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1010:
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1065:. Rodent incisors are used for cutting wood, biting through the skin of fruit, or for defense. This allows for the rate of wear and tooth growth to be at equilibrium. The microstructure of rodent incisor enamel has shown to be useful in studying the phylogeny and systematics of rodents because of its independent evolution from the other dental traits. The enamel on rodent incisors are composed of two layers: the inner portio interna (PI) with
976:
1587:. Enamel is quickly decalcified in acids, perhaps by dissolution by plant acids or via diagenetic solutions, or in the stomachs of vertebrate predators. Enamel can be lost by abrasion or spalling, and is lost before dentine or bone are destroyed by the fossilisation process. In such a case, the 'skeleton' of the teeth would consist of the dentine, with a hollow pulp cavity. The organic part of dentine, conversely, is destroyed by alkalis.
1403:
941:
at a given time, and as each tooth wears out, another tooth moves forward to take its place in a process similar to a conveyor belt. The last and largest of these teeth usually becomes exposed when the animal is around 40 years of age, and will often last for an additional 20 years. When the last of these teeth has fallen out, regardless of the elephant's age, the animal will no longer be able to chew food and will die of starvation.
909:
1599:
1360:, another invertebrate parasite, has been used in medicine to remove blood from patients. They have three jaws (tripartite) that resemble saws in both appearance and function, and on them are about 100 sharp teeth used to incise the host. The incision leaves a mark that is an inverted Y inside of a circle. After piercing the skin and injecting
940:
At birth, elephants have a total of 28 molar plate-like grinding teeth not including the tusks. These are organized into four sets of seven successively larger teeth which the elephant will slowly wear through during its lifetime of chewing rough plant material. Only four teeth are used for chewing
956:
usually shed their deciduous teeth before (or very shortly after) their birth, and are usually born with their permanent teeth. The teeth of rabbits complement their diet, which consists of a wide range of vegetation. Since many of the foods are abrasive enough to cause attrition, rabbit teeth grow
770:
teeth have polyp-like protrusions located on the root surface of the tooth. These polyps are made of cementum in both species, but in human teeth, the protrusions are located on the outside of the root, while in whales the nodule is located on the inside of the pulp chamber. While the roots of human
873:
can be used to estimate the animal's age. Between birth and five years, age can be closely estimated by observing the eruption pattern on milk teeth and then permanent teeth. By age five, all permanent teeth have usually erupted. The horse is then said to have a "full" mouth. After the age of
1255:. This is ideal for organisms who mostly use their teeth for grasping, but not for crushing and allows for rapid regeneration of teeth at a low energy cost. Teeth are usually lost in the course of feeding if the prey is struggling. Additionally, amphibians that undergo a metamorphosis develop
1275:
juveniles replace teeth with larger ones at a rate as high as one new tooth per socket every month. Once mature, tooth replacement rates can slow to two years and even longer. Overall, crocodilians may use 3,000 teeth from birth to death. New teeth are created within old teeth.
771:
teeth are made of cementum on the outer surface, whales have cementum on the entire surface of the tooth with a very small layer of enamel at the tip. This small enamel layer is only seen in older whales where the cementum has been worn away to show the underlying enamel.
881:
A horse's incisors, premolars, and molars, once fully developed, continue to erupt as the grinding surface is worn down through chewing. A young adult horse will have teeth, which are 110–130 mm (4.5–5 inches) long, with the majority of the crown remaining below the
971:
The incisors and cheek teeth of rabbits are called aradicular hypsodont teeth. This is sometimes referred to as an elodent dentition. These teeth grow or erupt continuously. The growth or eruption is held in balance by dental abrasion from chewing a diet high in
1294:
discovered in 2014 suggests that the beak of birds may have evolved from teeth to allow chicks to escape their shells earlier, and thus avoid predators and also to penetrate protective covers such as hard earth to access underlying food.
338:
typically have small teeth, or none at all, since they commonly feed only on soft foods. In reptiles, teeth are generally simple and conical in shape, although there is some variation between species, most notably the venom-injecting
854:(called tushes) between the molars and incisors. However, few female horses (less than 28%) have canines, and those that do usually have only one or two, which many times are only partially erupted. A few horses have one to four
862:
premolars, with most of those having only one or two. They are equally common in male and female horses and much more likely to be on the upper jaw. If present these can cause problems as they can interfere with the horse's
242:, grow a new set of teeth every two weeks to replace worn teeth. Most extant mammals including humans are diphyodonts, but there are exceptions including elephants, kangaroos, and manatees, all of which are polyphyodonts.
874:
five, age can only be conjectured by studying the wear patterns on the incisors, shape, the angle at which the incisors meet, and other factors. The wear of teeth may also be affected by diet, natural abnormalities, and
173:, also use teeth to help with capturing or wounding prey, tearing food, for defensive purposes, to intimidate other animals often including their own, or to carry prey or their young. The roots of teeth are covered by
2495:
Tummers M and
Thesleff I. Root or crown: a developmental choice orchestrated by the differential regulation of the epithelial stem cell niche in the tooth of two rodent species. Development (2003). 130(6):1049-57.
896: in) each year, as the horse ages. When the animal reaches old age, the crowns of the teeth are very short and the teeth are often lost altogether. Very old horses, if lacking molars, may need to have their
957:
continuously throughout life. Rabbits have a total of six incisors, three upper premolars, three upper molars, two lower premolars, and two lower molars on each side. There are no canines. Dental formula is
1568:
had dentine in their exoskeletons, which may have functioned in defense or for sensing their environments. Dentine can be as hard as the rest of teeth and is composed of collagen fibres, reinforced with
790:
have a giant unicorn-like tusk, which is a tooth containing millions of sensory pathways and used for sensing during feeding, navigation, and mating. It is the most neurologically complex tooth known.
1560:
Because teeth are very resistant, often preserved when bones are not, and reflect the diet of the host organism, they are very valuable to archaeologists and palaeontologists. Early fish such as the
2663:
850:
has between 36 and 44 teeth. The enamel and dentin layers of horse teeth are intertwined. All horses have 12 premolars, 12 molars, and 12 incisors. Generally, all male equines also have four
307:
of sharks are almost identical in structure and are likely to have the same evolutionary origin. Indeed, teeth appear to have first evolved in sharks, and are not found in the more primitive
1576:
Though teeth are very resistant, they also can be brittle and highly susceptible to cracking. However, cracking of the tooth can be used as a diagnostic tool for predicting bite force.
