434:
by
Chowdhury TT and Agarwal S have shown that mechanical loading which represents physiological loading conditions will block the production of catabolic mediators (iNOS, COX-2, NO, PGE2) induced by inflammatory cytokines (IL-1) and restore anabolic activities. Thus an improved understanding of the interplay of biomechanics and cell signalling will help to develop therapeutic methods for blocking catabolic components of the mechanotransduction pathway. A better understanding of the optimal levels of in vivo mechanical forces are therefore necessary for maintaining the health and viability of cartilage, preventative techniques may be devised for the prevention of cartilage degradation and disease.
305:. Decreased mechanical loading over long periods, such as during extended bed-rest, causes a loss of matrix production. Static loads have been shown to be detrimental to biosynthesis while oscillatory loads at low frequencies (similar that of a normal walking gait) have been shown to be beneficial in maintaining health and increasing matrix synthesis. Due to the complexity of in-vivo loading conditions and the interplay of other mechanical and biochemical factors, the question of what an optimal loading regimen may be or whether one exists remain unanswered.
226:
97:
250:
340:
424:
act as a mechanoreceptor for the cell, transducing forces from the extracellular matrix into the cell. Each chondrocyte has one cilium and it is hypothesized to transmit mechanical signals by way of bending in response to ECM loading. Integrins have been identified on the upper shaft of the cilium,
207:
of the organ of Corti, causing the hair bundles that link the two to be deflected, initiating mechano-electrical transduction. When the basilar membrane is driven upward, shear between the hair cells and the tectorial membrane deflects hair bundles in the excitatory direction, toward their tall edge.
433:
It is important to examine the mechanotransduction pathways in chondrocytes since mechanical loading conditions which represent an excessive or injurious response upregulates synthetic activity and increases catabolic signalling cascades involving mediators such as NO and MMPs. In addition, studies
216:
When a deformation is imposed on a muscle, changes in cellular and molecular conformations link the mechanical forces with biochemical signals, and the close integration of mechanical signals with electrical, metabolic, and hormonal signaling may disguise the aspect of the response that is specific
429:
in FASEB Journal have demonstrated for the first time that primary cilia are required for chondrocyte mechanotransduction. Chondrocytes derived from IFT88 mutant mice did not express primary cilia and did not show the characteristic mechanosensitive up regulation of proteoglycan synthesis seen in
119:
to open and produce a transduction current that changes the membrane potential of the cell. Typically the mechanical stimulus gets filtered in the conveying medium before reaching the site of mechanotransduction. Cellular responses to mechanotransduction are variable and give rise to a variety of
416:
Integrin signaling is just one example of multiple pathways that are activated when cartilage is loaded. Some intracellular processes that have been observed to occur within these pathways include phosphorylation of ERK1/2, p38 MAPK, and SAPK/ERK kinase-1 (SEK-1) of the JNK pathway as well as
237:
is to act as a low-friction, load-bearing surface. Due to its unique location at joint surfaces, articular cartilage experiences a range of static and dynamic forces that include shear, compression and tension. These mechanical loads are absorbed by the cartilage
348:
Using the integrin-linked mechanotransduction pathway as an example (being one of the better studied pathways), it has been shown to mediate chondrocyte adhesion to cartilage surfaces, mediate survival signaling and regulate matrix production and degradation.
396:
complex (FAC). The activation of these FAC molecules in turn, triggers downstream events that up-regulate and /or down-regulate intracellular processes such as transcription factor activation and gene regulation resulting in apoptosis or differentiation.
308:
Although studies have shown that, like most biological tissues, cartilage is capable of mechanotransduction, the precise mechanisms by which this is done remain unknown. However, there exist a few hypotheses which begin with the identification of
368:), and a cytoplasmic domain that interacts with intracellular signaling molecules. When an integrin receptor binds to its ECM ligand and is activated, additional integrins cluster around the activated site. In addition,
147:. The resultant dynamic modes cannot be generally predicted from static structures of either the entire protein or individual domains. They can however be inferred by comparing different structures of a protein (as in
412:
family. Chondrocytes have been shown to secrete TGF-b, and upregulate TGF-b receptors in response to mechanical stimulation; this secretion may be a mechanism for autocrine signal amplification within the tissue.
