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557:, the consolidation of walls, the waterproofing of the roofs, and the layering of new tiles, based on historic designs and patterns, on the domes. The continuous conservation works have been in place when Kazakhstan gained its independence. The building is protected as a national monument and is included on the List of National Properties of Kazakhstan. The site is under the administration of the Azret-Sultan State Historical and Cultural Reserve Museum, in charge with the safeguarding, research, conservation, monitoring and maintenance of the mausoleum.
517:, which made Yasi, then renamed Turkestan, its capital in the 16th century. The khans (Turkic for "ruler") sought to strengthen the political and religious importance of Turkestan to unify the nomadic tribes within the young state. Hence, as the khanate's political center, ceremonies for the elevation of the khans to the throne and missions from neighboring states were received in Turkestan. The Kazakh nobility also held their most important meetings to decide state-related matters in the capital.
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based at the mausoleum allowed pilgrims to secretly enter the structure at night. Beginning in 1922, several commissions took part in the technical investigation of the building. Regular maintenance has been in place beginning in 1938, while a series of restoration campaigns were started in 1945, with the last one being held from 1993 to 2000. Among the latest conservation steps implemented were the replacement of the structure's clay foundation with
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587:—which was made in a plant located in Sauran. Layers of clay reaching a depth of 1.5 m (4.9 ft), to prevent water penetration, were used for the original foundation. These were replaced with reinforced concrete in modern restoration works. The main entrance to the mausoleum is from the south-east, through which visitors are ushered into the 18.2 × 18.2-m (59.7 × 59.7-ft) Main Hall, known as
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470:. To gain the support of local citizens, Timur adopted the policy of constructing monumental public and cult buildings. In Yasi, he put his attention to the construction of a larger mausoleum to house Yasawi's remains, with the intention of glorifying Islam, promoting its further dissemination, and improving the governance of the immediate areas.
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important landmark and pilgrimage center of the town. In the succeeding centuries, Turkestan and its historic monuments became connected with the idea of the Kazakh state system. Political struggles and the shift in overland trade in favor of maritime routes soon led to the town's decline, before it finally passed on to the
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encapsulated in an Arab proverb from one of Timur's buildings, "If you want to know about us, observe our buildings." It is also for this reason that UNESCO has recognized the mausoleum as a World
Heritage Site in 2003, following the same international recognition for the sites of Samarkand, Humayun's Tomb and Taj Mahal.
493:. Tradition holds that Timur himself participated in the design of the structure, where he introduced experimental spatial arrangements, types of vaults and domes. These innovations were later implemented in the religious edifices of other cities. However, the mausoleum was left unfinished, when Timur died in 1405.
617:. Additional rooms in the structure, totaling more than 35, include meeting rooms, a refectory, a library, and a mosque, where fragments remain of the light blue geometric and floral ornaments on its walls. The mausoleum's exterior walls are covered in glazed tiles constituting geometric patterns with
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The double dome technique executed in the mausoleum made possible the huge domes of the
Timurid era. The dome is created by employing a squinch, or corner bracketing, that allows for the transition from a square, octagonal or 16-sided base to a dome top. Indeed, the mausoleum's main dome remains the
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The town, situated on the border of the nomadic and settled cultures, flourished as the khanate's largest trade and craft center. Fortifications were erected to safeguard this commercial role, including the 19th-century construction of defensive walls around the unfinished mausoleum, which became an
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located exactly at the center of the section, which has a double dome ribbed roof —the inner dome being 17.0 m (55.8 ft) high and the outer dome being 28.0 m (91.9 ft) high. The dome exterior is covered with hexagonal green glazed tiles with gold patterns. The interior is
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by the 20th century. The new administration carried out preservation and restoration work on site, although they considered it more as an architectural rather than a spiritual structure. Hence, the mausoleum was closed to the devotees who came to pay homage to Yasawi. Nevertheless, the local khoja
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The construction of the mausoleum provided important advances in building technology, displaying unsurpassed records of all kinds in terms of its vaulted constructions and artistic innovations. The achievements derived from the mausoleum's erection, together with the
Timurids’ patronage of music,
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Despite the public closure of the monument during the Soviet era, the mausoleum has continued to draw pilgrims once the order was lifted. Up to contemporary times, the
Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi has remained an object of pilgrimage for Kazakh Muslims. Hence, the town of Turkestan became the
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The mausoleum's construction at a time when many other
