104:
249:
20:
375:
235:(also known as "stalactite" or "honeycomb" sculpting) was also rendered more complex than before by using smaller individual cells to create the three-dimensional geometric forms. Visual balance could be achieved by alternating one type or pattern of decoration with another between the different subdivisions of the vault. By combining this vaulting technique, also known as "squinch-net" vaulting, with a cruciform plan and by breaking the solid mass of supporting walls with open arches and windows, the formerly strict division between dome, squinch, and wall was dissolved and an endless diversity of elaborate interior spaces could be created.
202:
182:
542:
444:
397:
124:
318:
596:
1467:
488:
2379:
2392:
393:, per the traditional layout of congregational mosques in the region. Except on the entrance side, each iwan leads to a domed chamber behind it. The eastern iwan is much larger and more elaborate and leads to the main prayer hall, covered by the largest dome of the building. Four thin minarets are also arranged symmetrically along the mosque's front façade.
522:, a vizier under Shah Rukh. An inscription dates its completion to 1444, but as Qavam al-Din died in 1438, it was finished by an architect named Ghiyas al-Din Shirazi. The madrasa's architecture shows a further culmination of certain design elements. Its tile-decorated courtyard is rectangular but has
466:(d. 1457), was one of the most important patrons of architecture during the first half of the 15th century and during this period Timurid architecture attained the height of its sophistication. Her monuments were mainly found in Mashhad and Herat. In Mashhad, she commissioned the restoration of the
510:
and mosque complex built between 1417 and 1438, which was partly demolished by the
British in 1885. The mausoleum's surviving section nonetheless demonstrates the high quality of her architectural patronage, evidenced by the highly advanced interior vaulting and decoration. Its architect was Qavam
408:
necropolis in
Samarkand. This cemetery had already been in use long before this period, but it had fallen into neglect and was redeveloped into a monumental necropolis under Timur and his successors. The major mausoleums here are lined along a narrow street and feature rich decoration, restored in
193:
transitioning from the square chamber below. In
Timurid monuments, the dome is supported on a set of arches built over the edges of the square chamber. The transition between the square hall below and these supporting arches above is accomplished by squinches at the corners, while the small spaces
149:
inscriptions at relatively low cost, while more expensive tile mosaic, developed in previous periods, continued to be used for more curvilinear floral patterns. Tiles were favoured on the outside as they were more resistant to the elements. On the inside, walls were often covered with a
119:
architecture, building monuments with an unprecedented scale and lavish decoration intended to impress, but they also refined previous designs and techniques. Timurid rulers recruited the best craftsmen from their conquered territories or even forced them to move to the
Timurid
348:. The Gur-i Amir Mausoleum and the Bibi Khanum Mosque are distinguished by their lavish interior and exterior decoration, their imposing portals, and their prominent dome. Representative of domes in the Timurid era, each of these domes is supported on a tall, cylindrical
165:
Many
Timurid religious monuments are marked by prominent domes. They are usually double-shelled, consisting of an inner dome visible from the inside and a taller, outer dome visible from the outside. On the outside, the domes are supported on a tall, cylindrical
622:), the last significant Timurid ruler, was a prolific builder, though his projects were limited to Herat and the areas he still controlled around it. He created a vast garden, Bagh-i Jahanara, to the northeast of the city in 1469. In 1492–3, he built a large
650:
Timurid patronage was of high importance in the history of art and architecture across a wide part of the
Islamic world. The international Timurid style was eventually integrated into the visual culture of the rising
68:
patronized the construction of palaces, mausoleums, and religious monuments across the region. Their architecture is distinguished by its grand scale, luxurious decoration in tilework, and sophisticated geometric
626:
to the north of Gawhar Shad's mausoleum. Only the complex's four minarets remain standing today, though they retain elaborate tile decoration attesting to the monument's richness. He also expanded the
385:
The Bibi Khanum Mosque, built between 1399 and 1405, was one of the largest mosques in the world when it was built and is named after Timur's wife, whose mausoleum stands across from it. Designed as a
363:
The Gur-i Amir
Mausoleum, which served as the resting place of Timur and some of his successors, was added at the beginning of the 15th century to a larger complex including a
360:
or ribbed. The Ak-Saray ("White Palace") was Timur's winter palace, built between 1379 and 1396. Only the imposing ruins of its massive entrance gate are still visible today.