1564:
had scales composed of dentine and an enamel-like compound, suggesting that the origin of teeth was from scales which were retained in the mouth. Fish as early as the late
752:
of dog saliva, which prevents enamel from demineralizing. Sometimes called cuspids, these teeth are shaped like points (cusps) and are used for tearing and grasping food.
435:
whereby vowels immediately preceding a high vocalic in the following syllable were raised. As the nominative plural ending of the Proto-Germanic consonant stems (to which
623:
showed that the teeth and scales were made of the same tissues, also found in mammal teeth, lending support to the theory that teeth evolved as a modification of scales.
1211:
lineages retained all tooth generations developed throughout the life of the animal. This replacement mechanism is exemplified by the tooth whorl-based dentitions of
2961:
3090:
1054:
817:(and most other primates), there are usually 20 primary (also "baby" or "milk") teeth, and later up to 32 permanent teeth. Four of these 32 may be third molars or
2820:
Andreev, Plamen S.; Sansom, Ivan J.; Li, Qiang; Zhao, Wenjin; Wang, Jianhua; Wang, Chun-Chieh; Peng, Lijian; Jia, Liantao; Qiao, Tuo; Zhu, Min (September 2022).
832:(i.e. lower jaw). Among permanent teeth, 16 are found in the maxilla and the other 16 in the mandible. Most of the teeth have uniquely distinguishing features.
2977:
Field, Daniel J.; Hanson, Michael; Burnham, David; Wilson, Laura E.; Super, Kristopher; Ehret, Dana; Ebersole, Jun A.; Bhullar, Bhart-Anjan S. (May 31, 2018).
106:
1482:. The arrangement of teeth (also known as denticles) on the radula ribbon varies considerably from one group to another as shown in the diagram on the left.
1058:
1062:
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are almost toothless, with only bizarre teeth found in males. These teeth may be used for feeding but also for demonstrating aggression and showmanship.
968:= 28. Three to four millimeters of the tooth is worn away by incisors every week, whereas the cheek teeth require a month to wear away the same amount.
2077:
1668:"Root or crown: a developmental choice orchestrated by the differential regulation of the epithelial stem cell niche in the tooth of two rodent species"
3025:
2384:
1388:
1092:
2304:
2132:
188:
The general structure of teeth is similar across the vertebrates, although there is considerable variation in their form and position. The
177:. Teeth are not made of bone, but rather of multiple tissues of varying density and hardness that originate from the outermost embryonic
3433:"Morphological taphonomic transformations of fossil bones in continental environments, and repercussions on their chemical composition"
1134:
are polyphyodont with mandibular molars developing separately from the jaw and are encased in a bony shell separated by soft tissue.
688:" set) normally starts to appear at about six months of age, although some babies are born with one or more visible teeth, known as
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throughout its life without having properly formed roots. These teeth are also known as aradicular teeth, and unlike humans whose
2712:
Rücklin, Martin; King, Benedict; Cunningham, John A.; Johanson, Zerina; Marone, Federica; Donoghue, Philip C. J. (2021-05-06).
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248:
incisors grow and wear away continually through gnawing, which helps maintain relatively constant length. The industry of the
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3150:
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2251:
2194:
1650:
3399:
Fisher, Daniel C (1981). "Taphonomic
Interpretation of Enamel-Less Teeth in the Shotgun Local Fauna (Paleocene, Wyoming)".
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scrape algae from rocks using radula equipped with exceptionally hard rasping teeth. These teeth have the strongest known
1425:
teeth. However, these teeth are histologically and developmentally different from vertebrate teeth and are unlikely to be
2002:
2154:
3432:
2507:
AM Hunt. A description of the molar teeth and investing tissues of normal guinea pigs. J Dent Res. (1959) 38(2):216-31.
1583:
Decalcification removes the enamel from teeth and leaves only the organic interior intact, which comprises dentine and
1069:(HSB) and an outer portio externa (PE) with radial enamel (RE). It usually involves the differential regulation of the
2900:
2559:
2526:
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2275:
347:. The pattern of incisors, canines, premolars and molars is found only in mammals, and to varying extents, in their
2589:"Cutting blade dentitions in squaliform sharks form by modification of inherited alternate tooth ordering patterns"
2401:
Gomes, J.r.; Omar, N.f.; Do Carmo, E.r.; Neves, J.s.; Soares, M.a.m.; Narvaes, E.a.; Novaes, P.d. (30 April 2013).
2315:
2287:
1041:, rodents continually produce enamel, they must wear down their teeth by gnawing on various materials. Enamel and
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characterized by having teeth. The teeth differ considerably among the species. They may be numerous, with some
17:
319:, not of dentine or enamel, and bear no relationship to true teeth. Though "modern" teeth-like structures with
3053:
Roberts, Larry S., and John Janovy, Jr. Foundations of
Parasitology. Seventh ed. Singapore: McGraw-Hill, 2006.
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2085:
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101:
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use the radula plus an acidic secretion to bore through the shell of other molluscs. Other predatory marine
617:
to those involved in the development of fish scales. Study of a tooth plate of a fossil of the extinct fish
2912:
Xiong, Jianli (2014). "Comparison of vomerine tooth rows in juvenile and adult
Hynobius guabangshanensis".
2458:
Martin, Thomas (September 1999). "Evolution of
Incisor Enamel Microstructure in Theridomyidae (Rodentia)".
1346:
1342:
900:
ground up and soaked in water to create a soft mush for them to eat in order to obtain adequate nutrition.
3472:. Vol. 18: Svedberg, Theodor to Two-hybrid and Related Systems. London, UK: Nature Publishing Group.
1846:
2662:
Fraser, Gareth J.; Thiery, Alex P. (2019), Underwood, Charlie; Richter, Martha; Johanson, Zerina (eds.),
3431:
Fernandez-Jalvo, Y.; Sanchez-Chillon, B.; Andrews, P.; Fernandez-Lopez, S.; Alcala
Martinez, L. (2002).
3169:
Asa H. Barber; Dun Lu; Nicola M. Pugno (18 February 2015), "Extreme strength observed in limpet teeth",
2381:
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via unrelated phonological processes) was raised to /œː/, and later unrounded to /eː/, resulting in the
1087:
Lingual view of top incisor from Rattus rattus. Top incisor outlined in yellow. Molars circled in blue.
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are specialized incisors for digging food up and fighting. Some elephant teeth are similar to those in
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in the dental socket. The rest of the tooth will slowly emerge from the jaw, erupting about 3 mm (
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and the guinea pig. There is variation in the dentition of the rodents, but generally, rodents lack
1612:
1357:
1353:
capsule. It also has a pair of subdorsal and a pair of subventral teeth located close to the rear.