343:
Chondrocyte surface mechano-receptors include CD44, annexin V and integrins. Chondrocyte extracellular matrix components include collagens, proteoglycans (which consist of aggrecan and hyaluronan), fibronectin and
300:
processes is strongly influenced by the type of loading that cartilage experiences. High strain rates (such as which occurs during impact loading) cause tissue damage, degradation, decreased matrix production and
191:: near the base for high frequencies, near the apex for low frequencies. Hair cells in the cochlea are stimulated when the basilar membrane is driven up and down by differences in the fluid pressure between the
1416:
Loening, A; James, IE; Levenston, ME; Badger, AM; Frank, EH; Kurz, B; Nuttall, ME; Hung, HH; Blake, SM (2000). "Injurious
Mechanical Compression of Bovine Articular Cartilage Induces Chondrocyte Apoptosis".
1773:"Mechanotransduction via integrins and interleukin–4 results in altered aggrecan and matrix metalloproteinase 3 gene expression in normal, but not osteoarthritic, human articular chondrocytes"
1546:
Sah, Robert L.-Y.; Kim, Young-Jo; Doong, Joe-Yuan H.; Grodzinsky, Alan J.; Plass, Anna H. K.; Sandy, John D. (1989). "Biosynthetic response of cartilage explants to dynamic compression".
208:
At the midpoint of an oscillation the hair bundles resume their resting position. When the basilar membrane moves downward, the hair bundles are driven in the inhibitory direction.
151:). They can also be suggested by sampling in extensive molecular dynamics trajectories and principal component analysis, or they can be directly observed using spectra measured by
107:
In this process, a mechanically gated ion channel makes it possible for sound, pressure, or movement to cause a change in the excitability of specialized sensory cells and
1460:
Behrens, Fred; Kraft, Ellen L.; Oegema, Theodore R. (1989). "Biochemical changes in articular cartilage after joint immobilization by casting or external fixation".
316:
In order for mechanical signals to be sensed, there need to be mechanoreceptors on the surface of chondrocytes. Candidates for chondrocyte mechanoreceptors include
1589:
Mouw, J. K.; Imler, S. M.; Levenston, M. E. (2006). "Ion-channel
Regulation of Chondrocyte Matrix Synthesis in 3D Culture Under Static and Dynamic Compression".
621:
Biswas, Abhijit; Manivannan, M.; Srinivasan, Mandyam A. (2014). "Nonlinear two stage mechanotransduction model and neural response of
Pacinian Corpuscle".
1295:"Mechanical Compression of Cartilage Explants Induces Multiple Time-dependent Gene Expression Patterns and Involves Intracellular Calcium and Cyclic AMP"
1855:
1689:
Kurtis, Melissa S.; Tu, Buu P.; Gaya, Omar A.; Mollenhauer, Jürgen; Knudson, Warren; Loeser, Richard F.; Knudson, Cheryl B.; Sah, Robert L. (2001).
1503:
Torzilli, P. A.; Deng, X-H.; Ramcharan, M. (2006). "Effect of
Compressive Strain on Cell Viability in Statically Loaded Articular Cartilage".
2304:
257:
Chondrocytes sense and convert the mechanical signals they receive into biochemical signals, which subsequently direct and mediate both
644:
Tavernarakis, Nektarios; Driscoll, Monica (1997). "Molecular
Modeling of Mechanotransduction in the Nematode Caenorhabditis Elegans".
714:
Hackney, CM; Furness, DN (1995). "Mechanotransduction in vertebrate hair cells: Structure and function of the stereociliary bundle".
1336:"Shear and Compression Differentially Regulate Clusters of Functionally Related Temporal Transcription Patterns in Cartilage Tissue"
2267:
1789:
1772:
1125:
417:
changes in cAMP levels, actin re-organization and changes in the expression of genes which regulate cartilage ECM content.