Central Asian settlements had been experiencing building sprees under Timur's political ideology allowed for the exchange of ideas and techniques across the empire. Master builders and laborers from the conquered cities congregated to build
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world for popularizing Sufism, which sustained the diffusion of Islam in the area despite the contemporary onslaught of the Mongol invasion. The theological school he created turned Yasi into the most important centre of learning in the region. He was also an outstanding poet, philosopher and
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As the capital of the preceding Kazakh
Khanate, which saw the emergence of the distinct Kazakh nationality, Turkestan remains the cultural heart of modern Kazakhstan. Being the burial site for the Sufi theologian and the khanate's Kazakh nobility, the mausoleum has further enhanced the town's
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The unfinished state of the
Mausoleum of Khawaja Ahmed Yasawi, especially at the entrance portal and sections of the interior, allow for the better architectural scrutiny of how the monument was designed and constructed. The structure is rectangular in plan, measuring 45.8 × 62.7 m (150.3 ×
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The mausoleum is thus seen as a prototype, marking the beginning of a new architectural style, which culminated in the monuments of
Samarkand, but was also continuously developed as in the case of India's Mughal Architecture. Indeed, the Timurids’ outstanding achievement in architecture is
809:. It is thought that the peak of Timurid architecture could be found in the buildings of Samarkand. Timur filled his capital with both secular and religious monuments, as well as a plethora of gardens, which featured stone walls and floors with elaborate patterns and palaces outfitted with
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Timurid tile work did not merely embellish a building as an 'applied' decoration. Rather, in the hands of the architect it was viewed as an intrinsic element of its conception, as a perfect object. Most tile patterns were based on a complex system of proportions and measurements or
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system and produced highly sophisticated and fractal 'quasi-crystalline' wall patterns. Historians also narrate how building settings combined with theatrical props such as silk curtains, awnings, vertical screens and lamps reflecting in giant mirrors to produce memorable
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projects. The employment of
Persian architects in leading the major construction activities resulted in the introduction of Persian elements in the Timurid style. This and the Timurids’ general patronage of the arts have made them the greatest patrons of Iranian culture.
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The spacious structure employed a radially symmetrical plan for spatial arrangement. The visual balance created by the precise construction became a characteristic aesthetic feature of
Timurid buildings—one which would famously be adopted by the
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Khoja Ahmed Yasawi (Khawaja or Khwaja (Persian: خواجه pronounced khâje) corresponds to "master", whence Arabic: خواجة khawājah), also spelled as Khawajah Akhmet Yassawi, was the 12th-century head of a regional school of Sufism, a mystic movement in
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of Turkestan, with the Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi at its center. Perceived as one of the greatest mausoleums of the Islamic world, it has survived and remains a significant monument both to faith and architectural achievement in the region.
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The larger mausoleum which Timurid ordered further enhanced the shrine's religious importance. During the Kazakh Khanate, prominent personalities chose to be buried within the immediate vicinity of the monument. Among these are Abulkhair,
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second Mecca for the Muslims of Central Asia. Indeed, the mausoleum's importance to the town is attested by Turkestan's former name, Hazrat-e Turkestan, which literally means "Saint of Turkestan," a direct reference to Yasawi.
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characterize the archaeological area. To the north of the Mausoleum of Khawaja Ahmed Yasawi, a reconstructed section of the citadel wall from the 1970s separates the historical area from the developments of the modern town.
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The landmark architectural and artistic solutions realized in the erection of the Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi were immediately utilized in other building endeavors, such as contemporary works in Samarkand,
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bear strong influence from Iran, where many of Timur's architects were from. The covered surfaces create visual effects based on how the observer would view the building, and "read" the calligraphic messages.
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The Mausoleum of Khawaja Ahmed Yasawi is situated in the north-eastern part of the modern-day town of Turkestan (formerly known as Hazrat-e Turkestan), an ancient centre of
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techniques allowed for the mass production of glazed tiles used for various decorative functions. Among the techniques devised for tile decoration are:
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in the 13th century. Over time, the descendants of the Mongols settled in the area and converted to Islam. The town then came under the control of the
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and azure-blue as the prominent color of choice for many structures were meant to contrast with the bright sunlight of the Central Asian desert.