1308:
573:
89:
3088:
Wells MD, Manktelow RT, Boyd JB, Bowen V (1993). "The medical leech: an old treatment revisited".
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1580:
can also give valuable insight into the diet and behaviour of archaeological and fossil samples.
1038:
599:
2551:
2544:
2211:
1998:
1707:
Hunt AM (1959). "A description of the molar teeth and investing tissues of normal guinea pigs".
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998:
113:
35:
2882:
Pough, Harvey. Vertebrate Life. 9th Ed. Boston: Pearson
Education, Inc., 2013. 211-252. Print.
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1447:
The radula is used by molluscs for feeding and is sometimes compared rather inaccurately to a
987:
1311:
has three jaws with numerous sharp teeth which function like little saws for incising a host.
1190:, may go through many teeth in their lifetime. The replacement of multiple teeth is known as
821:, although these are not present in all adults, and may be removed surgically later in life.
1520:
In most of the more ancient lineages of gastropods, the radula is used to graze by scraping
295:
or to the floor of the mouth, forming additional rows inside those on the jaws proper. Some
3215:"The strongest materials in the world: Limpet teeth beats record resistance of spider silk"
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2725:
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1953:
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348:
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2577:, hosted on the University of Illinois at Chicago website. Page accessed February 5, 2007.
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Unlike the continuous shedding of functional teeth seen in modern sharks, the majority of
8:
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This article is about the structure found in many animals. For the teeth of humans, see
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205:
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Lee, James J.-W.; Constantino, Paul J.; Lucas, Peter W.; Lawn, Brian R. (2011-11-01).
2574:
2354:
Evolution of the
Rodents: Advances in Phylogeny, Functional Morphology and Development
1966:
1941:
1766:
1459:. The radula is unique to molluscs, and is found in every class of mollusc apart from
580:) that folded and integrated into the mouth (called the "outside–in" theory), or from
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3358:
3354:
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3281:
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3244:
3196:
3146:
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2857:
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1971:
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1372:, they suck out blood, consuming up to ten times their body weight in a single meal.
1316:
1233:
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1983:
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1961:
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875:
331:, they are now supposed to have evolved independently of later vertebrates' teeth.
3451:
2930:
Poole, D. F. G. (January 1961). "Notes on Tooth
Replacement in the Nile Crocodile
653:'s teeth are related to its diet. For example, plant matter is hard to digest, so
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2388:
2319:
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1720:
1604:
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fish, however, the teeth are attached to the outer surface of the bone, while in
94:
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2737:
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ribbon, typically used for scraping or cutting food before the food enters the
1437:
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The teeth have enamel on the outside and exposed dentin on the inside, so they
934:
917:
829:
808:
693:
689:
670:
603:
595:) (the "inside–out" theory). In addition, there is another theory stating that
372:
356:
3262:"Behavioral inferences from the high levels of dental chipping in Homo naledi"
2806:
2675:
2403:"Relationship Between Cell Proliferation and Eruption Rate in the Rat Incisor"
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1159:
577:
52:
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2853:
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1236:, which are modified to be flexible due to connective tissue and uncalcified
792:
745:
729:
658:
538:
143:
3339:"Fracture in teeth—a diagnostic for inferring bite force and tooth function"
3103:
2587:
Underwood, Charlie; Johanson, Zerina; Smith, Moya
Meredith (November 2016).
2312:
728:, teeth lack enamel and have many pulp tubules, hence the name of the order
315:
do have tooth-like structures on the tongue, these are in fact, composed of
3370:
3285:
3243:. Ronald E. Martin. Illustrated edition. Cambridge University Press, 1999.
3200:
3182:
3029:
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308:
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3063:
Brian Payton (1981). Kenneth Muller; John Nicholls; Gunther Stent (eds.).
2979:"Complete Ichthyornis skull illuminates mosaic assembly of the avian head"
1440:, and the neural crest is specific to vertebrates, as are tissues such as
1303:
1243:
Most amphibians exhibit teeth that have a slight attachment to the jaw or
963:
960:
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Teeth are not always attached to the jaw, as they are in mammals. In many
3412:
2714:"Acanthodian dental development and the origin of gnathostome dentitions"
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31:
2962:"How Did Birds Lose Their Teeth And Get Their Beaks? Study Offers Clues"
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1640:
3468:
Shoshani, Jeheskel (2002). "Tubulidentata". In Robertson, Sarah (ed.).
3277:
2332:
1893:"From molecules to mastication: the development and evolution of teeth"
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1510:
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The limpet rasps algae from rocks using teeth with the strongest known
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True teeth are unique to vertebrates, although many invertebrates have
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have upper and lower hypselodont incisors that can continuously grow
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have deep roots, and this pattern is also found in some fish, and in
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1908:
1509:, use elongated razor-sharp teeth on the radula to seize and devour
1402:
637:
Teeth are among the most distinctive (and long-lasting) features of
351:. The numbers of these types of teeth vary greatly between species;
1645:. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 300–310.
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contractions then move the food through the stomach for digestion.
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280:), have continuously growing molars in addition to incisors. Also,
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they are attached to the inner surface of the jaw by one side. In
1942:"Fish scale development: Hair today, teeth and scales yesterday?"
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Museum of Paleontology Contributions, the University of Michigan
878:. Two horses of the same age may have different wear patterns.
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119:
2078:"Types of Teeth, Dental Anatomy & Tooth Anatomy | Colgate®"
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tusks are canine teeth that grow continuously throughout life.
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Ruppert, E.E.; Fox, R.S.; Barnes, R.D. (2004). "Lophoporata".
1002:
Lingual view of the lower incisor from the right dentary of a
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bearing over 100 teeth in their jaws. On the other hand, the
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1525:
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bearing such tooth-like structures are perhaps the parasitic
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Buccal view of the lower incisor from the right dentary of a
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77:
2664:"Evolution, Development and Regeneration of Fish Dentitions"
1548:, compared to 4 GPa of spider silk and 0.5 GPa of
649:
species and determine their relationships. The shape of the
252:
is due in part to this qualification. Some rodents, such as
3067:. New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. pp. 27–34.
2670:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 160–171,
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1540:. The mineral protein of the limpet teeth can withstand a
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cutting plates or teeth around the anterior margin of the
2965:
1545:
1017:. Top incisor outlined in yellow. Molars circled in blue.
983:. Top incisor outlined in yellow. Molars circled in blue.
