274:
1579:
1621:
1741:
471:
85:
45:
1633:
1556:
1807:
1692:
1652:
94:
1598:
613:
74:
1454:. Aside from adding rich decoration to the text, scribes during the time considered themselves to be praising God with their use of gold. Furthermore, gold was used if a patron who had commissioned a book to be written wished to display the vastness of their riches. Eventually, the addition of gold to manuscripts became so frequent "that its value as a barometer of status with the manuscript was degraded". During this time period the price of gold had become so cheap that its inclusion in an illuminated manuscript accounted for only a tenth of the cost of production. By adding richness and depth to the manuscript, the use of gold in illuminations created pieces of art that are still valued today.
1772:
1680:
54:
645:
1496:
416:
1528:
2913:
1484:: "In a scene from the New Testament, Christ would be shown larger than an apostle, who would be bigger than a mere bystander in the picture, while the humble donor of the painting or the artist himself might appear as a tiny figure in the corner." The calendar was also personalized, recording the feast days of local or family saints. By the end of the Middle Ages many manuscripts were produced for distribution through a network of agents, and blank spaces might be reserved for the appropriate heraldry to be added locally by the buyer.
65:
1463:
included mixing the gold with stag's glue and then "pour it into water and dissolve it with your finger." Once the gold was soft and malleable in the water, it was ready to be applied to the page. Illuminators had to be very careful when applying gold leaf to the manuscript because gold leaf is able to "adhere to any pigment which had already been laid, ruining the design, and secondly the action of burnishing it is vigorous and runs the risk of smudging any painting already around it."
1715:
1407:
733:
3653:
800:
3663:
3643:
641:, and in Italy and the Netherlands, and by the late 14th century there was a significant industry producing manuscripts, including agents who would take long-distance commissions, with details of the heraldry of the buyer and the saints of personal interest to him (for the calendar of a book of hours). By the end of the period, many of the painters were women, especially painting the elaborate border, and perhaps especially in Paris.
741:
2286:, pp. 126–127: "Official" Turkish figures wear a standard combination of a sharbūsh, a three-quarters length robe, and boots. Arab figures, in contrast, have different headgear (usually a turban), a robe that is either full-length or, if three-quarters length, has baggy trousers below, and they usually wear flat shoes or (...) go barefoot (...) P.127: Reference has already been made to the combination of boots and
384:. These books contained illuminated depictions of various animals, both real and fictional, and often focused on their religious symbolism and significance, as it was a widespread belief in post-classical Europe that animals, and all other organisms on Earth, were manifestations of God. These manuscripts served as both devotional guidance and entertainment for the working class of the Middle Ages.
1740:
462:
manuscripts grew to an extent that monastic libraries began to employ secular scribes and illuminators. These individuals often lived close to the monastery and, in instances, dressed as monks whenever they entered the monastery, but were allowed to leave at the end of the day. In reality, illuminators were often well known and acclaimed and many of their identities have survived.
863:, and manuscripts essentially for study often contained some images, often not in color. This trend intensified in the Gothic period, when most manuscripts had at least decorative flourishes in places, and a much larger proportion had images of some sort. Display books of the Gothic period in particular had very elaborate decorated borders of foliate patterns, often with small
1632:
380:, illuminated books began to reflect secular interests. These included short stories, legends of the saints, tales of chivalry, mythological stories, and even accounts of criminal, social or miraculous occurrences. Some of these were also freely used by storytellers and itinerant actors to support their plays. One of the most popular secular texts of the time were
3866:
454:. Within the walls of a scriptorium were individualized areas where a monk could sit and work on a manuscript without being disturbed by his fellow brethren. If no scriptorium was available, then "separate little rooms were assigned to book copying; they were situated in such a way that each scribe had to himself a window open to the cloister walk."
1597:
1555:
1620:
1806:
1771:
1462:
or specks of gold that could be applied with a brush. When working with gold leaf, the pieces would be hammered and thinned. The use of this type of leaf allowed for numerous areas of the text to be outlined in gold. There were several ways of applying gold to an illumination. One of the most popular
858:
At all times, most manuscripts did not have images in them. In the early Middle Ages, manuscripts tend to either be display books with very full illumination, or manuscripts for study with at most a few decorated initials and flourishes. By the
Romanesque period many more manuscripts had decorated or
850:
the roles were typically separated, except for routine initials and flourishes, and by at least the 14th century there were secular workshops producing manuscripts, and by the beginning of the 15th century these were producing most of the best work, and were commissioned even by monasteries. When the
723:
years would show a page in which the lettering was cramped and crowded into a format dominated by huge ornamented capitals that descended from uncial forms or by illustrations". To prevent such poorly made manuscripts and illuminations from occurring, a script was typically supplied first, "and blank
875:
While the use of gold is by far one of the most captivating features of illuminated manuscripts, the bold use of varying colors provided multiple layers of dimension to the illumination. From a religious perspective, "the diverse colors wherewith the book is illustrated, not unworthily represent the
632:
Illumination was a complex and costly process, and was therefore usually reserved for special books such as altar bibles, or books for royalty. Heavily illuminated manuscripts are often called "luxury manuscripts" for this reason. In the early Middle Ages, most books were produced in monasteries,
395:
probably had the largest personal library of his time in the mid-15th century, is estimated to have had about 600 illuminated manuscripts, whilst a number of his friends and relations had several dozen. Wealthy patrons, however, could have personal prayer books made especially for them, usually in
264:
The introduction of printing rapidly led to the decline of illumination. Illuminated manuscripts continued to be produced in the early 16th century but in much smaller numbers, mostly for the very wealthy. They are among the most common items to survive from the Middle Ages; many thousands survive.
1471:
Monasteries produced manuscripts for their own use; heavily illuminated ones tended to be reserved for liturgical use in the early period, while the monastery library held plainer texts. In the early period manuscripts were often commissioned by rulers for their own personal use or as diplomatic
2292:
as markers of official status (...) the combination is standard, even being reflected in thirteenth-century Coptic paintings, and serves to distinguish, in Grabar's formulation, the world of the
Turkish ruler and that of the Arab. (...) The type worn by the official figures in the 1237 Maqāmāt,
692:. In the case of manuscripts that were sold commercially, the writing would "undoubtedly have been discussed initially between the patron and the scribe (or the scribe's agent, but by the time the written gathering were sent off to the illuminator, there was no longer any scope for innovation.)
1578:
461:
of monks writing in the scriptorium had almost fully given way to commercial urban scriptoria, especially in Paris, Rome and the
Netherlands. While the process of creating an illuminated manuscript did not change, the move from monasteries to commercial settings was a radical step. Demand for
845:
The illumination and decoration was normally planned at the inception of the work, and space reserved for it. However, the text was usually written before illumination began. In the Early
Medieval period the text and illumination were often done by the same people, normally monks, but by the
1651:
2293:
depicted, for example, on fol. 59r,67 consists of a gold cap surmounted by a little round top and with fur trimming creating a triangular area at the front which either shows the gold cap or is a separate plaque. A particular imposing example in this manuscript is the massive
851:
text was complete, the illustrator set to work. Complex designs were planned out beforehand, probably on wax tablets, the sketch pad of the era. The design was then traced or drawn onto the vellum (possibly with the aid of pinpricks or other markings, as in the case of the
214:. This gradually became the standard for luxury illuminated manuscripts, although modern scholars are often reluctant to distinguish between parchment and vellum, and the skins of various animals might be used. The pages were then normally bound into codices (singular:
333:. There are a few examples from later periods. Books that are heavily and richly illuminated are sometimes known as "display books" in church contexts, or "luxury manuscripts", especially if secular works. In the first millennium, these were most likely to be
1457:
The application of gold leaf or dust to an illumination is a very detailed process that only the most skilled illuminators can undertake and successfully achieve. The first detail an illuminator considered when dealing with gold was whether to use
867:. A Gothic page might contain several areas and types of decoration: a miniature in a frame, a historiated initial beginning a passage of text, and a border with drolleries. Often different artists worked on the different parts of the decoration.
