
2154:Madhya Pradesh
2112:Yogini temples
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
1986:Uma-Maheshvara
1938:British Museum
1917:
1914:
1830:
1827:
1700:Matrikas dance
1644:
1641:
1530:
1529:
1522:karaášá¸a mukuáša
1487:
1480:karaášá¸a mukuáša
1429:
1420:karaášá¸a mukuáša
1408:. She holds a
1372:
1325:
1253:
1175:
1112:
1103:karaášá¸a mukuáša
1095:(swan) as her
1034:
1031:
908:
905:
844:Madhya Pradesh
810:
798:Sapta Matrikas
734:
731:
614:Brihat Samhita
572:
571:
569:
568:
561:
554:
546:
543:
542:
529:
528:
525:
524:
518:
515:
514:
511:
510:
507:
506:
501:
496:
494:Saraswati Puja
491:
486:
481:
476:
470:
467:
466:
463:
462:
459:
458:
453:
448:
443:
438:
433:
427:
424:
423:
420:
419:
416:
415:
410:
405:
400:
395:
390:
384:
379:
378:
375:
374:
371:
370:
365:
360:
355:
349:
348:
339:
338:
333:
327:
326:
319:
316:
315:
312:
311:
308:
307:
305:Abirami Antati
302:
297:
292:
286:
285:
278:
277:
272:
267:
262:
260:Devi Mahatmyam
257:
252:
251:
250:
245:
240:
230:
229:
228:
218:
212:
207:
206:
203:
202:
199:
198:
193:
188:
183:
178:
173:
168:
163:
158:
153:
147:
146:
137:
132:
131:
128:
127:
126:
125:
117:
116:
108:
107:
101:
100:
88:
87:
74:
70:
69:
62:
55:
54:
51:
45:
44:
41:
33:
32:
29:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6603:
6592:
6589:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6579:
6577:
6574:
6572:
6569:
6567:
6566:War goddesses
6564:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6554:
6553:
6551:
6536:
6535:
6526:
6525:
6522:
6516:
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6508:
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6496:
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6448:
6438:
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6430:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
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6415:
6413:
6410:
6409:
6407:
6403:
6399:
6392:
6387:
6385:
6380:
6378:
6373:
6372:
6369:
6357:
6349:
6348:
6345:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6330:
6328:
6324:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6300:
6298:
6295:
6294:
6292:
6288:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6243:
6241:
6237:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6215:Majipa Lakhey
6213:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6196:
6195:Swayambhunath
6193:
6192:
6190:
6186:
6180:
6177:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6167:
6166:
6164:
6162:
6158:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6128:
6126:
6124:
6120:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6080:
6078:
6074:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6052:Bhairab Naach
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6019:
6017:
6015:
6011:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5936:
5934:
5932:
5928:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5903:
5901:
5899:
5895:
5891:
5887:
5880:
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5873:
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5866:
5861:
5860:
5857:
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5842:
5840:
5837:
5836:
5833:
5827:
5826:
5822:
5820:
5819:
5815:
5811:
5810:
5809:Bhagavad Gita
5806:
5805:
5804:
5803:
5799:
5797:
5796:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5759:
5758:
5755:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5744:
5738:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5678:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5668:
5666:
5664:Other deities
5662:
5656:
5655:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5533:
5532:
5529:
5528:
5526:
5524:
5520:
5515:
5505:
5504:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5392:
5391:
5388:
5387:
5385:
5383:
5379:
5375:
5371:
5370:Hindu deities
5364:
5359:
5357:
5352:
5350:
5345:
5344:
5341:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5320:
5317:
5311:
5308:
5307:
5305:
5301:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5259:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5252:Kalika Purana
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5242:Devi Mahatmya
5240:
5239:
5237:
5235:
5231:
5225:
5224:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5212:Tulja Bhavani
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5189:
5187:
5185:
5184:Shakta pithas
5181:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5144:Chandraghanta
5142:
5140:
5139:Brahmacharini
5137:
5135:
5132:
5131:
5129:
5127:
5123:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5086:Bhuvaneshvari
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5068:
5066:
5064:
5060:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5020:
5018:
5016:
5012:
5007:
4997:
4996:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4968:
4965:
4964:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4929:
4927:
4925:
4921:
4915:
4912:
4911:
4908:
4904:
4897:
4892:
4890:
4885:
4883:
4878:
4877:
4874:
4860:
4855:
4851:
4849:81-206-0552-7
4845:
4841:
4836:
4832:
4830:81-85988-12-9
4826:
4822:
4818:
4814:
4810:
4804:
4800:
4796:
4792:
4788:
4786:81-7017-416-3
4782:
4778:
4773:
4769:
4767:90-04-09855-0
4763:
4759:
4754:
4750:
4748:90-04-06941-0
4744:
4740:
4735:
4731:
4729:1-85828-899-1
4725:
4721:
4716:
4712:
4708:
4704:
4700:
4696:
4692:
4688:
4683:
4679:
4677:0-89281-807-7
4673:
4669:
4664:
4660:
4648:
4640:
4638:81-7488-168-9
4634:
4630:
4625:
4621:
4619:81-208-0394-9
4615:
4611:
4606:
4602:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4586:
4581:
4577:
4575:0-391-02558-9
4571:
4567:
4562:
4558:
4556:81-7387-030-6
4552:
4548:
4543:
4539:
4532:
4527:
4523:
4521:0-7914-5305-7
4517:
4513:
4508:
4504:
4503:
4497:
4493:
4488:
4484:
4482:0-7914-1145-1
4478:
4474:
4469:
4465:
4463:81-7017-277-2
4459:
4455:
4450:
4446:
4444:0-7914-3939-9
4440:
4436:
4431:
4427:
4422:
4418:
4416:81-7017-402-3
4412:
4408:
4403:
4399:
4397:81-900002-7-6
4393:
4389:
4384:
4383:
4371:
4366:
4359:
4354:
4345:
4336:
4329:
4324:
4317:
4312:
4305:
4300:
4294:, p. 27.
4293:
4288:
4281:
4276:
4269:
4264:
4258:, p. 34.
4257:
4252:
4245:
4240:
4233:
4228:
4222:, p. 61.
4221:
4216:
4209:
4204:
4197:
4192:
4190:
4182:
4177:
4170:
4165:
4157:
4155:81-206-0523-3
4151:
4147:
4140:
4133:
4128:
4121:
4116:
4110:
4109:81-206-0151-3
4106:
4102:
4098:
4093:
4086:
4085:0-7618-2561-4
4082:
4078:
4074:
4068:
4062:, p. 61.
4061:
4056:
4049:
4044:
4037:
4032:
4025:
4020:
4013:
4008:
4000:
3996:
3989:
3981:
3974:
3967:
3962:
3955:
3950:
3943:
3938:
3936:
3928:
3923:
3916:
3911:
3904:
3899:
3892:
3887:
3881:, p. 186
3880:
3875:
3873:
3865:
3859:
3853:, p. 87.
3852:
3847:
3840:
3835:
3833:
3823:
3816:
3811:
3804:
3800:
3797:
3792:
3785:
3780:
3773:
3768:
3761:
3756:
3749:
3744:
3742:
3732:
3725:
3720:
3713:
3708:
3701:
3696:
3689:
3684:
3677:
3672:
3665:
3660:
3653:
3648:
3641:
3636:
3629:
3624:
3617:
3612:
3605:
3600:
3593:
3588:
3581:
3576:
3567:
3561:, p. 108
3560:
3555:
3546:
3539:
3534:
3532:
3524:
3519:
3510:
3501:
3498:
3495:
3491:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3468:
3465:
3464:
3460:
3458:
3456:
3454:
3452:
3450:
3448:
3446:
3438:
3437:
3431:
3424:
3418:
3411:
3406:
3399:
3394:
3387:
3382:
3380:
3378:
3371:, p. 60.
3370:
3365:
3350:. Anistoriton
3349:
3342:
3335:
3329:, p. 52.
3328:
3323:
3317:, p. 51.
3316:
3311:
3305:, p. 212
3304:
3299:
3297:
3290:, p. 76.
3289:
3284:
3278:, p. 68.
3277:
3272:
3266:, p. 67.
3265:
3260:
3253:
3248:
3241:
3240:Schastok 1985
3236:
3230:, p. 155
3229:
3224:
3218:, p. 48.
