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228:. Many of these wall paintings depicted landscapes derived from both Persian and Chinese artistic traditions. While the subject matter of these paintings was borrowed from other cultures, Timurid wall paintings were eventually refined into their own, unique style. Mongol artistic traditions were not entirely phased out, as the highly stylized depictions of human figures seen in 15th-century Timurid art are derived from this culture.
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self-representation, Painters were considered the most skilled in their trade, and were highly regarded. The illustrations often represented what was happening in the text. These pictorials were composed of faithful stories and lessons through vibrant worlds and displays that highlighted themes such as education, government, speech, and religious practice.
248:, the production of illuminated manuscripts flourished. Characterized by rich colors and elaborate designs, these manuscripts served as essential documents of Timurid material culture and reflected the craftsmanship of differing conquered territories. The Timurid art period is defined by artists and calligraphers such as
309:’s patronage. The manuscript describes and displays its historical content with noble precision, and contains many original paintings of Kamāl ud-Dīn Behzād. Behzād had produced the first complete record of this manuscript as well as its illustrations. He was revered among Persian painters, and defined the height of
271:. The Timurids remained true to their heritage by continuing earlier traditions associated with the Ilkhanid Mongols and Jalayirids. This includes the refinement of the six canonical cursive scripts under the Ilkhanid Mongols. They distinguished themselves by developing another cursive script in the late 1300s,
130:
The
Timurids utilized architecture for political and social means, for example to create a sense of national identity through a uniform aesthetic. Other reasons for architectural patronage include commemorating reigns of rulers and creating spaces for religious purposes and social benefits. Important
848:
B.F. Manz; W.M. Thackston; D.J. Roxburgh; L. Golombek; L. Komaroff; R.E. Darley-Doran (2007). "Timurids". Encyclopedia of Islam, online edition. "During the
Timurid period, three languages, Persian, Turkish, and Arabic were in use. The major language of the period was Persian, the native language of
284:
between 1420 and 1440. This school was developed by Timur's son and grandson to artistically represent classical
Iranian literature. These important developments in book-making influenced other art forms. Scripts developed for manuscripts appeared on architecture and portable objects. Additionally,
197:
Persian manuscript paintings usually are recognized regarding their embellished purpose. The paintings serve as a visual interpretation of the paired passages, customarily indicating royal authority and traditions. Timurid paintings also served as a medium for artistic performance and
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166:. Starting in 1390, in Herāt hundreds of buildings were built within roughly a century. By the 1440s, the Timurids had distinguished themselves aesthetically from previous cultural traditions. Still, they drew from previous traditions such as the
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The
Caspian Sea Journal ISSN: 1578-7899 Volume 10, Issue 1, Supplement 3 (2016) 127-132 The Compilation of One Object of Timurid Metalwork (12th Century) in the National Museum of Iran with Two Objects in National Museum of Yerevan-Armenia. URL:
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technique. Different colors can be put onto a tile and then the colored areas are outlined by a greasy substance and the tile is fired. This technique came about as early as the late fourteenth century and was especially popular later on in
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was also a center for metalworking. Many of the techniques and designed utilized had their origins in the
Sasanian era. The earliest metalwork produced under the Timurids includes a bronze basin and six brass oil lamps, preserved at the
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A page from "The
Eavesdropper", Folio 47r from a Haft Paikar (Seven Portraits) of the Khamsa (Quintet) of Nizami, Calligrapher: Maulana Azhar, Poet: Nizami Ganjavi, ca. 1430, watercolor, ink, gold leaf on
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co-opted
Timurid artistic traditions into their own. The art and architecture produced by the Timurids presents a unique national identity and has served as an inspiration all over the Islamic world, from
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the Tajik (Persian) component of society and the language of learning acquired by all literate and/or urban Turks. Persian served as the language of administration, history, belles lettres, and poetry."
658:
209:) manuscripts produced by the empire's artists. These illustrations were notable for their rich colors and elaborate designs. Due to the quality of the miniature paintings found in these manuscripts,
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388:
Following the collapse of the
Timurid Empire, several Iranian and Mesopotamian cultures co-opted Timurid metalwork. Many objects made of precious metals were likely melted down to be repurposed.