1495:
372:
that would separate one's day into eight hours of devotion. These were often richly illuminated with miniatures, decorated initials and floral borders. They were costly and therefore only owned by wealthy patrons, often women.
249:. Textual manuscripts on paper become increasingly common, but the more expensive parchment was mostly used for illuminated manuscripts until the end of the period. Very early printed books left spaces for red text, known as
684:, the initials of chapters and sections, the notes and so on; and then – if the book was to be illustrated – it was sent to the illuminator". These letters and notes would be applied using an ink-pot and either a sharpened
1691:
1438:. The inclusion of gold alludes to many different possibilities for the text. If the text is of religious nature, lettering in gold is a sign of exalting the text. In the early centuries of Christianity,
514:
for the first time in Europe, and with them full treatises on the sciences, especially astrology and medicine where illumination was required to have profuse and accurate representations with the text.
3564:
1679:
2239:
Books and their makers during the Middle Ages: A study of the conditions of the production and distribution of literature from the fall of the Roman Empire to the close of the seventeenth century
273:
563:
An explosion of artistic production in Arabic manuscripts occurred in the 12th and especially the 13th century. Thus various Syriac manuscripts of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, such as
589:. Some of the illustrations of these manuscript have been characterized as "illustration byzantine traitée à la manière arabe" ("Byzantine illustration treated in the Arab style").
522:
from the 9th century. They were not illustrated, but were "illuminated" with decorations of the frontispieces or headings. The tradition of illustrated manuscripts started with the
265:
They are also the best surviving specimens of medieval painting, and the best preserved. Indeed, for many areas and time periods, they are the only surviving examples of painting.
1527:
719:
was first seen around the 13th century and was particularly popular in the later Middle Ages. Prior to the days of such careful planning, "A typical black-letter page of these
84:
470:
3028:
1476:
period. Especially after the book of hours became popular, wealthy individuals commissioned works as a sign of status within the community, sometimes including
44:
2841:
The book on how to make all the colour paints for illuminating books: unravelling a
Portuguese Hebrew illuminators' manual' ' Herit Sci 6, 44 (2018).
2874:
1614:–1470; tempera, gold, and ink on parchment, binding: leather over wood boards with copper alloy corner mounts and bosses; Metropolitan Museum of Art
3038:
1626:
Leaf from a
Gradual: Initial P with the Nativity; 1495; ink, tempera and gold on vellum; each leaf: 598 × 41 mm; Cleveland Museum of Art
3015:
1714:
4025:
2971:
2956:
2152:
568:
518:
The origins of the pictorial tradition of Arabic illustrated manuscripts are uncertain. The first known decorated manuscripts are some
191:
can also be called illuminated and use essentially the same techniques, comparable Far
Eastern and Mesoamerican works are described as
2762:
A World of Beasts: A Thirteenth-Century
Illustrated Arabic Book on Animals (the Kitāb Na't al-Ḥayawān) in the Ibn Bakhtīshū' Tradition
1426:
On the strictest definition, a manuscript is not considered "illuminated" unless one or many illuminations contained metal, normally
604:, probably from the 1330s, is a very early manuscript of one of the most common works for grand illustrated books in Persian courts.
571:, were derived from the Byzantine tradition, yet stylistically have a lot in common with Islamic illustrated manuscripts such as the
564:
506:, especially on the Iberian Peninsula, was instrumental in delivering ancient classic works to the growing intellectual circles and
3699:
2850:
Illuminated
Manuscripts in Cambridge: A Catalogue of Western Book Illumination in the Fitzwilliam Museum and the Cambridge Colleges
526:
and the creation of scientific and technical treatises often based on Greek scientific knowledge, such as the Arabic versions of
17:
2073:
724:
spaces were left for the decoration. This presupposes very careful planning by the scribe even before he put pen to parchment."
498:
world produced manuscripts in its own style, versions of which spread to other
Orthodox and Eastern Christian areas. With their
387:
The Gothic period, which generally saw an increase in the production of illuminated books, also saw more secular works such as
2806:
2651:
2531:
2506:
2470:
2437:
2388:
2359:
2215:
2031:
2006:
1935:
1910:
1885:
499:
2600:"The book on how to make all the colour paints for illuminating books: unravelling a Portuguese Hebrew illuminators' manual"
407:
93:
1434:
paint, or at least was brushed with gold specks. Gold leaf was from the 12th century usually polished, a process known as
540:
442:
Up to the 12th century, most manuscripts were produced in monasteries in order to add to the library or after receiving a
2547:
Calkins, Robert G. (1978). "Stages of Execution: Procedures of Illumination as Revealed in an Unfinished Book of Hours".
612:
284:–1465, ink, tempera, and gold on vellum, binding: brown Morocco over original wooden boards, overall: 59 × 116 mm,
3813:
3611:
2100:"The Book of Hours: A Medieval Bestseller | Essay | The Metropolitan Museum of Art | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History"
621:
523:
121:
31:
368:, which usually contained all 150 canonical psalms, and small, personal devotional books made for lay people known as
305:
Art historians classify illuminated manuscripts into their historic periods and types, including (but not limited to)
2904:
2824:
2731:(Series: Medieval Texts and Cultures in Northern Europe, vol. 21. Turnhout: Brepols Publishing, 2013). xxiv + 552 pp
4260:
3425:
3091:
2921:
1705:
819:
The following steps outline the detailed labor involved to create the illuminations of one page of a manuscript:
573:
3532:
3032:
2864:
2746:
2722:
3781:
73:
4300:
3692:
1797:
2297:
with much more fur than usual that is worn by the princely official on the right frontispiece on fol. 1v."
3756:
3435:
2195:
1865:
53:
2923:
Identity and Christian-Muslim interaction : medieval art of the Syrian Orthodox from the Mosul area
2180:
3440:
3253:
3064:
2950:
1670:
1569:
1415:
2988:
2852:(London : Harvey Miller Publishers in conjunction with the Modern Humanities Association. 1999– )
1685:
Four Evangelists; 1572–1585; 413 × 277 mm; from Italy, probably Rome; Morgan Library & Museum
261:) would also allow scribes to add their own notes, diagrams, translations, and even comic flourishes.
4285:
4280:
3884:
2153:
https://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/britannia/anglo-saxon/flowers/bestiary.html
1755:
420:
2912:
2255:"A Turk in the Dukhang? Comparative Perspectives on Elite Dress in Medieval Ladakh and the Caucasus"
855:). Many incomplete manuscripts survive from most periods, giving us a good idea of working methods.
4224:
3420:
1839:
1834:
644:
364:
Other illuminated liturgical books appeared during and after the Romanesque period. These included
4091:
4000:
3685:
3222:
3012:
3007:
1510:
528:
510:
of Western Europe throughout the 12th century. Books were produced there in large numbers and on
330:
285:
2207:
4265:
4030:
3305:
2983:
2945:
1128:
601:
353:
designs. The Romanesque and Gothic periods saw the creation of many large illuminated complete
140:, the practice continued into secular texts from the 13th century onward and typically include
3054:
2977:
2378:
2349:
4156:
4005:
3591:
3522:
3217:
2729:
The Social Life of Illumination: Manuscripts, Images, and Communities in the Late Middle Ages
666:
415:
234:
for choirs to sing from, and "Atlantic" bibles, requiring more than one person to lift them.