678:. While few monuments sponsored by either faction have been preserved, what does remain shows that the Timurid style was already spreading westward during this period.
470:
and built a congregational mosque next to it, which took place between 1416 and 1418. The mosque, still present today within the much-expanded complex and known as the
580:
in 1420, which has been partially preserved and uncovered by 20th-century excavations. It originally was a cylindrical three-story building that contained a giant
139:
Brick was used as the main construction material, as it was during previous periods in this region. To cover large brick surfaces with colorful decoration, the
1547:
189:
On the inside, the structural support of
Timurid domes differed from earlier Iranian domes. Traditionally, domes rested on an octagonal base formed by four
642:, also contributed to the restoration of many shrines and mosques in the city, in addition to building his own religious complex known as the Ikhlasiyya.
198:
which join together to form a more circular base for the dome itself above. This made the vertical transition between chamber and dome much more dynamic.
2421:
572:
in
Samarkand was first transformed into a monumental complex similar to what it is today. He built three structures around the square, of which only the
404:
Other
Timurid mausoleums for royal relatives and high officials were built as smaller and more traditional domed structures. Many can be found in the
440:, and building a madrasa combined with a khanqah. The madrasa-khanqah became a recurring type of building commissioned by later patrons in the city.
314:, was built between 1389 and 1399. It features a surprisingly complicated but rationally organized layout of rooms inside a rectangular floor plan.
2426:
1257:
2349:
1085:
Asher, Catherine B. (2020). "Mughal architecture". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.).
1777:
174:(i.e. bulging on the sides and pointed at the top). They are covered with predominantly turquoise tile decoration and sometimes are
2293:
185:
Interior of the dome of the Gur-i Amir Mausoleum, showing the transition between the square chamber below and the round dome above
611:
Many new constructions occurred in the second half of the 15th century, but far fewer of these have survived to the present day.
511:
al-Din al-Shirazi, the chief royal architect under Shah Rukh, who also worked on the mosque in Mashhad and other commissions.
2354:
1993:
1325:
1226:
1159:
1138:
723:
Tabbaa, Yasser (2007). "Architecture". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.).
2436:
474:, consists of a four-iwan courtyard attached to the shrine. It is richly decorated with mosaic tilework and with elaborate
356:(pointed at the top and bulging on the sides), covered with predominantly turquoise tile decoration. Some of the domes are
263:
The most significant preserved Timurid monuments are found in and around the cities of Khorasan and Transoxiana, including
103:
2431:
2288:
1250:
1205:
1186:
732:
248:
1342:
506:
Some of Gawhar Shad's monuments in Herat have been destroyed or severely damaged since the 19th century, including
417:
Timur's successors also built extensively, although on a somewhat smaller scale. Under Timur's son and successor,
2262:
519:
371:, which were built in the late 14th century. These elements stand around a courtyard with a monumental entrance.
291:
252:
2359:
2040:
526:
corners which help to integrate all four façades with each other. Two chambers on either side of the entrance
19:
2339:
2334:
2329:
1285:
1243:
2344:
2324:
2319:
2298:
2171:
1559:
1403:
1295:
573:
546:
374:
576:(1417–1420) survives today, with a large façade covered by a rich variety of decoration. He also built an
1320:
1036:
1722:
694:
The two other monumental structures that stand around the square today were built in the 17th century.
1315:
1305:
1527:
1346:
201:
2272:
1555:
1481:
217:
Another important Timurid innovation was the more sophisticated and fluid arrangement of geometric
77:, spread across the empire and subsequently influenced the architecture of other empires from the
2416:
1630:
1330:
663:
also inherited the Timurid style and used it to further develop their own imperial architecture.