824:
Among primary teeth, 10 of them are usually found in the
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474:
408:
392:
385:
147:
3260:
Towle, Ian; Irish, Joel D.; De Groote, Isabelle (2017).
2270:
Funk & Wagnalls New Encyclopedia, Volume 9, p. 183.
1753:
Nasoori, Alireza (2020). "Tusks, the extra-oral teeth".
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teeth. Acrodont teeth exhibit limited connection to the
3336:
3087:
1795:
749:
2586:
2400:
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are animals that develop only one set of teeth, while
3002:
Vertebrates: comparative anatomy, function, evolution
2336:
1240:
that separates the crown from the base of the tooth.
1215:, which include the oldest known toothed vertebrate,
867:
contact. Therefore, wolf teeth are commonly removed.
613:
The genes governing tooth development in mammals are
3212:
2893:
Vertebrate: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution
2380:
with subtitle "Digestive System: Oral Cavity" found
2155:"Gummed Out: Young Horses Lose Many Teeth, Vet Says"
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375:
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to describe the precise pattern in any given group.
3259:
2819:
2288:"Dental Anatomy & Care for Rabbits and Rodents"
1641:Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977).
684:, the first set (the "baby", "milk", "primary" or "
3134:
2543:
2491:
2489:
1076:niche in the tooth of two rodent species, such as
933:, and elephants are believed to have undergone an
680:, meaning that they develop two sets of teeth. In
208:, such as sharks, the teeth are attached by tough
1379:, the first part of the stomach forms a muscular
1271:are replaced constantly throughout their lives.
284:(in tusked mammals) grow almost throughout life.
3515:
3315:Teaford, Mark F and Smith, Moya Meredith, 2007.
2233:
2189:. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
1796:McCOLLUM, MELANIE; SHARPE, PAUL T. (July 2001).
744:, the teeth are less likely than humans to form
2936:Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London
2503:
2501:
2486:
1996:
1665:
1429:. For example, vertebrate teeth develop from a
303:. While not true teeth in the usual sense, the
2182:
1555:
1499:specialized radula tooth as a poisoned harpoon
1103:are found in some rodent species, such as the
569:Teeth are assumed to have evolved either from
3394:
3392:
3390:
3388:
2313:San Diego Chapter of the House Rabbit Society
1049:, and growth is dependent on the presence of
3317:Development, Function and Evolution of Teeth
3311:
3309:
3062:
2661:
2516:
2498:
2178:
2176:
2541:
2356:. Cambridge University Press. p. 482.
1999:"First-known teeth belonged to fierce fish"
1871:
912:Section through the ivory tusk of a mammoth
712:are unusual among mammals because they are
532:
3385:
3056:
2995:
2993:
2351:
1536:of any biological material, outperforming
51:
3306:
3266:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
3213:Zachary Davies Boren (18 February 2015).
3190:
3164:
3162:
2747:1983/27f9a13a-1441-410e-b9a7-116b42cd40f7
2745:
2630:
2612:
2542:Best, Robin (1984). Macdonald, D. (ed.).
2519:Elephants: Majestic Creatures of the Wild
2418:
2337:Missouri House Rabbit Society-Kansas City
2173:
2133:"Everything you need to know about teeth"
2053:
1965:
1916:
1821:
1683:
1099:. On the other hand, continually growing
828:(i.e. upper jaw) and the other 10 in the
3467:
3032:Genome Sequencing Center. Archived from
2023:
1528:off rock surfaces and other substrates.
1470:, the radula is used in feeding by both
1401:
1302:
1197:A class of prehistoric shark are called
1158:
1082:
1008:
997:
986:
974:
907:
606:are the key to generate teeth (with any
2999:
2990:
2203:
2107:"Common Characteristics Of Whale Teeth"
1752:
1706:
14:
3516:
3426:
3424:
3422:
3398:
3171:Journal of the Royal Society Interface
3159:
3141:(7 ed.). Brooks / Cole. pp.
2895:. New York: McGraw-HIll. pp. 215–225.
2784:
2457:
2451:
2347:
2345:
2240:Maurice Burton; Robert Burton (2002).
2209:
1939:
1847:"Fossil scans reveal origins of teeth"
1844:
238:grow many sets of teeth. For example,
3493:
3081:
2929:
2352:Cox, Philip; Hautier, Lionel (2015).
1890:
1874:"tooth | Origin and meaning of tooth"
1013:Midsagittal view of top incisor from
2550:. New York: Facts on File. pp.
2035:
2017:
1798:"Evolution and development of teeth"
1748:
1746:
1666:Tummers M, Thesleff I (March 2003).
1636:
1634:
1632:
1485:Predatory marine snails such as the
449:, the root vowel in the plural form
291:and fish, teeth are attached to the
3419:
2668:Evolution and Development of Fishes
2535:
2342:
2246:. Marshall Cavendish. p. 769.
2243:International Wildlife Encyclopedia
2186:Equine Dentistry: A Practical Guide
1814:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910153.x
1517:, use the radula for cutting prey.
135:
24:
2948:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1961.tb06083.x
2460:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
407:plus the active participle suffix
25:
3545:
3487:
1997:Jennifer Viegas (June 24, 2015).
1884:
1865:
1845:Kaplan, Matt (October 16, 2013).
1838:
1767:10.1016/j.archoralbio.2020.104835
1743:
1700:
1659:
1629:
1513:. Predatory cephalopods, such as
1115:, and have a space between their
391:, which was composed of the root
3509:. Chicago: F. E. Compton and Co.
3504:The New Student's Reference Work
3494:Beach, Chandler B., ed. (1914).
3355:10.1111/j.1469-185x.2011.00181.x
3004:. McGraw-Hill. pp. 55, 57.
2960:Hersher, Rebecca (May 2, 2018).
2339:. Page accessed January 2, 2024.
1597:
1319:often referred to as teeth. The
1298:
1201:for their strange forked teeth.
979:Buccal view of top incisor from
903:
696:at about six months is known as
610:, either ectoderm or endoderm).
3330:
3253:
3234:
3206:
3126:
3047:
3018:
2971:
2954:
2923:
2906:
2885:
2876:
2813:
2788:Acanthodii, Stem Chondrichthyes
2778:
2705:
2655:
2580:
2568:
2510:
2394:
2370:
2325:
2322:. Page accessed April 9, 2007.
2294:
2280:
2260:
2147:
2125:
2099:
2070:
2029:
1990:
673:to kill prey and to tear meat.
587:teeth (primarily formed in the
3319:, Cambridge University Press.
2822:"The oldest gnathostome teeth"
2791:. Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil.