3217:
3212:
3210:
3208:
3200:
3195:
3188:
3183:
3181:
3179:
3177:
3175:
3173:
3171:
3169:
3167:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3159:
3152:, p. 151
3151:
3146:
3139:
3138:0-415-22154-4
3135:
3131:
3125:
3119:, p. 151
3118:
3112:
3105:
3100:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3084:
3079:
3077:
3075:
3067:
3062:
3060:
3052:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3035:
3030:
3023:
3018:
3016:
3014:
3012:
3010:
3002:
2997:
2995:
2987:
2982:
2974:
2972:9781780235387
2968:
2964:
2963:
2955:
2949:, p. 162
2948:
2943:
2941:
2939:
2919:
2915:
2914:Orissa Review
2908:
2902:
2901:
2895:
2879:
2873:
2866:
2861:
2859:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2842:
2834:
2828:, p. 99.
2827:
2822:
2818:
2806:
2805:Vamana Purana
2802:
2801:Devi-mahatmya
2796:
2787:
2783:
2775:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2756:
2752:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2741:Natya Shastra
2732:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2718:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2699:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2678:Uttar Pradesh
2675:
2671:
2667:
2662:
2660:
2659:Bhuvaneshvari
2656:
2654:
2648:
2647:Matrika-nyasa
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2631:Matrika-nyasa
2627:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2600:
2594:
2590:
2589:
2584:
2580:
2578:
2572:
2571:Harshacharita
2568:
2564:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2515:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2496:
2494:
2490:
2487:
2483:
2478:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2425:
2420:
2416:
2411:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2383:
2382:Bhairab Naach
2376:
2365:
2351:
2349:
2345:
2340:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2299:, Tamil Nadu.
2298:
2293:
2279:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2243:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2224:Ashtamatrikas
2221:
2217:
2216:Saptamatrikas
2213:
2209:
2204:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2180:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2157:
2155:
2151:
2146:
2142:
2137:
2134:(circle) and
2133:
2128:
2123:
2119:
2113:
2109:
2100:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2063:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2007:
2006:Rajatarangini
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1982:Jaunsar-Bawar
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1961:
1959:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1942:Eastern India
1939:
1936:taken at the
1935:
1931:
1927:
1922:
1913:
1911:
1907:
1906:
1899:
1897:
1893:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1881:Maha-matrikas
1877:
1875:
1870:
1867:
1863:
1858:
1856:
1852:
1844:
1840:
1835:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1806:
1800:
1799:Harishchandra
1796:
1792:
1790:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1756:
1749:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1733:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1715:
1714:
1709:
1708:Vamana Purana
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1688:Devi Mahatmya
1685:
1680:
1678:
1674:
1673:Varaha Purana
1670:
1669:Vamana Purana
1666:
1665:Matsya Purana
1658:
1654:
1649:
1640:
1638:
1635:, (shakti of
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1609:Central India
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1593:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1567:
1562:
1561:
1556:
1552:
1551:
1546:
1542:
1541:
1536:
1535:Varaha Purana
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1506:
1497:
1493:
1492:
1488:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1472:Devi Mahatmya
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1448:
1439:
1435:
1434:
1430:
1427:
1423:
1421:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1396:
1391:
1382:
1378:
1377:
1373:
1370:
1366:
1365:kiriáša mukuáša
1362:
1358:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1342:
1333:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1319:
1317:
1316:kiriáša mukuáša