1319:"Encyclopædia Britannica (2007): Related Articles to "Ahmed Yesevi, or Ahmad Yasawi, or Ahmed Yasavi (Turkish author)", accessed March 18, 2007"
852:(Islamic schools), even if none of them were commissioned by Timur himself and were built in a later period by Ulug Beg and Governor Yalangtush.
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trade known earlier as Khazret and later as Yasi, in the southern part of Kazakhstan. The structure is within the vicinity of a historic
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828:: the world's largest mosque when it was completed in 1404; it displays Timur's concern for monumental effect and theatrical arrangement
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technique: the "builder's technique," consists of revetment of glazed bricks set within unglazed ones to form geometric patterns
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705:: a technique that permits the creation of multi-colored patterns on the same tile before firing without letting the colors mix
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The new mausoleum was begun in 1389. Timur imported builders from cities which he laid waste during his campaigns, including
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General View of Sultan Akhmed Yassavi's Mausoleum from the Southern Side (historic photo, created on around 1865-1872)
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prestige. The continuance of the Kazakh nation and Central Asian Islamic faith in modern times are testaments to the
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The use of glazed tiles, mosaics, patterned brickwork, and Islamic calligraphy was also influential. Advances in
878:, Kaz dauysty Kazbek-bi. The mausoleum's holy reputation also reached foreign lands. In the early 16th century,
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205.7 ft), and is 38.7 m (127.0 ft) high. It is oriented from the south-east to the north-west.
713:: a patterned arrangement of closely fitted small pieces of tiles which have surface glaze of different colors
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1975:
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655:, and various scientific pursuits, gave birth to a distinct Islamic artistic style, to be known as Timurid.
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846:: considered the pinnacle of Timurid architecture; a broad plaza fronted by the towering edifices of three
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The religious structure continues to draw pilgrims from across Central Asia and has come to epitomize the
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The town was eventually deserted; a new town center was developed west of the area, built around a new
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made the structure the prototype for this distinctive art, which spread across the empire and beyond.
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834:: the burial place of Timur; it contains a double shell dome for the achievement of a vertical effect
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in the 1360s. Timur (Tamerlane), the founder of the dynasty, expanded the empire's realm to include
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Despite its incomplete state, the mausoleum has survived as one of the best-preserved of all
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417:) in 1093, and spent most of his life in Yasi, dying there in 1166. He is widely revered in
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840:: a funerary complex presenting the pinnacle of every tile technique known to the Timurids
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The tile work was also used to obscure the structural joints of the building. The use of
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statesman. Yasawi was interred in a small mausoleum, which became a pilgrimage site for
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Prominent examples of Timurid domes: from Turkestan's Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi,
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291:(1093–1166). However, construction was halted with the death of Timur in 1405.
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1134:"ICOMOS Evaluation of Mausoleum of Khawaja Ahmed Yasawi World Heritage Nomination"
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898:. He swore that if he were to emerge victorious, his rule would fully follow the
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1390:"Yasavi (Shrine of Ahmed Yasavi), ArchNet Dictionary of Islamic Architecture"
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The dome of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi's mausoleum is the largest in Central Asia.
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recognized it as the country's first site of patrimony, declaring it a
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1518:"History of Turkistan in the medieval manuscripts and written sources"
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View of the Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yesevi in Turkestan, Kazakhstan.
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Islam in the Soviet Union: From the Second World War to Perestroika
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Islam in the Soviet Union: From the Second World War to Perestroika
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disintegrated, control of the immediate territory passed on to the
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which began in the 9th century. He was born in Ispidjab (modern
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technique - patterns of glazed brickwork - can be best observed.
1231:"Geopolitical importance of Turkestan in Historical Retrospect"
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Dr. Manu P. Sobti, School of Architecture and Urban Planning,
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489:. The master builders were led by Khwaja Hosein Shirazi from
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Islam After Communism: Religion and Politics in Central Asia
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Entrance to mausoleum. Typical architecture of Timurid type.
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Location of the mausoleum within the town's defensive walls.