125:
2732:
2430:
The palaeography of Gothic manuscript books: from the twelfth to the early sixteenth century
2124:
4305:
4295:
4275:
4076:
3322:
3178:
2984:
15 pages of illuminated manuscripts from the Ball State University Digital Media Repository
2432:. Cambridge studies in palaeography and codicology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1534:
1197:
1185:
808:
2455:
After the Carolingians: Re-defining manuscript illumination in the 10th and 11th Centuries
736:
A common process of manuscripts illumination from the creation of the quire to the binding
391:
and works of literature illuminated. Wealthy people began to build up personal libraries;
376:
As the production of manuscripts shifted from monasteries to the public sector during the
8:
3808:
3796:
3766:
3163:
3084:
1022:
860:
852:
338:
188:
172:
4270:
4219:
4214:
4146:
3739:
3628:
3537:
2692:
2580:
2572:
2476:
1972:
1732:
1071:
503:
222:
format was used, for various reasons. A very few illuminated fragments also survive on
137:
3952:
633:
whether for their own use, for presentation, or for a commission. However, commercial
257:, all of which would have been added later by hand. Drawings in the margins (known as
4104:
4068:
4050:
4040:
4010:
3970:
3801:
3734:
3662:
3506:
3337:
3141:
2900:
2860:
2820:
2802:
2742:
2718:
2684:
2647:
2621:
2584:
2564:
2527:
2502:
2480:
2466:
2433:
2384:
2355:
2211:
2167:
2099:
2027:
2002:
1964:
1931:
1906:
1881:
1751:
1645:; ink, tempera, and gold on vellum; codex: 225 × 152 mm; Cleveland Museum of Art
1604:
1284:
1274:
712:
708:
593:
545:
534:
476:
424:
168:
1815:, recognisable by their characteristic bestial appearance, gather to do battle with
4290:
3924:
3646:
3606:
3574:
3405:
3055:
A Collection of Indonesian Illuminated Manuscripts | Southeast Asia Digital Library
3008:
UCLA Library Special Collections collection of Medieval and Renaissance manuscripts
2997:– A full collection with high resolution images of Armenian Illuminated Manuscripts
2890:
2880:
2817:
Illuminating the Renaissance – The Triumph of Flemish Manuscript Painting in Europe
2794:
2766:
2676:
2611:
2556:
2458:
2203:
1873:
1785:, whom he has unwittingly slain in single combat. Folio of a manuscript of 1655 of
1591:; ink, tempera and gold on vellum; leaf: 197 × 143 mm; Cleveland Museum of Art
1502:
1447:
966:
847:
803:
A 13th-century manuscript illumination, the earliest known depiction of Archbishop
549:
511:
443:
377:
238:
129:
2598:
Melo, Maria J.; Castro, Rita; Nabais, Paula; Vitorino, Tatiana (1 December 2018).
2380:
The Glory of Byzantium: Art and Culture of the Middle Byzantine Era, A.D. 843-1261
2351:
The Glory of Byzantium: Art and Culture of the Middle Byzantine Era, A.D. 843-1261
2237:
1561:
Detail from Bifolium with Christ in Majesty in an Initial A, from an Antiphonary;
657:
The type of script depended on local customs and tastes. In England, for example,
4063:
3833:
3729:
3617:
3400:
3395:
3327:
3317:
3019:
2870:
1472:
gifts, and many old manuscripts continued to be given in this way, even into the
1335:
976:
939:
812:
662:
638:
446:
from a wealthy patron. Larger monasteries often contained separate areas for the
392:
314:
242:
176:
2980:. Digitized illuminated manuscripts from the University of Louisville Libraries.
2930:
Wieck, Roger. "Folia Fugitiva: The Pursuit of the Illuminated Manuscript Leaf".
2022:
Brown, Michelle Patricia; Teviotdale, Elizabeth Cover; Turner, Nancy K. (2018).
345:. The Book of Kells is the most widely recognized illuminated manuscript in the
4081:
3985:
3980:
3942:
3823:
3656:
3623:
3549:
3464:
3459:
3430:
3410:
3243:
3158:
3077:
3042:
1477:
1334:, where in medieval times iron nails would be boiled in vinegar; the resulting
1321:
1270:
1246:
1098:
954:
661:
was widely used from the 12th to 16th centuries, while a cursive hand known as
428:
401:
369:
322:
164:
64:
3909:
2991:– Complete sets of high-resolution archival images from the Walters Art Museum
2949:
2798:
2770:
2667:
Blondheim, D. S. (1928). "An old Portuguese work on manuscript illumination".
2616:
2599:
2048:
1877:
835:
Continuation of previous three steps in addition to outlining marginal figures
556:, and their work is known to have been sponsored by local rulers, such as the
226:. Books ranged in size from ones smaller than a modern paperback, such as the
4254:
3919:
3554:
3362:
3332:
3280:
2688:
2625:
2568:
1968:
1662:
1506:
1331:
907:
804:
704:
617:
586:
553:
397:
342:
227:
145:
4126:
2842:
2786:
2760:
1999:
The British Library guide to manuscript illumination: History and techniques
1905:. Text, image, context. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies.
577:, pointing to a common pictorial tradition that existed since circa 1180 in
4141:
3990:
3666:
3527:
3275:
3260:
3190:
3173:
1701:
1473:
1406:
1213:
990:
925:
507:
318:
306:
141:
2462:
27:
Manuscript in which the text is supplemented by the addition of decoration
4239:
4229:
4166:
3899:
3889:
3843:
3776:
3771:
3716:
3708:
3469:
3379:
3290:
3265:
3227:
3212:
3131:
3124:
3114:
1790:
1724:
1720:
1658:
1538:
1443:
1227:
1209:
935:
823:
740:
716:
696:
670:
658:
634:
451:
358:
350:
346:
334:
310:
184:
180:
2288:
1976:
1952:
4201:
4182:
4121:
3995:
3975:
3960:
3874:
3828:
3744:
3721:
3544:
3248:
3185:
3119:
2829:
2696:
1431:
1365:
1325:
1242:
1180:
864:
799:
732:
720:
677:
361:
in Sweden; it is so massive that it takes three librarians to lift it.
326:
258:
246:
207:
163:
The earliest surviving illuminated manuscripts are a small number from
117:
113:
3415:
2895:
2885:
2576:
2330:
2265:
1903:
Art of documentation: documents and visual culture in medieval England
218:), that is the usual modern book format, although sometimes the older
4187:
4099:
4058:
3914:
3904:
3761:
3559:
3489:
3310:
3300:
3207:
3200:
3195:
3168:
1820:
1793:
1666:
1514:
1459:
1427:
1361:
1339:
1307:
1258:
1150:
1124:
1094:
972:
903:
681:
519:
495:
458:
432:
388:
289:
231:
199:
2994:
2680:
2254:
665:
emerged around 1260 for business documents. In the Frankish Empire,
596:
tradition mostly began in whole books, rather than single pages for
4234:
4161:
4136:
4114:
4109:
4035:
4015:
3934:
3848:
3569:
3481:
3474:
3372:
3345:
3285:
3269:
3153:
3048:
2560:
1816:
1786:
1697:
1509:; 1079; ink, tempera and gold on vellum; sheet: 163 × 109 mm;
1481:
1311:
1192:
1067:
1061:
1032:
980:
950:
689:
557:
482:
436:
381:
211:
206:, made from stretched calf skin, was supposedly introduced by King
133:
2876:
Piety in Pieces: How Medieval Readers Customized their Manuscripts
2074:"The Psalter as Scripture - Response - Seattle Pacific University"
1446:
style, with all or most of the background in gold, was taken from
4209:
4151:
4131:
4020:
3894:
3818:
3791:
3749:
3367:
3357:
3350:
3136:
3051:, a collection of illustrations from manuscripts made before 1450
2972:
Illuminated Manuscripts in the J. Paul Getty Museum – Los Angeles
2305:
2303:
2024:
Understanding illuminated manuscripts: a guide to technical terms
1546:
1542:
1217:
1118:
1042:
921:
899:
597:
487:
365:
254:
223:
153:
2524:
The art of written forms: the theory and practice of calligraphy
3838:
3579:
3024:
1782:
1778:
1439:
1419:
1384:
1303:
1114:
700:
400:", which set down prayers appropriate for various times in the
250:
219:
203:
202:
until the 2nd century BCE, when a more refined material called
3677:
3045:'s renowned collection of medieval and Renaissance manuscripts
2300:
1265:
with vinegar, and covering that with decaying matter, such as
3601:
3584:
3499:
3494:
3295:
1747:
1728:
1346:
1315:
1280:
1266:
1223:
1057:
685:
625:
578:
447:
354:
245:
is from Spain, near to Muslim paper manufacturing centres in
215:
2787:"The Schefer Ḥarīrī: A Study in Islamic Frontispiece Design"
1819:, son of Rostam. Leaf from another manuscript of Ferdowsi's
648:
The author of a manuscript at his writing desk. 14th century
624:
of saints. Book of Hours of Alexandre Petau, 16th century,
3853:
3596:
3100:
2859:(trans fr German), 1986, Harvey Miller Publishers, London,
1812:
1518:
1451:
1262:
1195:, also known as folium, a dyestuff prepared from the plant
1170:
986:
915:
582:
293:
157:
2848:
Morgan, Nigel J., Stella Panayotova, and Martine Meuwese.