1819:
1371:
534:
have a sophisticated system of squinch-net vaulting and muqarnas, combined in this case with a
357:
175:
1290:
1128:
181:
2025:
1428:
1386:
1366:
1149:
612:
604:
577:
507:
386:
206:
1216:
1176:
2371:
2125:
1423:
1408:
1393:
1376:
1361:
1351:
1300:
1280:
1266:
389:, it was entered via an imposing portal that leads to a large courtyard surrounded by four
337:
98:
94:
23:
8:
2383:
2141:
1983:
1913:
1885:
1824:
1717:
1398:
1381:
1356:
1335:
667:
589:
467:
82:
61:
1310:
639:
378:
333:
256:
132:
514:
Qavam al-Din's last work was on the Ghiyathiyya Madrasa (or Madrasa al-Ghiyasiyya) in
400:
View from the entrance of the Shah-i Zinda in Samarkand (late 14th and 15th centuries)
290:) are distinguished by their size. One of the earliest major works under Timur is the
2080:
1492:
1222:
1201:
1182:
1155:
1134:
1090:
728:
631:
151:
881:
666:
During the late 14th and 15th centuries, western Iran was dominated by two powerful
655:
in the west, while to the east it was transmitted to the Indian subcontinent by the
2237:
2045:
1923:
1767:
1757:
1680:
1487:
627:
471:
452:
448:
295:
2212:
2030:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1742:
1502:
623:
341:
322:
65:
541:
443:
2186:
2181:
2070:
1972:
1860:
1829:
1507:
1497:
652:
635:
53:
35:
2410:
1865:
1850:
1094:
437:
396:
123:
2396:
2151:
1413:
671:
535:
405:
317:
311:
307:
108:
49:
1517:
225:
into smaller vaults which could then be further subdivided or filled with
1998:
1732:
1712:
463:
429:
78:
74:
595:
2196:
2156:
1967:
1702:
1615:
1551:
1235:
675:
353:
345:
326:
299:
171:
141:
128:
2303:
2217:
2055:
1988:
1946:
1928:
1697:
1620:
1565:
1512:
558:
515:
492:
418:
349:
264:
222:
167:
116:
27:
502:), prayer hall with muqarnas, squinch-net vaulting, and lantern dome
1957:
1918:
1855:
1798:
1772:
1737:
1635:
1456:
660:
569:
550:
302:). This massive funerary complex, built around the tomb of a local
227:
218:
195:
70:
2120:
1466:
925:
913:
2267:
2090:
2075:
2065:
2050:
1903:
1747:
1645:
1575:
1522:
741:
656:
600:
585:
581:
487:
456:
368:
364:
276:
268:
190:
155:
851:
849:
808:
806:
530:
one identified as a prayer hall and the other as a lecture hall
2227:
2176:
2166:
2161:
2146:
2114:
2085:
2060:
2035:
1962:
1908:
1834:
1782:
1762:
1650:
1640:
1625:
1610:
480:
433:
303:
159:
2378:
937:
428:), the capital was moved from Samarkand to Herat (present-day
2242:
2222:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
1813:
1803:
1752:
1707:
1692:
1686:
1660:
1655:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1570:
1451:
846:
803:
523:
280:
272:
210:
146:
57:
31:
989:
2232:
2191:
1977:
1951:
1808:
1727:
1543:
1068:
1066:
1051:
1001:
390:
145:
tiling technique was used to create geometric patterns and
45:
1151:
The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture
1063:
1013:
73:. This architectural style, along with other aspects of
60:(d. 1405) and conquering most of this region, oversaw a
861:
753:
44:
was an important stage in the architectural history of
221:
in general. Large vaults were divided by intersecting
194:
between the top of the arches are occupied by concave
1175:
Flood, Finbarr Barry; Necipoğlu, Gülru, eds. (2017).
332:
Other major monuments from Timur's time include the
162:. Marble paneling was also used in some monuments.