104:, which became a focal point for Timurid art. As with Samarkand, Persian artisans and intellectuals soon established Herat as a center for arts and culture. Soon, many of the Timurids adopted
47:. Scholars regard this time period as an age of cultural and artistic excellence. After the decline of the Timurid Empire, the art of the civilization continued to influence other cultures in
509:
305:
The Cairo Bustan is one of many influential manuscripts recorded in
Persian book arts. The Cairo Bustan is among the few surviving illustrated manuscripts that hold records connected to
193:
Yusuf and
Zulaikha (Joseph chased by Potiphar's wife), miniature by Behzād, 1488. Sa'di, Bustan, Herat. 30,5x21,5 cm. Cairo, National Library, MS. Arab Farsi 908, f. 52v.
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and other Ottoman creative minds. By observing the style of each addition to the manuscript, historians can tell where the manuscript traveled during its creation. The
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and many others. Often the manuscripts were worked on by multiple artists over time, creating a combination of different art styles into each manuscript.
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Timurid art absorbed and improved upon the traditional Persian concept of the "Arts of the Book". The new, Timurid-inflected works of art saw illustrated
58:
as well as luxury arts like metalwork and jade carving. Architecturally, the Timurids had ambitious building programs, most often building Sufi shrines,
329:. After the first additions to the manuscript, some pages intended for illustration were left blank. Later these pages would be illustrated by Turkman
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successor states. After conquering a city, the Timurids commonly spared the lives of the local artisans and deported them to the Timurid capital of
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614:
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also had a presence in Timurid art, also likely inspired by Chinese art. The Timurids effectively introduced jade carving to the Islamic lands.
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1009:"Alya Karame. Review of "The Art of the Qur'an: Treasures from the Museum of Turkish and Islamic Arts" by Massumeh Farhad and Simon Rettig"
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Distinct features of Timurid architecture include: courtly gardens with hard and soft architecture, large double domes, vaulting systems,
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steel is often being cited as being of particularly high quality. Additionally, gold and silver vessels required skilled craftsmanship.
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A page from Anthology of Persian Poetry 15th Century, made of ink, gold leaf, opaque watercolor, silver leaf, book bound by leather.
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147:. The most common existing examples of Timurid architecture include congregational mosques, private mosques, mausoleums, madrasas,
92:
in the early 15th century, many Persian artistic traits became interwoven with existing Mongol art. Timor the Lame's conversion to
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were especially favored, with colored tiles fired and then cut into interlocking shapes. This eventually was overcome by the
711:"The Art of the Timurid Period (ca. 1370–1507) | Essay | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum of Art"
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Section of a Qur'an Manuscript, Calligrapher: Copied by `Umar Aqta', late 14th century, watercolor, ink, gold leaf on paper.
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54:
Considered a rich period of Persian artistic revival, Timurid art can be characterized by an emphasis on book arts and
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Carved Door Panellate 15th century, made in present-day Uzbekistan, Samarqand, made of cypress, carved, painted.
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designs for books provided foundations for other mediums such as tiles, ceramics, tent-making, stone-cutting,
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Chapter Three. Ruy González De Clavijo's Narrative Of Courtly Life And Ceremony In Timur's Samarqand, 1404
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A painting called "Wine Drinking in a Spring Garden", ca. 1430, gold and opaque watercolor on undyed silk.
177:, matching inner and outer facades, minarets for compositional framing, and use of mosaics and polychromy
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The Anthology of Persian Poetry is an illuminated manuscript that was copied down during the reign of
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A page from the Anthology of Persian Poetry painted during Iskandar's reign. Painted in Shiraz, 1411.
155:, and Sufi shrines. During the Timurid period, women were especially active patrons of architecture.
35:(1370-1507) and was spread across Iran and Central Asia. Timurid art was noted for its usage of both
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A fragment of Timurid Architecture made ca. 1375-1400, ceramic, stone paste; painted underglaze.
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Divan of Sultan Husayn Bayqara, dated A.H. 905/ A.D. 1500, watercolor, ink, gold leaf on paper.
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Although lesser in number than manuscripts, the Timurid Empire also produced quality pieces of
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These painting were not limited to manuscripts, as many Timurid artists also created intricate
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The first major work of architectural patronage commissioned by Timur in 1389 was the
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https://archnet.org/system/publications/contents/4320/original/DPC0599.pdf?1384784647
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385:. Inscriptions indicate that the basin was made specifically for this context.