727:
480:(1237 CE) depicting a ruler in Turkic dress (long braids,
450:
who specialized in the production of manuscripts called a
167:, and date from between 400 and 600. Examples include the
1442:
manuscripts were sometimes written entirely in gold. The
1390:
1364:, gold hammered extremely thin, or gold powder, bound in
1343:
763:
The surface is prepared for the application of gold leaf
149:
3069:
2597:
2501:. Medieval craftsmen. London: The British Museum Press.
2457:. Sense, matter, and medium. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
2320:
2318:
771:
Gold leaf is burnished to make it glossy and reflective
3865:
2727:
Coleman, Joyce, Mark Cruse, and Kathryn A. Smith, eds.
2452:
2397:
2383:. Metropolitan Museum of Art. 1997. pp. 384–385.
2354:. Metropolitan Museum of Art. 1997. pp. 384–385.
1638:
Hours of Queen Isabella the Catholic, Queen of Spain;
198:
Most manuscripts, illuminated or not, were written on
102:
Various examples of pages from illuminated manuscripts
3013:
British Library, catalogue of illuminated manuscripts
2834:
Studies in Icelandic Fourteenth Century Book Painting
2315:
2021:
942:
resinous secretion of a number of species of insects.
465:
277:
The 63rd page of the Book of Hours (Use of Utrecht),
2409:
838:
Penning of a rinceau appearing in the border of page
775:Decorative impressions are made to adhere the leaf
404:. One of the best known examples is the extravagant
116:
where the text is decorated with flourishes such as
2453:Kitzinger, Beatrice E.; O'Driscoll, Joshua (2019).
1387:, either silver leaf or powdered, as with gold; and
795:
Ink borders are traced to finalize the illumination
419:Illuminated manuscripts housed in the 16th-century
1928:Late Antique and Early Christian book illumination
680:, "who added (in red or other colors) the titles,
179:. The majority of extant manuscripts are from the
2960:. Vol. 14 (11th ed.). pp. 312–320.
4252:
1746:Example of an elaborately decorated border of a
357:. The largest surviving example of these is The
2715:Medieval Illuminators and their Methods of Work
1859:
1857:
1855:
1603:Detail of a L from Benedictine Antiphonary; by
1205:Chemical- and mineral-based colors, including:
946:Chemical- and mineral-based colors, including:
676:The first step was to send the manuscript to a
2995:Collection of Armenian Illuminated Manuscripts
2753:Image on the edge: the margins of medieval art
2492:
2490:
1872:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 43–67.
1414:was written with gold on a purple background.
1060:, an earth pigment that occurs as the mineral
669:emerged under the vast educational program of
3693:
3085:
2637:
2635:
2259:Interaction in the Himalayas and Central Asia
1992:
1990:
1988:
1986:
628:, well after printing had become more common.
2836:, Reykholt: Snorrastofa, rit. vol. VI, 2009.
2819:, Getty Museum/Royal Academy of Arts, 2003,
1868:. In Kwakkel, Erik; Thomson, Rodney (eds.).
1852:
1754:manuscript kept at Gurdwara Mattan Sahib in
600:or albums, as later became more common. The
405:
4192:
2784:
2487:
2271:
2104:The Met’s Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History
1750:illuminated manuscript from a 17th century
791:Lighter colors are used to add particulars
3700:
3686:
3092:
3078:
2839:Melo, M.J., Castro, R., Nabais, P. et al.
2632:
1983:
979:, HgS, and found in nature as the mineral
569:Syriac Gospels, British Library, Add. 7170
253:, miniature illustrations and illuminated
2894:
2884:
2843:https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-018-0208-z
2758:
2666:
2615:
2283:
2261:. Austrian Academy of Science Press: 232.
2231:
2229:
2227:
2208:10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.t077202
2193:
2026:. Los Angeles: The J. Paul Getty Museum.
1950:
1925:
1900:
1863:
879:The medieval artist's palette was broad:
565:Syriac Gospels, Vatican Library, Syr. 559
2944:
2919:
2521:
2496:
2415:
2403:
2336:
2324:
2309:
2015:
2001:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
1996:
1870:The European book in the twelfth century
1405:
1173:, produced from the leaves of the plant
1127:, a mineral found in nature, chemically
798:
751:Charcoal powder dots create the outline
739:
731:
643:
611:
486:fur hat, boots, fitting coat), possibly
469:
414:
272:
3041:. Thousands of digital images from the
2815:Kren, T. & McKendrick, Scot (eds),
2546:
2427:
2373:
2371:
1568:; tempera, gold, and ink on parchment;
1338:would then be mixed with an extract of
1149:, a plant-based pigment extracted from
728:Engrossing: The process of illumination
544:. The translators were most often Arab
30:For the art of miniature painting, see
14:
4253:
2932:The Journal of the Walters Art Gallery
2785:Hillenbrand, Robert (1 January 2010).
2641:
2235:
2224:
1328:, usually for an escape mechanism; and
1009:O, or iron oxide-rich earth compounds.
699:gradually gave way to scripts such as
695:The sturdy Roman letters of the early
502:uninterrupted by the Middle Ages, the
237:Paper manuscripts appeared during the
3681:
3073:
3025:Collection of illuminated manuscripts
2252:
2246:
1758:, Kashmir, India. It is known as the
841:Finally, marginal figures are painted
783:Darker tones are used to give volume
241:. The untypically early 11th century
2869:
2857:Book Illumination in the Middle Ages
2739:Illuminated Books of the Middle Ages
2368:
1957:Journal of the Royal Society of Arts
876:multiple grace of heavenly wisdom."
707:, where distinctive scripts such as
637:grew up in large cities, especially
541:Book of the Ten Treatises of the Eye
2779:A History of Illuminated Manuscript
2342:
2202:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
715:developed. Stocky, richly textured
703:and half-Uncial, especially in the
24:
2759:Contadini, Anna (1 January 2012).
2741:. 1983, Cornell University Press,
2644:The art and history of calligraphy
2277:
1864:Kauffmann, Martin (26 July 2018).
759:Illustration is retraced with ink
524:Graeco-Arabic translation movement
466:Greek Europe and the Islamic world
408:Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry
32:Miniature (illuminated manuscript)
25:
4317:
2989:Digitized Illuminated Manuscripts
2938:
2097:
1053:Mineral-based colors, including:
965:, found in nature as the mineral
826:drawing of the design is executed
183:, although many survive from the
3864:
3661:
3652:
3651:
3641:
2911:
2046:
1805:
1770:
1739:
1713:
1690:
1678:
1650:
1631:
1619:
1596:
1577:
1554:
1526:
1494:
1167:Plant-based substances such as:
969:, or made by heating white lead;
896:Insect-based colors, including:
832:Application of modulating colors
755:Silverpoint drawing is sketched
396:the form of richly illuminated "
92:
83:
72:
63:
52:
43:
3707:
3642:
2951:"Illuminated Manuscripts"
2660:
2646:. London: The British Library.
2591:
2540:
2515:
2446:
2421:
2187:
2142:
2117:
1930:. London: Chatto & Windus.
1706:Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum
1657:Farnese Hours, an example of a
1324:, from the ink produced by the
1113:, made historically by boiling
1045:, rarely due to cost, from the
829:Burnished gold dots are applied
585:which was highly influenced by
300:
3033:Museum Meermanno-Westreenianum
2497:De Hamel, Christopher (1992).
2091:
2066:
2040:
1997:De Hamel, Christopher (2001).
1944:
1919:
1894:
13:
1:
2978:Illuminated Manuscript Leaves
2339:, p. Chapter4, 4th page.