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1290:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1263:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1251:
1250:Ruru Bhairava
1247:
1245:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1222:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1183:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1169:
1167:
1166:kiriáša mukuáša
1161:
1157:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1120:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1106:
1104:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1087:(water pot),
1086:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1064:
1060:
1055:
1046:
1042:
1041:
1037:
1036:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1021:
1020:Surabhedagama
1017:
1013:
1009:
1008:
1004:(part of the
1003:
1002:Devi Mahatmya
999:
998:
993:
992:
991:Matsya Purana
987:
986:
981:
980:
979:Varaha Purana
975:
971:
970:
961:
960:Devi Mahatmya
957:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
913:
903:
901:
894:
891:
887:
882:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
863:saptamatrikas
860:
856:
852:
847:
845:
841:
840:Kumaragupta I
837:
832:
827:
825:
821:
809:
807:
803:
799:
793:
791:
787:
783:
777:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
750:
743:
739:
730:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
703:
701:
697:
693:
688:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
631:emerged from
630:
626:
625:
620:
616:
615:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
567:
562:
560:
555:
553:
548:
547:
545:
544:
541:
531:
530:
523:
520:
519:
513:
512:
505:
504:Shakta pithas
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
471:
465:
464:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
428:
422:
421:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
403:Ramprasad Sen
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
385:
382:
377:
376:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
350:
347:
346:
342:
341:
337:
336:Dakshinachara
334:
332:
329:
328:
325:
322:
321:
314:
313:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
295:Annada Mangal
293:
291:
288:
287:
284:
281:
280:
276:
275:Kalika Purana
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
249:
246:
244:
241:
239:
236:
235:
234:
231:
227:
224:
223:
222:
219:
217:
214:
213:
210:
205:
204:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
152:
149:
148:
145:
143:
139:
138:
135:
130:
129:
124:
121:
120:
119:
118:
114:
110:
109:
106:
103:
102:
98:
94:
93:
86:
82:
78:
75:
71:
67:
63:
60:
56:
52:
50:
46:
39:
34:
27:
22:
19:
6527:
6302:Nepal Sambat
6224:
6151:Newar window
6123:Architecture
6047:Pahan Charhe
5999:Sanyaakhunya
5890:Newar people
5823:
5816:
5807:
5800:
5793:
5718:Gramadevatas
5652:
5602:
5501:
5221:
5174:Siddhidhatri
5096:Chhinnamasta
5014:
4993:
4858:
4839:
4820:
4798:
4776:
4757:
4738:
4719:
4694:
4690:
4667:
4628:
4609:
4584:
4565:
4546:
4537:
4511:
4501:
4491:
4472:
4453:
4434:
4425:
4406:
4387:
4365:
4353:
4344:
4339:Singh p.1850
4335:
4328:Kinsley 1998
4323:
4311:
4299:
4292:Banerji 2002
4287:
4275:
4268:Banerji 2002
4263:
4256:Banerji 2002
4251:
4239:
4227:
4215:
4203:
4176:
4164:
4145:
4139:
4127:
4115:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4076:
4072:
4067:
4060:Banerji 2002
4055:
4043:
4031:
4019:
4014:, p. 9.
4007:
3998:
3988:
3979:
3973:
3966:Banerji 2002
3961:
3949:
3929:, p. 5.
3927:Dehejia 1986
3922:
3910:
3903:Berkson 1992
3898:
3891:Berkson 1992
3886:
3879:Berkson 1992
3864:Berkson 1992
3858:
3851:Berkson 1992
3846:
3826:Singh p.1855
3822:
3815:Kinsley 1998
3810:
3791:
3779:
3772:Kinsley 1998
3767:
3755:
3748:Kinsley 1998
3731:
3724:Kinsley 1998
3719:
3712:Kinsley 1998
3707:
3700:Kinsley 1998
3695:
3688:Kinsley 1998
3683:
3676:Kinsley 1998
3671:
3664:Kinsley 1998
3659:
3652:Kinsley 1998
3647:
3640:Kinsley 1998
3635:
3628:Kinsley 1998
3623:
3616:Kinsley 1998
3611:
3604:Kinsley 1998
3599:
3592:Kinsley 1998
3587:
3580:Kinsley 1998
3575:
3566:
3554:
3549:Singh p.1858
3545:
3540:, p. 72
3523:Kinsley 1998
3518:
3509:
3482:. Retrieved
3478:the original
3467:Kinsley 1998
3434:
3430:
3422:
3417:
3410:Kinsley 1998
3405:
3393:
3388:, p. 29
3364:
3352:. Retrieved
3347:
3334:
3322:
3310:
3303:Berkson 1992
3283:
3271:
3259:
3247:
3235:
3228:Kinsley 1998
3223:
3194:
3150:Kinsley 1998
3145:
3129:
3124:
3117:Kinsley 1998
3111:
3104:Kinsley 1998
3066:Collins 1988
3053:, p. 75
3029:
3024:, p. 41
2981:
2961:
2954:
2925:. Retrieved
2918:the original
2913:
2898:
2894:
2882:. Retrieved
2872:
2865:Berkson 1992
2849:
2840:
2833:
2821:
2804:
2800:
2795:
2786:
2764:Deva Shaktis
2763:
2757:
2753:
2738:
2728:
2714:
2702:
2700:
2695:
2691:
2663:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2630:
2626:KulacĹŤá¸Ämaáši
2617:Mrichakatika
2596:
2592:
2586:
2574:
2560:
2511:
2507:
2506:) or lands (
2503:
2499:
2497:
2479:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2436:
2433:utsav-murtis
2432:
2428:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2412:
2403:
2389:
2343:
2341:
2325:
2312:
2308:
2302:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2254:
2244:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2223:
2215:
2205:
2201:Georg BĂźhler
2188:
2186:
2158:
2115:
2089:Associations
2064:
2021:
1962:
1955:
1903:
1900:
1880:
1878:
1871:
1865:
1859:
1848:
1802:
1786:
1778:
1772:
1753:
1750:
1734:
1718:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1681:
1677:Kurma Purana
1662:
1657:MusĂŠe Guimet
1592:Mahabhairavi
1590:
1577: â the
1570:
1564:
1558:
1548:
1538:
1531:
1521:
1517:
1489:
1479:
1462:, a form of
1455:
1451:
1431:
1417:
1397:
1394:
1374:
1364:
1356:
1354:Kartikeyani,
1353:
1349:
1345:
1327:
1313:
1297:
1293:
1275:
1255:
1241:
1220:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1177:
1163:
1159:
1152:
1114:
1100:
1058:
1038:
1026:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1014:such as the
1005:
995:
989:
983:
977:
976:such as the
967:
965:
896:
883:
862:
859:saptamatrika
858:
848:
828:
823:
817:
808:inspiration.
797:
795:
778:
774:Indus valley
758:Indus Valley
754:Vedic period
751:
747:
704:
689:
622:
619:Varahamihira
612:
608:
604:
592:
588:
576:
575:
484:Lakshmi Puja
446:Panchamakara
393:Bhaskararaya
343:
324:Vidya margam
323:
282:
185:
140:
18:
6432:Vajrayogini
5906:Gunla Bajan
5802:Mahabharata
5713:Kuladevatas
5492:Vishvakarma
5217:Mahalakshmi
5134:Shailaputri
5116:Kamalatmika
5106:Bagalamukhi
4655:|work=
4316:Brooks 1992
4232:Wright 1996
3436:Agni Purana
3369:Kamath 2001
3327:Kamath 2001
3315:Kamath 2001
3199:Zimmer 2001
2760:Devi Purana
2692:Tantrobhuta
2657:of Goddess
2577:mÄášrmandala
2508:kshatrapala
2502:), places (
2313:Saptakanyas
2305:South India
2145:Mahalakshmi
2056:Rashtrakuta
2004:, his work
1958:Mahabharata
1885:Saptarishis
1829:Mahabharata
1789:MÄášrpaĹcaka
1779:Loka-matara
1775:Devi Purana
1627:(shakti of
1619:(shakti of
1603:of the god
1560:Mahalakshmi
1518:Pratyangira
1244:jaášÄ mukuáša
1228:(trident),
1027:Rupamandana
985:Agni Purana
969:Mahabharata
907:Iconography
836:Skandagupta
770:Mahabharata
696:South India
408:Ramakrishna
368:Kubjikamata
345:Kula margam
283:other texts
73:Affiliation
6550:Categories
6297:Newa dance
6169:Literature
6098:Jaa Nakigu
5959:Chuchumari
5954:Chataamari
5784:Upanishads
5703:Gandharvas
5427:Dattatreya
5207:Taratarini
5154:Skandamata
5028:Maheshvari
4979:Bhadrakali
4304:Brown 1998
4280:Brown 1998
4244:Iltis 2002
4220:White 2006
4181:Iltis 2002
4036:Aryan 1980
4012:Aryan 1980
3954:Wangu 2003
3915:Kalia 1982
3559:Kalia 1982
3538:Wangu 2003
3500:Kalia 1982
3288:Wangu 2003
3276:Wangu 2003
3264:Wangu 2003
3140:, pp.42â44
3083:Wangu 2003
3051:Wangu 2003
3022:Wangu 2003
2986:Wangu 2003
2884:2 February
2826:Wangu 2003
2814:References
2707:Sri Chakra
2683:SvÄmibhaáša
2621:crossroads
2567:Banabhatta
2317:Tamil Nadu
2251:Devanagari
2208:Devanagari
2163:, with 64-
1916:Depictions
1866:Vana-parva
1805:MÄášrchakra
1599:called as
1571:Gananayika
1550:Yogeshvari
1178:Maheshvari
929:Maheshvari
888:and Early
479:Durga Puja
300:Ramprasadi
49:Devanagari
6484:Khajuraho
6469:Bhedaghat
6317:Bhaktapur
6307:Kathmandu
6266:Ranjitkar
6256:Chitrakar
6205:Lokeshwar
6200:Pashupati
5984:Lakhamari
5723:Rakshasas
5593:Mahavidya
5536:Saraswati
5523:Goddesses
5452:Kartikeya
5169:Mahagauri
5164:Kalaratri
5159:Katyayani
5149:Kushmanda
5126:Navadurga
5101:Dhumavati
5063:Mahavidya
5038:Vaishnavi
4967:Navadurga
4937:Saraswati
4760:. Brill.