2551:
884:"Coarse-grained description of protein internal dynamics: an optimal strategy for decomposing proteins in rigid subunits"
1732:"The ?5?1 integrin provides matrix survival signals for normal and osteoarthritic human articular chondrocytes in vitro"
144:
2519:
1812:
Millward-Sadler, S. J.; Salter, D. M. (2004). "Integrin-Dependent Signal
Cascades in Chondrocyte Mechanotransduction".
377:
2159:
1. Kandel, E.R., Schwartz, J.H., Jessell, T.M., Principles of Neural
Science. New York: McGraw-Hill ed, ed. 4th. 2000.
2297:
1210:
1988:"Primary cilia mediate mechanotransduction through control of ATP-induced Ca2+ signaling in compressed chondrocytes"
389:
183:
of the cochlea generates a pressure field within the cochlear fluids, imparting a pressure differential across the
453:"Vibrotactile Sensitivity Threshold: Nonlinear Stochastic Mechanotransduction Model of the Pacinian Corpuscle"
317:
148:
1143:"Stiffness gradient along the basilar membrane as a basis for spatial frequency analysis within the cochlea"
2546:
2290:
2165:"Putting ion channels to work: Mechanoelectrical transduction, adaptation, and amplification by hair cells"
200:
1375:
Kurz, Bodo; Jin, Moonsoo; Patwari, Parth; Cheng, Debbie M.; Lark, Michael W.; Grodzinsky, Alan J. (2001).
2272:
541:"Mechanical Strain Induces pp60src Activation and Translocation to Cytoskeleton in Fetal Rat Lung Cells"
155:
spectroscopy. Current findings indicate that the mechanotransduction channel in hair cells is a complex
2365:
2348:
2331:
623:
Biomedical
Science and Engineering Center Conference (BSEC), 2014 Annual Oak Ridge National Laboratory
2561:
2556:
2370:
1000:"Activation of nanoscale allosteric protein domain motion revealed by neutron spin echo spectroscopy"
1377:"Biosynthetic response and mechanical properties of articular cartilage after injurious compression"
1171:
581:
2653:
2343:
2276:
749:
Gillespie, Peter G.; Walker, Richard G. (2001). "Molecular basis of mechanosensory transduction".
2689:
2481:
2453:
2380:
2360:
941:"LSD1/CoREST is an allosteric nanoscale clamp regulated by H3-histone-tail molecular recognition"
2493:
2466:
679:
Howard, J; Roberts, W M; Hudspeth, A J (1988). "Mechanoelectrical
Transduction by Hair Cells".
2619:
2581:
2461:
2407:
2385:
2338:
1849:
1691:"Mechanisms of chondrocyte adhesion to cartilage: Role of β1-integrins, CD44, and annexin V"
1158:
373:
278:
140:
1871:"Mechanical Regulation of Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Signaling in Articular Cartilage"
1057:"Coupled protein domain motion in Taq polymerase revealed by neutron spin-echo spectroscopy"
2590:
2586:
2538:
2225:
2176:
2140:
2093:
1068:
1011:
952:
895:
758:
239:
78:
62:
2043:"Mechanotherapy: How physical therapists' prescription of exercise promotes tissue repair"
352:
Integrin receptors have an extracellular domain that binds to the ECM proteins (collagen,
127:
Single-molecule biomechanics studies of proteins and DNA, and mechanochemical coupling in
8:
2684:
2631:
2317:
1825:
582:"Mechanical stress initiates and sustains the morphogenesis of wavy leaf epidermal cells"
265:(matrix degrading) processes. These processes include the synthesis of matrix proteins (
90:
46:
41:
2229:
2180:
2144:
2097:
1658:
1633:
1072:
1015:
956:
899:
762:
692:
2390:
2282:
2249:
2067:
2042:
2014:
1987:
1837:
1671:
1614:
1571:
1528:
1485:
1442:
1270:
1245:
1221:
1186:
1142:
1091:
1056:
1032:
999:
975:
940:
916:
883:
864:
782:
480:
156:
101:
1771:
Millward–Sadler, S. J.; Wright, M. O.; Davies, L. W.; Nuki, G.; Salter, D. M. (2000).
1707:
1690:
1393:
1376:
159:. Mechanotransduction also includes the use of chemical energy to do mechanical work.