2253:Flood, Finbarr Barry (2017).
2236:Putnam, George Haven (1897).
1866:"Decoration and illustration"
1845:
1665:; 1537–1546; illumination on
1639:
1608:
1585:
1562:
1533:Definitions of Philosophy of
1368:or egg; the latter is called
1019:Plant-based colors, such as:
607:
278:
230:, to very large ones such as
3565:Conservation and restoration
3001:
2974:(archived 17 September 2006)
2522:Anderson, Donald M. (1969).
1798:Princeton University Library
1153:Rhamnus tinctoria, R. utilis
928:, extracted from the insect
7:
3757:Canons of page construction
2755:. Harvard University Press.
2669:The Jewish Quarterly Review
1901:Berenbeim, Jessica (2015).
1828:
1671:Morgan Library & Museum
1584:Leaf from a Book of Hours;
1269:, to provide the necessary
1257:, and historically made by
10:
4322:
3065:The Missal of Thomas James
2713:Alexander, Jonathan A.G.,
2707:
2274:, p. 126 and note 40.
2194:Kauffmann, Martin (2003).
2053:World History Encyclopedia
1570:Metropolitan Museum of Art
1487:
1466:
1416:National Library of Poland
1401:
787:Further details are drawn
268:
29:
4175:
4090:
4049:
3951:
3933:
3885:Anthropodermic bibliopegy
3873:
3862:
3715:
3637:
3515:
3449:
3388:
3236:
3107:
3099:
2965:
2799:10.1163/9789004236615_011
2771:10.1163/9789004222656_005
2642:Lovett, Patricia (2017).
2617:10.1186/s40494-018-0208-z
2098:Stein, Authors: Wendy A.
1953:"Illuminated Manuscripts"
1951:Davenport, Cyril (1912).
1878:10.1017/9781316480205.005
1212:, made from the minerals
1183:, derived from the plant
870:
457:By the 14th century, the
421:Ethiopian Orthodox Church
406:
4225:Intentionally blank page
3018:24 November 2011 at the
2879:, Open Book Publishers,
2499:Scribes and illuminators
2428:Derolez, Albert (2003).
1926:Weitzmann, Kurt (1977).
1840:Renaissance illumination
1835:Gothic book illustration
1393:leaf, also as with gold.
914:insect is mixed with an
779:Base colors are applied
349:, and is famous for its
4261:Illuminated manuscripts
3223:Collection (publishing)
3147:Illuminated manuscripts
3029:Koninklijke Bibliotheek
2957:Encyclopædia Britannica
2777:De Hamel, Christopher.
1777:The great Iranian hero
1511:Cleveland Museum of Art
1306:, from sources such as
767:Gold leaf is laid down
652:
529:The Book of Fixed Stars
331:Renaissance manuscripts
286:Cleveland Museum of Art
122:miniature illustrations
112:is a formally prepared
18:Manuscript Illumination
4193:
1423:
1129:basic copper carbonate
989:, chemically hydrated
816:
796:
737:
649:
629:
602:Great Mongol Shahnameh
500:traditions of literacy
491:
439:
297:
110:illuminated manuscript
3592:Intellectual property
3218:Volume (bibliography)
3049:Manuscript Miniatures
2920:Snelders, B. (2010).
2463:10.1515/9783110579499
2312:, p. 3, note 14.
2150:penelope.uchicago.edu
1669:; 171 × 111 mm;
1661:illuminated page; by
1409:
1025:, processed from the
802:
743:
735:
667:Carolingian minuscule
647:
615:
473:
418:
412:for a French prince.
276:
126:Roman Catholic Church
2751:Camille, M. (1992).
1535:David the Invincible
1314:, or burnt bones or
1247:basic lead carbonate
1198:Crozophora tinctoria
1186:Indigofera tinctoria
861:historiated initials
809:Canterbury Cathedral
807:'s assassination in
474:Frontispiece of the
124:. Often used in the
4301:Textual scholarship
2946:Thompson, Edward M.
2737:Calkins, Robert G.
1823:(The Book of Kings)
1412:Tyniec Sacramentary
918:to produce the dye;
853:Lindisfarne Gospels
339:Lindisfarne Gospels
189:Islamic manuscripts
173:Vergilius Vaticanus
156:, inventories, and
4220:Fore-edge painting
4215:Extra-illustration
3629:World Book Capital
2926:. Peeters, Leuven.
2526:. New York: Holt.
2125:"The Getty Museum"
1723:, 1164-1167, from
1424:
1072:arsenic trisulfide
912:Dactylopius coccus
817:
797:
738:
650:
630:
616:Page from a Latin
492:
440:
298:
138:courtly literature
4248:
4247:
4127:Addendum/Appendix
4011:Table of contents
3675:
3674:
3507:Coffee table book
3338:Bookworm (insect)
3060:Related articles
2886:10.11647/OBP.0094
2808:978-90-04-23661-5
2717:, 1992, Yale UP,
2653:978-0-7123-5668-8
2533:978-0-03-068625-2
2508:978-0-7141-2049-2
2472:978-3-11-057467-8
2439:978-0-521-80315-1
2390:978-0-87099-777-8
2361:978-0-87099-777-8
2242:. London: Putnam.
2217:978-1-884446-05-4
2175:Missing or empty
2033:978-1-60606-578-5
2008:978-0-8020-8173-5
1963:(3087): 245–251.
1937:978-0-7011-2243-0
1912:978-0-88844-194-2
1887:978-1-316-48020-5
1752:Guru Granth Sahib
1733:Itsukushima Jinja
1605:Belbello da Pavia
1448:Byzantine mosaics
1410:The 11th-century
1399:
1398:
1285:calcium carbonate
1275:chemical reaction
713:insular minuscule
709:insular majuscule
594:Persian miniature
574:Maqāmāt al-Ḥarīrī
546:Syriac Christians
535:De materia medica
477:Maqamat al-Hariri
425:Ura Kidane Mehret
169:Vergilius Romanus
16:(Redirected from
4313:
4286:Christian genres
4281:Book terminology
4196:
3925:Treasure binding
3868:
3702:
3695:
3688:
3679:
3678:
3665:
3655:
3654:
3645:
3644:
3575:History of books
3094:
3087:
3080:
3071:
3070:
2961:
2953:
2934:, Vol. 54, 1996.
2927:
2916:
2915:
2909:
2898:
2888:
2871:Rudy, Kathryn M.
2812:
2774:
2701:
2700:
2664:
2658:
2657:
2639:
2630:
2629:
2619:
2604:Heritage Science
2595:
2589:
2588:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2494:
2485:
2484:
2450:
2444:
2443:
2425:
2419:
2413:
2407:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2375:
2366:
2365:
2346:
2340:
2334:
2328:
2322:
2313:
2307:
2298:
2281:
2275:
2272:Hillenbrand 2010
2269:
2263:
2262:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2233:
2222:
2221:
2200:Grove Art Online
2191:
2185:
2184:
2178:
2173:
2171:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2047:Mark, Joshua J.
2044:
2038:
2037:
2019:
2013:
2012:
1994:
1981:
1980:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1923:
1917:
1916:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1861:
1809:
1800:Unknown artist.
1774:
1743:
1717:
1700:, 1591–92, from
1694:
1682:
1654:
1644:
1641:
1635:
1623:
1613:
1610:
1600:
1590:
1587:
1581:
1567:
1564:
1558:
1537:; 1280; vellum;
1530:
1498:
1175:Isatis tinctoria
924:, also known as
902:, also known as
882:
881:
848:High Middle Ages
550:Hunayn ibn Ishaq
411:
410:
378:High Middle Ages
283:
280:
239:Late Middle Ages
130:liturgical books
128:for prayers and
96:
87:
76:
67:
56:
47:
21:
4321:
4320:
4316:
4315:
4314:
4312:
4311:
4310:
4251:
4250:
4249:
4244:
4171:
4086:
4082:Tipped-in pages
4045:
4026:Acknowledgments
3947:
3929:
3876:
3869:
3860:
3834:Recto and verso
3720:
3711:
3706:
3676:
3671:
3633:
3618:The Philobiblon
3511:
3445:
3384:
3232:
3179:limited edition
3103:
3098:
3020:Wayback Machine
3004:
2968:
2941:
2910:
2907:
2809:
2781:(Phaidon, 1986)
2710:
2705:
2704:
2681:10.2307/1451766
2665:
2661:
2654:
2640:
2633:
2596:
2592:
2545:
2541:
2534:
2520:
2516:
2509:
2495:
2488:
2473:
2451:
2447:
2440:
2426:
2422:
2414:
2410:
2406:, pp. 1–2.