279:, to replace a smaller 12th-century mausoleum of the famous
1740:. Los Angeles: University of California Press. p. 29.
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Remains of medieval structures such as other mausoleums,
1347:"Khodja Akhmed Yasawi: Life and Philosophical heritage"
1277:. USA: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 1995. p. 56.
1167:. USA: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 1995. p. 94.
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Photos of the site and brief architectural description
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of India, especially in the gardens and structures of
890:, stopped at the mausoleum before his battle against
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The New Encyclopædia Britannica Micropædia Volume 12
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The New Encyclopædia Britannica Macropædia Volume 22
1047:. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 373.
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625:. Initial plans also called for the addition of two
591:(the "copper room"). The section is covered by the
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1498:"Turkestan - the capital of the Kazakh Khanship"
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1769:Square Kufic decoration on the Yasawi mausoleum
1442:"Architectural complex of Khodja Akhmed Yasawi"
621:and Suls epigraphic ornaments derived from the
446:The town of Yasi was largely spared during the
1764:Detailed information on the town and mausoleum
1716:"Uzbekistan: On the bloody trail of Tamerlane"
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1223:
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275:, who ruled the area as part of the expansive
2416:Religious buildings and structures with domes
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1804:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1153:
683:largest existing brick dome in Central Asia.
671:, both commissioned by descendants of Timur.
611:adorned with alabaster stalactites, known as
2426:Buildings and structures in Turkistan Region
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894:, who would later become the founder of the
271:. The structure was commissioned in 1389 by
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298:. Its creation marked the beginning of the
2391:Buildings and structures completed in 1405
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1659:. History.com Encyclopedia. Archived from
1609:"The holy shines through the glazed walls"
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951:List of World Heritage Sites in Kazakhstan
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1370:"History of the town of Yasy - Turkestan"
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874:, Ondan-sultan (the son of Shygai-khan),
593:largest extant brick dome in Central Asia
306:, innovative architectural solutions for
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1637:"Religious Architecture of the Timurids"
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1543:. New York: Columbia University Press.
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1299:"Archaeological monuments of Turkistan"
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233:The Mausoleum of Khawaja Ahmed Yasawi
2049:Battle of the Kondurcha River (1391)
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1254:"Mausoleum of Khawaja Ahmed Yasawi"
1008:"Timurid architecture in samarkand"
1005:
764:, and from Samarkand's Gur-i Amir,
13:
2401:World Heritage Sites in Kazakhstan
2168:Revolt of Abdal-Latif Mirza (1449)
2086:Battle of the Chirciq River (1488)
1925:
1881:
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1031:
731:. Skilled artisans permutated the
442:A view of the mausoleum, ca. 1879.
14:
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2302:Khanqah of Baha ad-Din Naqshbandi
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861:Religious and cultural importance
743:University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee
165:Mausoleum of Khawaja Ahmed Yasawi
2121:Battle of Qalat-i-Ghilzai (1505)
2061:Invasions of Georgia (1386-1403)
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27:
2221:Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi
2111:Battle of Ab Darrah Pass (1511)
2054:Battle of the Terek River(1395)
2006:Ibrahim Mirza bin Ala-ud-Daulah
1853:Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi
1729:
1510:
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1311:
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257:Mavzoley khodzhi Akhmeda Yasavi
22:Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yesevi
1657:"Islamic art and architecture"
1607:Saxena, Manjari (2009-08-20).
1291:
575:—fired brick mixed with
466:, with its capital located in
1:
2360:Timurid relations with Europe
2292:Blue Mosque of Mazar-i-Sharif
1976:Sultan Muhammad bin Baysonqor
1714:Stratton, Mark (2006-07-09).
1392:. Archnet.org. Archived from
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638:Birth of Timurid architecture
448:Mongol invasion of Khwarezmia
389:Rear view of mausoleum where
325:. It has been protected as a
909:The Mausoleum depicted on a
717:The employment of tiles and
7:
2183:Battle of Farhadgerd (1449)
2076:Siege of Shahrukhiya (1461)
2071:Battle of Nakhchivan (1406)
2011:Sultan Husayn Mirza Bayqara
1784:Photo reportage (in French)
1779:Detailed 2003 UNESCO report
1611:. Gulf News. Archived from
1461:Bozorg-nia, Zohreh (2004).