4741:. Brill.
4711:1751-2689
4657:ignored (
4647:cite book
3484:8 January
3354:8 January
2927:8 January
2745:Navagraha
2666:Rajasthan
2635:Devi Gita
2605:Kadambari
2599:maášáš-gášha
2593:anusthana
2555:Karnataka
2493:Navaratri
2465:Bhaktapur
2445:pithapuja
2408:Kathmandu
2255:Varnamala
2220:consonant
2197:collation
2150:Bhedaghat
2079:Shamalaji
2036:Elephanta
2034:caves of
2024:Udayagiri
1892:Krittikas
1760:rakshasas
1741:Narasimha
1732:deities.
1725:Raktabija
1686:story of
1510:Narasimha
1505:NÄrasiášhÄŤ
1491:Narasimhi
1476:Mundamala
1456:Charchika
1361:Kartikeya
1266:ŕ¤ŕ¤¨ŕĽŕ¤ŚŕĽŕ¤°ŕ¤žŕ¤ŁŕĽ
1234:Akshamala
1191:MÄheĹvarÄŤ
1186:ऎञचŕĽŕ¤śŕĽŕ¤ľŕ¤°ŕĽ
1147:(conch),
1115:Vaishnavi
1085:kamandalu
1075:) is the
1049:एŕĽŕ¤°ŕ¤šŕĽŕ¤Žŕ¤žŕ¤ŁŕĽ
956:RaktabÄŤja
921:Vaishnavi
917:Narasimhi
900:Bhaktapur
890:Chalukyas
875:Chalukyas
871:Chandella
855:Karnataka
824:Balagraha
806:Dravidian
677:Narasimha
673:Narasimhi
653:Kartikeya
611:. In the
597:goddesses
489:Kali Puja
474:Navaratri
441:Kundalini
425:Practices
358:Kalikulam
331:Vamachara
196:Saraswati
171:Mahavidya
144:(Supreme)
6576:Shaktism
6534:Category
6505:Maithuna
6437:Yakshini
6417:Bhairavi
6405:Entities
6356:Category
6326:Religion
6281:Kansakar
6271:Tuladhar
6261:Maharjan
6251:Shrestha
6225:Matrikas
6161:Language
6113:Mha Puja
6014:Festival
5979:Kachilaa
5839:Hinduism
5795:Ramayana
5737:Yakshini
5643:Shashthi
5603:Matrikas
5588:Mahadevi
5390:Trimurti
5323:Hinduism
5202:Kamakhya
5197:Kalighat
5091:Bhairavi
5053:Chamunda
5023:Brahmani
5015:Matrikas
4974:Mahakali
4932:Mahadevi
4903:Shaktism
4819:(2001).
4797:(2006).
4593:80905179
3494:Pal 1997
3423:ReVision
3187:Pal 1997
2772:Nitisara
2713:, as in
2613:Shudraka
2563:Sanskrit
2543:Chamundi
2531:Brahmani
2504:lokapala
2429:dyochems
2392:Buddhism
2354:In Nepal
2287:In India
2236:anusarva
2016:Nataraja
1950:Mahipala
1930:Brahmani
1896:Pleiades
1843:Halebidu
1745:Bhairava
1729:Chamunda
1696:Chandika
1659:, Paris.