2402:
2398:
2391:
2377:
2376:
2369:
2362:
2348:
2347:
2343:
2335:
2331:
2323:
2316:
2308:
2301:
2282:
2278:
2270:
2266:
2251:
2247:
2234:
2225:
2218:
2192:
2188:
2176:
2174:
2165:
2164:
2157:
2155:
2148:
2147:
2143:
2133:
2131:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2108:
2106:
2096:
2092:
2082:
2080:
2072:
2071:
2067:
2057:
2055:
2049:"Book of Kells"
2045:
2041:
2034:
2020:
2016:
2009:
1995:
1984:
1949:
1945:
1938:
1924:
1920:
1913:
1899:
1895:
1888:
1862:
1853:
1848:
1831:
1824:
1810:
1801:
1781:mourns his son
1775:
1766:
1765:(golden corpus)
1744:
1735:
1718:
1709:
1695:
1686:
1683:
1674:
1673:(New York City)
1655:
1646:
1642:
1636:
1627:
1624:
1615:
1611:
1601:
1592:
1588:
1582:
1573:
1572:(New York City)
1565:
1559:
1550:
1531:
1522:
1499:
1490:
1478:donor portraits
1469:
1404:
1290:
1256:
1252:
1226:, now known as
1142:
1138:
1134:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1081:
1077:
1008:
1000:
996:
977:mercury sulfide
964:
960:
930:Kermes vermilio
873:
813:British Library
747:
730:
655:
610:
468:
393:Philip the Bold
303:
281:
271:
243:Missal of Silos
177:Rossano Gospels
106:
105:
104:
103:
99:
98:
97:
89:
88:
79:
78:
77:
69:
68:
59:
58:
57:
49:
48:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4319:
4309:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4204:
4199:
4198:
4197:
4185:
4179:
4177:
4176:Other elements
4173:
4172:
4170:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4118:
4117:
4107:
4102:
4096:
4094:
4088:
4087:
4085:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4055:
4053:
4047:
4046:
4044:
4043:
4041:Printer's mark
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3986:Imprimi potest
3983:
3981:Edition notice
3978:
3973:
3968:
3967:
3966:
3957:
3955:
3949:
3948:
3946:
3945:
3939:
3937:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3881:
3879:
3871:
3870:
3863:
3861:
3859:
3858:
3857:
3856:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3824:Page numbering
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3805:
3804:
3799:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3753:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3726:
3724:
3713:
3712:
3705:
3704:
3697:
3690:
3682:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3669:
3659:
3649:
3638:
3635:
3634:
3632:
3631:
3626:
3624:World Book Day
3621:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3588:
3587:
3582:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3550:Book packaging
3547:
3542:
3541:
3540:
3535:
3525:
3519:
3517:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3509:
3504:
3503:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3484:
3479:
3478:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3453:
3451:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3443:
3438:
3436:United Kingdom
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3392:
3390:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3382:
3377:
3376:
3375:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3354:
3353:
3348:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3314:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3263:
3258:
3257:
3256:
3246:
3240:
3238:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3204:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3183:
3182:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3151:
3150:
3149:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3128:
3127:
3117:
3111:
3109:
3105:
3104:
3097:
3096:
3089:
3082:
3074:
3068:
3067:
3058:
3057:
3052:
3046:
3043:Morgan Library
3036:
3022:
3010:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2998:
2992:
2986:
2981:
2975:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2962:
2940:
2939:External links
2937:
2936:
2935:
2928:
2917:
2905:
2867:
2853:
2846:
2837:
2827:
2813:
2807:
2782:
2775:
2756:
2749:
2735:
2725:
2709:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2659:
2652:
2631:
2590:
2561:10.2307/766713
2539:
2532:
2514:
2507:
2486:
2471:
2445:
2438:
2420:
2408:
2396:
2389:
2367:
2360:
2341:
2329:
2314:
2299:
2284:Contadini 2012
2276:
2264:
2245:
2223:
2216:
2186:
2141:
2116:
2090:
2065:
2039:
2032:
2014:
2007:
1982:
1943:
1936:
1918:
1911:
1893:
1886:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1842:
1837:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1825:
1811:
1804:
1802:
1776:
1769:
1767:
1745:
1738:
1736:
1719:
1712:
1710:
1696:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1677:
1675:
1656:
1649:
1647:
1637:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1618:
1616:
1602:
1595:
1593:
1583:
1576:
1574:
1560:
1553:
1551:
1532:
1525:
1523:
1500:
1493:
1489:
1486:
1468:
1465:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1395:
1394:
1388:
1380:
1376:
1375:
1374:
1373:
1357:
1353:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1329:
1319:
1299:
1295:
1294:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1278:
1271:carbon dioxide
1254:
1250:
1238:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1231:
1221:
1203:
1202:
1190:
1178:
1165:
1161:
1160:
1159:
1158:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1122:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1099:cupric acetate
1090:
1086:
1085:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1065:
1051:
1050:
1047:Crocus sativus
1040:
1030:
1027:Reseda luteola
1017:
1013:
1012:
1011:
1010:
1006:
998:
994:
984:
970:
962:
958:
955:lead tetroxide
944:
943:
933:
919:
894:
890:
889:
886:
872:
869:
843:
842:
839:
836:
833:
830:
827:
729:
726:
654:
651:
609:
606:
467:
464:
429:Zege Peninsula
402:liturgical day
398:books of hours
370:books of hours
337:, such as the
302:
299:
270:
267:
165:late antiquity
146:enrolled bills
101:
100:
91:
90:
82:
81:
80:
71:
70:
62:
61:
60:
51:
50:
42:
41:
40:
39:
38:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4318:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4266:Books by type
4264:
4262:
4259:
4258:
4256:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4195:
4191:
4190:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4180:
4178:
4174:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4116:
4113:
4112:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4097:
4095:
4093:
4089:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4069:Illustrations
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4056:
4054:
4052:
4048:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3965:bastard title
3964:
3963:
3962:
3959:
3958:
3956:
3954:
3950:
3944:
3941:
3940:
3938:
3936:
3932:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3920:Picture cover
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3882:
3880:
3878:
3872:
3867:
3855:
3852:
3851:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3794:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3745:Marginal note
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3732:
3731:
3728:
3727:
3725:
3723:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3703:
3698:
3696:
3691:
3689:
3684:
3683:
3680:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3658:
3650:
3648:
3640:
3639:
3636:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3619:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3577:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3555:Book swapping
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3530:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3514:
3508:
3505:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3448:
3442:
3441:United States
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3387:
3381:
3378:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3363:Print culture
3361:
3359:
3356:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3281:Bibliotherapy
3279:
3277:
3274:
3271:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3235:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3187:
3184:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3156:
3155:
3152:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3095:
3090:
3088:
3083:
3081:
3076:
3075:
3072:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3061:
3056:
3053:
3050:
3047:
3044:
3040:
3037:
3035:in The Hague.
3034:
3030:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3017:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3005:
2996:
2993:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2979:
2976:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2959:
2958:
2952:
2947:
2943:
2942:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2924:
2918:
2914:
2908:
2906:9781783742356
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2878:
2877:
2872:
2868:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2855:Pächt, Otto,
2854:
2851:
2847:
2845:
2844:
2838:
2835:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2825:1-903973-28-7
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2791:Arab Painting
2788:
2783:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2763:
2757:
2754:
2750:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2734:
2733:online review
2730:
2726:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2711:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2675:(2): 97–135.