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1299:"Laila and Majnun at School", Folio from a Khamsa (Quintet) of Nizami of Ganja"
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Timur and the princely vision: Persian art and culture in the fifteenth century
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styles, as well as for taking influence from the art of other civilizations in
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in 1411. Iskandar Sultan was a patron of the arts, and he was descended from
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Following the decline of the Timurid Empire in the late 15th century, the
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648:(Language of the Birds), Calligrapher: Sultan 'Ali al-Mashhadi, Author:
543:, made by Ibrahim Sultan, ca. 1427, watercolor, ink, gold leaf on paper.
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The height of manuscript manufacturing under the Timurids was under the
267:
The majority of manuscripts were made in royally-sponsored workshops or
1651:
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Islamic art in context : art, architecture, and the literary world
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330:
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A bowl, late 15th century, black paint under turquoise glaze, incised.
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Tile from a Squinch, late 14th century, stone paste carved and glazed.
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81:
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Ten-Pointed Star Tile, mid-15th century. Brooklyn Museum, New York.
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1104:, Chapter 5, 1995, Yale University Press. Pelican History of Art,
592:; 1431-1432, watercolor, ink, gold leaf on paper. Commissioned by
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120:
Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi in Hazrat-e Turkestan, Kazakhstan.
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60:
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were produced by Timurid artisans. During the Timurid period,
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examples of Timurid architecture mainly preside in Samarkand,
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1210:"Religion, art, and visual culture: a cross-cultural reader"
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Esoteric Images: Decoding the Late Herat School of Painting
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358:
140:
100:. In the mid 15th century the empire moved its capital to
996:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 1–13.
652:; 1487, watercolor, ink, gold and silver leaf on paper.
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noted that "the Herat school is often regarded as the
752:"The Timurids and the Turkmen - The David Collection"
31:
is a style of art originating during the rule of the
644:
A folio from "Funeral Procession", Folio 35r from a
170:and their use of height, monumentality, and color.
96:later in life made Samarkand one of the centers of
1172:
994:The Making of the Artist in Late Timurid Painting
1798:
1086:Dynastic Imagery in Early Timurid Wall Paintings
1287:http://csjonline.org/CSJ/2016/Supp3/127-132.pdf
1207:
369:were commonly used as mediums. Timurid silver-
316:
1327:
337:writing in the manuscript was likely done by
1259:
1102:The Art and Architecture of Islam, 1250–1800
733:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
588:, Calligrapher: Ja'far Baisunghuri, Author:
715:The Met’s Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History
503:15th century Timurid tankard made in Herat.
1334:
1320:
820:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
80:in 1370 after the conquest of the various
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20:The Angel Hinders the Offering of Isaac,
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939:
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709:Komaroff, Authors: Suzan Yalman, Linda.
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235:
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115:
15:
1121:
1100:Blair, Sheila, and Bloom, Jonathan M.,
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240:Qur'anic Verses, between 1400 and 1499.
1799:
1045:"Iransaga - Persian Art, The Timurids"
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914:
76:The Timurid Empire was established by
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1465:Battle of the Kondurcha River (1391)
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353:following Timur's invasion of Iran.
1262:"METALWORK – Encyclopaedia Iranica"
915:Foundation, Encyclopaedia Iranica.
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13:
1584:Revolt of Abdal-Latif Mirza (1449)
1502:Battle of the Chirciq River (1488)
1341:
1248:
1124:"Historical and Cultural Contexts"
982:
917:"Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica"
14:
1828:
1718:Khanqah of Baha ad-Din Naqshbandi
1088:. Los Angeles Museum of Art. URL:
952:10.1163/ej.9789004174986.i-332.17
940:Roxburgh, David J. (2009-01-01).
905:
868:Roxburgh, David J. (2014-01-30).
852:
836:"Mongol Empire: Arts and Culture"
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475:A Timurid carved jade sword hilt.
1537:Battle of Qalat-i-Ghilzai (1505)
1477:Invasions of Georgia (1386-1403)
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1637:Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi
1527:Battle of Ab Darrah Pass (1511)
1470:Battle of the Terek River(1395)
1422:Ibrahim Mirza bin Ala-ud-Daulah
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1188:10.1163/2330-4804_eiro_com_5539
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383:Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi
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160:Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi
111:
88:. After the Timurids conquered
1122:Daʿadli, Tawfiq (2019-04-02),
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878:10.1093/obo/9780199920105-0028
870:"Timurid Art and Architecture"
842:
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1:
1776:Timurid relations with Europe
1708:Blue Mosque of Mazar-i-Sharif
1392:Sultan Muhammad bin Baysonqor
681:
1179:Encyclopaedia Iranica Online
1071:(Sixth ed.). New York City:
1022:10.3202/caa.reviews.2018.130
344:
7:
1599:Battle of Farhadgerd (1449)
1492:Siege of Shahrukhiya (1461)
1487:Battle of Nakhchivan (1406)
1427:Sultan Husayn Mirza Bayqara
1007:Karame, Alya (2018-04-19).