131:
have demonstrated the critical importance of molecular mechanics as a new frontier in
2498:
2241:
2204:
2199:
2164:
2119:
2072:
2019:
1968:
1927:
1923:
1892:
1829:
1794:
1753:
1712:
1663:
1606:
1563:
1520:
1477:
1434:
1398:
1357:
1316:
1275:
1226:
1206:
1121:
1096:
1037:
980:
921:
856:
817:
774:
731:
696:
661:
657:
603:
562:
521:
472:
425:
acting as anchors to the collagen matrix around it. Recent studies published by Wann
168:
152:
82:
2253:
1675:
1532:
1489:
1446:
868:
484:
2624:
2595:
2524:
2420:
2353:
2233:
2194:
2184:
2148:
2109:
2101:
2062:
2054:
2009:
1999:
1958:
1919:
1882:
1869:
Fanning, P. J.; Emkey, G; Smith, RJ; Grodzinsky, AJ; Szasz, N; Trippel, SB (2003).
1841:
1821:
1784:
1743:
1702:
1653:
1645:
1618:
1598:
1575:
1555:
1512:
1469:
1426:
1388:
1347:
1306:
1265:
1257:
1216:
1198:
1187:"Hair cell transduction, tuning and synaptic transmission in the mammalian cochlea"
1146:
1086:
1076:
1027:
1019:
970:
960:
911:
903:
848:
809:
786:
766:
723:
688:
653:
626:
593:
580:
Bidhendi, Amir J; Altartouri, Bara; Gosselin, Frédérick P.; Geitmann, Anja (2019).
552:
511:
464:
310:
266:
204:
184:
128:
35:
26:
20:
2084:
Mammano, F.; Nobili, R (1993). "Biophysics of the cochlea: Linear approximation".
1947:"Localization of Extracellular Matrix Receptors on the Chondrocyte Primary Cilium"
727:
2503:
1115:
813:
598:
192:
136:
112:
58:
2131:
v. Békésy, Georg (1952). "DC Resting Potentials Inside the Cochlear Partition".
1293:
Fitzgerald, J. B.; Jin, M; Dean, D; Wood, DJ; Zheng, MH; Grodzinsky, AJ (2004).
2636:
2443:
2313:
1061:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
945:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
393:
286:
188:
132:
108:
74:
54:
50:
1602:
1516:
1023:
907:
630:
2678:
2438:
2189:
2058:
852:
468:
385:
270:
225:
196:
96:
1963:
1946:
1114:
Nakano, Tadashi; Eckford, Andrew W.; Haraguchi, Tokuko (12 September 2013).
1081:
965:
557:
540:
2663:
2428:
2424:
2208:
2076:
2023:
1972:
1896:
1887:
1870:
1833:
1798:
1757:
1716:
1610:
1559:
1524:
1473:
1438:
1430:
1402:
1361:
1352:
1335:
1320:
1311:
1294:
1279:
1230:
1100:
1041:
984:
925:
860:
778:
607:
525:
516:
499:
476:
243:
121:
116:
2245:
2123:
1931:
1667:
1649:
1567:
1481:
821:
735:
700:
665:
566:
135:
and life sciences. Protein domains, connected by intrinsically disordered
2658:
2471:
2114:
2004:
1202:
365:
361:
353:
180:
16:
Conversion of mechanical stimulus of a cell into electrochemical activity
1150:
339:
2611:
400:
In addition to binding to ECM ligands, integrins are also receptive to
321:
70:
2152:
1748:
1731:
2641:
2375:
2237:
2105:
770:
405:
401:
329:
302:
297:
282:
274:
262:
234:
1790:
10.1002/1529-0131(200009)43:9<2091::AID-ANR21>3.0.CO;2-C
187:. A sinusoidal pressure wave results in localized vibrations of the
2433:
836:
452:
409:
381:
333:
293:
258:
249:
172:
1910:
Urban, J. P. G. (1994). "The Chondrocyte: A Cell Under Pressure".