1637:Narayana
1633:Narayani
1575:Vinayaki
1500:नञरसिŕ¤ŕ¤šŕĽ
1496:Sanskrit
1452:Chamundi
1442:ŕ¤ŕ¤žŕ¤ŽŕĽŕ¤ŁŕĽŕ¤Ąŕ¤ž
1438:Sanskrit
1433:Chamunda
1395:Vairali,
1381:Sanskrit
1332:Sanskrit
1294:Mahendri
1280:Sanskrit
1262:Sanskrit
1232:(drum),
1226:Trishula
1221:Trinetra
1182:Sanskrit
1128:VaiᚣášavÄŤ
1119:Sanskrit
1067:एŕĽŕ¤°ŕ¤žŕ¤šŕĽŕ¤ŽŕĽ
1063:Sanskrit
1054:BrahmâášÄŤ
1045:Sanskrit
1040:Brahmani
945:Chamunda
933:Brahmani
886:Kadambas
811:â
756:and the
715:Shaktism
711:Tantrism
707:Hinduism
692:Pleiades
681:Vinayaki
665:Chamunda
629:Brahmani
601:Hinduism
581:Sanskrit
577:Matrikas
381:Scholars
353:Srikulam
186:Matrikas
142:Mahadevi
105:Shaktism
97:a series
95:Part of
85:Mahadevi
59:Sanskrit
6498:Related
6489:Mitaoli
6474:Hirapur
6427:Matrika
6398:Yoginis
6276:Sthapit
6188:Deities
6146:Chaitya
6103:Iihipaa
6076:Rituals
6027:Sa Paru
5931:Cuisine
5921:Bhusyah
5789:Puranas
5777:Atharva
5746:Texts (
5733:Yakshas
5728:Vahanas
5698:DikpÄla
5671:Apsaras
5623:Rukmini
5598:Matangi
5546:Parvati
5541:Lakshmi
5531:Tridevi
5457:Krishna
5437:Hanuman
5432:Ganesha
5422:Chandra
5417:Ashvins
5223:More...
5111:Matangi
5048:Indrani
5033:Kaumari
4947:Parvati
4942:Lakshmi
4914:History
4601:7796041
4379:Sources
2850:matrika
2703:bhupura
2688:Dakinis
2674:Deogarh
2639:mantras
2583:mandala
2565:author
2547:Ganesha
2539:Indrani
2500:digpala
2470:MÄtáškÄs
2461:mandala
2441:Legends
2348:mantras
2344:Pithori
2282:Worship
2271:(vakya)
2263:(varna)
2240:visarga
2228:Shaktas
2193:akshara
2173:Hirapur
2132:Mandala
2122:Yoginis
2118:Yoginis
2094:Yoginis
2060:Tantras
2052:Parvati
2002:Kashmir
1998:Kalhana
1990:Parvati
1974:Ganesha
1970:Parvati
1926:Ganesha
1910:Krishna
1855:Parvati
1839:Hoysala
1823:Vindhya
1821:on the
1815:Mandala
1783:Ganesha
1768:Krishna
1764:dakinis
1737:Andhaka
1692:Shaktis
1643:Legends
1625:Kauberi
1601:Kalyani
1587:Ganesha
1583:Ganesha
1566:Lakshmi
1464:Parvati
1447:CÄášuášá¸Ä
1414:chamara
1350:Kartiki
1341:KaumÄrÄŤ
1328:Kaumari
1284:ŕ¤ŕ¤¨ŕĽŕ¤ŚŕĽŕ¤°ŕĽ
1271:IndrÄášÄŤ
1257:Indrani
1212:Shivani
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1204:Rudrani
1145:Shankha
1131:), the
1123:ाŕĽŕ¤ˇŕĽŕ¤Łŕ¤ľŕĽ
974:Puranas
941:Indrani
925:Kaumari
829:In the
820:Kushana
782:Yakshas
776:seals.