2718:Nature Ecology & Evolution
2480:10.1080/02724634.1999.10011164
1933:
1897:Wiley Interdiscip Rev Dev Biol
1789:
1578:Additionally, enamel fractures
414:, therefore literally meaning
13:
1:
3470:Encyclopedia of Life Sciences
3452:10.1111/1475-4754.t01-1-00068
3241:Taphonomy: A Process Approach
1967:10.1016/S0960-9822(01)00438-9
1872:Harper, Douglas (2001–2021).
1623:
1227:
165:. Some animals, particularly
3000:Kardong, Kenneth V. (1995).
2266:Bram, L. et al. MCMLXXXIII.
1721:10.1177/00220345590380020301
1451:. It is a minutely toothed,
1335:. For example, the hookworm
755:
548:
362:
7:
2546:The Encyclopedia of Mammals
1878:Online Etymology Dictionary
1861:– via www.nature.com.
1590:
1556:Fossilization and taphonomy
1410:of any biological material.
1262:
798:
719:
602:, and neural crest-derived
578:those on the skin of sharks
557:
27:Hard structure of the mouth
10:
3550:
3461:
2846:10.1038/s41586-022-05166-2
2738:10.1038/s41559-021-01458-4
2593:Royal Society Open Science
2575:The Permanent Canine Teeth
2517:Shoshani, J., ed. (2000).
2038:"Dental caries in the dog"
1618:Dragon's teeth (mythology)
1421:, which bears a ribbon of
1417:have a structure called a
1283:
1172:
1141:
1126:
1021:
937:phase in their evolution.
915:
839:
802:
759:
735:
669:, on the other hand, have
630:
626:
542:
469:alternation attested from
456:(changed by this point to
427:The irregular plural form
232:permanent or "adult" teeth
29:
3065:Neurobiology of the Leech
2891:Kardong, Kenneth (1995).
2676:10.1017/9781316832172.010
2219:University of Nevada Reno
1859:10.1038/nature.2013.13964
1137:
944:
748:because of the very high
676:Mammals, in general, are
564:
112:
100:
88:
76:
71:
66:
50:
45:
1891:Jheon, Andrew H (2012).
1755:Archives of Oral Biology
1613:Animal tooth development
1505:land slugs, such as the
1358:European medicinal leech
1309:European medicinal leech
1279:
835:
327:have been found in late
3104:10.1002/micr.1920140309
3026:"Ancylostoma duodenale"
2785:Burrow, Carole (2021).
2333:Hay & Dental Health
2183:Patricia Pence (2002).
1154:
1119:and molars, called the
774:The toothed whale is a
600:gene regulatory network
521:
514:
479:
465:
459:
452:
445:
438:
410:
394:
387:
377:
299:even have teeth in the
146:structure found in the
3183:10.1098/rsif.2014.1326
2302:Rabbit Dental Diseases
1940:Sharpe, P. T. (2001).
1524:and other microscopic
1411:
1312:
1170:
1088:
1055:cellular amplification
1018:
1006:
995:
984:
913:
645:use teeth to identify
533:
511:, from Proto-Germanic
349:evolutionary ancestors
114:Anatomical terminology
36:Tooth (disambiguation)
34:. For other uses, see
2987:Vol 557, pp 96 - 100.
2407:The Anatomical Record
1405:
1306:
1162:
1086:
1067:Hunter-Schreger bands
1012:
1001:
990:
978:
911:
700:and can be painful.
226:grow an early set of
3137:Invertebrate Zoology
2932:Crocodilus niloticus
2378:Veterinary Histology
1317:analogous structures
1232:All amphibians have
1045:are produced by the
61:displaying his teeth
2838:2022Natur.609..964A
2730:2021NatEE...5..919R
2614:10.1098/rsos.160385
2605:2016RSOS....360385U
2521:. Checkmark Books.
2472:1999JVPal..19..550M
2113:on 4 September 2011
1958:2001CBio...11.R751S
1643:The Vertebrate Body
1375:In some species of
1059:cellular maturation
593:jawless vertebrates
576:(scales, much like
383:Proto-Indo-European
381:, derived from the
355:use a standardised
230:and a later set of
216:that form the jaw.
3343:Biological Reviews
3278:10.1002/ajpa.23250
2914:Vertebrate Zoology
2387:2006-04-30 at the
2318:2007-10-13 at the
2307:2007-10-14 at the
2212:"Equine Dentition"
1802:Journal of Anatomy
1412:
1356:Historically, the
1338:Necator americanus
1323:with the simplest
1313:
1171:
1089:
1063:odontogenic region
1061:structures in the
1019:
1007:
996:
985:
914:
766:Like human teeth,
620:Romundina stellina
206:cartilaginous fish
3479:978-1-56159-274-6
3325:978-0-521-03372-5
3249:978-0-521-59833-0
3177:(105): 20141326,
3152:978-0-03-025982-1
3074:978-0-87969-146-2
3011:978-0-697-21991-6
2832:(7929): 964–968.
2798:978-3-89937-271-7
2685:978-1-107-17944-8
2253:978-0-7614-7266-7
2196:978-0-683-30403-9
2036:Hale, FA (2009).
1952:(18): R751–R752.
1685:10.1242/dev.00332
1652:978-0-03-910284-5
1387:teeth that crush
1234:pedicellate teeth
1168:great white shark
1039:tooth development
477:also Old English
431:is the result of
128:
127:
123:
16:(Redirected from
3541:
3510:
3508:
3499:
3483:
3456:
3455:
3437:
3428:
3417:
3416:
3396:
3383:
3382:
3334:
3328:
3313:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3300:
3257:
3251:
3238:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3227:
3210:
3204:
3203:
3194:
3166:
3157:
3156:
3140:
3130:
3124:
3123:
3085:
3079:
3078:
3060:
3054:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3041:
3022:
3016:
3015:
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2927:
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2782:
2776:
2775:
2749:
2709:
2703:
2702:
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2700:
2659:
2653:
2652:
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2616:
2584:
2578:
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2565:
2549:
2539:
2533:
2532:
2514:
2508:
2505:
2496:
2493:
2484:
2483:
2455:
2449:
2448:
2422:
2420:10.1002/ar.22712
2413:(7): 1096–1101.
2398:
2392:
2376:Caceci, Thomas.
2374:
2368:
2367:
2349:
2340:
2335:, hosted by the
2329:
2323:
2311:, hosted on the
2298:
2292:
2291:
2284:
2278:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2216:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2180:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2157:. Archived from
2151:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2129:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2109:. Archived from
2103:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2093:
2084:. Archived from
2074:
2068:
2067:
2057:
2033:
2027:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2010:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1969:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1920:
1888:
1882:
1881:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1825:
1808:(1–2): 153–159.