837:"Multiscale Layered Biomechanical Model of the Pacinian Corpuscle"
579:
253:
Cartilage experience tension, compression and shear forces in vivo
167:
Air pressure changes in the ear canal cause the vibrations of the
120:
changes and sensations. Broader issues involved include molecular
2415:
1730:
Pulai, Judit I.; Del Carlo, Marcello; Loeser, Richard F. (2002).
1261:
1055:
Bu Z, Biehl R, Monkenbusch M, Richter D, Callaway DJ (Dec 2005).
369:
357:
242:(ECM), where they are subsequently dissipated and transmitted to
91:
converting mechanical signals into electrical or chemical signals
86:
835:
Biswas, Abhijit; Manivannan, M.; Srinivasan, Mandyam A. (2015).
451:
Biswas, Abhijit; Manivannan, M.; Srinivasan, Mandyam A. (2015).
336:
receptors (of which there exist several types on chondrocytes).
1770:
421:
420:
More recent studies have hypothesized that chondrocyte primary
176:
199:. This motion is accompanied by a shearing motion between the
66:
2163:
Hudspeth, A. J.; Choe, Y.; Mehta, A. D.; Martin, P. (2000).
998:
Farago B, Li J, Cornilescu G, Callaway DJ, Bu Z (Nov 2010).
800:
Grigg, P (1986). "Biophysical studies of mechanoreceptors".
1868:
1415:
881:
325:
1986:
Wann, AK; Zuo, N; Haycraft, CJ; et al. (April 2012).
997:
834:
620:
450:
1054:
2312:
2162:
1688:
1631:
1333:
539:
Qin, Y.; Qin, Y; Liu, J; Tanswell, AK; Post, M (1996).
497:
89:. The basic mechanism of mechanotransduction involves
1113:
1811:
1545:
1502:
1292:
681:
Annual Review of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry
678:
498:
Katsumi, A.; Orr, AW; Tzima, E; Schwartz, MA (2003).
392:) are recruited to this cluster, which is called the
175:. At the end of the ossicular chain, movement of the
2216:
Hudspeth, A. J. (1989). "How the ear's works work".
1944:
1729:
643:
1374:
1588:
1459:
1334:Fitzgerald, J. B.; Jin, M; Grodzinsky, AJ (2006).
882:Potestio R, Pontiggia F, Micheletti C (Jun 2009).
233:One of the main mechanical functions of articular
1107:
538:
2676:
2133:The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
2086:The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
1945:McGlashan, S. R.; Jensen, CG; Poole, CA (2006).
2169:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1985:
748:
2268:www.du.edu/~kinnamon/3640/hearing/hearing.html
875:
713:
2298:
2083:
1854:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of March 2024 (
991:
938:
932:
1951:Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry
1591:Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology
1505:Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology
2305:
2291:
1632:Von Der Mark, K.; Mollenhauer, J. (1997).
1243:
1184:
2275:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
2198:
2188:
2130:
2113:
2066:
2040:
2013:
2003:
1962:
1886:
1788:
1747:
1706:
1657:
1392:
1351:
1310:
1269:
1220:
1185:Fettiplace, Robert (September 12, 2017).
1090:
1080:
1031:
974:
964:
915:
597:
556:
515:
2215:
1246:"Mechanotransduction in skeletal muscle"
338:
248:
224:
95:
1419:Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics
2677:
1634:"Annexin V interactions with collagen"
408:signals such as growth factors in the
2286:
1909:
1140:
799:
1638:Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences
2552:Transcription preinitiation complex
693:10.1146/annurev.bb.17.060188.000531
332:(a collagen type II receptor), and
292:The balance that is struck between
13:
2520:Signal transducing adaptor protein
2047:British Journal of Sports Medicine
2034:
1826:10.1023/B:ABME.0000017538.72511.48
716:The American Journal of Physiology
500:"Integrins in Mechanotransduction"
211:
14:
2701:
2261:
73:processes in the body, including
1814:Annals of Biomedical Engineering
939:Baron R, Vellore NA (Jul 2012).