946:. Brill. pp. 113–158.
317:Anthology of Persian Poetry
10:
1833:
1574:Occupation of Balkh (1447)
1548:Timurid wars of succession
1532:Battle of Ghazdewan (1512)
1512:Battle of Sar-e-Pul (1501)
1226:10.2752/174322005778054159
792:. Upper Saddle River, NJ.
586:Khamsa (Quintet) of Nizami
582:Laila and Majnun at School
539:A page from the Qur’an of
487:Timurid-inspired image of
461:
215:Metropolitan Museum of Art
123:
71:
1726:
1629:
1619:Battle of Akhsi (1502-03)
1614:Siege of Samarkand (1494)
1564:Battle of Nishapur (1447)
1517:Siege of Samarkand (1501)
1507:Siege of Samarkand (1497)
1445:
1362:Pir Muhammad ibn Jahangir
1349:
1136:10.1163/9789004398412_003
1069:The Columbia Encyclopedia
1049:www.artarena.force9.co.uk
432:
1609:Battle of Sarakhs (1459)
1604:Urdu Bazar Revolt (1447)
1559:Battle of Damghan (1447)
1497:Battle of Qarabagh(1469)
1130:, BRILL, pp. 5–16,
992:Balafrej, Lamia (2019).
1744:Turco-Persian tradition
1569:Battle of Tarnab (1448)
1542:Battle of Bajaur (1519)
1482:Battle of Ankara (1402)
1208:S. Brent Plate (2002).
1075:. Retrieved 2006-11-08.
376:In the Islamic period,
254:Sultan 'Ali al-Mashhadi
221:of Persian painting."
56:manuscript illumination
1749:Indo-Persian tradition
1739:Turco-Mongol tradition
1397:Abul-Qasim Babur Mirza
893:Cite journal requires
872:: 9780199920105–0028.
786:Irwin, Robert (1997).
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297:
244:Under the rule of the
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1786:Karsakpay inscription
1698:Great Mosque of Herat
1686:Herat Musalla Complex
1674:Ulugh Beg Observatory
1647:Registan of Samarkand
1594:Siege of Herat (1448)
1589:Siege of Balkh (1447)
1579:Siege of Herat (1448)
1554:Siege of Balkh (1447)
1522:Siege of Kabul (1504)
1453:Siege of Balkh (1370)
1446:Battles and conflicts
1432:Yadgar Muhammad Mirza
1266:www.iranicaonline.org
594:Sultan Baysongor Khan
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307:Sultan Husayn Bayqara
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1459:Tokhtamysh–Timur war
1437:Badi' al-Zaman Mirza
392:Ceramics and Carving
126:Timurid architecture
1771:Timurid Renaissance
1412:Sultan Mahmud Mirza
1073:Columbia University
650:Farid al-Din `Attar
250:Kamāl ud-Dīn Behzād
1642:Bibi-Khanym Mosque
1407:Sultan Ahmed Mirza
1260:electricpulp.com.
1084:Lentz, W. Thomas.
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311:Islamic manuscript
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262:Ja'far Baisunghuri
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51:and Central Asia.
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1669:Ulugh Beg Madrasa
1417:Mirza Shah Mahmud
1382:Abdal-Latif Mirza
1214:Material Religion
961:978-90-474-2844-2
921:iranicaonline.org
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205:(as opposed to
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106:Persian culture
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1013:Caa.reviews
415:cuerda seca
313:paintings.
269:kitabkhanas
232:Manuscripts
139:, Tayābid,
98:Islamic art
29:Timurid art
1801:Categories
1734:Persianate
1652:Gur-e-Amir
1271:2017-11-16
1194:2021-12-06
1159:2021-12-06
1110:0300064659
1054:2017-11-16
926:2022-12-07
761:2017-11-16
720:2017-11-16
682:References
331:Aq Quyunlu
1812:Asian art
1377:Ulugh Beg
1372:Shah Rukh
1303:metmuseum
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1234:1743-2200
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729:cite web
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179:tilework
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