1793:
1787:
1786:
1750:
1741:
1740:
1704:
1698:
1697:
1687:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1638:
1607:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1534:tensile strength
1408:tensile strength
1333:Ancylostomatidae
1251:and have little
1175:Pharyngeal teeth
967:
966:
965:
962:
895:
894:
890:
560:
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406:
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397:
390:
380:
305:dermal denticles
212:to the hoops of
190:teeth of mammals
137:
120:edit on Wikidata
117:
55:
43:
42:
21:
3549:
3548:
3544:
3543:
3542:
3540:
3539:
3538:
3514:
3513:
3490:
3480:
3464:
3459:
3435:
3429:
3420:
3407:(13): 259–275.
3397:
3386:
3335:
3331:
3314:
3307:
3298:
3296:
3258:
3254:
3239:
3235:
3225:
3223:
3220:The Independent
3211:
3207:
3167:
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3153:
3131:
3127:
3086:
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3075:
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3019:
3012:
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2911:
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2710:
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2698:
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2686:
2660:
2656:
2585:
2581:
2573:
2569:
2562:
2540:
2536:
2529:
2515:
2511:
2506:
2499:
2494:
2487:
2456:
2452:
2399:
2395:
2389:Wayback Machine
2375:
2371:
2364:
2350:
2343:
2331:Ryšavy, Robin.
2330:
2326:
2320:Wayback Machine
2309:Wayback Machine
2299:
2295:
2286:
2285:
2281:
2265:
2261:
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2222:
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2138:
2136:
2131:
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2126:
2116:
2114:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2091:
2089:
2082:www.colgate.com
2076:
2075:
2071:
2034:
2030:
2022:
2018:
2008:
2006:
1995:
1991:
1946:Current Biology
1938:
1934:
1909:10.1002/wdev.63
1889:
1885:
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1843:
1839:
1794:
1790:
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1705:
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1626:
1605:Medicine portal
1603:
1598:
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1301:
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1140:
1129:
1024:
959:
958:
947:
920:
906:
892:
888:
887:
844:
838:
811:
803:Main articles:
801:
764:
758:
746:dental cavities
738:
722:
643:Paleontologists
635:
629:
567:
508:
505:
502:
499:
496:
493:
489:
486:
483:
433:Germanic umlaut
421:
419:that which eats
418:
415:
404:
401:
398:
365:
228:deciduous teeth
124:
62:
39:
28:
23:
22:
18:Maxillary teeth
15:
12:
11:
5:
3547:
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3536:
3531:
3526:
3524:Animal anatomy
3512:
3511:
3489:
3488:External links
3486:
3485:
3484:
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3458:
3457:
3446:(3): 353–361.
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3272:(1): 184–192.
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2724:(7): 919–926.
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2599:(11): 160385.
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2324:
2300:Brown, Susan.
2293:
2279:
2259:
2252:
2232:
2202:
2195:
2172:
2161:on 8 July 2014
2146:
2135:. NHS Scotland
2124:
2098:
2069:
2048:(12): 1301–4.
2028:
2016:
1989:
1932:
1903:(2): 165–182.
1883:
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1571:hydroxyapatite
1557:
1554:
1542:tensile stress
1493:, such as the
1438:dental papilla
1362:anticoagulants
1331:of the family
1300:
1297:
1284:Main article:
1281:
1278:
1264:
1261:
1259:shaped teeth.
1229:
1226:
1209:chondrichthyan
1192:polyphyodontia
1156:
1153:
1142:Main article:
1139:
1136:
1128:
1125:
1023:
1020:
946:
943:
918:Elephant ivory
916:Main article:
905:
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840:Main article:
837:
834:
809:Dental anatomy
800:
797:
760:Main article:
757:
754:
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734:
721:
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694:tooth eruption
690:neonatal teeth
665:and grinding.
631:Main article:
628:
625:
604:ectomesenchyme
566:
563:
525:respectively.
442:belonged) was
373:Proto-Germanic
364:
361:
357:dental formula
264:), as well as
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3497:"Teeth"
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3109:
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3101:
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3093:
3092:
3084:
3076:
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3066:
3059:
3050:
3036:on 2008-05-16
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2957:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
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2919:
2915:
2909:
2902:
2901:9780078023026
2898:
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2615:
2610:
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2598:
2594:
2590:
2583:
2576:
2571:
2563:
2561:0-87196-871-1
2557:
2553:
2548:
2547:
2538:
2530:
2528:0-87596-143-6
2524:
2520:
2513:
2504:
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2408:
2404:
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2383:
2379:
2373:
2365:
2363:9781107044333
2359:
2355:
2348:
2346:
2338:
2334:
2328:
2321:
2317:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2303:
2297:
2289:
2283:
2277:
2276:0-8343-0051-6
2273:
2269:
2263:
2255:
2249:
2245:
2244:
2236:
2220:
2213:
2206:
2198:
2192:
2188:
2187:
2179:
2177:
2160:
2156:
2150:
2134:
2128:
2112:
2108:
2102:
2088:on 2017-11-19
2087:
2083:
2079:
2073:
2065:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2032:
2026:, p. 619
2025:
2024:Shoshani 2002
2020:
2004:
2000:
1993:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1936:
1928:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1887:
1879:
1875:
1868:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1841:
1833:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1792:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1749:
1747:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1715:(2): 216–31.
1714:
1710:
1703:
1695:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1662:
1654:
1648:
1644:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1628:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1606:
1595:
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1572:
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1563:
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1547:
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1527:
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1473:
1469:
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1458:
1454:
1450:
1445:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1409:
1404:
1400:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1389:armoured prey
1386:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1339:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1310:
1305:
1299:Invertebrates
1296:
1293:
1287:
1277:
1274:
1270:
1267:The teeth of
1260:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1225:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1207:
1202:
1200:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1176:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1152:
1150:
1145:
1135:
1133:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1085:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1016:
1015:Rattus rattus
1011:
1005:
1004:Rattus rattus
1000:
994:
993:Rattus rattus
989:
982:
981:Rattus rattus
977:
973:
969:
955:
951:
942:
938:
936:
932:
928:
924:
919:
910:
904:Proboscideans
901:
899:
885:
879:
877:
872:
868:
866:
861:
857:
853:
849:
843:
833:
831:
827:
822:
820:
816:
810:
806:
796:
794:
793:Beaked whales
789:
785:
781:
777:
772:
769:
763:
753:
751:
747:
743:
733:
731:
730:Tubulidentata
727:
717:
715:
714:polyphyodonts
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
674:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
634:
624:
622:
621:
616:
611:
609:
605:
601:
598:
594:
590:
586:
583:
579:
575:
572:
562:
559:
555:
550:
540:
535:
531:
528:Cognate with
526:
523:
516:
481:
476:
472:
467:
461:
454:
447:
440:
434:
430:
425:
412:
396:
389:
384:
379:
374:
370:
360:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
337:
332:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
285:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
241:
237:
236:Polyphyodonts
233:
229:
225:
221:
220:Monophyodonts
217:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
186:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
142:) is a hard,
141:
133:
121:
115:
111:
108:
105:
103:
99:
96:
93:
91:
87:
84:
81:
79:
75:
70:
65:
60:
54:
49:
44:
41:
37:
33:
19:
3503:
3469:
3443:
3440:Archaeometry
3439:
3404:
3400:
3346:
3342:
3332:
3327:, Chapter 5.