658:10.1146/annurev.physiol.59.1.659
1979:
1938:
1903:
1875:Journal of Biological Chemistry
1862:
1805:
1764:
1723:
1695:Journal of Orthopaedic Research
1682:
1625:
1582:
1548:Journal of Orthopaedic Research
1539:
1496:
1462:Journal of Orthopaedic Research
1453:
1409:
1381:Journal of Orthopaedic Research
1368:
1340:Journal of Biological Chemistry
1327:
1299:Journal of Biological Chemistry
1286:
1237:
1178:
1134:
1048:
828:
793:
545:Journal of Biological Chemistry
504:Journal of Biological Chemistry
65:is responsible for a number of
1924:10.1093/rheumatology/33.10.901
1120:. Cambridge University Press.
742:
707:
672:
637:
614:
573:
532:
491:
444:
318:stretch-activated ion channels
115:causes mechanically sensitive
1:
1708:10.1016/S0736-0266(01)00051-1
1394:10.1016/S0736-0266(01)00033-X
802:Journal of Applied Physiology
728:10.1152/ajpcell.1995.268.1.C1
437:
149:Database of Molecular Motions
2273:Cellular+Mechanotransduction
2041:Khan, K M; Scott, A (2009).
1141:Ehret, Günter (2009-05-08).
841:IEEE Transactions on Haptics
814:10.1152/jappl.1986.60.4.1107
599:10.1016/j.celrep.2019.07.006
457:IEEE Transactions on Haptics
220:
7:
646:Annual Review of Physiology
625:. USA: IEEE. pp. 1–4.
139:domains, induce long-range
10:
2706:
1777:Arthritis & Rheumatism
1736:Arthritis & Rheumatism
229:Mechanically gated channel
217:to the mechanical forces.
18:
2604:
2574:
2537:
2512:
2489:
2480:
2452:
2406:
2399:
2324:
1603:10.1007/s10237-006-0034-1
1517:10.1007/s10237-006-0030-5
1024:10.1016/j.bpj.2010.09.058
908:10.1016/j.bpj.2009.03.051
631:10.1109/BSEC.2014.6867740
2632:Neuroendocrine signaling
2277:Medical Subject Headings
2190:10.1073/pnas.97.22.11765
2059:10.1136/bjsm.2008.054239
1191:Comprehensive Physiology
853:10.1109/TOH.2014.2369416
469:10.1109/TOH.2014.2369422
1964:10.1369/jhc.5A6866.2006
1828:(inactive 2024-03-26).
1250:Frontiers in Bioscience
1244:Burkholder, TJ (2007).
1117:Molecular Communication
1082:10.1073/pnas.0503388102
966:10.1073/pnas.1207892109
558:10.1074/jbc.271.12.7066
277:, protease inhibitors,
145:protein domain dynamics
111:. The stimulation of a
61:activity. This form of
2494:cAMP-dependent pathway
1888:10.1074/jbc.M305107200
1560:10.1002/jor.1100070502
1474:10.1002/jor.1100070305
1431:10.1006/abbi.2000.1988
1353:10.1074/jbc.M510858200
1312:10.1074/jbc.M400437200
1166:Cite journal requires
517:10.1074/jbc.R300038200
345:
261:(matrix building) and
254:
230:
162:
104:
2620:Synaptic transmission
2616:Neurocrine signaling
2539:Transcription factors
2386:PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway
1650:10.1007/s000180050069
374:focal adhesion kinase
342:
279:transcription factors
252:
228:
179:footplate within the
99:
2005:10.1096/fj.11-193649
1203:10.1002/cphy.c160049
240:extracellular matrix
63:sensory transduction
45:) is any of various
2649:Mechanotransduction
2637:Exocrine signalling
2444:Signaling molecules
2318:Signal transduction
2230:1989Natur.341..397H
2181:2000PNAS...9711765H
2145:1952ASAJ...24...72V
2098:1993ASAJ...93.3320M
1151:10.18725/OPARU-1218
1073:2005PNAS..10217646B
1067:(49): 17646–17651.
1016:2010BpJ....99.3473F
1004:Biophysical Journal
957:2012PNAS..10912509B
900:2009BpJ....96.4993P
888:Biophysical Journal
763:2001Natur.413..194G
246:(cartilage cells).
