881:
317:, a recent Moore School graduate. Mauchly accepted a teaching position at the Moore School, which was a center for wartime computing. Eckert encouraged Mauchly to believe that vacuum tubes could be made reliable with proper engineering practices. The critical problem that was consuming the Moore School was ballistics: the calculation of firing tables for the large number of new guns that the U.S. Army was developing for the war effort.
610:
704:, while the ENIAC used tubes to implement a complete set of decimal operations. The ENIAC's general-purpose instruction set, together with the ability to automatically sequence through them, made it a general-purpose computer. However, the later EDVAC computer, developed without the immediate pressures of wartime projects, harked back more to the ABC in that it was a binary computer employing regenerative memory.
494:
and various business problems in 1945 and 1946 focused his attention on the need to provide new users with the software to accomplish their objectives. He knew it would be difficult to sell computers without application materials, and without training in how to use the systems. And so, EMCC began to assemble a staff of mathematicians interested in coding in early 1947. (from
Norberg)
42:
444:
National Bureau of
Standards, Cambridge University, Columbia, Harvard, the Institute for Advanced Study, IBM, Bell Labs, Eastman Kodak, General Electric, and National Cash Register. A number of the attendees were to later go on to develop computers, such as Maurice Wilkes, of Cambridge, who built EDSAC.
707:
Proponents for the court decision emphasize that the testimony established that
Mauchly definitely visited Atanasoff's lab at Iowa State College, had complete access to Atanasoff's machine and the documents describing it. Letters he wrote to Atanasoff show that he was at one time at least considering
493:
Very early in the history of EMCC, John
Mauchly assumed responsibility for programming, coding, and applications for the planned computer systems. His early interaction with representatives of the Census Bureau in 1944 and 1945, and discussion with people interested in statistics, weather prediction,
443:
The course "The Theory and
Techniques for Design of Digital Computers", ran from July 8 to August 31, 1946. Eckert gave 11 of the lectures; Mauchly and Goldstine each delivered 6. "The Moore School Lectures", as they came to be known, were attended by representatives from the army, the navy, MIT, the
439:
In March 1946, just after the ENIAC was announced, the Moore School decided to change their patent policy, in order to gain commercial rights to any future and past computer development there. Eckert and
Mauchly decided this was unacceptable; they resigned. However they had already been contracted
254:
as head of its
Section of Terrestrial Electricity. As a youth, Mauchly was interested in science, and in particular with electricity, and as a young teenager was known to fix neighbors' electric systems. Mauchly attended E.V. Brown Elementary School in Chevy Chase and McKinley Technical High School
809:
It shouldn't have been rough, because my father spoke German. But he never spoke it in the family. We came from a family in Ohio where German was apparently a rather common tongue, and my mother's maiden name was
Scheidermann so her family, you might say, was on the German side too, and so if they
281:
In 1959, Mauchly left Sperry Rand and started
Mauchly Associates, Inc. One of Mauchly Associates' notable achievements was the development of the Critical Path Method (CPM) which provided for automated construction scheduling. Mauchly also set up a consulting organization, Dynatrend, in 1967 and
249:
John W. Mauchly was born on August 30, 1907, to
Sebastian and Rachel (Scheidemantel) Mauchly in Cincinnati, Ohio. His family was of German descent, and his father spoke German, but Mauchly didn't grow up speaking it as it was not spoken in the family. He moved with his parents and sister, Helen
331:
In 1942 Mauchly wrote a memo proposing the building of a general-purpose electronic computer. The proposal, which circulated within the Moore School (but the significance of which was not immediately recognized), emphasized the enormous speed advantage that could be gained by using digital
468:
255:
in Washington, DC. At McKinley, Mauchly was extremely active in the debate team, was a member of the national honor society, and became editor-in-chief of the school's newspaper, Tech Life. After graduating from high school in 1925, he earned a scholarship to study engineering at
274:(1919–1995), with whom he would form a long-standing working partnership. Following the course, Mauchly was hired as an instructor of electrical engineering and in 1943, he was promoted to assistant professor of electrical engineering. Following the outbreak of World War II, the
408:). Goldstine, in a move that was to become controversial, removed any reference to Eckert or Mauchly and distributed the document to a number of von Neumann's associates across the country. The ideas became widely known within the very small world of computer designers.