2408:
115:Timurid architecture continued the tradition of
1196:Hattstein, Markus; Delius, Peter, eds. (2011).
1195:
943:
931:
919:
855:
812:
747:
243:
1174:
1034:
659:, who were descended from Timur. In Iran, the
1251:
52:during the late 14th and 15th centuries. The
1178:A Companion to Islamic Art and Architecture
1130:The Art and Architecture of Islam 1250–1800
111:in Samarkand (late 14th and 15th centuries)
2422:Architecture of the medieval Islamic world
1258:
1244:
1148:Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair, Sheila (2009).
1147:
1127:Blair, Sheila; Bloom, Jonathan M. (1995).
1126:
1107:
1072:
1057:
1019:
1007:
995:
980:
976:
974:
972:
960:
904:
867:
837:
794:
759:
340:, both in his capital, Samarkand, and the
956:
954:
952:
790:
788:
432:), He revived the city by rebuilding its
1265:
1214:
833:
831:
829:
827:
825:
823:
821:
786:
784:
782:
780:
778:
776:
774:
772:
770:
768:
594:
540:
486:
442:
395:
373:
316:
247:
238:
200:
180:
122:
102:
18:
2427:Architecture in Iran by period or style
1101:
1037:"The Madrasa al-Ghiyasiyya at Khargird"
969:
898:
718:
716:
645:
2409:
1078:
949:
882:"Architecture V. Islamic, pre-Safavid"
879:
722:
1239:
1084:
1030:
1028:
818:
765:
713:
1112:Architecture (VII. c. 1500–c. 1900)
13:
2294:Influences on Western architecture
1218:Dictionary of Islamic Architecture
1025:
799:Architecture (VI. c. 1250–c. 1500)
107:Example of tile decoration at the
88:
16:Architecture of the Timurid Empire
14:
2448:
538:dome that allows light to enter.
154:-like plaster which was painted,
2390:
2377:
1465:
205:Squinch-net vaulting inside the
2263:Aga Khan Award for Architecture
688:
617:
563:
520:Ghiyath al-Din Pir Ahmad Khwafi
423:
292:Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi
285:
253:Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi
231:and other types of decoration.
1035:O'Kane, Bernard; Kane (1976).
873:
412:
34:(d. 1405), the founder of the
1:
1087:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three
725:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three
701:
496:
30:, which contains the tomb of
2355:Sudano-Sahelian architecture
886:Encyclopaedia Iranica Online
706:
518:, which was commissioned by
244:Monuments from Timur's reign
7:
2437:Architecture in Afghanistan
1198:Islam: Art and Architecture
1154:. Oxford University Press.
944:Hattstein & Delius 2011
932:Hattstein & Delius 2011
920:Hattstein & Delius 2011
856:Hattstein & Delius 2011
813:Hattstein & Delius 2011
748:Hattstein & Delius 2011
10:
2453:
2432:Architecture in Uzbekistan
1723:Islamic geometric patterns
1120:
638:towards 1480. His vizier,
92:
2368:
2312:
2281:
2255:
2205:
2157:Dar al-Shifa (Bimaristan)
2134:
2018:
2011:
1937:
1894:
1843:
1791:
1669:
1585:
1536:
1474:
1463:
1444:
1437:
1273:
1215:Petersen, Andrew (1996).
1133:. Yale University Press.
2273:Museum with No Frontiers
681:
578:astronomical observatory
553:in Samarkand (1417–1420)
381:in Samarkand (1399–1405)
135:in Samarkand (1399–1405)
56:(1370–1507), founded by
2384:Architecture portal
491:Ghiyathiyya Madrasa in
64:. In architecture, the
2289:Indo-Saracenic Revival
1689:(multicoloured ashlar)
1108:Bloom & Blair 2009
1073:Blair & Bloom 1995
1058:Blair & Bloom 1995
1020:Blair & Bloom 1995
1008:Blair & Bloom 1995
996:Blair & Bloom 1995
981:Bloom & Blair 2009
961:Bloom & Blair 2009
905:Bloom & Blair 2009
868:Blair & Bloom 1995
838:Bloom & Blair 2009
795:Bloom & Blair 2009
760:Blair & Bloom 1995
608:
554:
503:
459:
401:
382:
329:
260:
214:
186:
136:
112:
38:
2026:Congregational mosque
1484:(four-arch structure)
880:Grabar, Oleg (1986).
