Islamic art - Knowledge

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among both orthodox Sunni circles as well as Shia Muslims. The disappearance of royal-sponsored figurative arts in Arabic-speaking lands at a later period is best explained by the overthrow of their ruling dynasties and reduction of most their territories to Ottoman provincial dependencies, not by religious prohibition. Another drawback for Arnold's argument against the religious value of figurative arts in Islamic culture is, that a sizable number of rulers ordering figurative arts in the 14th-17th century, were religious zealots proclaiming to spread and enforce the laws of the sharia.

3369: 2953:(c. 749–1258). Prior to the early 14th century, a halo was a common symbol to designate rulers. Under Asian influence, the halo as a symbol of sacredness was replaced by a flame. Reminiscent of the Islamic prophet Solomon, rulers were often depicted as sitting on a throne endowed with religious symbols. An ivory casket carved in early eleventh century Cordova shows a Spanish Muslim ruler holding a cup seated upon a lion throne, similar to that of Solomon. A late 12th–13th century bowl depicts an enthroned Seljuk ruler with messengers to either side and headed winged 4255: 4966: 4666:. The Mamluks were not, strictly speaking, a dynasty, as they did not maintain a patrilineal mode of succession; in fact, Mamluks were freed Turkish and Caucasian slaves, who (in theory) passed the power to others of like station. This mode of government persevered for three centuries, until 1517, and gave rise to abundant architectural projects; many thousands of buildings were constructed during this period. Patronage of luxury arts favored primarily enamelled glass and metalwork and is remembered as the golden age of medieval Egypt. The 4528: 3527: 2998: 5391: 3750: 8382: 4870: 3878: 111: 4327: 4076: 3562: 4542: 5294: 4382: 3915: 3170: 11119: 5099: 4740:, nomads of Turkic origin from present-day Mongolia, appeared on the stage of Islamic history toward the end of the 10th century. They seized Baghdad in 1048, before dying out in 1194 in Iran, although the production of "Seljuq" works continued through the end of the 12th and beginning of the 13th century under the auspices of smaller, independent sovereigns and patrons. During their time, the center of culture, politics and art production shifted from 5651:"One group of painters followed a hedonistic orientation toward a festive representation of events and personages, luxurious ornamentation, and wealth of figures and colors; this is illustrated by the miniatures of the Golestān of 1556-57 and the love scenes by the artist ʿAbdallāh in the Būstān of 1575-76 (...). The other group of miniaturists preferred naive genre scenes illustrating folk characteristics, as in the Toḥfat al-aḥrār of the 1670s." 4683: 4888:(1071), and setting up a sultanate independent of the Iranian branch of the dynasty. Their power seems largely to have waned following the Mongol invasions in 1243, but coins were struck under their name until 1304. Architecture and objects synthesized various styles, both Iranian and Syrian, sometimes rendering precise attributions difficult. The art of woodworking was cultivated, and at least one illustrated manuscript dates to this period. 2898: 3447: 5038: 4112: 7871: 3489:, and in especially in Persia certain tiles in a design may have figurative painting of animals or single human figures. These were often part of designs mostly made up of tiles in plain colours, but with larger fully painted tiles at intervals. The larger tiles are often shaped as eight-pointed stars, and may show animals or a human head or bust, or plant or other motifs. The geometric patterns, such as modern North African 3973: 3651: 55: 11108: 8026: 3044:

planes on the background, with recession (distance from the viewer) indicated by placing more distant figures higher up in the space, but at essentially the same size. The colours, which are often very well preserved, are strongly contrasting, bright and clear. The tradition reached a climax in the 16th and early 17th centuries, but continued until the early 19th century, and has been revived in the 20th.

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market production and sale of art made it more commonplace and accessible to merchants and professionals. Because of increased production, many relics have survived from the Seljuk era and can be easily dated. In contrast, the dating of earlier works is more ambiguous. It is, therefore, easy to mistake Seljuk art as new developments rather than inheritance from classical Iranian and Turkic sources.

4416:", because the meeting of Eastern influences from Iranian, Eurasian steppe, Chinese, and Indian sources created a new paradigm for Islamic art. Classical forms inherited from Byzantine Europe and Greco-Roman sources were discarded in favor of those drawn from the new Islamic hub. Even the design of the city of Baghdad placed it in the "navel of the world", as 9th-century historian al-Ya'qubi wrote. 39: 3991:

century Persian silk was using smaller patterns, many of which showed relaxed garden scenes of beautiful boys and girls from the same world as those in contemporary album miniatures, and sometimes identifiable scenes from Persian poetry. A 16th-century circular ceiling for a tent, 97 cm across, shows a continuous and crowded hunting scene; it was apparently looted by the army of

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description of older carpets has tended to use the names of carpet-making centres as labels, but often derived from the design rather than any actual evidence that they originated from around that centre. Research has clarified that designs were by no means always restricted to the centre they are traditionally associated with, and the origin of many carpets remains unclear.

3620:, painted, and enameled glass were added to the repertoire, and shapes and motifs borrowed from other media, such as pottery and metalwork. Some of the finest work was in mosaic lamps donated by a ruler or wealthy man. As decoration grew more elaborate, the quality of the basic glass decreased, and it "often has a brownish-yellow tinge and is rarely free from bubbles.". 3210:; during this century the Ottoman and Mughal courts also began to sponsor the making in their domains of large formal carpets, evidently with the involvement of designers used to the latest court style in the general Persian tradition. These use a design style shared with non-figurative Islamic illumination and other media, often with a large central 3139: 4733:(which would continue, in fits and starts, over several centuries) was initiated. Funerary architecture was also cultivated, while potters developed quite individual styles: kaleidoscopic ornament on a yellow ground; or marbled decorations created by allowing colored glazes to run; or painting with multiple layers of slip under the glaze. 2740:, have been sufficient to keep the term in wide use as a useful classification since the late 19th century. Scholars such as Jacelyn K. Kerner have drawn attention to its wide-ranging scope referring to more than 40 nations and to the growing public interest both in Western as well as, more recently, in Muslim societies. Further, the 4323:'Abd al-Malik introduced standard coinage that featured Arabic inscriptions, instead of images of the monarch. The quick development of a localized coinage around the time of the Dome of the Rock's construction demonstrates the reorientation of Umayyad acculturation. This period saw the genesis of a particularly Islamic art. 5321:, a dynasty stretching from 1501 to 1786, is distinguished from the Mughal and Ottoman Empires, and earlier Persian rulers, in part through the Shi'a faith of its shahs, which they succeeded in making the majority denomination in Persia. Ceramic arts are marked by the strong influence of Chinese porcelain, often executed in 3781:

only type found in Qur'an manuscripts, and Islamic book covers, which are often highly decorative in luxury manuscripts, using either the geometric motifs found in illumination, or sometimes figurative images probably drawn for the craftsmen by miniature painters. Materials include coloured, tooled and stamped leather and

2853:, or the background cut away, are found on the interiors and exteriors of many important buildings. Complex carved calligraphy also decorates buildings. For most of the Islamic period the majority of coins only showed lettering, which are often very elegant despite their small size and nature of production. The 3166:. Carpet weaving is a rich and deeply embedded tradition in Islamic societies, and the practice is seen in large city factories as well as in rural communities and nomadic encampments. In earlier periods, special establishments and workshops were in existence that functioned directly under court patronage. 3936:

sayings prohibiting the wearing of silk, the Byzantine and Sassanian traditions of grand figured silk woven cloth continued under Muslim rule. Some designs are calligraphic, especially when made for palls to cover a tomb, but more are surprisingly conservative versions of the earlier traditions, with

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produced most of the best work in the 16th century, in tiles and large vessels boldly decorated with floral motifs influenced, once again, by Chinese Yuan and Ming ceramics. These were still in earthenware; there was no porcelain made in Islamic countries until modern times, though Chinese porcelain

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or Muslim Spain in the 8th century, under Egyptian influence, but most of the best production was much later, by potters presumed to have been largely Muslim but working in areas reconquered by the Christian kingdoms. It mixed Islamic and European elements in its designs, and much was exported across

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Chinese influences included the early adoption of the vertical format natural to a book, which led to the development of a birds-eye view where a very carefully depicted background of hilly landscape or palace buildings rises up to leave only a small area of sky. The figures are arranged in different

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The art of north Africa is not as well studied. The Almoravid and Almohad dynasties are characterized by a tendency toward austerity, for example in mosques with bare walls. Nevertheless, luxury arts continued to be produced in great quantity. The Marinid and Hafsid dynasties developed an important,

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and jewellery, ivory carving, textiles and leatherwork. During the Middle Ages, Islamic work in these fields was highly valued in other parts of the world and often traded outside the Islamic zone. Apart from miniature painting and calligraphy, other arts of the book are decorative illumination, the

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from Europe are a major source of information on them, as they were valuable imports that were painted accurately. The most natural and easy designs for a carpet weaver to produce consist of straight lines and edges, and the earliest Islamic carpets to survive or be shown in paintings have geometric

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A rich civilization developed under these "little khans", who were originally subservient to the Yuan emperor, but rapidly became independent. Architectural activity intensified as the Mongols became sedentary, and retained traces of their nomadic origins, such as the north–south orientation of the

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Applied decoration played a particularly important role in Islamic architecture, and this decoration made use of the same motifs predominant in other forms of Islamic art: arabesques, epigraphy, geometric patterns, and other vegetal forms. Methods of decoration included carving, inlay, and painting

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industry had been inherited; Persian ivory is rare. The normal style was a deep relief with an even surface; some pieces were painted. Spain specialized in caskets and round boxes, which were probably used to keep jewels and perfumes. They were produced mainly in the approximate period of 930–1050,

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inlays in light wood, and a single huge ceramic tile or plaque on the tabletop. The fine inlays typical of Ottoman court furniture may have developed from styles and techniques used in weapons and musical instruments, for which the finest craftsmanship available was used. There are also intricately

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and ascribed to only a later Persinate and Turkic cultural period. However, figurative arts existed since the formative stage of Islam. Such arts have been boasted by Arabic speaking caliphats of Baghdad, Cairo, and Cordova, inspired by Sasanid and Byzantine models. Figurative arts enjoyed prestige

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represent a central tradition of Islamic visual art. The arabesque is often used to symbolize the transcendent, indivisible and infinite nature of God. Mistakes in repetitions may be intentionally introduced as a show of humility by artists who believe only God can produce perfection, although this

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have simpler geometric patterns, many featuring stylized "tiger-stripes" below three balls or circles. Other silks have foliage designs comparable to those on Iznik pottery or carpets, with bands forming ogival compartments a popular motif. Some designs begin to show Italian influence. By the 16th

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This is a European construct of the 19th century that gained wide acceptance following a display of Les Arts Musulmans at the old Trocadero palace in Paris during the 1889 Exposition Universelle. The idea of "Islamic art" has even less substance than the notion of "Christian art" from the British

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From the 15th century, the number of smaller Islamic courts began to fall, as the Ottoman Empire, and later the Safavids and European powers, swallowed them up; this had an effect on Islamic art, which was usually strongly led by the patronage of the court. From at least the 18th century onwards,

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Unlike some mediums in Islamic art, Islamic architecture was consistently prominent across the Islamic world. In general, patrons invested more resources into building monuments than they did in the production of art objects and our knowledge of Islamic architecture is more complete thanks to the

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art objects often exhibit the same references, styles and forms. These include calligraphy, architecture, textiles and furnishings, such as carpets and woodwork. Secular arts and crafts include the production of textiles, such as clothing, carpets or tents, as well as household objects, made from

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The Ottomans are also known for their development of a bright red pigment, "Iznik red", in ceramics, which reached their height in the 16th century, both in tile-work and pottery, using floral motifs that were considerably transformed from their Chinese and Persian models. From the 18th century,

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Popular patronage expanded because of a growing economy and new urban wealth. Inscriptions in architecture tended to focus more on the patrons of the piece. For example, sultans, viziers or lower ranking officials would receive often mention in inscriptions on mosques. Meanwhile, growth in mass

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are based on Byzantine models but replace the figurative elements with images of trees and cities. The desert palaces also bear witness to these influences. By combining the various traditions that they had inherited, and by readapting motifs and architectural elements, artists created little by

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was looted by his mercenaries in 1062, and were snapped up by European buyers, mostly ending up in church treasuries. From later periods, especially the hugely wealthy Ottoman and Mughal courts, there are a considerable number of lavish objects carved in semi-precious stones, with little surface

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defines "Islamic arts" as including visual arts, literature, performing arts and music that "virtually defies any comprehensive definition". In a strict sense, the term might only refer to artistic manifestations that are closely related to religious practice. Most often, however, it is meant to

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elite Islamic art was increasingly influenced by European styles, and in the applied arts either largely adopted Western styles, or ceased to develop, retaining whatever style was prevalent at some point in the late 18th or early 19th centuries. Many industries with very long histories, such as

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of North Africa have a distinct design tradition. Apart from the products of city workshops, in touch with trading networks that might carry the carpets to markets far away, there was also a large and widespread village and nomadic industry producing work that stayed closer to traditional local

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on the throne. This period is notable for innovations in metallurgy and the widespread manufacture of the Damascus steel swords and daggers and the production ceramics, glass and metalwork of a high quality were produced without interruption, and enamelled glass became another important craft.

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motif, and always with wide and strongly demarcated borders. The grand designs of the workshops patronized by the court spread out to smaller carpets for the merely wealthy and for export, and designs close to those of the 16th and 17th centuries are still produced in large numbers today. The

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Persia, but soon local artists, many Hindu, were trained in the style. Realistic portraiture, and images of animals and plants, was developed in Mughal art beyond what the Persians had so far achieved, and the size of miniatures increased, sometimes onto canvas. The Mughal court had access to

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produced caskets, apparently then migrating to Granada and elsewhere after persecution. Egyptian work tended to be in flat panels and friezes, for insertion into woodwork and probably furniture – most are now detached from their settings. Many were calligraphic, and others continued Byzantine

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The early arts of the nomads of the Golden Horde are poorly understood. Research is only beginning, and evidence for town planning and architecture has been discovered. There was also a significant production of works in gold, which often show a strong Chinese influence. Much of this work is

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developed. Some earlier schemes create designs using mixtures of tiles each of a single colour that are either cut to shape or are small and of a few shapes, used to create abstract geometric patterns. Later large painted schemes use tiles painted before firing with a part of the scheme – a

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East Persian pottery from the 9th to 11th centuries, decorated only with highly stylised inscriptions and called "epigraphic ware", has been described as "probably the most refined and sensitive of all Persian pottery". Large inscriptions made from tiles, sometimes with the letters raised in

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is a masterwork of the genre. In metalwork, large sculptures in the round, normally rather scarce in the Islamic world, served as elaborate receptacles for water or as fountain spouts. A great number of textiles, most notably silks, were exported: many are found in the church treasuries of

3554:. For this reason, it is often impossible to distinguish between the various centres of production, of which Egypt, Syria and Persia were the most important, except by scientific analysis of the material, which itself has difficulties. From various documentary references glassmaking and 2798:

verses, may be included in secular objects, especially coins, tiles and metalwork, and most painted miniatures include some script, as do many buildings. Use of Islamic calligraphy in architecture extended significantly outside of Islamic territories; one notable example is the use of

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patterns. Nevertheless, representations of human and animal forms historically flourished in nearly all Islamic cultures, although, partly because of opposing religious sentiments, living beings in paintings were often stylized, giving rise to a variety of decorative figural designs.

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are among the best known. Traditional Islamic furniture, except for chests, tended to be covered with cushions, with cupboards rather than cabinets for storage, but there are some pieces, including a low round (strictly twelve-sided) table of about 1560 from the Ottoman court, with

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Islamic book painting witnessed its first golden age in the thirteenth century, mostly from Syria and Iraq. Influence from Byzantine visual vocabulary (blue and gold coloring, angelic and victorious motifs, symbology of drapery) combined with Mongoloid facial types in 12th-century

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tribal traditions mixed with the more sophisticated styles of the conquered territories. For an initial period coins had human figures in the Byzantine and Sassanian style, perhaps to reassure users of their continued value, before the Islamic style with lettering only took over.

2957:. Other usage of early figurative arts are illustrations of animal fables. Many of them are of Sanskrit origin and translated into Middle Persian in the sixth century for delight, ethical discussion, and political edification. In the 8th century, they were translated into Arabic. 8040: 8039: 8044: 8043: 8038: 4476:

produced silks bearing the name of the monarch, allowing for aristocrats to demonstrate their loyalty to the ruler. Other silks were pictorial. The utility of silk-ware in wall decor, entrance adornment, and room separation was not as important as its cash value along the

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Between the 8th and early 11th centuries the emphasis in luxury glass was on effects achieved by "manipulating the surface" of the glass, initially by incising into the glass on a wheel and later by cutting away the background to leave a design in relief. The very massive

4917:, and they had a decisive influence after the fall of the Anatolian Seljuqs. Starting in the 13th century, Anatolia was dominated by small Turkmen dynasties, which progressively chipped away at Byzantine territory. Little by little a major dynasty emerged, that of the 4787:"), while metalworkers began to encrust bronze with precious metals. Across the Seljuk era, from Iran to Iraq, a unification of book painting can be seen. These paintings have animalistic figures that convey strong symbolic meaning of fidelity, treachery, and courage. 6553: 8045: 5382:, assumed power. Qajar art displays an increasing European influence, as in the large oil paintings portraying the Qajar shahs. Steelwork also assumed a new importance. Like the Ottomans, the Qajar dynasty survived until 1925, a few years after the First World War. 5444:, with very vigorous art scenes, but the degree to which these should be grouped in a special category as "Islamic art" is questionable, although many artists deal with Islam-related themes, and use traditional elements such as calligraphy. Further, much modern 4451:

in pottery, which was made by mixing sulphur and metallic oxides to ochre and vinegar, painted onto an already glazed vessel and then fired a second time. It was expensive, and difficult to manage the second round through the kiln, but the wish to exceed fine

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in pottery, dates back to the 8th century in Egypt and became widespread in the 12th century. Another technique was decoration with threads of glass of a different colour, worked into the main surface, and sometimes manipulated by combing and other effects.

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textiles were produced, for use on both floors and walls. Figurative designs, sometimes with large human figures, are very popular in Islamic countries but relatively rarely exported to the West, where abstract designs are generally what the market expects.

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is the largest surviving bronze animal, probably from 11th century Al-Andalus. More common objects with elaborate decoration include massive low candlesticks and lamp-stands, lantern lights, bowls, dishes, basins, buckets (these probably for the bath), and

5122:. This impressive longevity, combined with an immense territory (stretching from Anatolia to Tunisia), led naturally to a vital and distinctive art, including plentiful architecture, mass production of ceramics for both tiles and vessels, most notably 3550:, and since figurative decoration played a small part in pre-Islamic glass, the change in style is not abrupt, except that the whole area initially formed a political whole, and, for example, Persian innovations were now almost immediately taken up in 2735:

Although the concept of "Islamic art" has been put into question by some modern art historians as a construct of Western cultural views, the similarities between art produced at widely different times and places in the Muslim world, especially in the

5359:). The albums were the creations of connoisseurs who bound together single sheets containing paintings, drawings, or calligraphy by various artists, sometimes excised from earlier books, and other times created as independent works. The paintings of 4434:

Samarra witnessed the "coming of age" of Islamic art. Polychrome painted stucco allowed for experimentation in new styles of moulding and carving. The Abbasid period also coincided with two major innovations in the ceramic arts: the invention of

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many large figures of animals, especially majestic symbols of power like the lion and eagle. These are often enclosed in roundels, as found in the pre-Islamic traditions. The majority of early silks have been recovered from tombs, and in Europe

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designs, or centre on very stylized animals, made up in this way. Since the flowing loops and curves of the arabesque are central to Islamic art, the interaction and tension between these two styles was long a major feature of carpet design.

8042: 5169:(1842-1910) for long a somewhat solitary figure. He was a member of the Ottoman administrative elite who trained in Paris, and painted throughout his long career as a senior administrator and curator in Turkey. Many of his works represent 3162:, which would provide a clean place to pray). They have been a major export to other areas since the late Middle Ages, used to cover not only floors but tables, for long a widespread European practice that is now common only in the 4319:

Work in ceramics was still somewhat primitive and unglazed during this period. Some metal objects have survived from this time, but it remains rather difficult to distinguish these objects from those of the pre-Islamic period.