3316:
3297:. Retrieved
3269:
3265:
3255:
3240:
3236:
3224:. Retrieved
3218:
3208:
3174:
3170:
3136:
3128:
3098:(3): 183–6.
3095:
3091:Microsurgery
3089:
3083:
3064:
3058:
3049:
3038:. Retrieved
3034:the original
3030:Nematode.net
3020:
3001:
2982:
2973:
2956:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2925:
2917:
2913:
2908:
2892:
2887:
2878:
2829:
2825:
2815:
2787:
2780:
2721:
2717:
2707:
2697:, retrieved
2667:
2657:
2596:
2592:
2582:
2570:
2545:
2537:
2518:
2512:
2463:
2459:
2453:
2410:
2406:
2396:
2377:
2372:
2353:
2327:
2296:
2282:
2267:
2262:
2242:
2235:
2223:. Retrieved
2218:
2210:Al Cirelli.
2205:
2185:
2163:. Retrieved
2159:the original
2149:
2137:. Retrieved
2127:
2115:. Retrieved
2111:the original
2101:
2090:. Retrieved
2086:the original
2081:
2072:
2045:
2041:
2031:
2019:
2007:. Retrieved
1992:
1949:
1945:
1935:
1900:
1896:
1886:
1877:
1867:
1850:
1840:
1805:
1801:
1791:
1758:
1754:
1712:
1709:J. Dent. Res
1708:
1702:
1675:
1671:
1661:
1642:
1582:
1575:
1559:
1544:of 4.9
1519:
1501:. Predatory
1484:
1465:
1446:
1431:neural crest
1413:
1395:. Wave-like
1374:
1370:anaesthetics
1355:
1336:
1314:
1289:
1266:
1242:
1231:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:acanthodians
1203:
1196:
1182:
1147:
1144:Walrus ivory
1130:
1105:sibling vole
1093:self-sharpen
1090:
1047:enamel organ
1025:
1014:
1003:
992:
980:
970:
948:
939:
921:
880:
869:
858:, which are
852:canine teeth
845:
823:
819:wisdom teeth
812:
773:
765:
739:
723:
675:
671:canine teeth
636:
633:Mammal tooth
618:
612:
597:neural crest
568:
527:
428:
426:
368:
366:
333:
309:jawless fish
286:
244:
219:
218:
194:crocodilians
187:
158:and used to
139:
131:
129:
82:
40:
3226:20 February
2042:Can. Vet. J
1672:Development
1550:human teeth
1538:spider silk
1478:snails and
1476:carnivorous
1472:herbivorous
1466:Within the
1397:peristaltic
1383:lined with
1292:Ichthyornis
1290:A skull of
1286:Ichthyornis
1273:Crocodilian
1179:Shark tooth
1078:guinea pigs
1035:ameloblasts
871:Horse teeth
842:Horse teeth
805:Human tooth
471:Old English
371:comes from
258:guinea pigs
224:diphyodonts
156:vertebrates
72:Identifiers
32:Human tooth
3518:Categories
3299:2019-01-09
3040:2009-10-27
2920:: 215–220.
2807:1335983356
2699:2022-10-22
2466:(3): 550.
2268:Elephants.
2221:. SP-00-08
2092:2017-11-19
1761:: 104835.
1624:References
1562:thelodonts
1511:earthworms
1507:ghost slug
1468:gastropods
1457:oesophagus
1434:mesenchyme
1427:homologous
1253:enervation
1228:Amphibians
1199:cladodonts
1186:, such as
1173:See also:
1071:epithelial
1051:stem cells
1037:die after
954:lagomorphs
952:and other
856:wolf teeth
692:. Normal
678:diphyodont
667:Carnivores
657:have many
655:herbivores
615:homologous
608:epithelium
585:pharyngeal
515:bōks/bōkiz
506:mouse/mice
487:book/books
353:zoologists
336:amphibians
266:lagomorpha
196:. In most
179:germ layer
167:carnivores
160:break down
154:) of many
59:chimpanzee
3379:205599560
3363:1469-185X
2870:252569771
2854:1476-4687
2772:233985000
2756:2397-334X
2623:2054-5703
2429:1932-8494
1783:220585014
1585:cementine
1503:pulmonate
1487:Naticidae
1453:chitinous
1436:-derived
1423:chitinous
1385:chitinous
1321:organisms
1113:premolars
1074:stem cell
923:Elephants
860:vestigial
846:An adult
780:cetaceans
756:Cetaceans
726:aardvarks
706:elephants
702:Kangaroos
686:deciduous
641:species.
574:denticles
522:mūs/mūsiz
367:The word
363:Etymology
329:conodonts
260:(but not
214:cartilage
210:ligaments
171:omnivores
144:calcified
3371:21507194
3294:24296825
3286:28542710
3201:25694539
3120:27891377
2862:36171375
2764:33958756
2694:92225621
2649:12821592
2641:28018617
2445:13197331
2437:23629828
2385:Archived
2316:Archived
2305:Archived
2064:20190984
2009:June 28,
1984:18868124
1976:11566120
1927:24009032
1832:11523817
1775:32668361
1737:45097018
1729:13641521
1694:12571097
1591:See also
1566:Cambrian
1497:, use a
1461:bivalves
1415:Molluscs
1391:such as
1345:and two
1341:has two
1269:reptiles
1263:Reptiles
1257:bicuspid
1245:acrodont
1220:duplicis
1217:Qianodus
1132:Manatees
1123:region.