375:
The ENIAC design was frozen in 1944 to allow construction. Eckert and Mauchly were already aware of the limitations of the machine and began plans on a second computer, to be called EDVAC. By January 1945 they had procured a contract to build this
348:
Because of its high-speed calculations, ENIAC could solve problems that were previously unsolvable. It was roughly a thousand times faster than the existing technology. It could add 5,000 numbers or do 357 10-digit multiplications in one second.
476:
UNIVAC, the first computer designed for business applications, had many significant technical advantages such as magnetic tape for mass storage. As an interim product, the company created and delivered a smaller computer,
262:
From 1932 to 1933, Mauchly served as a research assistant at Johns Hopkins University where he concentrated on calculating energy levels of the formaldehyde spectrum. Mauchly's teaching career truly began in 1933 at
471:
A picture of UNIVAC I borrowed for the 1952 U.S. Presidential election results analysis by CBS news team. J. Presper Eckert (c.), co-designer of the UNIVAC, and Harold Sweeny of the US Census Bureau, with Walter
340:
and Moore School, picked up on the idea and asked Mauchly to write a formal proposal. In April 1943, the Army contracted with the Moore School to build the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer
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688:
Critics of the court decision also note that there is, at a component level, nothing in common between the two machines. The ABC was binary; the ENIAC was decimal. The ABC used regenerative
497:
Mauchly's interest lay in the application of computers, as well as to their architecture and organization. His experience with programming the ENIAC and its successors led him to create
270:
In the summer of 1941, Mauchly took a Defense Training Course for Electronics at the University of Pennsylvania Moore School of Electrical Engineering. There he met the lab instructor,
356:
functions, and conditional branches. Programming was initially accomplished with patch cords and switches, and reprogramming took days. It was redesigned in 1948 to allow the use of
540:
in 1950 and for ten years Mauchly remained as Director of Univac Applications Research. Leaving in 1959 he formed Mauchly Associates, a consulting company that later introduced the
1258:
509:). It was a pseudocode interpreter for mathematical problems proposed in 1949 and ran on the UNIVAC I and II. Mauchly's belief in the importance of languages led him to hire
345:). Mauchly led the conceptual design while Eckert led the hardware engineering on ENIAC. A number of other talented engineers contributed to the confidential "Project PX".
945:
293:, a mathematician, whom he married on December 30, 1930, drowned in 1946. John and Mary Mauchly had two children, James (Jimmy) and Sidney. In 1948, Mauchly married
278:
contracted the Moore School to build an electronic computer which, as proposed by Mauchly and Eckert, would accelerate the recomputation of artillery firing tables.
1248:
589:
544:(CPM) for construction scheduling by computer. In 1967 he founded Dynatrend, a computer consulting organization. In 1973 he became a consultant to Sperry Univac.
1103:
Computers and Commerce: A Study of Technology and Management at Eckert–Mauchly Computer Company, Engineering Research Associates, and Remington Rand, 1946-1957
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learned of the project and joined in some of the engineering discussions. He produced what was understood to be an internal document describing the EDVAC.
259:. He subsequently transferred to the physics department, and without completing his undergraduate degree, instead earned a Ph.D. in physics in 1932.
670:) and the patent filing date (1947). The federal judge who presided over the case ruled that "the subject matter was derived" from the earlier
297:(1921–2006), one of the six original ENIAC programmers; they had five children Sara (Sallie), Kathleen (Kathy), John, Virginia (Gini), and Eva.