613:Sultan Husayn Bayqara
605:Ulugh Beg Observatory
598:
544:
490:
446:
399:
387:congregational mosque
377:
320:
251:
239:Overview of monuments
207:Gawhar Shad Mausoleum
204:
184:
126:
106:
22:
2350:Ottoman architecture
2340:Moorish architecture
2335:Islamic architecture
2330:Iranian architecture
1753:Sebka (Darj-wa-ktaf)
1607:(or müezzin mahfili)
1267:Islamic architecture
670:confederations, the
646:Legacy and influence
449:Gawhar Shad's Mosque
338:Gur-i Amir Mausoleum
213:(early 15th century)
99:Islamic architecture
95:Iranian architecture
62:cultural renaissance
42:Timurid architecture
24:Gur-i Amir Mausoleum
2387: •
2374: •
2360:Yemeni architecture
2345:Mughal architecture
2325:Berber architecture
2320:Arabic architecture
1984:Salsabil (fountain)
1718:Islamic calligraphy
1181:. Wiley Blackwell.
934:, pp. 418–419.
922:, pp. 419–420.
750:, pp. 416–417.
624:new madrasa-khanqah
607:in Samarkand (1420)
468:Shrine of Imam Reza
451:(1416–1418) at the
279:. The monuments of
83:Indian subcontinent
2061:Kuttab (or maktab)
998:, pp. 41, 44.
609:
555:
504:
478:vaulting over the
462:Shah Rukh's wife,
460:
402:
383:
379:Bibi Khanum Mosque
334:Bibi Khanum Mosque
330:
261:
257:Hazrat-e Turkestan
215:
187:
158:, and carved with
137:
133:Bibi Khanum Mosque
113:
39:
2404:
2403:
2251:
2250:
2007:
2006:
1994:Shading Umbrellas
1778:Stucco decoration
1678:For overview, see
1493:Four-centred arch
1228:978-0-203-20387-3
1161:978-0-19-530991-1
1140:978-0-300-06465-0
1060:, pp. 46–48.
1010:, pp. 45–46.
632:Ali ibn Abi Talib
599:Remains of giant
574:Ulugh Beg Madrasa
547:Ulugh Beg Madrasa
2444:
2397:Islam portal
2395:
2394:
2393:
2382:
2381:
2016:
2015:
1681:Islamic ornament
1560:South Asian dome
1488:Discharging arch
1469:
1442:
1441:
1286:Anatolian Seljuk
1260:
1253:
1246:
1237:
1236:
1232:
1211:
1192:
1171:
1169:
1168:
1144:
1114:
1105:
1099:
1098:
1082:
1076:
1070:
1061:
1055:
1049:
1048:
1032:
1023:
1017:
1011:
1005:
999:
993:
987:
978:
967:
958:
947:
941:
935:
929:
923:
917:
911:
902:
896:
895:
893:
892:
877:
871:
865:
859:
853:
844:
835:
816:
810:
801:
792:
763:
757:
751:
745:
739:
738:
720:
695:
692:
630:, the shrine of
628:Hazrat Ali Mazar
621:
620: 1469–1506
619:
567:
566: 1447–1449
565:
501:
498:
472:Goharshad Mosque
453:Imam Reza Shrine
427:
426: 1405–1447
425:
289:
288: 1370–1405
287:
2452:
2451:
2447:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2441:
2407:
2406:
2405:
2400:
2391:
2389:
2376:
2364:
2308:
2299:Moorish Revival
2277:
2247:
2213:Albarrana tower
2201:
2130:
2117:in modern Iran)
2031:Dar al-Muwaqqit
2003:
1954:(fountain type)
1939:
1933:
1896:
1890:
1881:Reflecting pool
1876:Persian gardens
1871:Paradise garden
1839:
1816:(entrance hall)
1787:
1743:Nagash painting
1665:
1587:
1581:
1532:
1503:Lambrequin arch
1470:
1461:
1433:
1404:Sudano-Sahelian
1269:
1264:
1229:
1208:
1200:. h.f.ullmann.