1121:diastema
1117:incisors
931:manatees
876:cribbing
830:mandible
799:Primates
788:narwhals
784:dolphins
776:suborder
720:Aardvark
710:manatees
698:teething
582:endoderm
571:ectoderm
554:Sanskrit
313:lampreys
311:– while
297:teleosts
289:reptiles
183:ectoderm
3462:Sources
3192:4387522
3143:829–845
3112:8479316
2834:Bibcode
2726:Bibcode
2632:5180115
2601:Bibcode
2552:292–298
2468:Bibcode
2117:18 July
2055:2777300
2005:Science
1954:Bibcode
1918:3632217
1823:1594990
1530:Limpets
1522:diatoms
1495:Conidae
1393:diatoms
1381:gizzard
1377:Bryozoa
1366:hirudin
1347:ventral
1249:dentary
1238:dentine
1127:Manatee
1109:canines
1097:gnawing
1095:during
1027:Rodents
1022:Rodents
964:1.0.2.3
961:2.0.3.3
950:Rabbits
935:aquatic
891:⁄
884:gumline
826:maxilla
778:of the
736:Canines
663:chewing
627:Mammals
589:pharynx
552:), and
497:mūs/mȳs
480:bōc/bēċ
466:tōþ/tēþ
388:h₁dent-
334:Living
321:dentine
317:keratin
301:pharynx
270:rabbits
202:lizards
198:teleost
95:D014070
67:Details
3506:
3476:
3377:
3369:
3361:
3323:
3292:
3284:
3247:
3199:
3189:
3149:
3118:
3110:
3071:
3008:
2984:Nature
2899:
2868:
2860:
2852:
2826:Nature
2805:
2795:
2770:
2762:
2754:
2692:
2682:
2647:
2639:
2629:
2621:
2558:
2525:
2443:
2435:
2427:
2360:
2274:
2250:
2225:7 June
2193:
2165:6 July
2062:
2052:
1982:
1974:
1925:
1915:
1851:Nature
1830:
1820:
1781:
1773:
1735:
1727:
1692:
1649:
1491:snails
1449:tongue
1442:enamel
1419:radula
1368:) and
1351:buccal
1343:dorsal
1325:genome
1188:sharks
1149:Walrus
1138:Walrus
1101:molars
1057:, and
1043:dentin
1031:enamel
972:fiber.
945:Rabbit
898:fodder
815:humans
762:Baleen
708:, and
682:humans
659:molars
651:animal
647:fossil
639:mammal
565:Origin
453:tanþiz
402:to eat
345:snakes
325:enamel
293:palate
250:beaver
246:Rodent
240:sharks
181:, the
152:mouths
3529:Teeth
3436:(PDF)
3375:S2CID
3290:S2CID
3116:S2CID
2866:S2CID
2768:S2CID
2690:S2CID
2645:S2CID
2441:S2CID
2215:(PDF)
2139:5 May
1980:S2CID
1779:S2CID
1733:S2CID
1526:algae
1515:squid
1480:slugs
1329:worms
1280:Birds
1166:of a
1164:Teeth
927:tusks
848:horse
836:Horse
768:whale
549:odous
543:ὀδούς
539:Greek
530:Latin
520:*
513:*
460:tą̄þi
458:*
451:*
444:*
439:tanþs
437:*
429:teeth
409:*
395:h₁ed-
393:*
386:*
378:tanþs
376:*
369:tooth
341:fangs
282:tusks
278:pikas
274:hares
254:voles
140:teeth
132:tooth
118:[
107:12516
78:Latin
46:Tooth
3474:ISBN
3367:PMID
3359:ISSN
3321:ISBN
3282:PMID
3245:ISBN
3228:2015
3197:PMID
3147:ISBN
3108:PMID
3069:ISBN
3006:ISBN
2897:ISBN
2858:PMID
2850:ISSN
2803:OCLC
2793:ISBN
2760:PMID
2752:ISSN
2680:ISBN
2637:PMID
2619:ISSN
2556:ISBN
2523:ISBN
2433:PMID
2425:ISSN
2382:here
2358:ISBN
2272:ISBN
2248:ISBN
2227:2010
2191:ISBN
2167:2014
2141:2020
2119:2014
2060:PMID
2011:2015
1972:PMID
1923:PMID
1828:PMID
1771:PMID
1725:PMID
1690:PMID
1647:ISBN
1474:and
1307:The
1206:stem
1184:Fish
1177:and
1155:Fish
1111:and
807:and
742:dogs
661:for
534:dēns
518:and
492:and
323:and
276:and
262:mice
256:and
175:gums
169:and
163:food
150:(or
148:jaws
90:MeSH
83:dens
3448:doi
3409:hdl
3351:doi
3274:doi
3270:164
3187:PMC
3179:doi
3100:doi
2966:NPR
2944:doi
2940:136
2934:".
2842:doi
2830:609
2742:hdl
2734:doi
2672:doi
2627:PMC
2609:doi
2476:doi
2415:doi
2411:296
2050:PMC
2003:ABC
1962:doi
1913:PMC
1905:doi
1855:doi
1818:PMC
1810:doi
1806:199
1763:doi
1759:117
1717:doi
1680:doi
1676:130
1546:GPa
865:bit
813:In
740:In
724:In
591:of
558:dát
475:Cf.
446:-iz
411:-nt
343:of
136:pl.
102:FMA
3520::
3500:.
3444:44
3442:.
3438:.
3421:^
3405:25
3403:.
3387:^
3373:.
3365:.
3357:.
3347:86
3345:.
3341:.
3308:^
3288:.
3280:.
3268:.
3264:.
3217:.
3195:,
3185:,
3175:12
3173:,
3161:^
3145:.
3114:.
3106:.
3096:14
3094:.
3028:.
2992:^
2981:.
2964:.
2938:.
2918:64
2916:.
2864:.
2856:.
2848:.
2840:.
2828:.
2824:.
2801:.
2766:.
2758:.
2750:.
2740:.
2732:.
2720:.
2716:.
2688:,
2678:,
2666:,
2643:.
2635:.
2625:.
2617:.
2607:.
2595:.
2591:.
2554:.
2500:^
2488:^
2474:.
2464:19
2462:.
2439:.
2431:.
2423:.
2409:.
2405:.
2344:^
2217:.
2175:^
2080:.
2058:.
2046:50
2044:.
2040:.
2001:.
1978:.
1970:.
1960:.
1950:11
1948:.
1944:.
1921:.
1911:.
1899:.
1895:.
1876:.
1853:.
1849:.
1826:.
1816:.
1804:.
1800:.
1777:.
1769:.
1757:.
1745:^
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