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1177:- by Asaf Goldschmidt and Atsushi Akera, An Exhibition in the Department of Special Collections Van Pelt Library, University of Pennsylvania
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Critics note that while the court said that the ABC was the first electronic digital computer, it did not define the term
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ENIAC could be programmed to perform sequences and loops of addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, square-root,
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908:
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Besides the lack of credit, Eckert and Mauchly suffered additional setbacks due to Goldstine's actions. The ENIAC patent
1171:, discusses its development at the University of Pennsylvania and the interaction of the personnel at the Moore School.
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404:. Dated June 30, 1945, it was an early written account of a general-purpose stored-program computing machine (the
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Elizabeth (Betty), at an early age to Chevy Chase, Maryland, when Sebastian Mauchly obtained a position at the
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Mauchly stayed involved in computers for the rest of his life. He was a founding member and president of the
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520:" in his 1942 paper on electronic computing, although in the context of ENIAC, not in its current meaning.
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had spoken German in the family, why, I might have had that as a second language. But they didn't do that.
1243:
1183:. The only work to contain archival footage of John Mauchly speaking about the development of the ENIAC.
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where he was appointed head of the physics department, where he was, in fact, the only staff member.
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241:(1946), influenced an explosion of computer development in the late 1940s all over the world.
505:), the first programming language actually used on a computer (predated by Zuse's conceptual
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in October, 1973 for several reasons. Some had to do with the time between publication (the
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to do one more thing at the Moore School: to give a series of talks on computer design.
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536:(SIAM), serving as its fourth president. The Eckert–Mauchly Corporation was bought by
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Engines of the Mind: The Evolution of the Computer from Mainframes to Microprocessors
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John Mauchly has also been credited for being the first one using the verb "to
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Mauchly consistently maintained that it was the use of high-speed electronic
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925:"Introduction to 'The First Draft Report on the EDVAC' by John von Neumann"
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worked as a consultant to Sperry UNIVAC from 1973 until his death in 1980.
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Mauchly received numerous award and honors. He was a life member of the
481:, but were still in a shaky financial situation. They were purchased by
634: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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421:(which were also common to ENIAC) was later cited as one cause for the
363:
In 2002, for his work on ENIAC he was inducted, posthumously, into the
231:, and programming languages. Their work, as exposed in the widely read
1167:, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Eckert, a co-inventor of the
289:, during heart surgery and following a long illness. His first wife,
219:
Together, Mauchly and Eckert started the first computer company, the
185:
609:
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223:(EMCC), and pioneered fundamental computer concepts, including the
209:
1080:
From ENIAC to UNIVAC: An Appraisal of the Eckert–Mauchly Computers
452:
In 1947 Eckert and Mauchly formed the first computer company, the
155:
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Presidents of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics
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1129:
From Dits to Bits: A personal history of the electronic computer
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456:(EMCC); Mauchly was president. They secured a contract with the
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ENIAC: The Triumphs and Tragedies of the World's First Computer
796:(Interview). Interviewed by Nancy Stern. Ambler, Pennsylvania:
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to store both program and data. Later that year, mathematician
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674:(ABC). This statement has become the center of a controversy.
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In 1941 Mauchly took a course in wartime electronics at the
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that gave him the idea for computing at electronic speeds.
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John W. Mauchly and the Development of the ENIAC Computer
894:
The Use of High-Speed Vacuum Tube Devices for Calculating
184:(August 30, 1907 – January 8, 1980) was an American
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Presidents of the Association for Computing Machinery
27:
American physicist and computer scientist (1907–1980)
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1249:Fellows of the American Statistical Association
534:Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics
332:electronics with no moving parts. Lieutenant
1161:Oral history interview with J. Presper Eckert
662:Mauchly and Eckert's patent on the ENIAC was
1046:(April 1984). "John Mauchly's Early Years".
428:
212:, the first commercial computer made in the
664:invalidated by U.S. Federal Court decision
40:
1131:. Portland, Oregon, USA: Robotics Press.
1042:
993:
685:, but was adapted to apply to a machine.