2674:
2670:
2663:
2655:
2649:
2645:
2638:
2636:
2627:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2594:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2543:
2535:
2529:
2525:
2518:
2510:
2504:
2500:
2493:
2491:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2449:
2441:
2435:
2431:
2424:
2417:
2416:Snelders 2010
2412:
2405:
2404:Snelders 2010
2400:
2392:
2386:
2382:
2381:
2374:
2372:
2363:
2357:
2353:
2352:
2345:
2338:
2337:Snelders 2010
2333:
2326:
2325:Snelders 2010
2321:
2319:
2311:
2310:Snelders 2010
2306:
2304:
2296:
2291:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2273:
2268:
2260:
2256:
2249:
2241:
2240:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2219:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2196:"Scriptorium"
2190:
2182:
2169:
2154:
2151:
2145:
2130:
2126:
2120:
2105:
2101:
2094:
2079:
2075:
2069:
2054:
2050:
2043:
2035:
2029:
2025:
2018:
2010:
2004:
2000:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1947:
1939:
1933:
1929:
1922:
1914:
1908:
1904:
1897:
1889:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1851:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1808:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1773:
1768:
1764:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1742:
1737:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1721:Heike Noukyou
1716:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1693:
1688:
1681:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1663:Giulio Clovio
1660:
1653:
1648:
1634:
1629:
1622:
1617:
1606:
1599:
1594:
1580:
1575:
1571:
1557:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1529:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1507:New Testament
1504:
1497:
1492:
1491:
1485:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1464:
1461:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1408:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1348:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1332:Iron gall ink
1330:
1327:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1286:
1283:, chemically
1282:
1279:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1248:
1245:, chemically
1244:
1241:
1240:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1229:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1156:
1154:
1148:
1145:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1116:
1100:
1097:, chemically
1096:
1093:
1092:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1073:
1070:, chemically
1069:
1066:
1063:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1054:
1048:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1037:Curcuma longa
1034:
1031:
1028:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1004:
992:
988:
985:
982:
978:
975:, chemically
974:
971:
968:
956:
953:, chemically
952:
949:
948:
947:
941:
937:
934:
931:
927:
923:
920:
917:
916:aluminum salt
913:
909:
908:carminic acid
905:
901:
898:
897:
895:
892:
891:
887:
884:
883:
880:
877:
868:
866:
862:
856:
854:
849:
840:
837:
834:
831:
828:
825:
822:
821:
820:
814:
810:
806:
805:Thomas Becket
801:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
734:
725:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
705:British Isles
702:
698:
693:
691:
688:feather or a
687:
683:
679:
674:
672:
668:
664:
660:
646:
642:
640:
636:
627:
623:
619:
618:book of hours
614:
605:
603:
599:
595:
590:
588:
587:Byzantine art
584:
580:
576:
575:
570:
566:
561:
559:
555:
554:Yahya ibn Adi
551:
547:
543:
542:
537:
536:
531:
530:
525:
521:
516:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
489:
485:
484:
479:
478:
472:
463:
460:
455:
453:
449:
445:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
417:
413:
409:
403:
399:
394:
390:
385:
383:
379:
374:
371:
367:
362:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
343:Book of Kells
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
295:
291:
287:
275:
266:
262:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
235:
233:
229:
228:pocket gospel
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
196:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
161:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
142:proclamations
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
95:
86:
75:
66:
55:
46:
37:
33:
19:
4142:Bibliography
4031:Introduction
3991:Nihil obstat
3971:Frontispiece
3953:Front matter
3787:Illumination
3786:
3616:
3612:Preservation
3528:Book burning
3523:Banned books
3276:Bibliophilia
3261:Bibliography
3191:advance copy
3174:instant book
3146:
3142:Illustration
3125:dust jackets
3059:
2955:
2931:
2922:
2875:
2856:
2849:
2840:
2833:
2816:
2790:
2778:
2761:
2752:
2738:
2728:
2714:
2672:
2668:
2662:
2643:
2607:
2603:
2593:
2555:(1): 61–70.
2552:
2548:
2542:
2523:
2517:
2498:
2454:
2448:
2429:
2423:
2411:
2399:
2379:
2350:
2344:
2332:
2327:, p. 3.
2294:
2287:
2279:
2267:
2258:
2248:
2238:
2199:
2189:
2177:|title=
2156:. Retrieved
2149:
2144:
2132:. Retrieved
2129:Getty Museum
2128:
2119:
2107:. Retrieved
2103:
2093:
2081:. Retrieved
2077:
2068:
2056:. Retrieved
2052:
2042:
2023:
2017:
1998:
1960:
1956:
1946:
1927:
1921:
1902:
1896:
1869:
1762:
1759:
1702:Safavid Iran
1505:Psalter and
1501:Leaf from a
1474:Early Modern
1470:
1456:
1435:
1425:
1411:
1369:
1214:lapis lazuli
1204:
1196:
1184:
1174:
1152:
1146:
1052:
1046:
1036:
1026:
1002:
991:ferric oxide
945:
929:
911:
878:
874:
857:
844:
818:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
694:
675:
656:
631:
591:
572:
562:
539:
533:
527:
517:
508:universities
504:Muslim world
493:
481:
475:
456:
441:
386:
375:
363:
335:Gospel Books
307:Late Antique
304:
301:Latin Europe
263:
236:
197:
192:
162:
109:
107:
36:
4306:Western art
4296:Manuscripts
4276:Book design
4240:Thumb index
4206:Die-cutting
4167:Author page
4092:Back matter
4051:Body matter
3900:Dust jacket
3890:Bookbinding
3877:back covers
3844:Rubrication
3797:Historiated
3717:Page layout
3709:Book design
3545:Book curses
3421:Netherlands
3291:Bookselling
3266:Bibliomania
3249:Bestsellers
3237:Consumption
3228:Book series
3213:Typesetting
2830:Liepe, Lena
2793:: 117–134.
1789:'s Iranian
1725:Itsukushima
1659:Renaissance
1643: 1500
1612: 1467
1589: 1460
1566: 1405
1539:Matenadaran
1444:gold ground
1228:cobalt blue
1210:Ultramarine
1151:buckthorn (
1147:China green
1035:, from the
824:Silverpoint
717:blackletter
697:Middle Ages
671:Charlemagne
452:scriptorium
359:Codex Gigas
347:Anglosphere
315:Carolingian
282: 1460
185:Renaissance
181:Middle Ages
4255:Categories
4202:Book rhyme
4183:Book curse
4122:Postscript
4105:Conclusion
4001:Dedication
3996:Imprimatur
3976:Title page
3961:Half-title
3875:Front and
3829:Pull quote
3730:Annotation
3722:typography
3490:audiobooks
3389:By country
3342:Furniture
3333:Digitizing
3328:Collecting
3318:Censorship
3301:book towns
3186:Publishing
3169:incunabula
3108:Production
2896:10023/9562
2865:0199210608
2747:0500233756
2723:0300056893
1846:References
1796:, held in
1708:(Istanbul)
1436:burnishing
1432:shell gold
1370:shell gold
1366:gum arabic
1326:cuttlefish
1261:sheets of
1243:White lead
1117:plates in
1039:plant; and
888:Source(s)
865:drolleries
745:ENGROSSING
678:rubricator
635:scriptoria
622:miniatures
608:Techniques
548:, such as
532:(965 CE),
444:commission
389:chronicles
382:bestiaries
323:Romanesque
259:marginalia
247:Al-Andaluz
232:choirbooks
175:, and the
4271:Book arts
4194:ex-librīs
4188:Bookplate
4100:Afterword
4059:Body text
3935:Endpapers
3915:Paperback
3905:Hardcover
3814:Miniature
3802:Inhabited
3782:Headpiece
3762:Catchword
3560:Book tour
3533:incidents
3465:miniature
3460:fictional
3346:bookcases
3286:Bookmarks
3201:paperback
3196:hardcover
3027:from the
3002:Resources
2765:. Brill.