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Figural representation is virtually unused in Islamic art because of Islam's strong antagonism of idolatry. It was important for Muslim scholars and artists to find a style of art that represented the Islamic ideals of unity

3158:). Their versatility is utilized in everyday Islamic and Muslim life, from floor coverings to architectural enrichment, from cushions to bolsters to bags and sacks of all shapes and sizes, and to religious objects (such as a 4983:

The Indian subcontinent, some northern parts of which conquered by the Ghaznavids and Ghurids in the 9th century, did not become autonomous until 1206, when the Muizzi, or slave-kings, seized power, marking the birth of the

4572:, captured the head of the Maghreb and Spain, successively, bringing Maghrebi influences into art. A series of military victories by Christian monarchs had reduced Islamic Spain by the end of the 14th century to the city of 5431:

The carpet industry has remained large, but mostly uses designs that originated before 1700, and competes with machine-made imitations both locally and around the world. Arts and crafts with a broader social base, like the

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began to be used in surface decoration on pottery during this period. Illuminated qur'ans gained attention, letter-forms now more complex and stylized to the point of slowing down the recognition of the words themselves.

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As well as the major Persian, Turkish and Arab centres, carpets were also made across Central Asia, in India, and in Spain and the Balkans. Spanish carpets, which sometimes interrupted typical Islamic patterns to include

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Henderson, J.; McLoughlin, S. D.; McPhail, D. S. (2004). "Radical changes in Islamic glass technology: evidence for conservatism and experimentation with new glass recipes from early and middle Islamic Raqqa, Syria".

3678:, bronze, and steel, with simple, but often monumental shapes, and surfaces highly decorated with dense decoration in a variety of techniques, but colour mostly restricted to inlays of gold, silver, copper or black 4767: 2861:

was used extensively on official documents, with very elaborate decoration for important ones. Other single sheets of calligraphy, designed for albums, might contain short poems, Qur'anic verses, or other texts.

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appears to decline, and the main production of luxury glass shifts to Egypt and Syria, and decorative effects of colour on smooth surfaced glass. Throughout the period local centres made simpler wares such as

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with iridescent colours may have continued pre-Islamic Roman and Byzantine techniques, but were either invented or considerably developed on pottery and glass in Persia and Syria from the 9th century onwards.

3705:, as was the wearing of gold rings. Islamic metalworkers shared with their European counterparts a relatively high social status, compared to other artists and craftsmen, and many larger pieces are signed. 4921:, who, after 1450, are referred to as the "first Ottomans". Turkmen artworks can be seen as the forerunners of Ottoman art, in particular the "Milet" ceramics and the first blue-and-white Anatolian works. 6068:

Brend, Barbara. "Figurative Art in Medieval Islam and the Riddle of Bihzād of Herāt (1465–1535). By Michael Barry. p. 278-283. Paris, Flammarion, 2004." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 17.1 (2007):

3725:, as well as caskets, pen-cases and plaques. Ewers and basins were brought for hand-washing before and after each meal, and so are often lavishly treated display pieces. A typical 13th century ewer from 6078:

Brend, Barbara. "Figurative Art in Medieval Islam and the Riddle of Bihzād of Herāt (1465–1535). By Michael Barry. p. 312. Paris, Flammarion, 2004." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 17.1 (2007): 312

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Brend, Barbara. "Figurative Art in Medieval Islam and the Riddle of Bihzād of Herāt (1465–1535). By Michael Barry. pp. 63-65. Paris, Flammarion, 2004." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 17.1 (2007):

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Brend, Barbara. "Figurative Art in Medieval Islam and the Riddle of Bihzād of Herāt (1465–1535). By Michael Barry. p. 27. Paris, Flammarion, 2004." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 17.1 (2007): 27

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Brend, Barbara. "Figurative Art in Medieval Islam and the Riddle of Bihzād of Herāt (1465–1535). By Michael Barry. p. 66. Paris, Flammarion, 2004." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 17.1 (2007): 66

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Brend, Barbara. "Figurative Art in Medieval Islam and the Riddle of Bihzād of Herāt (1465–1535). By Michael Barry. p. 65. Paris, Flammarion, 2004." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 17.1 (2007): 65

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Brend, Barbara. "Figurative Art in Medieval Islam and the Riddle of Bihzād of Herāt (1465–1535). By Michael Barry. p. 59. Paris, Flammarion, 2004." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 17.1 (2007): 59

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Brend, Barbara. "Figurative Art in Medieval Islam and the Riddle of Bihzād of Herāt (1465–1535). By Michael Barry. p. 50. Paris, Flammarion, 2004." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 17.1 (2007): 50

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Brend, Barbara. "Figurative Art in Medieval Islam and the Riddle of Bihzād of Herāt (1465–1535). By Michael Barry. p. 40. Paris, Flammarion, 2004." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 17.1 (2007): 40

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Brend, Barbara. "Figurative Art in Medieval Islam and the Riddle of Bihzād of Herāt (1465–1535). By Michael Barry. p. 49. Paris, Flammarion, 2004." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 17.1 (2007): 49

2723:. These pictures were often meant to illustrate well-known historical or poetic stories. Some interpretations of Islam, however, include a ban of depiction of animate beings, also known as aniconism. 2636:

in styles that are typically found in a wide variety of media, from small objects in ceramic or metalwork to large decorative schemes in tiling on the outside and inside of large buildings, including

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can be traced. Motifs known from the stucco at Samarra permit the dating of structures built elsewhere, and are furthermore found on portable objects, particular in wood, from Egypt through to Iran.

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script, from which the date appears to be before 961. Other silks were used for clothes, hangings, altarcloths, and church vestments, which have nearly all been lost, except for some vestments.

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The period of a rapid expansion of the Islamic era forms a reasonably accurate beginning for the label of Islamic art. Early geographical boundaries of the Islamic culture were in present-day

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into vessels appears in the late 10th century, and virtually disappears after about 1040 C.E. There are a number of these vessels in the West, which apparently came on the market after the

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and bearded like ascetics in Islamic tradition. Animals often feature as symbol of the lower and untaimed self. The abstract forces to tame the physical body are depicted in the forms of

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Though the common perception of Abbasid artistic production focuses largely on pottery, the greatest development of the Abbasid period was in textiles. Government-run workshops known as

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and widely exported. Many pieces are signed and dated, and on court pieces the name of the owner is often inscribed; they were typically gifts from a ruler. As well as a court workshop,

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Older wood carving is typically relief or pierced work on flat objects for architectural use, such as screens, doors, roofs, beams and friezes. An important exception are the complex

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buildings. At the same time a process of "iranisation" took place, and construction according to previously established types, such as the "Iranian plan" mosques, was resumed. The

5016:). They separated themselves little by little from Persian traditions, giving birth to an original approach to architecture and urbanism, marked in particular by interaction with 3682:. The most abundant survivals from medieval periods are fine brass objects, handsome enough to preserve, but not valuable enough to be melted down. The abundant local sources of 5216:, who were the main power in India by the late 18th century. The period is most notable for luxury arts of the court, and Mughal styles heavily influenced local Hindu and later 3941:, where the relics were often wrapped in silk. European clergy and nobility were keen buyers of Islamic silk from an early date and, for example, the body of an early bishop of 4583:

Al-Andalus was a great cultural center of the Middle Ages. Besides the great universities, which taught philosophies and sciences yet unknown in Christendom (such as those of

4957:". They were among the first texts to hold up a mirror to daily life in Islamic art, portraying humorous stories and showing little to no inheritance of pictorial tradition. 5212:

lasted from 1526 until (technically) 1858, although from the late 17th century power flowed away from the emperors to local rulers, and later European powers, above all the

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in silver and copper, and carries a blessing. Specialized objects include knives, arms and armour (always of high interest to the elite) and scientific instruments such as

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and other imperial commissions. The motifs are usually floral, in a simpler and more realistic style than Persian or Turkish work, relating to plants in Mughal miniatures.

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art. Study of the production of objects has hardly begun, but a lively art of manuscript illumination is known. The period of the sultanates ended with the arrival of the

4564:(1031–91), but the artistic production from this period does not differ significantly from that of the Umayyads. At the end of the 11th century, two Berber tribes, the 3194:

in Florence, whose complex patterns of octagon roundels and stars, in just a few colours, shimmer before the viewer. Production of this style of carpet began under the

7339: 6508: 10858: 5280: 3237:-weaving is mentioned by many early sources, and may account for a much larger proportion of East Turkish and Caucasian production than traditionally thought. The 3858:

decorated caskets and chests from various periods. A spectacular and famous (and far from flat) roof was one of the Islamic components of the 12th century Norman

10740: 9520: 9498: 5275:, the Mughals also introduced the "bidri" technique of metalwork in which silver motifs are pressed against a black background. Famous Mughal metallurgists like 10108: 5695: 3701:

The use of drinking and eating vessels in gold and silver, the ideal in ancient Rome and Persia as well as medieval Christian societies, is prohibited by the

7253: 5548: 4316:) served the caliphs as living quarters, reception halls, and baths, and were decorated, including some wall-paintings, to promote an image of royal luxury. 3670:

Medieval Islamic metalwork offers a complete contrast to its European equivalent, which is dominated by modelled figures and brightly coloured decoration in

3420:

The medieval Islamic world also had pottery with painted animal and human imagery. Examples are found throughout the medieval Islamic world, particularly in

194: 5792:

Kerner, Jacelyn K. (2014). "From margin to mainstream: the history of Islamic art and architecture in the twenty-first century". In Bennett, Clinton (ed.).

6457:, Carboni, Stefano. Following the Stars: Images of the Zodiac in Islamic Art. (New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1997), 16. The inscription reads: 7565:"From the Literal to the Spiritual: The Development of the Prophet Muhammad's Portrayal from 13th Century Ilkhanid Miniatures to 17th Century Ottoman Art" 10725: 9503: 5725: 2930: 6488: 4615:

The Fatimid Caliphate, which reigned in Egypt from 909 and 1171, introduced crafts and knowledge from politically troubled Baghdad to their capital of

2994:

in India. The term "Persian miniature" refers whereby to the language used to decorate the images, and should not obscure its ties to Arabic imagery.

2687:

and other seminal religious works, which is reflected by the important role of calligraphy, representing the word as the medium of divine revelation.

2683:

had a significant influence on Islamic painting, pottery, and textiles. From its beginnings, Islamic art has been based on the written version of the

8227: 7842: 3345:

period Western ceramics had very little influence, but Islamic pottery was very sought after in Europe, and often copied. An example of this is the

10824: 9525: 7522: 5363:

figure largely in this new art of the book, depicting one or two larger figures, typically idealized beauties in a garden setting, often using the

3583:), are an example of this, though puzzlingly late in date. These and other glass pieces probably represented cheaper versions of vessels of carved 2811:. Other inscriptions include verses of poetry, and inscriptions recording ownership or donation. Two of the main scripts involved are the symbolic 4560:, was the Umayyads, descended from the great Umayyad Caliphate of Syria. After their fall, they were replaced by various autonomous kingdoms, the 3961:

cloth from East Persia, which originally had a carpet-like design with two pairs of confronted elephants, surrounded by borders including rows of

3473:

in the Byzantine style, but without human figures. From the 9th century onwards the distinctive Islamic tradition of glazed and brightly coloured

8098: 4090:

many buildings that have survived across regions and periods. Early Islamic architecture drew on existing regional traditions of architecture in

4341:

In this period, Umayyad artists and artisans did not invent a new vocabulary, but began to prefer those received from Mediterranean and Iranian

3285:

was one of the earliest new technologies developed by the Islamic potters. The first Islamic opaque glazes can be found as blue-painted ware in

9327: 9069: 6301: 5988: 5276: 4241:

Influences from the Sassanian artistic tradition include the image of the king as a warrior and the lion as a symbol of nobility and virility.

3999:

in 1683. Mughal silks incorporate many Indian elements, and often feature relatively realistic "portraits" of plants, as found in other media.

4833:. New techniques in ceramics appeared, such as the lajvardina (a variation on luster-ware), and Chinese influence is perceptible in all arts. 4496:

Beginning in the ninth century, Abbasid sovereignty was contested in the provinces furthest removed from the Iraqi center. The creation of an

4354:

little a typically Muslim art, particularly discernible in the aesthetic of the arabesque, which appears both on monuments and in illuminated

2613:

populations. Referring to characteristic traditions across a wide range of lands, periods, and genres, Islamic art is a concept used first by

4779:

Innovations in ceramics from this period include the production of minai ware and the manufacture of vessels, not out of clay, but out of a

5165:

which had a lasting and not very beneficial effect, leading to over-fussy decoration. European-style painting was slow to be adopted, with

3741:. Decoration is typically densely packed and very often includes arabesques and calligraphy, sometimes naming an owner and giving a date. 3281:

for walls, which in the absence of wall-paintings were taken to heights unmatched by other cultures. Early pottery is often unglazed, but

10755: 9540: 7729:

Mason, Robert B. (1995). "New Looks at Old Pots: Results of Recent Multidisciplinary Studies of Glazed Ceramics from the Islamic World".

7590: 4230:, and the conversion of the mass of the population, including artists, took a significant period, sometimes centuries, after the initial 3190:

There are a few survivals of the grand Egyptian 16th century carpets, including one almost as good as new discovered in the attic of the

7589:

Blair, S. Bloom, J. 'The Mirage of Islamic Art: Reflections on the Study of an Unwieldy Field'. The Art Bulletin, 2003, 85, 1, 152–184,

6041:

On the Exercise of Coastal Control through Observation and Long Distance Communication Systems in Seljuk Territory in the XIIIth Century

3844:-like appearance. These are often in wood, sometimes painted on the wood, but often plastered over before painting; the examples at the 9053: 1997: 4590:

Many techniques were employed in the manufacture of objects. Ivory was used extensively for the manufacture of boxes and caskets. The

10829: 10745: 9530: 9332: 9156: 8361: 4857:. During the 15th century this dynasty gave rise to a golden age in Persian manuscript painting, including renowned painters such as 3150:

No Islamic artistic product has become better known outside the Islamic world than the pile carpet, more commonly referred to as the

2929:

For a long time, Islam was considered aniconic. Existing pictures among the Muslim royalty have been described as an "aberration" by

309: 8093: 5237:, and a wider range of poses in the human figure. Some Western images were directly copied or borrowed from. As the courts of local 4940:, figural (featuring a variety of Greek, Seleucid, Byzantine, Sasanian, and contemporary Turkish rulers' busts), and animal images. 4238:, whose inscription assures its attribution to the Islamic period. Plant motifs were the most important in these early productions. 2945:

Although not many early examples survived, human figurative art was a continuous tradition in Islamic lands, notably several of the

10846: 9552: 9106: 4771:

Ceramic bowl decorated with slip beneath a transparent glaze, Gorgan, 9th century CE, Early Islamic period, National Museum of Iran

4459: 3183: 2585: 7564: 6089: 10809: 10730: 9508: 9468: 9026: 8303: 10750: 9640: 9535: 8960: 4894:

dotted the major trade routes across the region, placed at intervals of a day's travel. The construction of these caravanserai

2727:

stems in part from the prohibition of idolatry and in part from the belief that creation of living forms is God's prerogative.

1972: 10760: 10717: 9547: 9490: 8524: 8430: 8150: 7918: 7899: 7889: 7677: 7637: 7611: 6647: 6406: 6353: 6250:

Savage, 175, suggests that the Persians had made some experiments towards producing it, and the earliest European porcelain,

6103: 5998: 5532: 5508: 5264:, and a range of examples survive; the series of hard stone daggers in the form of horses' heads is particularly impressive. 5157:

influence; thus they may have been inspired by books captured in the course of the Ottoman-Safavid wars of the 16th century.

3326: 3110:. Others see the rejection of iconography as rooting in a strict aversion to depiction of God throughout Islamic tradition. 7515: 5233:

European prints and other art, and these had increasing influence, shown in the gradual introduction of aspects of Western

4721:

struggled for power in the 10th century, and art was a vital element of this competition. Great cities were built, such as

3674:, some pieces entirely in precious metals. In contrast surviving Islamic metalwork consists of practical objects mostly in 1361: 4176: 9033: 5355:'s poem containing more than 250 paintings. In the 17th century a new type of painting develops, based around the album ( 3698:

or water pitchers, were made of one or more pieces of sheet brass, soldered together and subsequently worked and inlaid.

1977: 1739: 903: 8113: 4873: 4626:

emerged as the dominant political force in the Muslim world after they liberated Baghdad and defeated the Byzantines at

4148: 1336: 8099:

Artistic Exchange: Europe and the Islamic World Selections from the Permanent Collection at the National Gallery of Art

7972: 6273: 4234:. There was, notably, a significant production of unglazed ceramics, witnessed by a famous small bowl preserved in the 3182:

Very early Islamic carpets, i.e. those before the 16th century, are extremely rare. More have survived in the West and

2965: 2823:

scripts, which can be found adorning and enhancing the visual appeal of the walls and domes of buildings, the sides of

1982: 5448:

and interior decoration in the Islamic world makes use of motifs and elements drawn from the heritage of Islamic art.

10612: 10566: 10226: 10220: 9226: 9074: 8954: 8934: 8923: 7982: 7953: 7882: 7861: 7777: 7763: 7742: 7694: 7663: 7554: 6620: 6595: 6281: 6135: 5900: 5801: 5607: 5428:, became generally frozen in style, with much of their production going to tourists or exported as oriental exotica. 5085: 4798:

swept through the Islamic world. After his death, his empire was divided among his sons, forming many dynasties: the

4195: 3866:, which picked from the finest elements of Catholic, Byzantine and Islamic art. Other famous wooden roofs are in the 2012: 1326: 5712:

Isles to Germany to Russia during the 1000 years separating the reigns of Charlemagne and Queen Victoria might have.

5067: 3591:), themselves influenced by earlier glass vessels. and there is some evidence that at this period glass cutting and 10483: 10339: 9816: 9712: 9473: 9413: 9312: 8950: 8239: 6314: 5557: 4155: 3047:

Since the mid-20th century following the departure of the Dutch colonialists, several Indonesian painters combined

2766: 10977: 10783: 9441: 8919: 7508: 4026:

design to become more abstract and intricate. Realistic depictions of animals and humans are rare on traditional

3060: 1838: 523: 8088: 4823:

was also born under this dynasty, and was encouraged by aristocratic patronage of large manuscripts such as the

4638:(governors of Seljuk princes) assumed power. Quite independent, they capitalized on conflicts with the Frankish 11042: 10590: 10488: 8888: 8627: 5472: 5063: 4288:

is one of the most important buildings in all of Islamic architecture, marked by a strong Byzantine influence (

4133: 2741: 1419: 533: 5176: 3906:

had commercial workshops producing goods of slightly lower quality. In the 12th and 13th century workshops in

3812:

decoration, but inset with jewels. Such objects may have been made in earlier periods, but few have survived.

3493:

work, made of small tiles each of a single colour but different and regular shapes, are often referred to as "

3333:, whose achievements were greatly admired and emulated. This was especially the case in the periods after the 2941:

Kashan, Iran, late 12th–13th century bowl. The enthroned Seljuk ruler next to his messengers followed by jinn.

10400: 10159: 9836: 9307: 9149: 8913: 8898: 8192: 8094:

Palace and Mosque: Islamic Art from the Victoria and Albert Museum at the National Gallery of Art, Washington

7655: 7546: 6255: 4162: 4082:

in Jerusalem, built in the late 7th century (with later renovations), one of the most important monuments of

2937: 2711:

metal, wood or other materials. Further, figurative miniature paintings have a rich tradition, especially in

1714: 8293: 7851: 10962: 10939: 10549: 10405: 10395: 10301: 9954: 9568: 9244: 9096: 9091: 8940: 8903: 8268: 8197: 8030: 5059: 4297: 4129: 2578: 2259: 120: 6611:

Tabbaa, Yasser (2007). Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.).

4667: 4222:. It is quite difficult to distinguish the earliest Islamic objects from their predecessors in Persian or 4094:

and later developed into various regional traditions. Innovations from one region often spread to others.

3655: 3542:, exported to both Europe and China. Islam took over much of the traditional glass-producing territory of 3504:

decoration from inlaid panels of semi-precious stones, with jewels in some cases. This can be seen at the

3500:

The Mughals made much less use of tiling, preferring (and being able to afford) "parchin kari", a type of

11148: 11064: 10929: 10735: 10503: 10296: 9673: 9513: 9463: 9446: 9403: 9398: 9302: 9254: 9064: 8976: 8908: 8222: 8061:: Islamic Architecture Community: Extensive archive of scholarly articles, full publications and pictures 7875:

Historical and socio-cultural relations between black Africa and the Arab world from 1935 to the present.

6512: 5751: 5149:" (Surname-I Hümayun), one dating from the end of the 16th century, and the other from the era of Sultan 2147: 1905: 1900: 1843: 1414: 73: 8058: 4858: 4144: 3365:

examples were exported to Italy, stimulating the earliest Italian examples, from 15th century Florence.

10814: 10697: 10214: 9633: 9346: 9201: 8992: 8819: 6421: 5410: 4950: 3437: 2827:, and metalwork. Islamic calligraphy in the form of painting or sculptures is sometimes referred to as 2695: 2633: 2029: 1910: 977: 234: 8108: 7815:

Abdullahi Y.; Embi M. R. B (2015). "Evolution Of Abstract Vegetal Ornaments On Islamic Architecture".