1196:"Turkestan Kazakhstan city"
934:
548:. The territory came under
348:
300:Timurid architectural style
253:Мавзолей Ходжи Ахмеда Ясави
245:Qoja Ahmet İassaui kesenesı
10:
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2158:Occupation of Balkh (1447)
2132:Timurid wars of succession
2116:Battle of Ghazdewan (1512)
2096:Battle of Sar-e-Pul (1501)
1687:"The timurids as builders"
401:
380:
241:Қожа Ахмет Яссауи кесенесі
155:UNESCO World Heritage Site
2310:
2213:
2203:Battle of Akhsi (1502-03)
2198:Siege of Samarkand (1494)
2148:Battle of Nishapur (1447)
2101:Siege of Samarkand (1501)
2091:Siege of Samarkand (1497)
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1946:Pir Muhammad ibn Jahangir
1933:
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911:1992 Russian 5 ruble coin
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2396:Mausoleums in Kazakhstan
2193:Battle of Sarakhs (1459)
2188:Urdu Bazar Revolt (1447)
2143:Battle of Damghan (1447)
2081:Battle of Qarabagh(1469)
961:History of Persian domes
505:Decline and preservation
323:Kazakh national identity
2328:Turco-Persian tradition
2153:Battle of Tarnab (1448)
2126:Battle of Bajaur (1519)
2066:Battle of Ankara (1402)
1834:Cold Winter Deserts of
1256:. World Heritage Center
1139:. World Heritage Centre
2333:Indo-Persian tradition
2323:Turco-Mongol tradition
1981:Abul-Qasim Babur Mirza
1887:
1736:Khalid, Adeeb (2007).
1570:"Daytrip to Turkestan"
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884:Muhammad Shaybani Kahn
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59:Location in Kazakhstan
2370:Karsakpay inscription
2282:Great Mosque of Herat
2270:Herat Musalla Complex
2258:Ulugh Beg Observatory
2231:Registan of Samarkand
2178:Siege of Herat (1448)
2173:Siege of Balkh (1447)
2163:Siege of Herat (1448)
2138:Siege of Balkh (1447)
2106:Siege of Kabul (1504)
2037:Siege of Balkh (1370)
2030:Battles and conflicts
2016:Yadgar Muhammad Mirza
1885:
1537:Ro'i, Yaacov (2000).
1041:Ro'i, Yaacov (2000).
941:History of Kazakhstan
908:
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724:
677:
539:
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388:
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296:Timurid constructions
125:43.29778°N 68.27083°E
2043:Tokhtamysh–Timur war
2021:Badi' al-Zaman Mirza
1820:World Heritage Sites
956:Persian architecture
946:Islamic architecture
838:Shah-i Zinda Complex
832:Gur-i-Amir Mausoleum
481:and stonemasons and
404:Khoja Akhmet Yassawi
398:Khawaja Ahmed Yasawi
304:spatial arrangements
141:Construction started
2355:Timurid Renaissance
1996:Sultan Mahmud Mirza
1863:Tamgaly Petroglyphs
928:cultural importance
886:of the neighboring
882:, the successor to
868:Rabi'i Sultan-Begim
821:. Among these are:
661:Mughal Architecture
555:reinforced concrete
363:archaeological site
335:World Heritage Site
302:. The experimental
121: /
81:Architectural style
68:General information
2226:Bibi-Khanym Mosque
1991:Sultan Ahmed Mirza
1888:
1886:Flag of Kazakhstan
915:
870:, Zholbarys-khan,
826:Bibi-Khanum Mosque
786:
770:
680:
649:miniature painting
542:
526:
524:Plan of Mausoleum.
502:
444:
395:
361:, which is now an
346:
289:Khoja Ahmed Yasawi
203:Reference no.
130:43.29778; 68.27083
2378:
2377:
2253:Ulugh Beg Madrasa
2001:Mirza Shah Mahmud
1966:Abdal-Latif Mirza
1893:
1892:
1873:Western Tien-Shan
1747:978-0-520-24927-1
1718:. The Independent
327:national monument
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1689:. Archived from
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1986:Abu Sa'id Mirza
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1465:. p. 140.