2689:0021-6682
2626:2050-7445
2585:190805404
2569:0016-920X
2481:241300499
1969:0035-9114
1821:Shahnameh
1794:Shahnameh
1667:parchment
1515:Cleveland
1503:Byzantine
1460:gold leaf
1428:gold leaf
1362:Gold leaf
1340:oak apple
1308:lampblack
1259:corroding
1125:Malachite
1101:, Cu(OAc)
1095:Verdigris
973:Vermilion
910:from the
904:cochineal
811:in 1170.
682:headlines
663:Anglicana
496:Byzantine
459:cloisters
433:Lake Tana
290:Cleveland
200:parchment
4235:Slipcase
4162:Postface
4157:Colophon
4137:Glossary
4132:Endnotes
4110:Epilogue
4077:Sections
4064:Chapters
4036:Prologue
4016:Foreword
4006:Epigraph
3849:Typeface
3819:Ornament
3735:Footnote
3657:Category
3570:Dog ears
3486:Formats
3482:Grimoire
3475:textbook
3426:Pakistan
3373:literacy
3351:bookends
3270:tsundoku
3154:Printing
3016:Archived
2948:(1911).
2873:(2016),
2295:sharbūsh
2289:sharbūsh
2168:cite web
2158:17 April
2134:17 April
2109:12 April
2083:12 April
2058:12 April
1977:41339989
1829:See also
1817:Faramarz
1787:Ferdowsi
1698:Al-Quran
1482:heraldry
1336:compound
1312:charcoal
1273:for the
1193:Turnsole
1157:berries.
1068:Orpiment
1062:limonite
1033:Turmeric
981:cinnabar
951:Red lead
906:, where
815:, London
690:reed pen
598:muraqqas
558:Artuqids
483:Sharbush
437:Ethiopia
366:psalters
341:and the
319:Ottonian
255:initials
212:Pergamum
187:. While
154:charters
134:psalters
132:such as
114:document
4291:Gilding
4230:Pop-ups
4210:Endband
4021:Preface
3943:Marbled
3910:Leather
3895:Buckram
3792:Initial
3750:Scholia
3647:Outline
3607:Outline
3516:Related
3456:Genres
3406:Germany
3380:Reviews
3368:Reading
3358:Library
3306:history
3164:history
3159:edition
3137:Editing
3115:Binding
3039:CORSAIR
2708:Sources
2697:1451766
2078:spu.edu
1760:Sunehri
1756:Martand
1547:Armenia
1543:Yerevan
1488:Gallery
1467:Patrons
1402:Gilding
1379:Silver
1253:·Pb(OH)
1249:, 2PbCO
1218:azurite
1119:vinegar
1043:Saffron
1016:Yellow
940:scarlet
922:Crimson
900:Carmine
659:Textura
620:, with
520:Qur'ans
488:Baghdad
351:insular
311:Insular
269:History
251:rubrics
224:papyrus
208:Eumenes
193:painted
118:borders
4152:Errata
3839:Rubric
3809:Margin
3777:Header
3772:Footer
3767:Column
3667:Portal
3580:scroll
3495:Ebooks
3470:pop-up
3401:France
3396:Brazil
3296:blurbs
3244:Awards
3132:Design
3120:Covers
2966:Images
2903:
2863:
2823:
2805:
2745:
2721:
2695:
2687:
2650:
2624:
2583:
2577:766713
2575:
2567:
2530:
2505:
2479:
2469:
2436:
2387:
2358:
2214:
2030:
2005:
1975:
1967:
1934:
1909:
1884:
1783:Sohrab
1779:Rostam
1440:Gospel
1420:Warsaw
1385:Silver
1304:Carbon
1298:Black
1287:, CaCO
1237:White
1181:Indigo
1115:copper
1089:Green
1029:plant;
967:minium
926:kermes
885:Color
871:Paints
721:Gothic
701:Uncial
355:bibles
329:, and
327:Gothic
220:scroll
210:II of
204:vellum
4147:Index
4115:Outro
4073:Parts
3740:Gloss
3602:Novel
3585:codex
3500:Folio
3450:Other
3431:Spain
3416:Japan
3411:Italy
3323:Clubs
3101:Books
2693:JSTOR
2610:(1).
2581:S2CID
2573:JSTOR
2549:Gesta
2477:S2CID
1973:JSTOR
1729:Japan
1521:, US)
1452:icons
1356:Gold
1347:galls
1322:Sepia
1316:ivory
1281:Chalk
1277:; and
1224:Smalt
1220:; and
1189:; and
1164:Blue
1143:; and
1139:·(OH)
1064:; and
1058:Ochre
932:; and
777:VIII.
686:quill
639:Paris
626:Rouen
579:Syria
512:paper
448:monks
296:, US)
216:codex
158:deeds
3854:Font
3719:and
3597:ISBN
3538:Nazi
3311:used
3254:list
3208:Size
3031:and
2901:ISBN
2861:ISBN
2821:ISBN
2803:ISBN
2743:ISBN
2719:ISBN
2685:ISSN
2648:ISBN
2622:ISSN
2565:ISSN
2528:ISBN
2503:ISBN
2467:ISBN
2434:ISBN
2385:ISBN
2356:ISBN
2212:ISBN
2181:help
2160:2024
2136:2024
2111:2024
2085:2024
2060:2024
2028:ISBN
2003:ISBN
1965:ISSN
1932:ISBN
1907:ISBN
1882:ISBN
1813:Jinn
1791:epic
1748:Sikh
1519:Ohio
1450:and
1267:dung
1263:lead
1171:Woad
1131:, Cu
1074:, As
1023:Weld
993:, Fe
987:Rust
957:, Pb
938:, a
893:Red
793:XII.
773:VII.
757:III.
711:and
653:Text
592:The
583:Iraq
581:and
494:The
294:Ohio
150:laws
136:and
120:and
2891:hdl
2881:doi
2795:doi
2767:doi
2677:doi
2612:doi
2557:doi
2459:doi
2204:doi
1874:doi
1763:bir
1480:or
1430:or
1391:Tin
1344:oak
1216:or
1105:·(H
936:Lac
789:XI.
781:IX.
769:VI.
761:IV.
753:II.
567:or
552:or
538:or
423:of
108:An
4257::
2954:.
2899:,
2889:,
2832:.
2801:.
2789:.
2691:.
2683:.
2673:19
2671:.
2634:^
2620:.
2606:.
2602:.
2579:.
2571:.
2563:.
2553:17
2551:.
2489:^
2475:.
2465:.
2370:^
2317:^
2302:^
2257:.
2226:^
2210:.
2198:.
2172::
2170:}}
2166:{{
2127:.
2102:.
2076:.
2051:.
1985:^
1971:.
1961:60
1959:.
1955:.
1880:.
1854:^
1731:;
1727:,
1704:;
1640:c.
1609:c.
1607:;
1586:c.
1563:c.
1545:,
1517:,
1418:,
1349:).
1310:,
1135:CO
1109:O)
785:X.
765:V.
749:I.
673:.
560:.
435:,
431:,
427:,
325:,
321:,
317:,
313:,
309:,
292:,
279:c.
195:.
171:,
160:.
152:,
148:,
144:,
3701:e
3694:t
3687:v
3272:)
3268:(
3093:e
3086:t
3079:v
2893::
2883::
2811:.
2797::
2773:.
2769::
2699:.
2679::
2656:.
2628:.
2614::
2608:6
2587:.
2559::
2536:.
2511:.
2483:.
2461::
2442:.
2418:.
2393:.
2364:.
2220:.
2206::
2183:)
2179:(
2162:.
2138:.
2113:.
2087:.
2062:.
2036:.
2011:.
1979:.
1940:.
1915:.
1890:.
1876::
1549:)
1541:(
1513:(
1422:.
1372:.
1342:(
1318:;
1291:.
1289:3
1255:2
1251:3
1230:.
1201:.
1177:;
1155:)
1141:2
1137:3
1133:2
1121:;
1111:2
1107:2
1103:2
1082:.
1080:3
1078:S
1076:2
1049:.
1007:2
1005:H
1003:n
1001:·
999:3
997:O
995:2
983:;
963:4
961:O
959:3
490:.
288:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.