762:Rigveda
685:Ganesha
645:Indrani
624:Shaktis
317:Schools
248:Tripura
221:Tantras
191:Lakshmi
161:Parvati
134:Deities
123:History
24:Matrika
6422:Dakini
6412:Apsara
6239:Castes
6230:Kumari
6210:Lakhey
6141:Vihara
6136:Pagoda
6093:Jankwa
6057:Samyak
6042:Swanti
6037:Mohani
5994:Sanyaa
5969:Choila
5964:Yomari
5911:Dhimay
5886:Topics
5693:Devata
5686:Danava
5681:Daitya
5676:Asuras
5638:Shakti
5628:Sanjna
5618:Rohini
5578:Shachi
5563:Chhaya
5482:Varuna
5472:Shasta
5462:Kubera
5400:Vishnu
5395:Brahma
5328:Tantra
5192:Bimala
5043:Varahi
4957:Shakti
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2721:. The
2641:. The
2588:Yantra
2535:Varahi
2489:durbar
2457:pithas
2449:pithas
2437:pithas
2419:pithas
2415:pithas
2404:pithas
2396:Ajimas
2337:Jajpur
2275:mantra
2267:(pada)
2247:Tantra
2212:vowels
2189:mÄtáškÄ
2177:Odisha
2161:Tantra
2141:Chandi
2136:chakra
2108:Yogini
2083:Skanda
2075:Kubera
2040:Ellora
2032:Shaiva
2028:Bhopal
1934:Kubera
1905:Putana
1851:Skanda
1819:Vishnu
1811:Yantra
1795:Brahma
1710:. The
1631:) and
1629:Kubera
1621:Varuna
1617:Varuni
1605:Matsya
1597:shakti
1579:shakti
1537:names
1514:Vishnu
1460:Chandi
1406:Vishnu
1402:Varaha
1390:VÄrÄhÄŤ
1385:ाञरञचŕĽ
1376:Varahi
1357:Ambika
1346:Kumari
1336:ŕ¤ŕĽŕ¤Žŕ¤žŕ¤°ŕĽ
1289:AindrÄŤ
1276:Aindri
1238:kapala
1230:Damaru
1160:abhaya
1153:varada
1149:chakra
1141:Garuda
1137:Vishnu
1133:Shakti
1097:vahana
1081:Brahma
1077:Shakti
1072:BrÄhmÄŤ
1059:Brahmi
1012:Agamas
937:Varahi
802:Shakta
790:Kubera
786:Skanda
742:Varahi
727:Skanda
723:Shaiva
669:Chandi
661:Varaha
657:Varahi
637:Vishnu
633:Brahma
456:Yantra
451:Tantra
226:Yogini
181:Lalita
156:Shakti
77:Shakti
66:mÄtáškÄ
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6581:Newar
6464:Badoh
6312:Patan
6220:Ajima
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6108:Sagan
6032:Yenya
6022:Gunla
6004:Thwon
5989:Takha
5939:Ailaa
5898:Music
5772:Yajur
5757:Vedas
5608:Radha
5573:Ganga
5568:Durga
5558:Bhumi
5553:Aditi
5477:Surya
5442:Indra
5405:Shiva
5374:texts
5234:Texts
4984:Radha
4962:Durga
4534:(PDF)
3463:See:
3344:(PDF)
2921:(PDF)
2910:(PDF)
2778:Notes
2768:Mukti
2670:Bihar
2609:Bhasa
2527:Shiva
2512:pitha
2486:Patan
2482:Malla
2453:pitha
2424:ganas
2400:Newar
2335:, in
2127:Durga
2071:Osian
2054:â of
2048:Shiva
1994:Shiva
1966:Shiva
1948:king
1889:Vedic
1874:Vajra
1862:Indra
1653:Chola
1555:Shiva
1410:Danda
1306:Vajra
1302:Indra
1298:Vajri
1216:Nandi
1200:Rudri
1196:Shiva
1156:mudra
1093:hamsa
1089:lotus
1057:) or
953:asura
947:with
831:Gupta
713:. In
700:Nepal
683:from
675:from
667:from
659:from
649:Indra
647:from
641:Shiva
593:Matri
589:Matar
216:Vedas
166:Durga
6290:Misc
5949:Baji
5944:Momo
5916:Dhaa
5825:more
5767:Sama
5748:list
5708:Gana
5654:more
5648:Sita
5633:Sati
5613:Rati
5583:Kali
5503:more
5497:Yama
5487:Vayu
5467:Rama
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5412:Agni
5382:Gods
5372:and
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5071:Kali
4995:More
4989:Sita
4952:Sati
4924:Devi
4844:ISBN
4825:ISBN
4803:ISBN
4781:ISBN
4762:ISBN
4743:ISBN
4724:ISBN
4707:ISSN
4672:ISBN
4659:help
4633:ISBN
4614:ISBN
4597:OCLC
4589:LCCN
4570:ISBN
4551:ISBN
4516:ISBN
4477:ISBN
4458:ISBN
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243:Sita
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