6453:. Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, July 2011; see also on 2748: 2690:

Religious Islamic art has been typically characterized by the absence of figures and extensive use of

10907: 10894: 10595: 10424: 10120: 9842: 9805: 9002: 8930: 8217: 8207: 8143: 7289: 6975: 6839: 6126:

Davies, Penelope J.E. Denny, Walter B. Hofrichter, Frima Fox. Jacobs, Joseph. Roberts, Ann M. Simon,

5818: 5261: 4910: 1962: 1957: 1424: 1331: 570: 464: 8243: 2752:

include "all of the arts produced by Muslim peoples, whether connected with their religion or not."

11059: 10778: 10602: 10375: 9855: 9436: 9142: 6926: 6874: 5322: 5048: 4659: 4419:

The ancient city of Baghdad cannot be excavated well, as it lies beneath the modern city. However,

3992: 3815: 2882: 2808: 1828: 908: 695: 4898:

improved in scale, fortification, and replicability. Also, they began to contain central mosques.

3265: 2224: 10917: 9728: 7419: 7122: 7080: 7013: 6095: 5298: 5052: 4972: 4423:, which was largely abandoned, has been well studied, and is known for its surviving examples of 4266: 4122: 4061:

is undergoing a revival, and cloths are used for additional purposes such as wrapping the Quran.

2699: 2625: 2571: 2464: 639: 565: 518: 43: 9882: 4607:

but poorly understood, architecture, and a significant amount of painted and sculpted woodwork.

4508: 11074: 11003: 10972: 10902: 9826: 9821: 9739: 9317: 7212: 6849: 5005: 4830: 3451: 3048: 2969: 2946: 2609:

produced since the 7th century CE by people who lived within territories inhabited or ruled by

2077: 1992: 1895: 1833: 1704: 1654: 1303: 1291: 873: 141: 8412: 8187: 1239: 11020: 10998: 9749: 9626: 9019: 8499: 7836: 7467: 7304: 5338: 5234: 4936:, but as Ayyubid society became more cosmopolitan and multi-ethnic, coinage began to feature 3579:, only found in Europe but normally considered Islamic (or possibly from Muslim craftsmen in 3226: 2964:

world, the best-surviving and highest developed form of painting in the Islamic world is the

2621: 2042: 1967: 1644: 136: 94: 5522: 4662:, and by 1261 had managed to assert themselves in Syria as well their most famous ruler was 3632:

appears to have ended the Syrian industry about 1400 by carrying off the skilled workers to

3368: 3289:, dating to around the 8th century. Another significant contribution was the development of 3198:

but continued after the Ottomans conquered Egypt. The other sophisticated tradition was the

2889:

appearing in later centuries. Calligraphers usually had a higher status than other artists.

2771: 11143: 10677: 10584: 10529: 9408: 9259: 9186: 8982: 8946: 8792: 8632: 8288: 8283: 8273: 8263: 8258: 8248: 8202: 8182: 8167: 8136: 8050: 7617: 7366: 7067: 7042: 7000: 6970: 6955: 5445: 5302: 5139: 4825: 4083: 4070: 4046: 3890: 3708:

Islamic metalwork includes some three-dimensional animal figures, such as fountainheads or

3485:

Some elements, especially the letters of inscriptions, may be moulded in three-dimensional

1429: 548: 436: 161: 156: 151: 146: 131: 28: 6115:) and order without figural representation. Geometric patterns perfectly suited this goal. 5146: 8: 10912: 10788: 10682: 10498: 9937: 9734: 9354: 9191: 8746: 8703: 8617: 8253: 8232: 8122: 7404: 6297: 5209: 4885: 4591: 4545: 4484: 4169: 3730: 3695: 3555: 3547: 3309:, in the 8th century. Other centers for innovative pottery in the Islamic world included 3064: 3052: 2800: 2761: 2691: 2668: 2629: 2187: 2177: 2102: 1791: 1734: 1724: 1694: 1659: 1639: 453: 259: 229: 166: 4515:, gave force to this opposition, as well as small dynasties and autonomous governors in 4345:, which they adapted to their own artistic conceptions. For example, the mosaics in the 4022:

cloth was closely linked to Islam. The Islamic prohibition on certain images encouraged

3911:

traditions of hunting scenes, with backgrounds of arabesques and foliage in both cases.

945: 11079: 10993: 10924: 10834: 10770: 10578: 10554: 10231: 10209: 10169: 10011: 9914: 9865: 9831: 9722: 9428: 9322: 9206: 9059: 8721: 8711: 8555: 8509: 8212: 7959: 7717: 7579: 6950: 6879: 6795: 5774: 5394: 5334: 5161:

Ottoman art came under considerable European influence, the Turks adopting versions of

4965: 4686: 4532: 4313: 3954: 3605: 2835: 2737: 2657: 2624:, except for the widespread use of plant forms, usually in varieties of the spiralling 2117: 2052: 2037: 2007: 1806: 1801: 1786: 1679: 1674: 1368: 1341: 940: 528: 498: 484: 58: 10077: 6450: 4447:

prohibition of the use of golden or silver vessels led to the development of metallic

11054: 11049: 10954: 10944: 10934: 10607: 10493: 10445: 10288: 10199: 9902: 9892: 9887: 9877: 9872: 9705: 9269: 9264: 9236: 8693: 8688: 8670: 7978: 7963: 7949: 7924: 7914: 7895: 7878: 7857: 7773: 7759: 7738: 7690: 7673: 7659: 7633: 7607: 7550: 7376: 7260: 7182: 7172: 6992: 6643: 6616: 6591: 6402: 6277: 6210: 6131: 6099: 5994: 5896: 5797: 5634: 5613: 5603: 5528: 5504: 5326: 5249: 5135: 5013: 5001: 4954: 4926: 4820: 4565: 4527: 4512: 4504: 4453: 4397: 4274: 4042: 3859: 3777: 3592: 3526: 3207: 2987: 2983: 2950: 2920: 2916: 2724: 2720: 2712: 2641: 2293: 2274: 1820: 1781: 1729: 1719: 1709: 1684: 1669: 1632: 1263: 647: 391: 9123: 7872:

The arts in Afro-Arab relations: the legacy of Islam in architecture and sculpture.

5260:, adorned with rubies, diamonds and emeralds are mentioned by the Mughal chronicler 5118:, whose origins lie in the 14th century, continued in existence until shortly after 4254: 3995:

in his invasion of Persia in 1543–45, before being taken by a Polish general at the

3903: 1518: 11084: 11069: 10819: 10524: 10246: 10184: 10174: 10164: 10149: 9897: 9800: 9772: 9660: 9371: 9294: 8970: 8966: 8806: 8678: 8645: 8565: 8356: 8070: 8005: 7941: 7828: 7824: 7709: 7294: 7265: 6906: 6251: 6241:

See Rawson throughout; Canby, 120–123, and see index; Jones & Mitchell, 206–211

6206: 5766: 5467: 5462: 5441: 5390: 5344:

The art of manuscript illumination also achieved new heights, in particular in the

5287: 5221: 4989: 4881: 4843: 4373:, as his country retreat, whose decoration includes naked females and love scenes. 4281: 4079: 3996: 3976: 3726: 3531: 3462: 3401: 3380: 3362: 3330: 2997: 2991: 2924: 2912: 2903: 2676: 2264: 2249: 2234: 2182: 2087: 1987: 1890: 1853: 1796: 1776: 1771: 1744: 1664: 1523: 1286: 1194: 1084: 1079: 863: 768: 706: 671: 663: 513: 503: 406: 239: 5123: 5103: 3749: 3595:

were regarded as the same craft. From the 12th century the industry in Persia and

3413: 2304: 11010: 10707: 10652: 10452: 10138: 10098: 9987: 9943: 9717: 9605: 9221: 9165: 8997: 8878: 8873: 8868: 8683: 8519: 8486: 8403: 7647: 7626: 7197: 7177: 7110: 6869: 6854: 6812: 6780: 6637: 6585: 6557: 6396: 5865: 5691: 5457: 5421: 5318: 5242: 5166: 5154: 4985: 4918: 4869: 4850: 4706: 4647: 4569: 4464: 4420: 4309: 4231: 3877: 3671: 3625: 3543: 3338: 3334: 3260: 3234: 3146:

is traditionally handmade from natural ingredients over the course of many months

3037: 3008:(Black Pen), frequently depicts anecdotes charged with Islamic imagery about the 2870: 2716: 2649: 2614: 2602: 2541: 2414: 2269: 2197: 2162: 2062: 1952: 1858: 1699: 1503: 1229: 1094: 960: 950: 913: 679: 346: 289: 279: 84: 32: 8118: 7877:

UNESCO (ed.) The general history of Africa: studies and documents, no 7. 207 p.

5574: 4853:, was marked by the invasion of a third group of nomads, under the direction of 2309: 1224: 1189: 11122: 10839: 10692: 10534: 10236: 9600: 9458: 9216: 9196: 8850: 8736: 8612: 8514: 8471: 8466: 8010: 7993: 7751: 7494: 7474: 7361: 7282: 7095: 7085: 7075: 6916: 6911: 6800: 6766: 5917: 5375: 5325:. Architecture flourished, attaining a high point with the building program of 5268: 5241:

developed, distinct provincial styles with stronger influence from traditional

5181: 5131: 5115: 5009: 4993: 4902: 4737: 4577: 4549: 4412:

Robert Hillenbrand (1999) likens the movement to the foundation of an "Islamic

4346: 4342: 4335: 4305: 4258: 4091: 3849: 3203: 3199: 3173: 3129: 3125: 3001:

Portrayal of demons in the style of Siyah Qalem. Siyah Qalem Hazine 2153, s.31b

2858: 2819: 2454: 2239: 2214: 1885: 1766: 1758: 1558: 1488: 1204: 1179: 1032: 982: 930: 868: 813: 716: 580: 538: 401: 386: 294: 269: 214: 204: 110: 62: 8381: 8064: 4880:

The Seljuq Turks pushed beyond Iran into Anatolia, winning a victory over the

4326: 4075: 1184: 11137: 11025: 10852: 10702: 10241: 10204: 10179: 10016: 9418: 9211: 8863: 8751: 8622: 8602: 8504: 7928: 7682: 7489: 7329: 7317: 7192: 7134: 7105: 7100: 7055: 7018: 6894: 6864: 6834: 5893:

The future of art in a digital age: from Hellenistic to Hebraic consciousness

5598:

Suarez, Michael F. (2010). "38 The History of the Book in the Muslim World".

5413: 5371: 5205: 5021: 4969: 4849:

The beginning of the third great period of medieval Iranian art, that of the

4623: 4300:), but already bearing purely Islamic elements, such as the great epigraphic 4227: 3907: 3894: 3753: 3580: 3521: 3397: 3372: 3238: 3225:, enjoyed high prestige in Europe, being commissioned by royalty and for the 3222: 3119: 3107: 2866: 2672: 2645: 2496: 2334: 2279: 2057: 1583: 1565: 1074: 736: 655: 610: 543: 469: 5854:

Islamic Archaeology in the Sudan - Page 22, Intisar Soghayroun Elzein - 2004

5617: 5575:"Islamic arts | Characteristics, Calligraphy, Paintings, & Architecture" 5284: 4556:

The first Islamic dynasty to establish itself in Iberia, known in Arabic as

3561: 3202:

which reached its peak in the 16th and early 17th century in works like the

11112: 11037: 10687: 10539: 10417: 10133: 9982: 9967: 9681: 9590: 9111: 8986: 8756: 8459: 8449: 8441: 8278: 7479: 7462: 7452: 7429: 7334: 7324: 7299: 7202: 7167: 7152: 7147: 7127: 7025: 6790: 4891: 4807: 4799: 4795: 4631: 4541: 4501: 4223: 3797: 3717: 3601: 3584: 3576: 3558:

seems to have been a speciality of the Jewish minority in several centres.

3441: 3342: 3212: 3191: 3176: 3155: 3091: 3072: 3068: 3056: 2653: 2526: 2449: 2339: 2244: 2127: 1920: 1308: 1281: 1199: 1129: 1109: 898: 858: 847: 632: 595: 361: 102: 7945: 7652:

The Eastern Carpet in the Western World, From the 15th to the 17th century

7484: 5752:"The Mirage of Islamic Art: Reflections on the Study of an Unwieldy Field" 5440:, have often survived better. Islamic countries have developed modern and 5293: 3713: 1578: 1570: 1449: 10062: 9962: 9849: 9284: 8828: 8637: 8426: 8420: 8408: 7621: 7457: 7434: 7424: 7414: 7219: 7035: 7008: 6985: 6980: 6965: 6960: 6884: 6844: 6785: 5496: 5477: 5379: 5360: 5272: 5213: 5188: 5170: 5119: 4596: 4409: 4381: 4370: 4366: 4293: 3938: 3769: 3596: 3568: 3501: 3455: 3405: 3282: 3247: 3230: 3163: 3143: 3099: 3076: 3005: 2986:

has been dominant since about the 13th century, strongly influencing the

2979: 2960:

Although there has been a tradition of wall-paintings, especially in the

2791: 2680: 2617: 2606: 2536: 2491: 2389: 2229: 1593: 1214: 1169: 1104: 1012: 935: 788: 783: 590: 508: 479: 329: 24: 20: 8346: 7801:

Bibliography of Art and Architecture in the Islamic World. Volume 1: Art

3914: 3837: 3538:

For most of the Middle Ages Islamic glass was the most sophisticated in

3341:. Techniques, shapes and decorative motifs were all affected. Until the 3169: 2744:

bears witness to this art historical term having found wide acceptance.

10967: 10049: 10006: 9977: 9117: 8476: 8331: 8316: 7560: 7371: 7270: 7231: 7207: 7162: 7157: 7142: 7050: 7030: 6859: 6805: 6147:

King and Sylvester, throughout, but 9–28, 49–50, & 59 in particular

6091:

The Oxford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Science, and Technology in Islam

5778: 5696:"Qatar's Museum of Islamic Art: Despite flaws, a house of masterpieces" 5224:

began by importing Persian artists, especially a group brought back by

5184: 5098: 4714: 4694: 4557: 4448: 4440: 4385: 4362: 4030:. However, mythical serpents, humans with exaggerated features and the 3950: 3841: 3709: 3612: 3409: 3384: 3354: 3318: 3159: 2961: 2878: 2707: 2501: 2429: 2409: 2404: 2002: 1868: 1689: 1498: 1276: 1209: 1156: 1022: 925: 808: 575: 431: 366: 254: 199: 9101: 7721: 4682: 4634:, the Seljuks excelled in architecture at the same time in Syria, the 3776:

High levels of achievement were reached in other materials, including

3293:, originating from 9th century Iraq. The first industrial complex for 3090:, aim to destroy forms of Islamic figurative depictions. Motivated by 351: 10672: 10103: 10045: 9992: 9860: 9478: 9181: 9079: 8814: 8416: 7399: 7381: 7346: 7275: 7236: 7187: 7060: 6817: 6454: 5364: 5348: 5345: 5192: 5150: 4976: 4937: 4933: 4803: 4757: 4722: 4690: 4627: 4497: 4478: 4428: 4285: 4014: 3854: 3820: 3793: 3738: 3734: 3633: 3509: 3505: 3466: 3346: 3290: 3095: 2897: 2664: 2511: 2481: 2344: 2172: 2137: 2112: 1915: 1873: 1863: 1513: 1037: 798: 746: 711: 421: 224: 189: 5770: 5367:

techniques previously used for border paintings for the background.

5037: 4674:

is an example of the very high quality of metalwork at this period.

4111: 3482:

technique requiring confidence in the consistent results of firing.

3446: 264: 11015: 10511: 10369: 10321: 10115: 10021: 9972: 9700: 9084: 8858: 8741: 8731: 8494: 8351: 7713: 7356: 7246: 7241: 7226: 7090: 6584:

Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair, Sheila S., eds. (2009). "Architecture".

6174:

King and Sylvester: Spanish carpets: 11–12, 50–52; Balkans: 77 and

6087: 5352: 4906: 4784: 4753: 4741: 4639: 4584: 4535: 4350: 4277:(661–750), when new concepts and new plans were put into practice. 3918: 3867: 3845: 3833: 3358: 3350: 3083: 2838:

and decoration of the manuscripts used for written versions of the

2775: 2546: 2459: 2439: 2424: 2219: 2192: 1548: 1508: 1454: 1042: 823: 778: 731: 721: 605: 324: 319: 314: 304: 274: 47: 9134: 6130:, Prentice Hall; 2007, Upper Saddle, New Jersey. Seventh Edition, 5153:. These books contain numerous illustrations and exhibit a strong 4603:

rule one may also note a taste for painted and sculpted woodwork.

4400:(750–1258) witnessed the movement of the capital from Damascus to 3972: 2679:

art, with later influences from Central Asian nomadic traditions.

2620:

in the late 19th century. Public Islamic art is traditionally non-

2379: 2374: 2319: 1588: 11030: 10626: 10314: 10194: 10072: 10067: 10054: 10038: 10031: 10026: 9758: 9573: 9391: 9386: 8782: 8761: 8341: 7849: 7700:

Madden, Edward H. (1975). "Some Characteristics of Islamic Art".

7409: 7117: 6921: 6889: 6824: 6451:"Base of a ewer with Zodiac medallions [Iran] (91.1.530)" 5437: 5402: 5356: 5330: 5306: 5229: 5225: 5145:

Masterpieces of Ottoman manuscript illustration include the two "

4997: 4791: 4780: 4761: 4745: 4730: 4718: 4710: 4663: 4643: 4600: 4573: 4436: 4405: 4401: 4242: 3946: 3871: 3863: 3805: 3782: 3765: 3650: 3617: 3539: 3389: 3298: 3274: 3195: 3087: 3025: 2974: 2637: 2610: 2551: 2521: 2476: 2444: 2399: 2394: 2384: 2329: 2324: 2254: 2209: 2167: 2047: 1649: 1476: 1351: 1346: 1027: 987: 955: 773: 741: 381: 54: 7991: 7616: 6489:

Fatimid Rock Crystal Ewers, Most Valuable Objects in Islamic Art

5993:. New York: Oxford University Press, Inc. pp. 192 and 207. 5602:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 331ff. 3921:

piece in silk, cotton and gold, Iran or Iraq, early 14th century

3534:", a 13th-century Syrian beaker in England since the Middle Ages 2786:

Calligraphic design is omnipresent in Islamic art, where, as in

1390: 10544: 10518: 10477: 10438: 10355: 10268: 10189: 10091: 10001: 9932: 9927: 9694: 9618: 9595: 9583: 9578: 9342: 9249: 8834: 8766: 8716: 8586: 8581: 8560: 8545: 8336: 8073:: Islamic Middle East Collections including contemporary pieces 8025: 6899: 6829: 6358:, Fleming, Stuart. see also endnote 110 for Jewish glassworkers 6254:, was made in the late 16th century, perhaps with a Persian or 5433: 5406: 5253: 5162: 4945: 4914: 4726: 4671: 4655: 4635: 4444: 4424: 4301: 4289: 4262: 4235: 4050: 4031: 3987: 3986:

Ottoman silks were less exported, and the many surviving royal

3958: 3932: 3808: 3761: 3702: 3691: 3679: 3663: 3659: 3637: 3621: 3588: 3565: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3470: 3393: 3314: 3310: 3273:

Islamic art has very notable achievements in ceramics, both in

3103: 2854: 2850: 2824: 2787: 2779: 2531: 2516: 2506: 2359: 2314: 2157: 2152: 2142: 2122: 2072: 1543: 1538: 1528: 1493: 1459: 1407: 1400: 1385: 1380: 1316: 1270: 1244: 1234: 1134: 1119: 1114: 1099: 1089: 1064: 1052: 1047: 1017: 1007: 1002: 893: 878: 818: 803: 751: 726: 615: 600: 585: 426: 396: 376: 371: 356: 334: 66: 8128: 4408:. The shift to Baghdad influenced politics, culture, and art. 1249: 1069: 965: 10793: 10618: 10572: 10560: 10362: 10348: 10307: 10084: 9922: 9779: 9765: 9686: 9649: 9451: 9381: 9364: 8824: 8787: 8726: 8540: 8454: 8311: 8103: 7817:

International Journal of Architectural Research: ArchNet-IJAR

6639:

Qusayr 'Amra: Art and the Umayyad Elite in Late Antique Syria

5654: 5425: 5238: 5017: 4909:. They were responsible for a number of mosques, such as the 4854: 4698: 4616: 4561: 4472: 4355: 4219: 4018: 4008: 3980: 3966: 3962: 3801: 3675: 3629: 3551: 3425: 3306: 3302: 3294: 3286: 3243: 3133: 3029: 2874: 2839: 2813: 2795: 2684: 2556: 2486: 2419: 2369: 2364: 2349: 2132: 2097: 2092: 2082: 2067: 1935: 1925: 1848: 1598: 1533: 1375: 1356: 1219: 1174: 1164: 1139: 1124: 997: 888: 833: 828: 793: 763: 416: 411: 284: 249: 209: 184: 179: 38: 8082: 8076: 6156:

King and Sylvester, 27, 61–62, as "The Medici Mamluk Carpet"

5973: 5971: 5961: 5959: 5949: 5947: 5126:, important metalwork and jewellery, Turkish paper marbling 4943:

Hillenbrand suggests that the medieval Islamic texts called

4098:

in materials such as brick, stone, tile, plaster, and wood.