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863:
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452:Timurid dynasty
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406:
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1968:
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531:Russian Empire
515:Kazakh Khanate
511:Timurid Empire
506:
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485:-workers from
477:-workers from
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1693:on 2009-10-08
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1663:on 2009-05-01
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1615:on 2009-08-28
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1020:on 2011-06-07
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896:Mughal Empire
893:
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440:
434:New mausoleum
431:
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416:
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162:Official name
160:
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96:
93:
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86:
83:
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46:
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30:
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20:
2297:Green Mosque
2265:Shah-i-Zinda
2220:
2214:Architecture
2130:
2041:
1852:
1847:, Kaskakulan
1845:Barsa-Kelmes
1737:
1731:
1720:. Retrieved
1695:. Retrieved
1691:the original
1665:. Retrieved
1661:the original
1651:
1640:. Retrieved
1617:. Retrieved
1613:the original
1578:. Retrieved
1574:the original
1539:
1532:
1521:. Retrieved
1512:
1501:. Retrieved
1462:
1456:
1445:. Retrieved
1398:. Retrieved
1394:the original
1384:
1373:. Retrieved
1350:. Retrieved
1323:. Retrieved
1313:
1302:. Retrieved
1293:
1274:
1269:
1258:. Retrieved
1234:. Retrieved
1199:. Retrieved
1164:
1141:. Retrieved
1043:
1022:. Retrieved
1015:the original
920:
916:
864:
855:
847:
787:
782:Ahmad Yasavi
771:
765:
761:
748:
732:
728:
725:
718:
716:
708:
702:
694:
685:
681:
657:
641:
612:
596:
588:
570:
568:
564:
561:Architecture
543:
527:
508:
472:
445:
419:Central Asia
407:
367:
352:
320:
316:glazed tiles
293:
256:
244:
232:
231:
217:Asia-Pacific
144:14th century
97:, Kazakhstan
2350:Timurid art
2343:family tree
2241:Shakhrisabz
801:, Tayabad,
645:calligraphy
608:sarcophagus
550:Soviet rule
464:Transoxiana
456:Mesopotamia
374:bath houses
128: /
103:Coordinates
2385:Categories
2318:Persianate
2236:Gur-e-Amir
1841:Altyn-Emel
1824:Kazakhstan
1722:2009-09-14
1697:2009-09-14
1667:2009-09-14
1642:2009-09-14
1619:2009-09-14
1580:2009-09-16
1523:2009-09-16
1503:2009-09-16
1447:2009-09-16
1400:2012-04-22
1375:2009-09-16
1352:2009-09-16
1325:2012-04-22
1304:2009-09-16
1260:2009-09-14
1236:2009-09-16
1201:2009-09-16
1143:2009-09-14
1024:2009-09-14
967:References
924:historical
876:Ablai Khan
653:literature
647:, Persian
269:Kazakhstan
186:Designated
181:i, iii, iv
116:68°16′15″E
113:43°17′52″N
1961:Ulugh Beg
1956:Shah Rukh
872:Esim-khan
849:madrassas
751:turquoise
703:Haftrangi
669:Taj Mahal
533:in 1864.
509:When the
468:Samarkand
337:in 2003.
283:poet and
265:Turkestan
261:mausoleum
95:Turkistan
76:Mausoleum
2311:See also
2275:Minarets
1934:Emperors
1858:Saryarka
935:See also
844:Registan
799:Khargird
739:—
719:muqarnas
627:minarets
614:muqarnas
604:cauldron
597:Kazandyk
589:Kazandyk
421:and the
349:Location
329:, while
287:mystic,
178:Criteria
173:Cultural
91:Location
2411:Dargahs
2406:Ziyarat
819:carpets
736:spaces.
710:Faience
696:Banna’i
688:pottery
487:Isfahan
428:Muslims
391:banna'i
381:History
370:mosques
359:citadel
355:caravan
259:) is a
249:Russian
195:session
85:Timurid
1744:
1547:
1469:
1281:
1171:
1051:
900:sharia
807:Tabriz
795:Meshed
633:Legacy
623:Qur'an
601:bronze
581:gypsum
577:mortar
483:stucco
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