1189:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1141:
1123:
1118:
1117:
1106:
1102:
1083:
1079:
1071:
1064:
1056:
1052:
1033:
1026:
1018:
1014:
1006:
1002:
994:
990:
979:
970:
959:
950:
942:
938:
930:
926:
918:
914:
903:
899:
890:
888:
878:
874:
866:
862:
854:
847:
836:
819:
811:
804:
793:
766:
758:
754:
746:
742:
735:
721:
714:
709:
704:
699:
698:
693:
689:
684:
648:
640:Ali-Shir Nava'i
616:
570:Registan Square
562:
499:
422:
415:
342:Ak-Saray Palace
323:Ak-Saray Palace
321:Remains of the
294:in the city of
284:
255:(1389–1399) in
246:
241:
101:
91:
89:Characteristics
66:Timurid dynasty
17:
12:
11:
5:
2450:
2440:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2417:Timurid Empire
2402:
2401:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2316:
2314:
2313:Category pages
2310:
2309:
2307:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2285:
2283:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2259:
2257:
2253:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2209:
2207:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2187:Medina quarter
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2022:
2020:
2013:
2009:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1975:
1973:Riwaq (arcade)
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1949:
1943:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1900:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1861:Islamic garden
1858:
1853:
1847:
1845:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1795:
1793:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1684:
1673:
1671:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1602:
1597:
1591:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1579:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1540:
1538:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1508:Multifoil arch
1505:
1500:
1498:Horseshoe arch
1495:
1490:
1485:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1471:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1459:
1454:
1448:
1446:
1439:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1390:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1340:
1339:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1270:
1263:
1262:
1255:
1248:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1227:
1212:
1206:
1193:
1187:
1172:
1160:
1145:
1139:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1100:
1077:
1062:
1050:
1024:
1012:
1000:
988:
968:
948:
946:, p. 420.
936:
924:
912:
897:
872:
860:
858:, p. 416.
845:
817:
815:, p. 417.
802:
764:
752:
740:
733:
711:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
697:
696:
686:
685:
683:
680:
653:Ottoman Empire
647:
644:
636:Mazar-i Sharif
545:Façade of the
414:
411:
409:modern times.
245:
242:
240:
237:
90:
87:
54:Timurid Empire
36:Timurid Empire
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2449:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2399:
2398:
2386:
2385:
2380:
2373:
2367:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2311:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2280:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2254:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2204:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2172:Hasht-Bihisht
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2046:Jama'at Khana
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2014:
2010:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1936:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1893:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1866:Mughal garden
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1842:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1790:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1584:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1477:
1473:
1468:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1440:
1436:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1341:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1261:
1256:
1254:
1249:
1247:
1242:
1241:
1238:
1230:
1224:
1221:. Routledge.
1220:
1219:
1213:
1209:
1207:9783848003808
1203:
1199:
1194:
1190:
1188:9781119068662
1184:
1180:
1179:
1173:
1163:
1157:
1153:
1152:
1146:
1142:
1136:
1132:
1131:
1125:
1124:
1113:
1109:
1104:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1081:
1075:, p. 50.
1074:
1069:
1067:
1059:
1054:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1031:
1029:
1022:, p. 45.
1021:
1016:
1009:
1004:
997:
992:
986:
982:
977:
975:
973:
966:
962:
957:
955:
953:
945:
940:
933:
928:
921:
916:
910:
906:
901:
887:
883:
876:
870:, p. 46.