3313:(from 975 to 1075), Damascus (from 1100 to around 1600) and 10459: 10431: 10381: 10328: 10273: 9786: 9376: 9359: 9279: 9274: 8550: 8326: 8321: 6276:. pp. 58, 86, 143, 151, 176, 201, 226, 243, 292, 304. 5863: 5524:

Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture, Vol. II

5257: 5217: 5127: 4895: 4749: 4516: 4413: 4389: 3942: 3898: 3757: 3722: 3683: 3478: 3474: 3421: 3278: 3098:), the Taliban launched an attack on arts in March 2001 in 3009: 2954: 2886: 2434: 2354: 2107: 1940: 1930: 1444: 1395: 992: 883: 299: 244: 219: 6195: 4273:

Religious and civic architecture were developed under the

8089:

CalligraphyIslamic: Extensive site on Islamic calligraphy

7672:, Thames & Hudson World of Art series; 1999, London. 5968: 5956: 5944: 5398: 5267:

The Mughals were also fine metallurgists they introduced

3712:, but only one significant enamelled object of Byzantine 3687: 3357:

ointments and dry drugs. The development of this type of

3138: 3017: 2663:

The early developments of Islamic art were influenced by

7814: 6590:. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. pp. 68–71. 5680:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 14–15. 3840:

designs giving roofs and other architectural elements a

4595:

Christendom, where they served as covering for saints'

4491: 4304:. The desert palaces in Jordan and Syria (for example, 3388:

neighbouring European countries. It had introduced two

7938:

What is 'Islamic' Art? Between Religion and Perception

6587:

The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture

6441:

But see Arts, 170, where the standard view is disputed

5653:"History of art in Iran. viii. Islamic Central Asia". 5520: 4587:), the territory was an equally vital center for art. 3082:

In the 21th century, iconophobic followers of various

7970: 6296:

Arts, 131, 135. The Introduction (pp. 131–135) is by

5378:

tribe established from centuries on the banks of the

5195:

brightened the night throughout the wedding ceremony.

3142:

From the yarn fiber to the colors, every part of the

8104:

Islamic Art Network – Thesaurus Islamicus Foundation

7597:

Rivers of Paradise: Water in Islamic Art and Culture

5333:, which included numerous gardens, palaces (such as 5245:

developed in both Muslim and Hindu princely courts.

5187:

attending the marriage procession of his eldest son

4836: 3881:

Ivory with traces of paint, 11th–12th century, Egypt

3624:

seems to have ceased to be a major centre after the

2770:

Tiles with some calligraphy in the courtyard of the

27:. For the architecture associated with Muslims, see 5527:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. vii. 4988:. Later other competing sultanates were founded in 4646:seized Fatimid Egypt, and installed the transitory 4136:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 7992:Abdullahi, Yahya; Mohamed Rashid Bin Embi (2013). 7911:Art of the Islamic world: a resource for educators 7625: 7541:"Arts": Jones, Dalu & Michell, George, (eds); 5424:, largely closed, while others, like metalwork in 4041:reached its zenith in royal Muslim courts such as 3953:, probably when the body was reburied in 820. The 6662:Ettinghausen, Grabar, & Jenkins-Madina, p. 47 5675: 5495:Marilyn Jenkins-Madina, Richard Ettinghausen and 4861:, but also a multitude of workshops and patrons. 4658:seized control of Egypt from the Ayyubids as the 4580:, who managed to maintain their hold until 1492. 11135: 7731:Muqarnas: Annual on Islamic Art and Architecture 6088:Salim Ayduz; Ibrahim Kalin; Caner Dagli (2014). 5986: 6432:Arts, 201, and earlier pages for animal shapes. 3461:The earliest grand Islamic buildings, like the 3059:. The spiritual centre of this movement is the 2972:, or later as a single page for inclusion in a 9070:Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe 6569:Arts, 68, 71, 82–86, 106–108, 110–111, 114–115 6422:Hadithic texts against gold and silver vessels 5750:Blair, Shirley S.; Bloom, Jonathan M. (2003). 5024:, who progressively seized their territories. 4729:, and the construction of the Great Mosque of 4296:, and a central plan that recalls that of the 3662:basin of engraved brass with gold, silver and 3640:were receiving large orders for mosque lamps. 3361:jar had its roots in the Islamic Middle East. 9634: 9150: 8144: 7974:Nishapur: pottery of the early Islamic period 7841:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 ( 7516: 5841: 5839: 3102:. The religious justification derives from a 3051:with geometric forms, Indonesian symbols and 2579: 7977:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 7913:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 7894:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 7856:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 7850:Carboni, Stefano; Whitehouse, David (2001). 5819:"Islamic Art History: An Influential Period" 4932:Earlier coinage necessarily featured Arabic 4034:of pre-Islamic mythology are common motifs. 3353:earthenware jar originally designed to hold 7935: 7887: 6355:Roman glass: reflections on cultural change 5796:. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 227–229. 5794:The Bloomsbury Companion to Islamic Studies 5066:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 3729:is decorated with foliage, animals and the 9641: 9627: 9157: 9143: 9054:Islamic Art: Mirror of the Invisible World 8151: 8137: 7756:Chinese Ornament: The lotus and the dragon 7523: 7509: 6583: 5915: 5890: 5866:"Islamic Textile Art: Anomalies in Kilims" 5836: 5749: 5726:"Toward a clearer vision of 'Islamic' art" 4456:led to the development of this technique. 3611:Lustre painting, by techniques similar to 3024:). Most human characters are clothed like 2586: 2572: 1998:On the Harmony of Religions and Philosophy 8009: 7994:"Evolution of Islamic geometric patterns" 7940:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 7794:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion. 6189: 5086:Learn how and when to remove this message 4365:for private settings. The Umayyad caliph 4196:Learn how and when to remove this message 3945:in France was wrapped in a silk from the 3897:, spreading from Egypt, where a thriving 9107:Oriental carpets in Renaissance painting 8035: 6388: 6300:, who shared the catalogue entries with 5723: 5690: 5389: 5292: 5175: 5097: 4964: 4868: 4864: 4766: 4681: 4677: 4540: 4526: 4522: 4458: 4427:reliefs, in which the prehistory of the 4380: 4325: 4253: 4074: 4037:Although its existence pre-dates Islam, 3971: 3913: 3876: 3814: 3748: 3649: 3560: 3525: 3445: 3367: 3264: 3184:oriental carpets in Renaissance painting 3168: 3137: 2996: 2936: 2896: 2765: 72: 53: 37: 16:Visual art forms associated with Muslims 9027:Heaven on Earth: Art from Islamic Lands 7908: 7702:Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 7632:(2nd ed.). Yale University Press. 5678:What Everyone Needs to Know about Islam 5669: 5635:"Figural Representation in Islamic Art" 4905:were nomads who settled in the area of 3229:, and the industry continued after the 11136: 8607: 7699: 6635: 6610: 6579: 6577: 6575: 6461:meaning "With bliss and divine grace…" 5816: 5791: 5597: 5501:Islamic Art and Architecture: 650–1250 5312: 5134:as well as tapestries and exceptional 4960: 4810:in northern Iran and southern Russia. 3827: 1973:Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity 553: 10879: 10647: 10263: 9622: 9138: 8132: 8125:has decorative Islamic book bindings. 7758:, 1984, British Museum Publications, 7728: 7628:Islamic Art and Architecture 650–1250 6604: 6532:Arts, 147–150, and exhibits following 5629: 5627: 3744: 3063:(ITB), with leading teachers such as 2640:. Other forms of Islamic art include 10648: 10264: 7891:Al-Andalus: the art of Islamic Spain 7772:, 1988, British Museum Publications 6394: 6267: 5569: 5567: 5370:After the fall of the Safavids, the 5064:adding citations to reliable sources 5031: 5027: 4492:Medieval period (9th–15th centuries) 4134:adding citations to reliable sources 4105: 3477:for interior and exterior walls and 3469:, had interior walls decorated with 2794:, religious exhortations, including 77:Hunters at a Stream - Riza `Abbasi, 9164: 9034:Hajj: Journey to the Heart of Islam 7998:Frontiers of Architectural Research 7559: 6572: 6479:See the relevant sections in "Arts" 6470:Arts, 157–160, and exhibits 161–204 6401:. SUNY Press. pp. whole book. 5864:Thompson, Muhammad; Begum, Nasima. 5724:Melikian, Souren (April 24, 2004). 4002: 3113: 2873:, always used for Qur'anic verses, 1978:The Incoherence of the Philosophers 1633:National literatures of Arab States 13: 8114:Islamic Art in Modern Architecture 8077:Museum of Islamic Art, Doha, Qatar 7808: 7624:; Jenkins-Madina, Marilyn (2003). 7595:Bloom, Sheila and Jonathan, eds., 6642:. University of California Press. 6376:Arts, 131–135, 141–146; quote, 134 6274:State University of New York Press 5624: 4392:, 9th century, today in the Louvre 4013:The development and refinement of 3788: 3497:", which is not strictly correct. 3269:10th-century dish from East Persia 3242:designs. As well as pile carpets, 3055:, creating religiously influenced 2881:world, especially for poetry, and 1983:The Incoherence of the Incoherence 14: 11160: 8935:Museum for Islamic Art, Jerusalem 8085:: Arab Museum of Modern Art Qatar 8019: 6560:. Exhibited as no. 4 in Arts, 74. 6398:Metalwork in Medieval Islamic Art 6270:Metalwork in Medieval Islamic Art 5990:Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art 5564: 5521:J. M. Bloom; S. S. Blair (2009). 5271:and refined the locally produced 5180:An illustrated manuscript of the 4837:The Golden Horde and the Timurids 4705:Iran and the north of India, the 3246:and other types of flat-weave or 2978:or bound album of miniatures and 2834:The various forms of traditional 11118: 11117: 11106: 10627:Schools of islamic jurisprudence 9817:Timeline of the history of Islam 9648: 9333:Reception in early modern Europe 9328:Contributions to Medieval Europe 8380: 8024: 7604:Shah Abbas; The Remaking of Iran 6313:Encyclopaedia Judaica, "Glass", 6211:10.1111/j.1475-4754.2004.00167.x 6165:King and Sylvester, 59–66, 79–83 6128:David L. Janson's History of Art 5600:The Oxford companion to the book 5385: 5036: 4463:Tiraz Textile Fragment, 946–974 4110: 2628:. These are often combined with 109: 61:, probably the finest surviving 10978:List of ex-Muslim organisations 8158: 8119:The Kirkor Minassian Collection 8109:Islamic Arts & Architecture 8067:: extensive site on Islamic art 6746: 6737: 6728: 6719: 6710: 6701: 6692: 6683: 6674: 6665: 6656: 6629: 6563: 6544: 6535: 6526: 6517: 6502: 6493: 6482: 6473: 6464: 6444: 6435: 6426: 6415: 6379: 6370: 6361: 6346: 6337: 6328: 6319: 6307: 6290: 6261: 6244: 6235: 6226: 6217: 6180: 6168: 6159: 6150: 6141: 6120: 6081: 6072: 6062: 6053: 6044: 6035: 6026: 6016: 6007: 5980: 5935: 5909: 5884: 5857: 5848: 5810: 5785: 5743: 5717: 5409:mosaic tiles forming elaborate 4610: 4213: 4121:needs additional citations for 4064: 3079:as their main representatives. 3061:Bandung Institute of Technology 2845:theory has also been disputed. 7971:Wilkinson, Charles K. (1973). 7829:10.26687/archnet-ijar.v9i1.558 7606:, 2009, British Museum Press, 7599:, Yale University Press, 2009. 5941:Arts, p. 223. see nos. 278–290 5891:Alexenberg, Melvin L. (2006). 5684: 5645: 5639:The Metropolitan Museum of Art 5591: 5541: 5514: 5489: 5473:List of museums of Islamic art 3823:and tile-top table, about 1560 2865:The main languages, all using 2755: 2730: 1: 7791:"Islam and Art: An Overview." 7737:. Brill Academic Publishers. 7689:, 1975, Thames & Hudson, 7656:Arts Council of Great Britain 7547:Arts Council of Great Britain 6758: 6725:Hillenbrand (1999), Chapter 4 6613:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three 5895:. Intellect Ltd. p. 55. 5173:from the inside, as it were. 4790:During the 13th century, the 4208: 2949:(c. 660–750), and during the 78: 10963:Apostasy in Islam by country 10830:Liberalism and progressivism 9569:Arab Agricultural Revolution 9092:Mathematics and architecture 8071:Victoria & Albert Museum 7670:Islamic Art and Architecture 6513:Victoria & Albert Museum 5817:Bondak, Marwa (2017-04-25). 5730:International Herald Tribune 5700:International Herald Tribune 5552:Islamic Art and architecture 5337:), an immense bazaar, and a 4949:, copied and illustrated by 4813: 4298:Church of the Holy Sepulchre 3645: 3410:painting in metallic lusters 2652:, and textile arts, such as 7: 7768:Rogers J.M. and Ward R.M.; 5987:J. Bloom; S. Blair (2009). 5451: 5109: 4953:were some of the earliest " 4404:, and then from Baghdad to 4361:Some Umayyads commissioned 3694:. Household items, such as 3254: 2892: 2148:One Thousand and One Nights 10: 11165: 10880: 8011:10.1016/j.foar.2013.03.002 7786:, Penguin, (2nd edn.) 1963 7784:Porcelain Through the Ages 6551:Louvre, Suaire de St-Josse 5676:Esposito, John L. (2011). 5199: 4951:Yahya ibn Mahmud al-Wasiti 4376: 4259:Palace façade from Mshatta 4249: 4101: 4068: 4053:encouraged and patronised 4006: 3519: 3438:Islamic geometric patterns 3435: 3417:was imported and admired. 3258: 3123: 3117: 2910: 2803:of Arabic verses from the 2759: 1911:Arcs of Descent and Ascent 978:Andalusian classical music 904:Arabic musical instruments 235:Islamic geometric patterns 19:This article is about the 18: 11101: 10986: 10953: 10893: 10889: 10875: 10802: 10769: 10741:Geography and cartography 10716: 10663: 10659: 10643: 10469: 10391: 10338: 10287: 10283: 10259: 10129: 9953: 9913: 9796: 9748: 9672: 9668: 9657: 9561: 9521:Geography and cartography 9489: 9427: 9341: 9293: 9235: 9227:Influences on Western art 9172: 9075:Influences on Western art 9043: 9011: 8887: 8849: 8805: 8775: 8702: 8669: 8660: 8595: 8574: 8533: 8485: 8440: 8396: 8389: 8378: 8302: 8175: 8166: 8049:Video:Islamic art at the 6459:"Bi-l-yumn wa al-baraka…" 5922:Islamic and Geometric Art 5845:Madden (1975), pp.423–430 5503:, Yale University Press, 4668:Baptistère de Saint Louis 3690:, explains the rarity of 3656:Baptistère de Saint Louis 3431: 2644:painting, artefacts like 1958:The Theology of Aristotle 1425:Pre-Islamic Arabic poetry 1322:Love in Arabic literature 571:Arabic geometric patterns 534:Islamic hardstone carving 465:Ancient South Arabian art 11060:Islamic view of miracles 8065:Museum With No Frontiers 7909:Ekhtiar, Maryam (2012). 7770:Süleyman the Magnificent 7687:The World of Ottoman Art 6716:Hillenbrand (1999), p.91 6707:Hillenbrand (1999), p.89 6698:Hillenbrand (1999), p.58 6689:Hillenbrand (1999), p.54 6680:Hillenbrand (1999), p.40 5483: 5248:The arts of jewelry and 4794:under the leadership of 3993:Suleiman the Magnificent 3885: 3716:technique is known. The 3515: 3301:production was built in 1327:Arabic erotic literature 524:Palestinian wood carving 10815:Creationism (evolution) 7602:Canby, Sheila R. (ed). 6752:Levey, chapters 5 and 6 6096:Oxford University Press 5870:Salon du Tapis d'Orient 5579:Encyclopædia Britannica 5299:Sheykh Lotfollah mosque 4876:in Erzurum. Before 1265 4842:preserved today in the 4821:art of the Persian book 4267:Pergamon Museum, Berlin 3925: 3772:steel inlaid with gold. 2982:. The tradition of the 2970:illuminated manuscripts 2749:Encyclopædia Britannica 2742:List of Islamic museums 1834:Islamic Aristotelianism 1829:Early Arabic Philosophy 11075:Persecution of Muslims 10973:List of former Muslims 9822:Succession to Muhammad 9065:Indo-Saracenic Revival 8054: 7831:(inactive 2024-04-24). 6945:Art of the Middle East 6743:Hillenbrand, p.128-131 6636:Fowden, Garth (2004). 6541:Arts, 65–68; 74, no. 3 6258:assistant on the team. 5416: 5309: 5281:Muhammed Salih Thatawi 5252:of gemstones, such as 5196: 5106: 4980: 4877: 4874:Çifte Minareli Medrese 4831:Rashid-al-Din Hamadani 4772: 4702: 4599:. From the periods of 4553: 4538: 4467: 4393: 4338: 4270: 4086: 3983: 3965:and an inscription in 3922: 3882: 3824: 3773: 3667: 3571: 3535: 3458: 3452:Friday Mosque of Herat 3450:Tiled exterior of the 3376: 3317:(from 1470 to 1550). 3270: 3179: 3147: 3049:Abstract Expressionism 3002: 2947:Umayyad Desert Castles 2942: 2908: 2783: 2471:South Arabian deities 1993:Theologus Autodidactus 874:Rhythm in Arabic music 87: 70: 51: 31:. For other uses, see 10859:Conversion to mosques 10726:Alchemy and chemistry 9504:Alchemy and chemistry 9020:Empire of the Sultans 8048: 8033:at Wikimedia Commons 7946:10.1017/9781108622967 7870:Darwish, Ali (1984). 7668:Hillenbrand, Robert. 7618:Ettinghausen, Richard 7068:Art of Southeast Asia 6775:Periods and movements 5918:"Only God is Perfect" 5656:Encyclopaedia Iranica 5393: 5351:, an immense copy of 5339:large imperial mosque 5296: 5235:graphical perspective 5179: 5101: 4968: 4872: 4865:Syria, Iraq, Anatolia 4770: 4685: 4678:Iran and Central Asia 4630:. During the rule of 4544: 4530: 4523:Spain and the Maghreb 4500:dynasty, that of the 4462: 4384: 4329: 4257: 4078: 3975: 3917: 3880: 3818: 3752: 3653: 3564: 3529: 3449: 3436:Further information: 3371: 3283:tin-opacified glazing 3268: 3227:Papal Palace, Avignon 3172: 3141: 3000: 2940: 2900: 2809:Great Mosque of Xi'an 2769: 2300:North Arabian deities 2204:Fictional Arab people 2043:Atlantis of the Sands 1968:The Book of the Apple 549:Islamic ivory carving 76: 57: 41: 10585:Ma malakat aymanukum 10160:Association football 10059:Moderate Kharijites 8983:Arab World Institute 8793:Ottoman illumination 8051:Freer Gallery of Art 7936:Shaw, Wendy (2019). 7888:Dodds, J.D. (1992). 7853:Glass of the sultans 6671:Gruber, World of Art 6523:Rogers and Ward, 156 5694:(December 5, 2008). 5436:mosaic tiles of the 5303:Naqsh-e Jahan Square 5220:rulers as well. The 5140:Ottoman illumination 5060:improve this section 4509:Caliphate of Córdoba 4130:improve this article 4084:Islamic architecture 4071:Islamic architecture 3756:dagger with hilt in 3636:. By about 1500 the 3373:Iznik glazed pottery 3325:Islamic pottery was 2605:and encompasses the 1430:Modern Arabic poetry 1105:Gnawa (North Africa) 946:Classical Arab music 29:Islamic architecture 9414:Early social change 9313:Early social change 8123:Library of Congress 7578:(7). Archived from 7254:Art of the Americas 6993:Art of Central Asia 6298:Ralph Pinder-Wilson 5313:Safavids and Qajars 5210:Indian subcontinent 5008:, and in the north 4961:Indian subcontinent 4886:Battle of Manzikert 4859:Kamāl ud-Dīn Behzād 4592:pyxis of al-Mughira 4546:Pyxis of al-Mughira 4485:Islamic calligraphy 4057:production. Today, 3828:House and furniture 3731:Signs of the Zodiac 3548:Ancient Roman glass 3291:stonepaste ceramics 3053:Islamic calligraphy 2801:Chinese calligraphy 2762:Islamic calligraphy 2706:Both religious and 2669:Early Christian art 2630:Islamic calligraphy 2103:Iram of the Pillars 1362:Mirrors for princes 909:Great Book of Music 642:(Arabian Peninsula) 230:Islamic calligraphy 11149:Visual arts genres 11080:Quran and miracles 10994:Criticism of Islam 10698:Geometric patterns 10550:Gender segregation 10121:Non-denominational 9060:Aniconism in Islam 8998:Toronto (Aga Khan) 8955:Khalili Collection 8820:Geometric patterns 8228:Bahmani and Deccan 8055: 7536:Books and journals 6880:Post-Impressionism 6734:Hillenbrand, p.100 6556:2011-06-23 at the 6395:Baer, Eva (1983). 6367:Arts, 131, 133–135 6268:Baer, Eva (1983). 6223:Mason (1995), p. 7 6186:Mason (1995), p. 5 5417: 5395:Bou Inania Madrasa 5310: 5197: 5147:books of festivals 5136:Ottoman miniatures 5107: 4981: 4955:coffee table books 4927:book frontispieces 4878: 4773: 4703: 4687:Bibi-Khanym Mosque 4554: 4539: 4507:, followed by the 4468: 4439:, and of metallic 4394: 4339: 4275:Umayyad Caliphates 4271: 4087: 3984: 3955:Shroud of St Josse 3923: 3883: 3825: 3778:hardstone carvings 3774: 3745:Other applied arts 3668: 3572: 3536: 3459: 3377: 3271: 3180: 3148: 3003: 2990:of Turkey and the 2943: 2909: 2907:, Persian, 1539–43 2857:or monogram of an 2836:Arabic calligraphy 2784: 2772:Süleymaniye Mosque 2738:Islamic Golden Age 2634:geometric patterns 2225:Altaïr Ibn-La'Ahad 2053:Beast of the Earth 2008:Sicilian Questions 1839:Islamic Platonism 1792:Arabic mathematics 1342:Arabic short story 1337:Literary_criticism 529:Islamic embroidery 499:Arabic calligraphy 88: 71: 69:, mid-16th century 59:The Ardabil Carpet 52: 46:decoration at the 11131: 11130: 11097: 11096: 11093: 11092: 11065:Domestic violence 11055:Islamic terrorism 11050:Islamic extremism 10871: 10870: 10867: 10866: 10639: 10638: 10635: 10634: 10425:Marriage contract 10255: 10254: 10215:Political aspects 9944:Story of Prophets 9713:Prophets of Islam 9616: 9615: 9584:elementary school 9202:Geometric pattern 9132: 9131: 8801: 8800: 8656: 8655: 8628:Hardstone carving 8525:Chinese influence 8376: 8375: 8362:Stucco decoration 8046: 8029:Media related to 7920:978-1-58839-482-8 7901:978-0-87099-636-8 7798:Sinclair, Susan. 7678:978-0-500-20305-7 7646:King, Donald and 7639:978-0-300-08869-4 7612:978-0-7141-2452-0 7543:The Arts of Islam 7533: 7532: 7043:Art of South Asia 6649:978-0-520-23665-3 6408:978-0-87395-602-4 6105:978-0-19-981257-8 6000:978-0-19-530991-1 5534:978-0-19-530991-1 5509:978-0-300-08869-4 5250:hardstone carving 5228:when in exile in 5096: 5095: 5088: 5028:The Three Empires 4826:Jami' al-tawarikh 4513:Iberian Peninsula 4505:Fatimid Caliphate 4454:Chinese porcelain 4398:Abbasid Caliphate 4334:(portico) of the 4330:Mosaics from the 4206: 4205: 4198: 4180: 3860:Cappella Palatina 3593:hardstone carving 3383:style emerged in 3337:and those of the 3208:Coronation Carpet 2988:Ottoman miniature 2984:Persian miniature 2951:Abbasid Caliphate 2931:Sir Thomas Arnold 2921:Persian miniature 2917:Ottoman miniature 2725:Islamic aniconism 2642:Islamic miniature 2596: 2595: 1896:Al-Insān al-Kāmil 1807:Arabic technology 1802:Arabic psychology 1787:Arabic Golden Age 554:Islamic Metalwork 310:Stucco decoration 11156: 11121: 11120: 11113:Islam portal 11111: 11110: 11109: 10891: 10890: 10883: 10877: 10876: 10718:Medieval science 10661: 10660: 10651: 10645: 10644: 10302:Economic history 10285: 10284: 10261: 10260: 10247:Islam by country 10032:Bektashi Alevism 9670: 9669: 9661:Outline of Islam 9643: 9636: 9629: 9620: 9619: 9491:Medieval science 9159: 9152: 9145: 9136: 9135: 8971:Majorelle Garden 8667: 8666: 8500:Hispano-Moresque 8394: 8393: 8384: 8193:Anatolian Seljuk 8173: 8172: 8153: 8146: 8139: 8130: 8129: 8047: 8028: 8015: 8013: 7988: 7967: 7932: 7905: 7867: 7846: 7840: 7832: 7782:Savage, George. 