650:Learn how and when to remove this message
285:John Mauchly died on January 8, 1980, in
1181:Mauchly: The Computer and the Skateboard
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754:"IEEE Emanuel R. Piore Award Recipients"
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1198:MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive
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196:, the first general-purpose electronic
14:
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1123:
975:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
513:to develop a compiler for the UNIVAC.
307:Moore School of Electrical Engineering
276:United States Army Ordnance Department
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858:"Computer Inventor John Mauchly Dies"
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599:
562:Society for Advancement of Management
423:1973 invalidation of the ENIAC patent
734:List of pioneers in computer science
632:adding citations to reliable sources
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460:to build an "EDVAC II", later named
401:First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC
234:First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC
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572:, in 1957, and was a Fellow of the
530:Association for Computing Machinery
454:Eckert–Mauchly Computer Corporation
448:Eckert–Mauchly Computer Corporation
221:Eckert–Mauchly Computer Corporation
24:
1274:University of Pennsylvania faculty
1048:Annals of the History of Computing
987:
715:in cosmic-ray counting devices at
708:building on Atanasoff's approach.
681:. It had originally referred to a
336:, who was the liaison between the
252:Carnegie Institution of Washington
25:
1285:
1239:American people of German descent
1154:
1101:Norberg, Arthur L. (2005-06-01).
896:(by John W. Mauchly, August 1942)
564:. He was elected a Fellow of the
1254:Howard N. Potts Medal recipients
1234:20th-century American physicists
879:
608:
574:American Statistical Association
532:(ACM) and also helped found the
485:and became the UNIVAC division.
906:National Inventors Hall of Fame
794:"Oral Histories - John Mauchly"
619:needs additional citations for
558:National Academy of Engineering
398:arose from von Neumann's paper
365:National Inventors Hall of Fame
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798:American Institute of Physics
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596:, and numerous other awards.
122:Harry H. Goode Memorial Award
1269:Scientists from Philadelphia
838:. University of Pennsylvania
692:; The ENIAC used electronic
580:. He was a recipient of the
458:National Bureau of Standards
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237:(1945) and as taught in the
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568:, a predecessor society of
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136:IEEE Emanuel R. Piore Award
10:
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1229:Scientists from Cincinnati
1082:. Bedford, Massachusetts:
931:February 22, 2012, at the
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311:University of Pennsylvania
170:University of Pennsylvania
1165:Charles Babbage Institute
1020:Shurkin, Joel N. (1996).
994:McCartney, Scott (1999).
729:Mauchly's sphericity test
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429:The Moore School Lectures
360:with some loss in speed.
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112:Mauchly's sphericity test
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1203:University of St Andrews
832:"John W. Mauchly Papers"
672:Atanasoff–Berry computer
396:von Neumann architecture
380:. Eckert had proposed a
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257:Johns Hopkins University
94:Johns Hopkins University
1060:10.1109/MAHC.1984.10022
503:"The UNIVAC SHORT CODE"
378:stored-program computer
1044:Antonelli, Kathleen R.
700:to implement a binary
590:Emanual R. Piore Award
473:
594:Howard N. Potts Medal
470:
435:Moore School Lectures
414:U.S. patent 3,120,606
239:Moore School Lectures
1189:Robertson, Edmund F.
923:Michael D. Godfrey,
770:on November 24, 2010
628:improve this article
542:critical path method
295:Kathleen Kay McNulty
287:Ambler, Pennsylvania
182:John William Mauchly
82:Ambler, Pennsylvania
1187:O'Connor, John J.;
696:. The ABC used its
683:person who computes
511:Grace Murray Hopper
129:Harold Pender Award
1244:Computer designers
911:2013-08-24 at the
862:Detroit Free Press
717:Swarthmore College
600:Patent controversy
582:Philadelphia Award
554:Franklin Institute
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338:United States Army
291:Mary Augusta Walzl
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385:delay-line memory
315:J. Presper Eckert
272:J. Presper Eckert
190:J. Presper Eckert
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146:Scientific career
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962:2008-12-19
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394:The term
245:Biography
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