869:
864:
857:
852:
850:
843:
839:
834:
832:
830:
828:
826:
824:
822:
814:
809:
807:
800:
796:
791:
789:
787:
785:
783:
781:
779:
777:
775:
773:
771:
769:
762:, p. 37.
761:
756:
749:
744:
736:
734:9789004161658
730:
726:
719:
717:
712:
691:
687:
679:
677:
673:
669:
664:
662:
658:
654:
643:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
614:
606:
602:
597:
593:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
560:
552:
548:
543:
539:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
512:
509:
508:her mausoleum
494:
489:
485:
483:
482:
477:
473:
469:
465:
458:
454:
450:
447:Courtyard of
445:
441:
439:
436:, renovating
435:
431:
420:
410:
407:
398:
394:
392:
388:
380:
376:
372:
370:
366:
361:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
328:
324:
319:
315:
313:
309:
305:
301:
298:(present-day
297:
293:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
258:
254:
250:
236:
234:
230:
229:
224:
220:
212:
208:
203:
199:
197:
192:
183:
179:
177:
173:
169:
163:
161:
157:
153:
148:
144:
143:
134:
130:
125:
121:
118:
110:
105:
100:
96:
86:
84:
80:
76:
72:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
2388:
2375:
2372:Islamic arts
2152:Caravanserai
1677:
1631:Loudspeakers
1556:Persian dome
1518:Pointed arch
1418:
1316:Indo-Islamic
1306:Great Seljuk
1217:
1197:
1177:
1165:. Retrieved
1150:
1129:
1111:
1103:
1086:
1080:
1053:
1044:
1040:
1015:
1003:
991:
984:
964:
939:
927:
915:
909:Shahr-i Sabz
908:
900:
889:. Retrieved
885:
875:
863:
841:
798:
755:
743:
724:
690:
672:Qara Qoyunlu
665:
649:
610:
556:
531:
527:
513:
505:
479:
475:
461:
416:
406:Shah-i Zinda
403:
384:
362:
346:Shahr-i Sabz
331:
327:Shahr-i Sabz
312:Ahmad Yasawi
308:Muslim saint
262:
259:, Kazakhstan
232:
226:
216:
188:
170:and have an
164:
140:
138:
114:
109:Shah-i Zinda
50:Central Asia
41:
40:
1999:Windcatcher
1980:(courtyard)
1733:Mosque lamp
1713:Girih tiles
1670:Decorations
1548:Arabic dome
500: 1444
464:Gawhar Shad
438:its citadel
430:Afghanistan
413:After Timur
354:onion shape
352:and has an
178:or ribbed.
172:onion shape
152:paper-mâché
79:Middle East
75:Timurid art
2411:Categories
2282:Influences
2197:Well house
1968:Mashrabiya
1616:Hussainiya
1552:Onion dome
1343:Indonesian
1331:Qutb Shahi
1167:2013-03-15
891:2023-08-05
702:References
676:Aq Qoyunlu
300:Kazakhstan
283:'s reign (
129:onion dome
93:See also:
2256:Resources
2019:Religious
1989:Shabestan
1947:Hypostyle
1929:Shadirvan
1698:Arabesque
1621:Imamzadeh
1586:Religious
1566:Semi-dome
1513:Ogee arch
1482:Chahartaq
1445:Materials
1372:Almoravid
1347:Malaysian
1095:1873-9830
1089:. Brill.
842:Samarkand
727:. Brill.
707:Citations
559:Ulugh Beg
419:Shah Rukh
296:Turkestan
265:Samarkand
196:spandrels
191:squinches
28:Samarkand
2370:Part of
2206:Military
2142:Baradari
2135:Civilian
1958:Jharokha
1919:Mechouar
1856:Charbagh
1799:Andaruni
1773:Socarrat
1738:Muqarnas
1636:Maqsurah
1528:Vaulting
1457:Tadelakt
1438:Elements
1387:Zayyanid
1367:Aghlabid
1047:: 79–92.
674:and the
668:Turkoman
661:Safavids
551:Registan
516:Khargird
493:Khargird
476:muqarnas
336:and the
233:Muqarnas
228:muqarnas
219:vaulting
120:capital.