7748: 7725: 7658:, London, 1983, 7648:Sylvester, David 7643: 7631: 7586: 7584: 7569: 7525: 7518: 7511: 7001:Art of East Asia 6763: 6762: 6753: 6750: 6744: 6741: 6735: 6732: 6726: 6723: 6717: 6714: 6708: 6705: 6699: 6696: 6690: 6687: 6681: 6678: 6672: 6669: 6663: 6660: 6654: 6653: 6633: 6627: 6626: 6608: 6602: 6601: 6581: 6570: 6567: 6561: 6548: 6542: 6539: 6533: 6530: 6524: 6521: 6515: 6506: 6500: 6497: 6491: 6486: 6480: 6477: 6471: 6468: 6462: 6448: 6442: 6439: 6433: 6430: 6424: 6419: 6413: 6412: 6392: 6386: 6383: 6377: 6374: 6368: 6365: 6359: 6350: 6344: 6341: 6335: 6332: 6326: 6323: 6317: 6311: 6305: 6294: 6288: 6287: 6265: 6259: 6252:Medici porcelain 6248: 6242: 6239: 6233: 6230: 6224: 6221: 6215: 6214: 6193: 6187: 6184: 6178: 6172: 6166: 6163: 6157: 6154: 6148: 6145: 6139: 6124: 6118: 6117: 6085: 6079: 6076: 6070: 6066: 6060: 6057: 6051: 6048: 6042: 6039: 6033: 6030: 6024: 6020: 6014: 6011: 6005: 6004: 5984: 5978: 5975: 5966: 5963: 5954: 5951: 5942: 5939: 5933: 5932: 5930: 5928: 5916:Backhouse, Tim. 5913: 5907: 5906: 5888: 5882: 5881: 5879: 5877: 5861: 5855: 5852: 5846: 5843: 5834: 5833: 5831: 5829: 5814: 5808: 5807: 5789: 5783: 5782: 5759:The Art Bulletin 5756: 5747: 5741: 5740: 5738: 5736: 5721: 5715: 5714: 5708: 5706: 5692:Melikian, Souren 5688: 5682: 5681: 5673: 5667: 5666: 5664: 5663: 5649: 5643: 5642: 5631: 5622: 5621: 5595: 5589: 5588: 5586: 5585: 5571: 5562: 5561: 5556:. Archived from 5545: 5539: 5538: 5518: 5512: 5511:, p.3; Brend, 10 5493: 5468:Islamic graffiti 5463:Arabic miniature 5442:contemporary art 5288:celestial globes 5222:Mughal miniature 5091: 5084: 5080: 5077: 5071: 5040: 5032: 4882:Byzantine Empire 4806:in Iran and the 4660:Mamluk Sultanate 4282:Dome of the Rock 4201: 4194: 4190: 4187: 4181: 4179: 4138: 4114: 4106: 4080:Dome of the Rock 4003:Indonesian batik 3532:Luck of Edenhall 3463:Dome of the Rock 3381:Hispano-Moresque 3363:Hispano-Moresque 3335:Mongol invasions 3331:Chinese ceramics 3327:often influenced 3114:Rugs and carpets 2992:Mughal miniature 2925:Mughal miniature 2913:Arabic miniature 2904:Khamsa of Nizami 2721:Ottoman painting 2622:representational 2588: 2581: 2574: 2265:Princess Jasmine 2250:Layla and Majnun 2235:Hayy ibn Yaqdhan 2183:She-Camel of God 2178:Shams al-Ma'arif 1988:Hayy ibn Yaqdhan 1854:Sufi metaphysics 1782:Arabic geography 1777:Arabic astronomy 1772:Arabic astrology 1767:Arabic chemistry 1332:Arabic grimoires 1312: 1085:Chaabi (Morocco) 1080:Chaabi (Algeria) 864:Arab tone system 683: 675: 667: 659: 651: 643: 514:Arabic miniature 240:Islamic ornament 113: 90: 89: 83: 80: 11164: 11163: 11159: 11158: 11157: 11155: 11154: 11153: 11134: 11133: 11132: 11127: 11107: 11105: 11089: 11011:Cultural Muslim 10982: 10949: 10895:Other religions 10885: 10881: 10863: 10798: 10765: 10712: 10655: 10653:Islamic studies 10649: 10631: 10465: 10410: 10387: 10334: 10279: 10278: 10251: 10200:Moral teachings 10143: 10125: 10099:Nation of Islam 10012:Twelver Shi'ism 9949: 9915:Religious texts 9909: 9827:Early conquests 9810: 9792: 9744: 9664: 9653: 9647: 9617: 9612: 9557: 9485: 9474:Early sociology 9423: 9387:decision-making 9337: 9318:Early conquests 9289: 9231: 9168: 9166:Islamic studies 9163: 9133: 9128: 9097:Moorish Revival 9045: 9039: 9007: 8924:Calligraphy Art 8890: 8883: 8845: 8797: 8771: 8698: 8662: 8652: 8618:Enamelled glass 8591: 8570: 8529: 8481: 8436: 8397:Regional styles 8385: 8372: 8298: 8269:Sudano-Sahelian 8176:Regional styles 8162: 8157: 8036: 8022: 7985: 7956: 7921: 7902: 7864: 7834: 7833: 7811: 7809:Further reading 7752:Rawson, Jessica 7745: 7640: 7582: 7567: 7529: 7500: 7499: 7448: 7440: 7439: 7395: 7387: 7386: 7320: 7310: 7309: 7138: 7071: 7046: 7004: 6996: 6947: 6942: 6934: 6933: 6855:Pre-Raphaelites 6776: 6761: 6756: 6751: 6747: 6742: 6738: 6733: 6729: 6724: 6720: 6715: 6711: 6706: 6702: 6697: 6693: 6688: 6684: 6679: 6675: 6670: 6666: 6661: 6657: 6650: 6634: 6630: 6623: 6609: 6605: 6598: 6582: 6573: 6568: 6564: 6558:Wayback Machine 6549: 6545: 6540: 6536: 6531: 6527: 6522: 6518: 6507: 6503: 6498: 6494: 6487: 6483: 6478: 6474: 6469: 6465: 6449: 6445: 6440: 6436: 6431: 6427: 6420: 6416: 6409: 6393: 6389: 6384: 6380: 6375: 6371: 6366: 6362: 6352:Endnote 111 in 6351: 6347: 6342: 6338: 6333: 6329: 6324: 6320: 6312: 6308: 6295: 6291: 6284: 6266: 6262: 6249: 6245: 6240: 6236: 6231: 6227: 6222: 6218: 6194: 6190: 6185: 6181: 6173: 6169: 6164: 6160: 6155: 6151: 6146: 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4232:spread of Islam 4216: 4211: 4202: 4191: 4185: 4182: 4139: 4137: 4127: 4115: 4104: 4073: 4067: 4011: 4005: 3997:Siege of Vienna 3949:area in modern 3928: 3893:centred on the 3888: 3830: 3791: 3789:Precious stones 3747: 3654:Detail of the " 3648: 3626:Mongol invasion 3524: 3518: 3444: 3434: 3263: 3261:Islamic pottery 3257: 3235:Armenian carpet 3152:Oriental carpet 3136: 3122: 3116: 3084:Islamist groups 2927: 2901:Scene from the 2895: 2764: 2758: 2733: 2700:abstract floral 2603:Islamic culture 2592: 2563: 2562: 2561: 2465:Isāf and Nā'ila 2296: 2286: 2285: 2284: 2198:Zarqa al Yamama 2063:Book of Wonders 2032: 2022: 2021: 2020: 2018: 1953:Liber de Causis 1859:Sufi philosophy 1823: 1813: 1812: 1811: 1797:Arabic medicine 1761: 1751: 1750: 1749: 1310: 1304:Epic literature 1266: 1256: 1255: 1254: 1159: 1149: 1148: 1147: 1145: 1095:Fann at-Tanbura 914:Kitab al-Aghani 850: 840: 839: 838: 698: 688: 687: 681: 673: 665: 657: 649: 641: 635: 625: 624: 623: 621: 504:Arabic graffiti 456: 446: 445: 444: 442: 347:Albarrana tower 290:Reflecting pool 280:Nagash painting 172: 123: 85:Brooklyn Museum 81: 36: 33:Islamic culture 17: 12: 11: 5: 11162: 11152: 11151: 11146: 11129: 11128: 11126: 11125: 11115: 11102: 11099: 11098: 11095: 11094: 11091: 11090: 11088: 11087: 11082: 11077: 11072: 11067: 11062: 11057: 11052: 11047: 11046: 11045: 11035: 11034: 11033: 11028: 11023: 11013: 11008: 11007: 11006: 11001: 10990: 10988: 10987:Related topics 10984: 10983: 10981: 10980: 10975: 10970: 10965: 10959: 10957: 10951: 10950: 10948: 10947: 10942: 10937: 10932: 10927: 10922: 10921: 10920: 10915: 10910: 10899: 10897: 10887: 10886: 10873: 10872: 10869: 10868: 10865: 10864: 10862: 10861: 10856: 10849: 10844: 10843: 10842: 10832: 10827: 10822: 10817: 10812: 10806: 10804: 10800: 10799: 10797: 10796: 10791: 10786: 10781: 10775: 10773: 10767: 10766: 10764: 10763: 10758: 10753: 10748: 10743: 10738: 10733: 10728: 10722: 10720: 10714: 10713: 10711: 10710: 10705: 10700: 10695: 10690: 10685: 10680: 10675: 10669: 10667: 10657: 10656: 10641: 10640: 10637: 10636: 10633: 10632: 10630: 10629: 10624: 10623: 10622: 10610: 10608:Sources of law 10605: 10600: 10599: 10598: 10588: 10581: 10576: 10569: 10564: 10557: 10552: 10547: 10542: 10537: 10532: 10527: 10522: 10515: 10508: 10507: 10506: 10501: 10496: 10486: 10481: 10473: 10471: 10467: 10466: 10464: 10463: 10456: 10449: 10442: 10435: 10428: 10421: 10413: 10411: 10409: 10408: 10403: 10398: 10392: 10389: 10388: 10386: 10385: 10378: 10373: 10366: 10359: 10352: 10344: 10342: 10336: 10335: 10333: 10332: 10325: 10318: 10311: 10304: 10299: 10293: 10291: 10281: 10280: 10277: 10276: 10271: 10265: 10257: 10256: 10253: 10252: 10250: 10249: 10244: 10239: 10234: 10232:Social welfare 10229: 10224: 10217: 10212: 10207: 10202: 10197: 10192: 10187: 10182: 10177: 10172: 10167: 10162: 10157: 10152: 10146: 10144: 10142: 10141: 10136: 10130: 10127: 10126: 10124: 10123: 10118: 10113: 10112: 10111: 10101: 10096: 10095: 10094: 10089: 10088: 10087: 10082: 10081: 10080: 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9382:use of analogy 9374: 9369: 9368: 9367: 9362: 9351: 9349: 9339: 9338: 9336: 9335: 9330: 9325: 9320: 9315: 9310: 9308:Historiography 9305: 9299: 9297: 9291: 9290: 9288: 9287: 9282: 9277: 9272: 9267: 9262: 9257: 9252: 9247: 9241: 9239: 9233: 9232: 9230: 9229: 9224: 9219: 9214: 9209: 9204: 9199: 9194: 9189: 9184: 9178: 9176: 9170: 9169: 9162: 9161: 9154: 9147: 9139: 9130: 9129: 9127: 9126: 9124:Topkapı Scroll 9121: 9114: 9109: 9104: 9099: 9094: 9089: 9088: 9087: 9082: 9072: 9067: 9062: 9057: 9049: 9047: 9041: 9040: 9038: 9037: 9030: 9023: 9015: 9013: 9009: 9008: 9006: 9005: 9000: 8995: 8990: 8979: 8974: 8963: 8958: 8947:British Museum 8943: 8938: 8931:Islamic Museum 8927: 8916: 8911: 8906: 8901: 8895: 8893: 8885: 8884: 8882: 8881: 8876: 8871: 8866: 8861: 8855: 8853: 8847: 8846: 8844: 8843: 8837: 8832: 8822: 8817: 8811: 8809: 8803: 8802: 8799: 8798: 8796: 8795: 8790: 8785: 8779: 8777: 8773: 8772: 8770: 8769: 8764: 8759: 8754: 8749: 8744: 8739: 8734: 8729: 8724: 8719: 8714: 8708: 8706: 8700: 8699: 8697: 8696: 8691: 8686: 8681: 8675: 8673: 8664: 8658: 8657: 8654: 8653: 8651: 8650: 8649: 8648: 8642:Stained glass 8640: 8635: 8630: 8625: 8620: 8615: 8613:Damascus steel 8610: 8605: 8599: 8597: 8593: 8592: 8590: 8589: 8584: 8578: 8576: 8572: 8571: 8569: 8568: 8563: 8558: 8553: 8548: 8543: 8537: 8535: 8531: 8530: 8528: 8527: 8522: 8517: 8512: 8507: 8502: 8497: 8491: 8489: 8483: 8482: 8480: 8479: 8474: 8469: 8464: 8463: 8462: 8452: 8446: 8444: 8438: 8437: 8435: 8434: 8424: 8406: 8400: 8398: 8391: 8387: 8386: 8379: 8377: 8374: 8373: 8371: 8370: 8364: 8359: 8354: 8349: 8344: 8339: 8334: 8329: 8324: 8319: 8314: 8308: 8306: 8300: 8299: 8297: 8296: 8291: 8286: 8281: 8276: 8271: 8266: 8261: 8256: 8251: 8246: 8237: 8236: 8235: 8230: 8225: 8215: 8210: 8205: 8200: 8195: 8190: 8185: 8179: 8177: 8170: 8164: 8163: 8156: 8155: 8148: 8141: 8133: 8127: 8126: 8116: 8111: 8106: 8101: 8096: 8091: 8086: 8080: 8074: 8068: 8062: 8021: 8020:External links 8018: 8017: 8016: 8004:(2): 243–251. 7989: 7983: 7968: 7954: 7933: 7919: 7906: 7900: 7885: 7868: 7862: 7847: 7810: 7807: 7806: 7805: 7796: 7787: 7780: 7766: 7749: 7743: 7726: 7714:10.2307/429655 7708:(4): 423–430. 7697: 7683:Levey, Michael 7680: 7666: 7644: 7638: 7614: 7600: 7593: 7587: 7585:on 2004-12-03. 7557: 7531: 7530: 7528: 7527: 7520: 7513: 7505: 7502: 7501: 7498: 7497: 7492: 7487: 7482: 7477: 7472: 7471: 7470: 7460: 7455: 7449: 7446: 7445: 7442: 7441: 7438: 7437: 7432: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7402: 7396: 7393: 7392: 7389: 7388: 7385: 7384: 7379: 7374: 7369: 7364: 7359: 7354: 7349: 7344: 7343: 7342: 7337: 7327: 7321: 7316: 7315: 7312: 7311: 7308: 7307: 7302: 7297: 7292: 7283:Art of Oceania 7279: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7250: 7249: 7244: 7239: 7234: 7229: 7216: 7215: 7210: 7205: 7200: 7195: 7190: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7145: 7131: 7130: 7125: 7120: 7115: 7114: 7113: 7103: 7098: 7093: 7088: 7083: 7078: 7064: 7063: 7058: 7053: 7039: 7038: 7033: 7028: 7023: 7022: 7021: 7016: 6989: 6988: 6983: 6978: 6973: 6968: 6963: 6958: 6953: 6943: 6940: 6939: 6936: 6935: 6932: 6931: 6930: 6929: 6924: 6919: 6914: 6904: 6903: 6902: 6897: 6892: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6872: 6867: 6857: 6852: 6847: 6842: 6837: 6832: 6827: 6822: 6821: 6820: 6810: 6809: 6808: 6803: 6798: 6796:Pre-Romanesque 6788: 6783: 6777: 6774: 6773: 6770: 6769: 6767:History of art 6760: 6757: 6755: 6754: 6745: 6736: 6727: 6718: 6709: 6700: 6691: 6682: 6673: 6664: 6655: 6648: 6628: 6621: 6603: 6596: 6571: 6562: 6543: 6534: 6525: 6516: 6501: 6492: 6481: 6472: 6463: 6443: 6434: 6425: 6414: 6407: 6387: 6378: 6369: 6360: 6345: 6336: 6334:Arts, 131, 141 6327: 6318: 6315:Online version 6306: 6289: 6282: 6260: 6243: 6234: 6225: 6216: 6188: 6179: 6167: 6158: 6149: 6140: 6119: 6104: 6080: 6071: 6061: 6052: 6043: 6034: 6025: 6015: 6006: 5999: 5979: 5967: 5955: 5943: 5934: 5908: 5901: 5883: 5856: 5847: 5835: 5809: 5802: 5784: 5765:(1): 152–184. 5742: 5716: 5683: 5668: 5644: 5623: 5608: 5590: 5563: 5560:on 2009-10-28. 5540: 5533: 5513: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5481: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5453: 5450: 5387: 5384: 5323:blue and white 5314: 5311: 5269:Damascus steel 5201: 5198: 5182:Mughal Emperor 5116:Ottoman Empire 5111: 5108: 5094: 5093: 5044: 5042: 5035: 5029: 5026: 4962: 4959: 4866: 4863: 4838: 4835: 4815: 4812: 4802:in China, the 4679: 4676: 4612: 4609: 4578:Nasrid dynasty 4550:Medina Azahara 4524: 4521: 4498:Ismaʻili Shiʻi 4493: 4490: 4378: 4375: 4347:Umayyad Mosque 4343:late antiquity 4336:Umayyad Mosque 4269:, c. ?740 4251: 4248: 4215: 4212: 4210: 4207: 4204: 4203: 4118: 4116: 4109: 4103: 4100: 4092:late antiquity 4069:Main article: 4066: 4063: 4007:Main article: 4004: 4001: 3927: 3924: 3887: 3884: 3850:Granada, Spain 3829: 3826: 3804:palace of the 3790: 3787: 3746: 3743: 3686:, compared to 3658:," c. 1300, a 3647: 3644: 3577:Hedwig glasses 3520:Main article: 3517: 3514: 3433: 3430: 3392:techniques to 3259:Main article: 3256: 3253: 3239:Berber carpets 3204:Ardabil Carpet 3200:Persian carpet 3130:Persian carpet 3126:Turkish carpet 3118:Main article: 3115: 3112: 3086:, such as the 2894: 2891: 2859:Ottoman sultan 2760:Main article: 2757: 2754: 2732: 2729: 2671:(particularly 2618:art historians 2594: 2593: 2591: 2590: 2583: 2576: 2568: 2565: 2564: 2560: 2559: 2554: 2549: 2544: 2539: 2534: 2529: 2524: 2519: 2514: 2509: 2504: 2499: 2494: 2489: 2484: 2479: 2468: 2467: 2462: 2457: 2452: 2447: 2442: 2437: 2432: 2427: 2422: 2417: 2412: 2407: 2402: 2397: 2392: 2387: 2382: 2377: 2372: 2367: 2362: 2357: 2352: 2347: 2342: 2337: 2332: 2327: 2322: 2317: 2312: 2307: 2298: 2297: 2292: 2291: 2288: 2287: 2283: 2282: 2277: 2272: 2267: 2262: 2257: 2252: 2247: 2242: 2240:Kara Ben Nemsi 2237: 2232: 2227: 2222: 2217: 2215:Abdul Alhazred 2212: 2201: 2200: 2195: 2190: 2185: 2180: 2175: 2170: 2165: 2160: 2155: 2150: 2145: 2140: 2135: 2130: 2125: 2120: 2115: 2110: 2105: 2100: 2095: 2090: 2085: 2080: 2075: 2070: 2065: 2060: 2055: 2050: 2045: 2040: 2034: 2033: 2028: 2027: 2024: 2023: 2016: 2015: 2013:Fusus al-Hikam 2010: 2005: 2000: 1995: 1990: 1985: 1980: 1975: 1970: 1965: 1960: 1955: 1944: 1943: 1938: 1933: 1928: 1923: 1918: 1913: 1908: 1903: 1898: 1893: 1888: 1886:Al-aql al-faal 1877: 1876: 1871: 1866: 1861: 1856: 1851: 1846: 1841: 1836: 1831: 1825: 1824: 1819: 1818: 1815: 1814: 1810: 1809: 1804: 1799: 1794: 1789: 1784: 1779: 1774: 1769: 1763: 1762: 1757: 1756: 1753: 1752: 1748: 1747: 1742: 1737: 1732: 1727: 1722: 1717: 1712: 1707: 1702: 1697: 1692: 1687: 1682: 1677: 1672: 1667: 1662: 1657: 1652: 1647: 1642: 1629: 1628: 1625: 1622: 1619: 1616: 1613: 1610: 1607: 1604: 1601: 1596: 1591: 1586: 1581: 1576: 1573: 1568: 1559:Arabic prosody 1555: 1554: 1551: 1546: 1541: 1536: 1531: 1526: 1521: 1516: 1511: 1506: 1501: 1496: 1491: 1480: 1479: 1474: 1471: 1468: 1465: 1462: 1457: 1452: 1447: 1442: 1433: 1432: 1427: 1422: 1417: 1404: 1403: 1398: 1393: 1388: 1383: 1378: 1365: 1364: 1359: 1354: 1349: 1344: 1339: 1334: 1329: 1324: 1319: 1314: 1311:(ryhmed prose) 1306: 1295: 1294: 1289: 1284: 1279: 1268: 1267: 1262: 1261: 1258: 1257: 1253: 1252: 1247: 1242: 1237: 1232: 1227: 1222: 1217: 1212: 1207: 1202: 1197: 1192: 1187: 1182: 1177: 1172: 1167: 1161: 1160: 1155: 1154: 1151: 1150: 1143: 1142: 1137: 1132: 1127: 1122: 1117: 1112: 1107: 1102: 1097: 1092: 1087: 1082: 1077: 1072: 1067: 1056: 1055: 1050: 1045: 1040: 1035: 1033:Qudud Halabiya 1030: 1025: 1020: 1015: 1010: 1005: 1000: 995: 990: 985: 983:Andalusi nubah 980: 969: 968: 963: 958: 953: 948: 943: 938: 933: 931:Arabic hip hop 928: 917: 916: 911: 906: 901: 896: 891: 886: 881: 876: 871: 869:Algerian scale 866: 861: 852: 851: 846: 845: 842: 841: 837: 836: 831: 826: 821: 816: 814:Robe of honour 811: 806: 801: 796: 791: 786: 781: 776: 771: 766: 755: 754: 749: 747:Tarboush (fez) 744: 739: 734: 729: 724: 719: 714: 709: 700: 699: 694: 693: 690: 689: 686: 685: 682:(North Africa) 677: 669: 661: 653: 645: 636: 631: 630: 627: 626: 619: 618: 613: 608: 603: 598: 593: 588: 583: 581:Damascus steel 578: 573: 568: 557: 556: 551: 546: 541: 539:Islamic garden 536: 531: 526: 521: 519:Arabic pottery 516: 511: 506: 501: 490: 489: 488: 487: 482: 472: 467: 458: 457: 452: 451: 448: 447: 440: 439: 434: 429: 424: 419: 414: 409: 404: 402:Medina quarter 399: 394: 389: 384: 379: 374: 369: 364: 359: 354: 349: 338: 337: 332: 327: 322: 317: 312: 307: 302: 297: 292: 287: 282: 277: 272: 270:Multifoil arch 267: 262: 257: 252: 247: 242: 237: 232: 227: 222: 217: 215:Horseshoe arch 212: 207: 202: 197: 192: 187: 182: 170: 169: 164: 159: 154: 149: 144: 139: 134: 125: 124: 119: 118: 115: 114: 106: 105: 103:Arabic culture 99: 98: 63:Persian carpet 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11161: 11150: 11147: 11145: 11142: 11141: 11139: 11124: 11116: 11114: 11104: 11103: 11100: 11086: 11083: 11081: 11078: 11076: 11073: 11071: 11068: 11066: 11063: 11061: 11058: 11056: 11053: 11051: 11048: 11044: 11041: 11040: 11039: 11036: 11032: 11029: 11027: 11026:Post-Islamism 11024: 11022: 11019: 11018: 11017: 11014: 11012: 11009: 11005: 11002: 11000: 10997: 10996: 10995: 10992: 10991: 10989: 10985: 10979: 10976: 10974: 10971: 10969: 10966: 10964: 10961: 10960: 10958: 10956: 10952: 10946: 10943: 10941: 10938: 10936: 10933: 10931: 10928: 10926: 10923: 10919: 10918:Protestantism 10916: 10914: 10911: 10909: 10906: 10905: 10904: 10901: 10900: 10898: 10896: 10892: 10888: 10878: 10874: 10860: 10857: 10855: 10854: 10850: 10848: 10845: 10841: 10838: 10837: 10836: 10833: 10831: 10828: 10826: 10823: 10821: 10818: 10816: 10813: 10811: 10808: 10807: 10805: 10801: 10795: 10792: 10790: 10787: 10785: 10782: 10780: 10777: 10776: 10774: 10772: 10768: 10762: 10759: 10757: 10756:Ophthalmology 10754: 10752: 10749: 10747: 10744: 10742: 10739: 10737: 10734: 10732: 10729: 10727: 10724: 10723: 10721: 10719: 10715: 10709: 10706: 10704: 10701: 10699: 10696: 10694: 10691: 10689: 10686: 10684: 10681: 10679: 10676: 10674: 10671: 10670: 10668: 10666: 10662: 10658: 10654: 10646: 10642: 10628: 10625: 10621: 10620: 10616: 10615: 10614: 10611: 10609: 10606: 10604: 10601: 10597: 10594: 10593: 10592: 10589: 10587: 10586: 10582: 10580: 10577: 10575: 10574: 10570: 10568: 10565: 10563: 10562: 10558: 10556: 10553: 10551: 10548: 10546: 10543: 10541: 10538: 10536: 10533: 10531: 10528: 10526: 10523: 10521: 10520: 10516: 10514: 10513: 10509: 10505: 10504:Death penalty 10502: 10500: 10497: 10495: 10492: 10491: 10490: 10487: 10485: 10482: 10480: 10479: 10475: 10474: 10472: 10470:Other aspects 10468: 10462: 10461: 10457: 10455: 10454: 10450: 10448: 10447: 10443: 10441: 10440: 10436: 10434: 10433: 10429: 10427: 10426: 10422: 10420: 10419: 10415: 10414: 10412: 10407: 10404: 10402: 10399: 10397: 10394: 10393: 10390: 10384: 10383: 10379: 10377: 10374: 10372: 10371: 10367: 10365: 10364: 10360: 10358: 10357: 10353: 10351: 10350: 10346: 10345: 10343: 10341: 10337: 10331: 10330: 10326: 10324: 10323: 10319: 10317: 10316: 10312: 10310: 10309: 10305: 10303: 10300: 10298: 10295: 10294: 10292: 10290: 10286: 10282: 10275: 10274:Jurisprudence 10272: 10270: 10267: 10266: 10262: 10258: 10248: 10245: 10243: 10240: 10238: 10235: 10233: 10230: 10228: 10225: 10223: 10222: 10218: 10216: 10213: 10211: 10208: 10206: 10203: 10201: 10198: 10196: 10193: 10191: 10188: 10186: 10183: 10181: 10178: 10176: 10173: 10171: 10168: 10166: 10163: 10161: 10158: 10156: 10153: 10151: 10148: 10147: 10145: 10140: 10137: 10135: 10132: 10131: 10128: 10122: 10119: 10117: 10114: 10110: 10107: 10106: 10105: 10102: 10100: 10097: 10093: 10090: 10086: 10083: 10079: 10076: 10074: 10071: 10069: 10066: 10065: 10064: 10061: 10060: 10058: 10056: 10053: 10052: 10051: 10047: 10044: 10040: 10037: 10033: 10030: 10029: 10028: 10025: 10023: 10020: 10018: 10015: 10013: 10010: 10009: 10008: 10005: 10003: 10000: 9994: 9991: 9990: 9989: 9986: 9984: 9981: 9979: 9976: 9974: 9971: 9969: 9966: 9965: 9964: 9961: 9960: 9958: 9956: 9955:Denominations 9952: 9946: 9945: 9941: 9939: 9936: 9934: 9931: 9929: 9926: 9924: 9921: 9920: 9918: 9916: 9912: 9904: 9901: 9899: 9896: 9894: 9891: 9889: 9886: 9884: 9881: 9879: 9876: 9874: 9871: 9869: 9868: 9864: 9863: 9862: 9859: 9857: 9854: 9852: 9851: 9847: 9845: 9844: 9840: 9838: 9835: 9833: 9830: 9828: 9825: 9823: 9820: 9818: 9815: 9814: 9812: 9807: 9804: 9802: 9799: 9798: 9795: 9789: 9788: 9784: 9782: 9781: 9777: 9775: 9774: 9770: 9768: 9767: 9763: 9761: 9760: 9756: 9755: 9753: 9751: 9747: 9741: 9740:Holiest sites 9738: 9736: 9735:Judgement Day 9733: 9731: 9730: 9726: 9724: 9721: 9719: 9716: 9714: 9711: 9707: 9704: 9703: 9702: 9699: 9697: 9696: 9692: 9688: 9685: 9684: 9683: 9680: 9679: 9677: 9675: 9671: 9667: 9663: 9662: 9656: 9651: 9644: 9639: 9637: 9632: 9630: 9625: 9624: 9621: 9607: 9604: 9602: 9599: 9597: 9594: 9593: 9592: 9589: 9585: 9582: 9580: 9577: 9576: 9575: 9572: 9570: 9567: 9566: 9564: 9560: 9554: 9551: 9549: 9546: 9542: 9541:ophthalmology 9539: 9538: 9537: 9534: 9532: 9529: 9527: 9524: 9522: 9519: 9515: 9512: 9511: 9510: 9507: 9505: 9502: 9500: 9497: 9496: 9494: 9492: 9488: 9480: 9477: 9476: 9475: 9472: 9470: 9467: 9465: 9462: 9460: 9457: 9453: 9450: 9449: 9448: 9445: 9443: 9440: 9438: 9435: 9434: 9432: 9430: 9426: 9420: 9417: 9415: 9412: 9410: 9407: 9405: 9402: 9400: 9397: 9393: 9390: 9388: 9385: 9383: 9380: 9379: 9378: 9377:Jurisprudence 9375: 9373: 9370: 9366: 9363: 9361: 9358: 9357: 9356: 9353: 9352: 9350: 9348: 9344: 9340: 9334: 9331: 9329: 9326: 9324: 9321: 9319: 9316: 9314: 9311: 9309: 9306: 9304: 9301: 9300: 9298: 9296: 9292: 9286: 9283: 9281: 9278: 9276: 9273: 9271: 9268: 9266: 9263: 9261: 9258: 9256: 9253: 9251: 9248: 9246: 9243: 9242: 9240: 9238: 9234: 9228: 9225: 9223: 9220: 9218: 9215: 9213: 9210: 9208: 9205: 9203: 9200: 9198: 9195: 9193: 9190: 9188: 9185: 9183: 9180: 9179: 9177: 9175: 9171: 9167: 9160: 9155: 9153: 9148: 9146: 9141: 9140: 9137: 9125: 9122: 9120: 9119: 9115: 9113: 9110: 9108: 9105: 9103: 9100: 9098: 9095: 9093: 9090: 9086: 9083: 9081: 9078: 9077: 9076: 9073: 9071: 9068: 9066: 9063: 9061: 9058: 9056: 9055: 9051: 9050: 9048: 9042: 9036: 9035: 9031: 9029: 9028: 9024: 9022: 9021: 9017: 9016: 9014: 9010: 9004: 9001: 8999: 8996: 8994: 8991: 8988: 8984: 8980: 8978: 8975: 8972: 8968: 8964: 8962: 8959: 8956: 8952: 8948: 8944: 8942: 8939: 8936: 8932: 8928: 8925: 8921: 8917: 8915: 8912: 8910: 8907: 8905: 8902: 8900: 8897: 8896: 8894: 8892: 8886: 8880: 8877: 8875: 8872: 8870: 8867: 8865: 8862: 8860: 8857: 8856: 8854: 8852: 8848: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8833: 8830: 8826: 8823: 8821: 8818: 8816: 8813: 8812: 8810: 8808: 8804: 8794: 8791: 8789: 8786: 8784: 8781: 8780: 8778: 8774: 8768: 8765: 8763: 8760: 8758: 8755: 8753: 8750: 8748: 8745: 8743: 8740: 8738: 8735: 8733: 8730: 8728: 8725: 8723: 8720: 8718: 8715: 8713: 8710: 8709: 8707: 8705: 8701: 8695: 8692: 8690: 8687: 8685: 8682: 8680: 8677: 8676: 8674: 8672: 8668: 8665: 8659: 8647: 8644: 8643: 8641: 8639: 8636: 8634: 8633:Ivory carving 8631: 8629: 8626: 8624: 8621: 8619: 8616: 8614: 8611: 8609: 8606: 8604: 8601: 8600: 8598: 8594: 8588: 8585: 8583: 8580: 8579: 8577: 8573: 8567: 8564: 8562: 8559: 8557: 8554: 8552: 8549: 8547: 8544: 8542: 8539: 8538: 8536: 8532: 8526: 8523: 8521: 8518: 8516: 8513: 8511: 8508: 8506: 8503: 8501: 8498: 8496: 8493: 8492: 8490: 8488: 8484: 8478: 8475: 8473: 8470: 8468: 8465: 8461: 8458: 8457: 8456: 8453: 8451: 8448: 8447: 8445: 8443: 8439: 8432: 8428: 8425: 8422: 8418: 8414: 8410: 8407: 8405: 8402: 8401: 8399: 8395: 8392: 8388: 8383: 8368: 8365: 8363: 8360: 8358: 8355: 8353: 8350: 8348: 8345: 8343: 8340: 8338: 8335: 8333: 8330: 8328: 8325: 8323: 8320: 8318: 8315: 8313: 8310: 8309: 8307: 8305: 8301: 8295: 8292: 8290: 8287: 8285: 8282: 8280: 8277: 8275: 8272: 8270: 8267: 8265: 8262: 8260: 8257: 8255: 8252: 8250: 8247: 8245: 8241: 8238: 8234: 8231: 8229: 8226: 8224: 8221: 8220: 8219: 8216: 8214: 8211: 8209: 8206: 8204: 8201: 8199: 8196: 8194: 8191: 8189: 8186: 8184: 8181: 8180: 8178: 8174: 8171: 8169: 8165: 8161: 8154: 8149: 8147: 8142: 8140: 8135: 8134: 8131: 8124: 8120: 8117: 8115: 8112: 8110: 8107: 8105: 8102: 8100: 8097: 8095: 8092: 8090: 8087: 8084: 8081: 8078: 8075: 8072: 8069: 8066: 8063: 8060: 8057: 8056: 8052: 8034: 8032: 8027: 8012: 8007: 8003: 7999: 7995: 7990: 7986: 7984:0-87099-076-4 7980: 7976: 7975: 7969: 7965: 7961: 7957: 7955:9781108622967 7951: 7947: 7943: 7939: 7934: 7930: 7926: 7922: 7916: 7912: 7907: 7903: 7897: 7893: 7892: 7886: 7884: 7883:92-3-102161-3 7880: 7876: 7873: 7869: 7865: 7863:0-87099-986-9 7859: 7855: 7854: 7848: 7844: 7838: 7830: 7826: 7822: 7818: 7813: 7812: 7804:. 2012, BRILL 7803: 7802: 7797: 7795: 7792: 7789:Shaw, Wendy. 7788: 7785: 7781: 7779: 7778:0-7141-1440-5 7775: 7771: 7767: 7765: 7764:0-7141-1431-6 7761: 7757: 7753: 7750: 7746: 7744:90-04-10314-7 7740: 7736: 7732: 7727: 7723: 7719: 7715: 7711: 7707: 7703: 7698: 7696: 7695:0-500-27065-1 7692: 7688: 7684: 7681: 7679: 7675: 7671: 7667: 7665: 7664:0-7287-0362-9 7661: 7657: 7653: 7649: 7645: 7641: 7635: 7630: 7629: 7623: 7619: 7615: 7613: 7609: 7605: 7601: 7598: 7594: 7592: 7588: 7581: 7577: 7573: 7566: 7562: 7558: 7556: 7555:0-7287-0081-6 7552: 7548: 7544: 7540: 7539: 7538: 7537: 7526: 7521: 7519: 7514: 7512: 7507: 7506: 7504: 7503: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7469: 7466: 7465: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7450: 7444: 7443: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7397: 7391: 7390: 7383: 7380: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7370: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7350: 7348: 7345: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7332: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7322: 7319: 7314: 7313: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7288: 7287: 7286: 7285: 7284: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7261:Pre-Columbian 7259: 7258: 7257: 7256: 7255: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7240: 7238: 7235: 7233: 7230: 7228: 7225: 7224: 7223: 7222: 7221: 7220:Art of Africa 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7140: 7139: 7137: 7136: 7135:Art of Europe 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7112: 7109: 7108: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7073: 7072: 7070: 7069: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7048: 7047: 7045: 7044: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7012: 7011: 7010: 7007: 7006: 7005: 7003: 7002: 6997: 6995: 6994: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6976:South Arabian 6974: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6948: 6946: 6938: 6937: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6917:Conceptualism 6915: 6913: 6910: 6909: 6908: 6905: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6895:Expressionism 6893: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6865:Impressionism 6863: 6862: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6835:Neoclassicism 6833: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6819: 6816: 6815: 6814: 6811: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6793: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6778: 6772: 6771: 6768: 6765: 6764: 6749: 6740: 6731: 6722: 6713: 6704: 6695: 6686: 6677: 6668: 6659: 6651: 6645: 6641: 6640: 6632: 6624: 6622:9789004161658 6618: 6614: 6607: 6599: 6597:9780195309911 6593: 6589: 6588: 6580: 6578: 6576: 6566: 6559: 6555: 6552: 6547: 6538: 6529: 6520: 6514: 6510: 6505: 6499:Arts, 120–121 6496: 6490: 6485: 6476: 6467: 6460: 6456: 6452: 6447: 6438: 6429: 6423: 6418: 6410: 6404: 6400: 6399: 6391: 6385:Arts, 134–135 6382: 6373: 6364: 6357: 6356: 6349: 6340: 6331: 6325:Arts, 131–133 6322: 6316: 6310: 6303: 6299: 6293: 6285: 6283:0-87395-602-8 6279: 6275: 6271: 6264: 6257: 6253: 6247: 6238: 6232:Arts, 206–207 6229: 6220: 6212: 6208: 6205:(3): 439–68. 6204: 6200: 6192: 6183: 6177: 6171: 6162: 6153: 6144: 6137: 6136:0-13-193455-4 6133: 6129: 6123: 6116: 6114: 6107: 6101: 6097: 6093: 6092: 6084: 6075: 6065: 6056: 6047: 6038: 6029: 6019: 6010: 6002: 5996: 5992: 5991: 5983: 5974: 5972: 5962: 5960: 5950: 5948: 5938: 5923: 5919: 5912: 5904: 5902:1-84150-136-0 5898: 5894: 5887: 5871: 5867: 5860: 5851: 5842: 5840: 5824: 5820: 5813: 5805: 5803:9781472586902 5799: 5795: 5788: 5780: 5776: 5772: 5768: 5764: 5760: 5753: 5746: 5731: 5727: 5720: 5713: 5701: 5697: 5693: 5687: 5679: 5672: 5658: 5657: 5648: 5640: 5636: 5630: 5628: 5619: 5615: 5611: 5609:9780198606536 5605: 5601: 5594: 5580: 5576: 5570: 5568: 5559: 5555: 5554: 5551: 5550:MSN Encarta: 5544: 5536: 5530: 5526: 5525: 5517: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5498: 5492: 5488: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5455: 5449: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5435: 5429: 5427: 5423: 5415: 5414:tessellations 5412: 5408: 5404: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5386:Modern period 5383: 5381: 5377: 5373: 5368: 5366: 5362: 5358: 5354: 5350: 5347: 5342: 5340: 5336: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5320: 5308: 5304: 5300: 5295: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5282: 5278: 5274: 5270: 5265: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5251: 5246: 5244: 5240: 5236: 5231: 5227: 5223: 5219: 5215: 5211: 5207: 5206:Mughal Empire 5194: 5191:. Mughal-Era 5190: 5186: 5183: 5178: 5174: 5172: 5168: 5164: 5158: 5156: 5152: 5148: 5143: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5125: 5121: 5117: 5105: 5104:İznik pottery 5102:16th century 5100: 5090: 5087: 5079: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5055: 5054: 5050: 5045:This section 5043: 5039: 5034: 5033: 5025: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4978: 4974: 4971: 4967: 4958: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4947: 4941: 4939: 4935: 4930: 4928: 4922: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4899: 4897: 4893: 4892:Caravanserais 4889: 4887: 4883: 4875: 4871: 4862: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4847: 4845: 4834: 4832: 4828: 4827: 4822: 4811: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4788: 4786: 4782: 4777: 4769: 4765: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4734: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4675: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4652: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4624:Seljuq Empire 4622:By 1070, the 4620: 4618: 4608: 4604: 4602: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4586: 4581: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4537: 4534: 4529: 4520: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4503: 4502:North African 4499: 4489: 4486: 4482: 4480: 4475: 4474: 4466: 4461: 4457: 4455: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4432: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4417: 4415: 4411: 4410:Art historian 4407: 4403: 4399: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4374: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4359: 4357: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4337: 4333: 4328: 4324: 4321: 4317: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4278: 4276: 4268: 4265:, now in the 4264: 4260: 4256: 4247: 4244: 4239: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4228:Byzantine art 4225: 4221: 4200: 4197: 4189: 4178: 4175: 4171: 4168: 4164: 4161: 4157: 4154: 4150: 4147: – 4146: 4145:"Islamic art" 4142: 4141:Find sources: 4135: 4131: 4125: 4124: 4119:This article 4117: 4113: 4108: 4107: 4099: 4095: 4093: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4072: 4062: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4035: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4020: 4016: 4010: 4000: 3998: 3994: 3989: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3935: 3934: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3909: 3908:Norman Sicily 3905: 3900: 3896: 3895:Mediterranean 3892: 3891:Ivory carving 3879: 3875: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3856: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3822: 3817: 3813: 3810: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3786: 3784: 3779: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3742: 3740: 3737:, as well as 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3706: 3704: 3699: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3652: 3643: 3641: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3628:of 1260, and 3627: 3623: 3619: 3614: 3609: 3607: 3603: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3581:Norman Sicily 3578: 3570: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3557: 3556:glass trading 3553: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3533: 3528: 3523: 3522:Islamic glass 3513: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3498: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3483: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3457: 3453: 3448: 3443: 3439: 3429: 3427: 3423: 3418: 3415: 3414:İznik pottery 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3386: 3382: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3355:apothecaries' 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3323: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3267: 3262: 3252: 3249: 3245: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3223:coats of arms 3218: 3215: 3214: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3188: 3185: 3178: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3145: 3140: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3121: 3120:Oriental rugs 3111: 3109: 3108:Sahih Bukhari 3106:mentioned by 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3092:Saudi mentors 3089: 3085: 3080: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3045: 3041: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 2999: 2995: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2976: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2958: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2939: 2935: 2932: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2906: 2905: 2899: 2890: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2867:Arabic script 2863: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2846: 2843: 2842: 2837: 2832: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2821: 2816: 2815: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2768: 2763: 2753: 2750: 2745: 2743: 2739: 2728: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2709: 2704: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2688: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2673:Byzantine art 2670: 2666: 2661: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2646:Islamic glass 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2601:is a part of 2600: 2589: 2584: 2582: 2577: 2575: 2570: 2569: 2567: 2566: 2558: 2555: 2553: 2550: 2548: 2545: 2543: 2540: 2538: 2535: 2533: 2530: 2528: 2525: 2523: 2520: 2518: 2515: 2513: 2510: 2508: 2505: 2503: 2500: 2498: 2495: 2493: 2490: 2488: 2485: 2483: 2480: 2478: 2475: 2474: 2473: 2472: 2466: 2463: 2461: 2458: 2456: 2453: 2451: 2448: 2446: 2443: 2441: 2438: 2436: 2433: 2431: 2428: 2426: 2423: 2421: 2418: 2416: 2413: 2411: 2408: 2406: 2403: 2401: 2398: 2396: 2393: 2391: 2388: 2386: 2383: 2381: 2378: 2376: 2373: 2371: 2368: 2366: 2363: 2361: 2358: 2356: 2353: 2351: 2348: 2346: 2343: 2341: 2338: 2336: 2333: 2331: 2328: 2326: 2323: 2321: 2318: 2316: 2313: 2311: 2308: 2306: 2303: 2302: 2301: 2295: 2290: 2289: 2281: 2280:Talia al Ghul 2278: 2276: 2273: 2271: 2268: 2266: 2263: 2261: 2258: 2256: 2253: 2251: 2248: 2246: 2243: 2241: 2238: 2236: 2233: 2231: 2228: 2226: 2223: 2221: 2218: 2216: 2213: 2211: 2208: 2207: 2206: 2205: 2199: 2196: 2194: 2191: 2189: 2186: 2184: 2181: 2179: 2176: 2174: 2171: 2169: 2166: 2164: 2161: 2159: 2156: 2154: 2151: 2149: 2146: 2144: 2141: 2139: 2136: 2134: 2131: 2129: 2126: 2124: 2121: 2119: 2116: 2114: 2111: 2109: 2106: 2104: 2101: 2099: 2096: 2094: 2091: 2089: 2086: 2084: 2081: 2079: 2076: 2074: 2071: 2069: 2066: 2064: 2061: 2059: 2058:Book of Idols 2056: 2054: 2051: 2049: 2046: 2044: 2041: 2039: 2036: 2035: 2031: 2026: 2025: 2019: 2014: 2011: 2009: 2006: 2004: 2001: 1999: 1996: 1994: 1991: 1989: 1986: 1984: 1981: 1979: 1976: 1974: 1971: 1969: 1966: 1964: 1961: 1959: 1956: 1954: 1951: 1950: 1949: 1948: 1942: 1939: 1937: 1934: 1932: 1929: 1927: 1924: 1922: 1919: 1917: 1914: 1912: 1909: 1907: 1904: 1902: 1899: 1897: 1894: 1892: 1891:Aql bi-l-fi'l 1889: 1887: 1884: 1883: 1882: 1881: 1875: 1872: 1870: 1867: 1865: 1862: 1860: 1857: 1855: 1852: 1850: 1847: 1845: 1844:Islamic Logic 1842: 1840: 1837: 1835: 1832: 1830: 1827: 1826: 1822: 1817: 1816: 1808: 1805: 1803: 1800: 1798: 1795: 1793: 1790: 1788: 1785: 1783: 1780: 1778: 1775: 1773: 1770: 1768: 1765: 1764: 1760: 1755: 1754: 1746: 1743: 1741: 1738: 1736: 1733: 1731: 1728: 1726: 1723: 1721: 1718: 1716: 1713: 1711: 1708: 1706: 1703: 1701: 1698: 1696: 1693: 1691: 1688: 1686: 1683: 1681: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1671: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1661: 1658: 1656: 1653: 1651: 1648: 1646: 1643: 1641: 1638: 1637: 1636: 1635: 1634: 1626: 1623: 1620: 1617: 1614: 1611: 1608: 1605: 1602: 1600: 1597: 1595: 1592: 1590: 1587: 1585: 1582: 1580: 1577: 1574: 1572: 1569: 1567: 1564: 1563: 1562: 1561: 1560: 1552: 1550: 1547: 1545: 1542: 1540: 1537: 1535: 1532: 1530: 1527: 1525: 1522: 1520: 1517: 1515: 1512: 1510: 1507: 1505: 1502: 1500: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1490: 1487: 1486: 1485: 1484: 1478: 1475: 1472: 1469: 1466: 1463: 1461: 1458: 1456: 1453: 1451: 1448: 1446: 1443: 1440: 1439: 1438: 1437: 1431: 1428: 1426: 1423: 1421: 1418: 1416: 1413: 1412: 1411: 1410: 1409: 1402: 1399: 1397: 1394: 1392: 1389: 1387: 1384: 1382: 1379: 1377: 1374: 1373: 1372: 1371: 1370: 1363: 1360: 1358: 1355: 1353: 1350: 1348: 1345: 1343: 1340: 1338: 1335: 1333: 1330: 1328: 1325: 1323: 1320: 1318: 1315: 1313: 1307: 1305: 1302: 1301: 1300: 1299: 1293: 1290: 1288: 1285: 1283: 1280: 1278: 1275: 1274: 1273: 1272: 1265: 1260: 1259: 1251: 1248: 1246: 1243: 1241: 1238: 1236: 1233: 1231: 1228: 1226: 1223: 1221: 1218: 1216: 1213: 1211: 1208: 1206: 1203: 1201: 1198: 1196: 1193: 1191: 1188: 1186: 1183: 1181: 1178: 1176: 1173: 1171: 1168: 1166: 1163: 1162: 1158: 1153: 1152: 1146: 1141: 1138: 1136: 1133: 1131: 1128: 1126: 1123: 1121: 1118: 1116: 1113: 1111: 1108: 1106: 1103: 1101: 1098: 1096: 1093: 1091: 1090:Egyptian folk 1088: 1086: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1076: 1073: 1071: 1068: 1066: 1063: 1062: 1061: 1060: 1054: 1051: 