117:Ilkhanid
71:vaulting
2304:Mudéjar
2268:ArchNet
2218:Alcázar
2091:Musalla
2076:Maqbara
2066:Madrasa
2056:Külliye
2051:Khanqah
2041:Gongbei
1940:cooling
1938:Passive
1904:Chhatri
1897:objects
1895:Outdoor
1844:Gardens
1820:Mirador
1758:Shabaka
1748:Qashani
1703:Banna'i
1646:Minaret
1588:objects
1578:(eaves)
1576:Chhajja
1523:Squinch
1424:Umayyad
1419:Timurid
1409:Swahili
1394:Ottoman
1377:Almohad
1362:Moorish
1352:Iranian
1321:Bengali
1301:Fatimid
1296:Chinese
1291:Ayyubid
1281:Abbasid
1121:Sources
985:Timurid
657:Mughals
603:in the
601:sextant
586:sundial
582:sextant
568:), the
549:at the
536:lantern
524:beveled
457:Mashhad
369:khanqah
365:madrasa
277:Mashhad
269:Bukhara
160:reliefs
142:banna'i
131:at the
127:Ribbed
81:to the
2228:Kasbah
2177:Kasbah
2167:Hammam
2162:Ghorfa
2147:Bazaar
2126:Zawiya
2115:takyeh
2086:Mosque
2036:Dargah
1963:Kucheh
1909:Eidgah
1835:Zenana
1783:Zellij
1768:Sitara
1763:Shamsa
1651:Minbar
1641:Mihrab
1626:Kiswah
1611:Gonbad
1475:Arches
1429:Yemeni
1399:Somali
1382:Hafsid
1357:Mamluk
1336:Mughal
1326:Deccan
1274:Styles
1225:
1204:
1185:
1158:
1137:
1093:
731:
590:sector
588:, and
557:Under
481:mihrab
434:bazaar
367:and a
358:fluted
275:, and
176:fluted
2243:Ribat
2238:Qalat
2223:Amsar
2182:Mahal
2121:Türbe
2111:Takya
2106:Surau
2101:Rauza
2096:Qubba
2081:Mazar
2071:Maqam
2012:Types
1924:Sebil
1814:Liwan
1804:Harem
1792:Rooms
1708:Girih
1693:Alfiz
1687:Ablaq
1661:Zarih
1656:Qibla
1605:Dikka
1600:Bedug
1595:Anaza
1571:Tajug
1537:Roofs
1452:Qadad
1414:Tatar
1311:Hausa
965:Herat
682:Notes
634:, in
484:area.
391:iwans
281:Timur
273:Herat
211:Herat
147:Kufic
58:Timur
32:Timur
2233:Ksar
2192:Souq
2113:(or
1978:Sahn
1952:Howz
1914:Fina
1886:Riad
1851:Bagh
1830:Qa’a
1825:Hosh
1809:Iwan
1728:Jali
1544:Dome
1223:ISBN
1202:ISBN
1183:ISBN
1156:ISBN
1135:ISBN
1091:ISSN
1041:Iran
729:ISBN
350:drum
306:and
304:Sufi
223:ribs
168:drum
156:gilt
97:and
48:and
46:Iran
455:in
344:at
325:at
209:in
26:in
2413::
1558:/
1554:/
1550:/
1345:/
1110:,
1065:^
1045:14
1043:.
1039:.
1027:^
983:,
971:^
963:,
951:^
907:,
884:.
848:^
840:,
820:^
805:^
797:,
767:^
715:^
618:r.
592:.
584:,
564:r.
497:c.
424:r.
310:,
286:r.
271:,
267:,
85:.
1683:)
1676:(
1562:)
1546:(
1259:e
1252:t
1245:v
1231:.
1210:.
1191:.
1170:.
1143:.
1097:.
894:.
737:.
615:(
561:(
532:–
528:–
495:(
421:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.jpg)
_(6009386611).jpg)