1049: 1046: 1044: 1041: 1039: 1036: 1034: 1031: 1029: 1026: 1024: 1021: 1019: 1016: 1014: 1011: 1009: 1006: 1004: 1001: 999: 996: 994: 991: 989: 986: 984: 981: 979: 976: 975: 974: 973: 967: 964: 962: 959: 957: 954: 952: 949: 947: 944: 942: 939: 937: 934: 932: 929: 927: 924: 923: 922: 921: 915: 912: 910: 907: 905: 902: 900: 897: 895: 892: 890: 887: 885: 882: 880: 877: 875: 872: 870: 867: 865: 862: 860: 857: 856: 855: 849: 844: 843: 835: 832: 830: 827: 825: 822: 820: 817: 815: 812: 810: 807: 805: 802: 800: 797: 795: 792: 790: 787: 785: 782: 780: 777: 775: 772: 770: 767: 765: 762: 761: 760: 759: 753: 750: 748: 745: 743: 740: 738: 735: 733: 730: 728: 725: 723: 720: 718: 715: 713: 710: 708: 705: 704: 703: 697: 692: 691: 684: 680:Arab Maghreb 678: 676: 670: 668: 662: 660: 658:(Mesopotamia) 654: 652: 648:Arab Mashriq 646: 644: 638: 637: 634: 629: 628: 622: 617: 614: 612: 611:Pseudo-Arabic 609: 607: 604: 602: 599: 597: 594: 592: 589: 587: 584: 582: 579: 577: 574: 572: 569: 567: 564: 563: 562: 561: 555: 552: 550: 547: 545: 544:Islamic glass 542: 540: 537: 535: 532: 530: 527: 525: 522: 520: 517: 515: 512: 510: 507: 505: 502: 500: 497: 496: 495: 494: 486: 483: 481: 478: 477: 476: 473: 471: 470:Nabataean art 468: 466: 463: 462: 461: 455: 450: 449: 443: 438: 435: 433: 430: 428: 425: 423: 420: 418: 415: 413: 410: 408: 405: 403: 400: 398: 395: 393: 390: 388: 385: 383: 380: 378: 375: 373: 370: 368: 365: 363: 360: 358: 355: 353: 350: 348: 345: 344: 343: 342: 336: 333: 331: 328: 326: 323: 321: 318: 316: 313: 311: 308: 306: 303: 301: 298: 296: 293: 291: 288: 286: 283: 281: 278: 276: 273: 271: 268: 266: 263: 261: 258: 256: 253: 251: 248: 246: 243: 241: 238: 236: 233: 231: 228: 226: 223: 221: 218: 216: 213: 211: 208: 206: 203: 201: 198: 196: 193: 191: 188: 186: 183: 181: 178: 177: 176: 175: 168: 165: 163: 160: 158: 155: 153: 150: 148: 145: 143: 140: 138: 135: 133: 130: 129: 128: 122: 117: 116: 112: 108: 107: 104: 101: 100: 96: 92: 91: 86: 75: 68: 64: 60: 56: 49: 45: 40: 34: 30: 26: 22: 11038:Islamophobia 10903:Christianity 10851: 10784:Contemporary 10678:Architecture 10664: 10617: 10583: 10571: 10559: 10517: 10510: 10476: 10458: 10453:Nikah mut'ah 10451: 10444: 10437: 10430: 10423: 10416: 10380: 10368: 10361: 10354: 10347: 10327: 10320: 10313: 10306: 10219: 10154: 9942: 9866: 9848: 9841: 9785: 9778: 9771: 9764: 9757: 9750:Five Pillars 9727: 9693: 9682:God in Islam 9659: 9591:Sufi studies 9562:Other fields 9442:Contemporary 9365:consultation 9187:Architecture 9173: 9116: 9112:Pseudo-Kufic 9052: 9032: 9025: 9018: 8941:Kuala Lumpur 8839: 8366: 8218:Indo-Islamic 8208:Great Seljuk 8168:Architecture 8159: 8023: 8001: 7997: 7973: 7937: 7910: 7890: 7874: 7852: 7837:cite journal 7820: 7816: 7800: 7793: 7783: 7769: 7755: 7734: 7730: 7705: 7701: 7686: 7669: 7651: 7627: 7622:Grabar, Oleg 7603: 7596: 7580:the original 7575: 7571: 7542: 7535: 7534: 7463:Art movement 7430:Graphic arts 7420:Architecture 7351: 7295:Cook Islands 7281: 7280: 7252: 7251: 7218: 7217: 7133: 7132: 7066: 7065: 7041: 7040: 6999: 6998: 6991: 6990: 6951:Mesopotamian 6944: 6907:Contemporary 6748: 6739: 6730: 6721: 6712: 6703: 6694: 6685: 6676: 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Retrieved 5578: 5558:the original 5553: 5549: 5543: 5523: 5516: 5500: 5491: 5446:architecture 5430: 5418: 5369: 5346:Shah Tahmasp 5343: 5317:The Iranian 5316: 5297:Entrance to 5283:created the 5277:Ali Kashmiri 5266: 5247: 5203: 5159: 5144: 5113: 5082: 5073: 5058:Please help 5046: 4982: 4944: 4942: 4938:astrological 4931: 4923: 4900: 4890: 4879: 4848: 4840: 4824: 4817: 4808:Golden Horde 4796:Genghis Khan 4789: 4778: 4774: 4735: 4704: 4653: 4632:Malik-Shah I 4621: 4614: 4611:Arab Mashriq 4605: 4589: 4582: 4555: 4552:, Spain, 968 4495: 4483: 4471: 4469: 4433: 4418: 4395: 4360: 4340: 4331: 4322: 4318: 4310:Qusayr 'Amra 4279: 4272: 4240: 4217: 4214:Pre-dynastic 4192: 4183: 4173: 4166: 4159: 4152: 4140: 4128:Please help 4123:verification 4120: 4096: 4088: 4065:Architecture 4058: 4054: 4038: 4036: 4027: 4023: 4017: 4012: 3985: 3957:is a famous 3931: 3929: 3889: 3831: 3798:rock crystal 3792: 3785:over paint. 3775: 3718:Pisa Griffin 3707: 3700: 3669: 3642: 3610: 3602:Hebron glass 3585:rock crystal 3573: 3537: 3499: 3484: 3460: 3442:Tessellation 3419: 3378: 3349:, a type of 3343:Early Modern 3324: 3272: 3219: 3211: 3192:Pitti Palace 3189: 3181: 3177:Ushak carpet 3156:oriental rug 3151: 3149: 3081: 3073:Mochtar Apin 3069:Ahmad Sadali 3057:Abstract Art 3046: 3042: 3033: 3021: 3013: 3010:animal souls 3004: 2973: 2959: 2944: 2928: 2902: 2864: 2847: 2840: 2833: 2828: 2818: 2812: 2804: 2785: 2746: 2734: 2705: 2692:calligraphic 2689: 2662: 2598: 2597: 2527:Dhul Khalasa 2470: 2469: 2299: 2294:Spirituality 2270:Ra's al Ghul 2245:King Marsile 2203: 2202: 2128:Magic carpet 2017: 1946: 1945: 1879: 1878: 1715:Saudi Arabia 1631: 1630: 1557: 1556: 1482: 1481: 1435: 1434: 1406: 1405: 1367: 1366: 1297: 1296: 1269: 1144: 1070:Algerian Raï 1058: 1057: 971: 970: 919: 918: 899:Quarter tone 859:Arabic maqam 853: 757: 756: 701: 620: 596:Hedwig glass 559: 558: 492: 491: 474: 459: 441: 362:Caravanserai 340: 339: 173: 171: 126: 121:Architecture 11144:Islamic art 10908:Catholicism 10803:Other areas 10794:Theological 10789:Eschatology 10746:Mathematics 10683:Calligraphy 10613:Theological 10567:Inheritance 10484:Cleanliness 9856:Shi'a Imams 9850:Ahl al-Bayt 9531:Mathematics 9192:Calligraphy 9044:Principles, 9012:Exhibitions 8965:Marrakech ( 8961:Los Angeles 8929:Jerusalem ( 8891:collections 8842:Calligraphy 8722:Indo-Muslim 8704:Calligraphy 8638:Mosque lamp 8596:Other media 8515:Mina'i ware 8404:Bangladeshi 8160:Islamic art 8031:Islamic art 7561:Ali, Wijdan 7458:Art history 7435:Digital art 7425:Photography 7415:Calligraphy 7198:Anglo-Saxon 7178:Hellenistic 7123:Singaporean 6885:Art Nouveau 6845:Romanticism 6813:Renaissance 6781:Prehistoric 5497:Oleg Grabar 5478:Siyah Qalam 5380:Caspian Sea 5361:Reza Abbasi 5273:Wootz steel 5214:British Raj 5189:Dara Shikoh 5171:Orientalism 5120:World War I 4911:Blue Mosque 4697:, built by 4642:. In 1171, 4597:reliquaries 4371:Qusayr Amra 4367:Al-Walid II 4294:gold ground 4186:August 2023 3939:reliquaries 3796:carving of 3768:. Blade of 3710:aquamaniles 3597:Mesopotamia 3569:mosque lamp 3502:pietra dura 3456:Afghanistan 3319:Lusterwares 3248:embroidered 3231:Reconquista 3164:Netherlands 3144:Persian rug 3100:Afghanistan 3077:Umi Dachlan 3065:A.D. Pirous 3018:ruling soul 3016:) and the " 3006:Siyah Qalam 2980:calligraphy 2829:Quranic art 2792:Middle Ages 2756:Calligraphy 2731:Terminology 2681:Chinese art 2607:visual arts 2599:Islamic art 2230:Battal Gazi 1415:Anthologies 1215:Raqs Sharqi 1170:Belly dance 1013:Iraqi maqam 941:Arabic jazz 936:Arabic rock 789:Fouta towel 591:Girih tiles 509:Arab carpet 480:Fatimid art 475:Islamic art 330:Windcatcher 195:Arabic dome 82: 1625 25:art history 21:visual arts 11138:Categories 10968:Ex-Muslims 10853:Shu'ubiyya 10847:Psychology 10835:Literature 10825:Inventions 10771:Philosophy 10579:Leadership 10555:Honorifics 10210:Philosophy 10017:Isma'ilism 9978:Maturidism 9861:Caliphates 9832:Golden Age 9723:Revelation 9606:philosophy 9553:Psychology 9526:Inventions 9479:solidarity 9429:Philosophy 9409:Secularism 9323:Golden Age 9260:Capitalism 9207:Literature 9118:Stilfragen 9046:influences 8918:Istanbul ( 8851:The garden 8807:Decoration 8776:Other arts 8671:Miniatures 8556:Embroidery 8510:Lustreware 8369:Decoration 8332:Mashrabiya 8240:Indonesian 7495:Naturalist 7475:Figurative 7394:Techniques 7362:Manichaean 7340:Protestant 7290:Australian 7086:Vietnamese 7076:Indonesian 6981:Phoenician 6927:Minimalism 6912:Postmodern 6875:Decorative 6840:Revivalism 6801:Romanesque 6759:References 5872:. TurkoTek 5662:2021-10-17 5584:2021-10-13 5327:Shah Abbas 5262:Abu'l Fazl 5185:Shah Jahan 5124:Iznik ware 4715:Ghaznavids 4695:Uzbekistan 4566:Almoravids 4558:al-Andalus 4533:Embroidery 4449:lusterware 4441:lusterware 4388:bowl from 4386:Lusterware 4369:built the 4363:erotic art 4292:against a 4209:Beginnings 4156:newspapers 4047:Yogyakarta 4015:Indonesian 3951:Uzbekistan 3842:stalactite 3770:damascened 3735:astrolabes 3613:lustreware 3412:. Ottoman 3385:Al-Andaluz 3160:prayer rug 3124:See also: 2962:Persianate 2911:See also: 2879:Persianate 2658:embroidery 2502:Dhat-Badan 2430:Theandrios 2410:Baalshamin 2405:Atarsamain 2260:Palamedes 2003:Muqaddimah 1963:Al-isharat 1869:Avicennism 1821:Philosophy 1690:Mauritania 1499:Muwashshah 1464:Khamriyyah 1264:Literature 1210:Ouled Nail 1023:Muwashshah 926:Arabic pop 485:Mamluk art 432:Well house 367:Bimaristan 255:Mashrabiya 42:Detail of 11085:Symbolism 11043:Incidents 11021:Criticism 10913:Mormonism 10810:Astrology 10736:Cosmology 10731:Astronomy 10673:Arabesque 10540:Etiquette 10499:Blasphemy 10289:Economics 10104:Ahmadiyya 10046:Muhakkima 9993:Wahhabism 9983:Mu'tazili 9968:Ash'arism 9601:cosmology 9596:mysticism 9574:Education 9514:cosmology 9509:Astronomy 9469:Astrology 9452:dialectic 9360:consensus 9355:Democracy 9270:Socialism 9237:Economics 9182:Arabesque 9080:Grotesque 8993:Singapore 8977:Melbourne 8815:Arabesque 8244:Malaysian 7964:204371416 7929:823578239 7490:Narrative 7400:Sculpture 7330:Christian 7318:Religions 7193:Byzantine 7106:Cambodian 7101:Malaysian 7056:Bhutanese 7014:Hong Kong 6870:Symbolism 6818:Mannerism 6615:. Brill. 6455:astrology 6343:Arts, 141 6256:Levantine 5927:25 August 5876:25 August 5411:geometric 5365:grisaille 5349:Shahnameh 5193:fireworks 5151:Murad III 5047:does not 5014:Bahmanids 4977:Agra Fort 4973:Arabesque 4934:epigraphs 4844:Hermitage 4814:Ilkhanids 4804:Ilkhanids 4691:Samarkand 4654:In 1250, 4640:crusaders 4628:Manzikert 4531:Moroccan 4479:Silk Road 4429:arabesque 4286:Jerusalem 3855:marquetry 3821:marquetry 3739:jewellery 3714:cloisonné 3646:Metalwork 3638:Venetians 3634:Samarkand 3606:Palestine 3544:Sassanian 3510:Agra Fort 3506:Taj Mahal 3467:Jerusalem 3406:tin-glaze 3347:albarello 3096:Wahhabism 3026:dervishes 2966:miniature 2696:geometric 2677:Sassanian 2665:Roman art 2626:arabesque 2345:Al-Kutbay 2173:Shadhavar 2138:Mount Qaf 2113:Karkadann 2030:Mythology 1916:Asabiyyah 1874:Averroism 1705:Palestine 1627:Mutadārik 1624:Mutaqārib 1615:Mujtathth 1467:Tardiyyah 1287:Classical 1230:Schikhatt 1195:Khaleegy 972:Art music 799:Jellabiya 712:Battoulah 566:Arabesque 560:Features 422:Shadirvan 225:Hypostyle 190:Arabesque 174:Features 142:Nabataean 44:arabesque 11123:Category 11016:Islamism 10999:Muhammad 10955:Apostasy 10930:Hinduism 10820:Feminism 10751:Medicine 10591:Military 10545:Gambling 10494:Apostasy 10489:Criminal 10401:Marriage 10370:Tayammum 10322:Murabaha 10195:Madrasas 10185:Holidays 10175:Clothing 10170:Children 10165:Calendar 10116:Quranism 10050:Khawarij 10022:Alawites 9973:Atharism 9867:Rashidun 9706:In Islam 9701:Muhammad 9536:Medicine 9499:Timeline 9447:Theology 9404:Quietism 9372:Feminism 9347:politics 9303:Timeline 9085:Moresque 8945:London ( 8889:Museums, 8874:Paradise 8859:Charbagh 8840:See also 8742:Nastaliq 8732:Muhaqqaq 8663:the book 8575:Woodwork 8534:Textiles 8495:Fritware 8367:See also 8352:Muqarnas 8347:Mocárabe 8304:Elements 7563:(2001). 7549:, 1976, 7480:Funerary 7453:Abstract 7405:Painting 7335:Catholic 7325:Buddhist 7300:Hawaiian 7203:Ottonian 7168:Scythian 7153:Etruscan 7148:Cycladic 7128:Bruneian 7081:Filipino 7026:Japanese 6956:Egyptian 6791:Medieval 6554:Archived 5618:50238944 5499:, 2001, 5452:See also 5353:Ferdowsi 5335:Ali Qapu 5319:Safavids 5285:seamless 5110:Ottomans 5076:May 2013 4979:, India. 4919:Ottomans 4907:Lake Van 4851:Timurids 4785:fritware 4783:paste (" 4754:Nishapur 4742:Damascus 4723:Nishapur 4711:Samanids 4707:Tahirids 4601:Maghrebi 4585:Averroes 4570:Almohads 4568:and the 4536:fly mask 4445:Hadithic 4351:Damascus 4224:Sasanian 4049:, whose 3977:Javanese 3930:Despite 3919:Ilkhanid 3868:Alhambra 3846:Alhambra 3838:mocárabe 3834:muqarnas 3819:Ottoman 3794:Egyptian 3766:emeralds 3760:, gold, 3727:Khorasan 3400:with an 3375:ca. 1575 3359:pharmacy 3351:maiolica 3339:Timurids 3255:Ceramics 2893:Painting 2796:Qur'anic 2776:Istanbul 2460:Yarhibol 2440:Malakbel 2310:Al-‘Uzzá 2220:Ali Baba 2193:Zulfiqar 1880:Concepts 1864:Farabism 1655:Djibouti 1612:Muqtaḍab 1606:Munsariħ 1549:Ghinnawa 1524:Riddles 1509:Mathnawi 1271:Language 1225:Shamadan 1190:Hagallah 1043:Tahmilah 824:Takchita 784:Durra'ah 779:Djellaba 758:Clothing 732:Madhalla 722:Keffiyeh 702:Headwear 656:Mashriq 650:(Levant) 606:Muqarnas 325:Voussoir 320:Vaulting 315:Tadelakt 305:Socarrat 275:Muqarnas 95:a series 93:Part of 50:in Spain 48:Alhambra 11070:Nursing 11031:Qutbism 10945:Sikhism 10940:Judaism 10935:Jainism 10925:Druzism 10761:Physics 10708:Pottery 10693:Gardens 10688:Carpets 10603:Slavery 10525:Divorce 10512:Dhabiĥa 10340:Hygiene 10315:Takaful 10297:Banking 10227:Science 10221:Qurbani 10190:Mosques 10150:Animals 10139:Culture 10073:Nukkari 10068:Azzabas 10055:Azariqa 10039:Zaydism 10027:Alevism 9903:Ottoman 9893:Almohad 9888:Fatimid 9883:Córdoba 9878:Abbasid 9873:Umayyad 9806:Leaders 9801:History 9759:Shahada 9674:Beliefs 9548:Physics 9392:schools 9295:History 9285:Welfare 9265:Poverty 9255:Banking 9245:History 9222:Pottery 9197:Gardens 9102:Mudéjar 9003:Tripoli 8981:Paris ( 8951:V&A 8879:Persian 8869:Ottoman 8783:Muraqqa 8762:Thuluth 8747:Persian 8694:Persian 8689:Ottoman 8661:Arts of 8646:Shabaka 8520:Persian 8487:Pottery 8472:Turkish 8467:Persian 8442:Carpets 8431:Ottoman 8427:Turkish 8421:Safavid 8409:Persian 8342:Minaret 8317:Banna'i 8289:Umayyad 8284:Timurid 8274:Swahili 8264:Ottoman 8259:Moorish 8249:Iranian 8223:Bengali 8203:Fatimid 8198:Chinese 8188:Ayyubid 8183:Abbasid 8121:at the 8059:ARCHNET 7410:Pottery 7352:Islamic 7183:Iberian 7096:Myanmar 7036:Tibetan 7009:Chinese 6986:Ottoman 6971:Arabian 6966:Persian 6961:Hittite 6941:Regions 6890:Fauvism 6850:Realism 6825:Baroque 6786:Ancient 6511:in the 6138:pg. 298 6069:278-283 5823:Mozaico 5779:3177331 5438:Maghreb 5434:zelligj 5403:Morocco 5376:Turkmen 5357:muraqqa 5331:Isfahan 5307:Isfahan 5230:Safavid 5226:Humayun 5208:in the 5200:Mughals 5155:Safavid 5068:removed 5053:sources 5022:Mughals 5002:Jaunpur 4998:Gujarat 4994:Kashmir 4946:Maqamat 4903:Turkmen 4884:in the 4792:Mongols 4781:silicon 4762:Isfahan 4746:Baghdad 4738:Seljuqs 4731:Isfahan 4719:Ghurids 4701:in 1399 4670:in the 4664:Baibars 4656:Mamluks 4644:Saladin 4636:atabegs 4574:Granada 4511:in the 4437:faience 4406:Samarra 4402:Baghdad 4377:Abbasid 4306:Mshatta 4250:Umayyad 4243:Bedouin 4170:scholar 4102:History 4051:sultans 4043:Mataram 3988:kaftans 3947:Bukhara 3904:Cordoba 3872:Granada 3864:Palermo 3806:Fatimid 3783:lacquer 3703:Hadiths 3587:(clear 3540:Eurasia 3471:mosaics 3398:glazing 3390:ceramic 3299:pottery 3275:pottery 3196:Mamluks 3174:Turkish 3088:Taliban 2975:muraqqa 2885:, with 2883:Turkish 2877:in the 2875:Persian 2825:minbars 2807:in the 2790:in the 2713:Persian 2708:secular 2675:), and 2654:carpets 2650:pottery 2638:mosques 2615:Western 2552:Yaghūth 2522:Basamum 2477:Almaqah 2445:Orotalt 2400:Al-Qaum 2395:Aglibol 2330:Chaabou 2325:Dushara 2275:Sindbad 2255:Othello 2210:Aladdin 2168:Shaddad 2048:Bahamut 1759:Science 1735:Tunisia 1720:Somalia 1695:Morocco 1680:Lebanon 1650:Comoros 1645:Bahrain 1640:Algeria 1618:Muḍāriʿ 1553:Humayni 1477:Hamasah 1369:Islamic 1352:Tezkire 1347:Tabaqat 1240:Tanoura 1180:Deheyeh 1075:Bedouin 1028:Qasidah 988:Bashraf 961:Khaliji 956:Al Jeel 809:Macawis 774:Burnous 742:Tantour 737:Taqiyah 674:(Sudan) 672:Mawset 666:(Egypt) 664:Mawset 640:Khalij 633:Cuisine 576:Banna'i 382:Madrasa 352:Alcázar 205:Gardens 200:Banna'i 162:Moorish 157:Fatimid 152:Abbasid 147:Umayyad 132:Islamic 10882: 10840:poetry 10650: 10535:Ethics 10519:Dhimmi 10478:Baligh 10439:Mahram 10396:Family 10376:Toilet 10356:Miswak 10109:Lahori 10092:Najdat 9988:Salafi 9938:Seerah 9933:Tafsir 9928:Hadith 9898:Sokoto 9843:Sahaba 9718:Angels 9695:Tawhid 9652:topics 9579:Ijazah 9459:Ethics 9250:Agency 9217:Poetry 8987:Louvre 8967:Museum 8914:Ghazni 8899:Berlin 8864:Mughal 8835:Zellij 8767:Tughra 8717:Diwani 8712:Arabic 8684:Mughal 8679:Arabic 8587:Minbar 8582:Khatam 8566:Suzani 8561:Soumak 8546:Damask 8477:Prayer 8460:Motifs 8357:Sitara 8337:Mihrab 8294:Yemeni 8254:Mamluk 8233:Mughal 8083:MATHAF 8053:; 0:57 7981: 7962: 7952: 7927: 7917: 7898: 7881: 7860: 7823:: 31. 7776: 7762: 7741: 7722:429655 7720: 7693: 7676: 7662: 7636: 7610: 7553: 7372:Taoist 7305:Papuan 7271:Muisca 7232:Yoruba 7208:Viking 7163:Celtic 7158:Dacian 7143:Minoan 7051:Indian 7031:Korean 7019:Taiwan 6900:Cubism 6860:Modern 6830:Rococo 6806:Gothic 6646: 6619: 6594: 6405: 6280: 6176:passim 6134: 6113:tawhid 6102: 5997: 5899: 5828:26 May 5800: 5777: 5616: 5606: 5531: 5507: 5407:zellij 5372:Qajars 5254:jasper 5239:Nawabs 5163:Rococo 5010:Deccan 4990:Bengal 4970:Mughal 4915:Tabriz 4760:, and 4727:Ghazni 4717:, and 4672:Louvre 4562:taifas 4425:stucco 4356:Qurans 4312:, and 4302:frieze 4290:mosaic 4263:Jordan 4236:Louvre 4172: 4165: 4158: 4151: 4143: 4032:Garuda 3979:court 3963:camels 3959:samite 3933:Hadith 3899:Coptic 3809:Caliph 3762:rubies 3754:Mughal 3692:bronze 3680:niello 3672:enamel 3664:niello 3660:Mamluk 3622:Aleppo 3618:Gilded 3589:quartz 3566:Mamluk 3495:mosaic 3491:zellij 3487:relief 3475:tiling 3432:Tiling 3422:Persia 3408:, and 3404:white 3402:opaque 3394:Europe 3315:Tabriz 3311:Fustat 3244:kelims 3132:, and 3104:hadith 3038:angels 3036:) and 3030:demons 2923:, and 2871:Arabic 2869:, are 2855:tughra 2851:relief 2841:Qur'an 2805:Qur'an 2788:Europe 2780:Turkey 2717:Mughal 2611:Muslim 2532:Haukim 2517:Qaynan 2512:Ta'lab 2507:Haubas 2497:Salman 2492:Athtar 2360:Azizos 2315:Al-Lat 2188:Wāḳwāḳ 2158:Qutrub 2153:Qareen 2143:Nasnas 2123:Luqman 2118:Kujata 2073:Dandan 2038:Ababil 1740:U.A.E. 1675:Kuwait 1670:Jordan 1609:Khafīf 1599:Rajaz 1544:Nabati 1539:Mawwal 1529:Kharja 1519:Nasīb 1514:Ruba'i 1504:Urjūza 1494:Qasida 1489:Diwan 1470:Khawal 1460:Ghazal 1450:Rithā' 1436:Genres 1408:Poetry 1401:Aqidah 1386:Hadith 1381:Tafsir 1317:Maqama 1292:Modern 1245:Yowlah 1235:Tahtib 1205:Mizmar 1185:Guedra 1135:Shaabi 1120:Mezwed 1115:Mawwal 1100:Fijiri 1065:Ataaba 1053:Waslah 1048:Taqsim 1038:Sama'i 1018:Mawwal 1008:Malhun 1003:Layali 920:Genres 894:Teslim 879:Taqsim 854:Theory 819:Sirwal 804:Kaftan 752:Turban 727:Litham 616:Zellij 601:Kiswah 586:Damask 460:Styles 437:Zawiya 427:Tekyeh 397:Mosque 377:Kasbah 372:Hammam 357:Bazaar 335:Zellij 265:Mosaic 167:Mamluk 137:Yemeni 127:Styles 67:Tabriz 11004:Quran 10884:Other 10779:Early 10703:Music 10619:Kalam 10573:Jizya 10561:Hudud 10446:Nikah 10363:Najis 10349:Ghusl 10308:Sukuk 10237:Women 10205:Music 10180:Flags 10085:Sufri 10078:Wahbi 10063:Ibadi 9963:Sunni 9923:Quran 9780:Zakat 9766:Salah 9729:Qadar 9687:Allah 9650:Islam 9464:Logic 9437:Early 9419:State 9399:Peace 9280:Usury 9275:Trust 9212:Music 8904:Cairo 8829:tiles 8825:Girih 8788:Hilya 8757:Taliq 8737:Naskh 8727:Kufic 8623:Glass 8608:Brass 8603:Music 8541:Batik 8505:Iznik 8455:Kilim 8417:Qajar 8413:Early 8312:Ablaq 8279:Tatar 8213:Hausa 7960:S2CID 7718:JSTOR 7650:eds. 7583:(PDF) 7568:(PDF) 7485:Naïve 7447:Types 7382:Vodun 7377:Vodou 7347:Hindu 7276:Inuit 7237:Benin 7188:Roman 7173:Greek 7111:Khmer 7061:Newar 6509:Table 6023:63-65 5775:JSTOR 5755:(PDF) 5484:Notes 5426:brass 5018:Hindu 5012:(the 5006:Malwa 4855:Timur 4699:Timur 4617:Cairo 4473:tiraz 4332:riwaq 4220:Syria 4177:JSTOR 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