102:biological machines
55:mechanical stimulus
31:mechanotransduction
2659:Ion channel gating
2391:Integrin receptors
2325:Signaling pathways
346:
255:
231:
201:tectorial membrane
157:biological machine
105:
2672:
2671:
2654:Phototransduction
2612:Intracrine action
2570:
2569:
2533:
2532:
2421:Neurotransmitters
2224:(6241): 397–404.
2153:10.1121/1.1906851
1749:10.1002/art.10334
1346:(34): 24095–103.
1127:978-1-107-02308-6
1010:(10): 3473–3482.
894:(12): 4993–5002.
757:(6852): 194–202.
722:(1 Pt 1): C1–13.
169:tympanic membrane
153:neutron spin echo
2697:
2625:Chemical synapse
2525:Scaffold protein
2487:
2486:
2482:Second messenger
2408:Receptor ligands
2404:
2403:
2307:
2300:
2293:
2284:
2283:
2257:
2238:10.1038/341397a0
2212:
2202:
2192:
2175:(22): 11765–72.
2156:
2127:
2117:
2106:10.1121/1.405716
2080:
2070:
2028:
2027:
2017:
2007:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1966:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1907:
1901:
1900:
1890:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1853:
1845:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1792:
1783:(9): 2091–2099.
1768:
1762:
1761:
1751:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1710:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1661:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1500:
1494:
1493:
1457:
1451:
1450:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1396:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1355:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1314:
1305:(19): 19502–11.
1290:
1284:
1283:
1273:
1241:
1235:
1234:
1224:
1197:(4): 1197–1227.
1182:
1176:
1175:
1169:
1164:
1162:
1154:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1094:
1084:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1035:
995:
989:
988:
978:
968:
951:(31): 12509–14.
936:
930:
929:
919:
879:
873:
872:
832:
826:
825:
797:
791:
790:
771:10.1038/35093011
746:
740:
739:
711:
705:
704:
676:
670:
669:
641:
635:
634:
618:
612:
611:
601:
592:(5): 1237–1250.
577:
571:
570:
560:
536:
530:
529:
519:
495:
489:
488:
448:
430:wild type cells
378:adapter proteins
311:mechanoreceptors
267:type II collagen
205:reticular lamina
185:basilar membrane
129:molecular motors
27:cellular biology
21:Mechanosensation
2705:
2704:
2700:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2695:
2694:
2675:
2674:
2673:
2668:
2600:
2566:
2529:
2508:
2504:Lipid signaling
2476:
2448:
2395:
2320:
2311:
2264:
2037:
2035:Further reading
2032:
2031:
1984:
1980:
1943:
1939:
1918:(10): 901–908.
1908:
1904:
1881:(51): 50940–8.
1867:
1863:
1847:
1846:
1810:
1806:
1769:
1765:
1728:
1724:
1687:
1683:
1630:
1626:
1587:
1583:
1544:
1540:
1511:(2–3): 123–32.
1501:
1497:
1458:
1454:
1414:
1410:
1373:
1369:
1332:
1328:
1291:
1287:
1242:
1238:
1213:
1183:
1179:
1167:
1165:
1156:
1155:
1139:
1135:
1128:
1112:
1108:
1053:
1049:
996:
992:
937:
933:
880:
876:
833:
829:
798:
794:
747:
743:
712:
708:
677:
673:
642:
638:
619:
615:
578:
574:
551:(12): 7066–71.
537:
533:
510:(13): 12001–4.
496:
492:
449:
445:
440:
388:, aka Tal, and
223:
214:
212:Skeletal muscle
193:scala vestibuli
171:and middle ear
165:
137:flexible linker
113:mechanoreceptor
109:sensory neurons
59:electrochemical
23:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2703:
2693:
2692:
2690:Cell signaling
2687:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2645:
2644:
2634:
2629:
2628:
2627:
2622:
2614:
2608:
2606:
2605:Other concepts
2602:
2601:
2599:
2598:
2593:
2584:
2578:
2576:
2572:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2543:
2541:
2535:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2527:
2522:
2516:
2514:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2490:
2484:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2458:
2456:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2446:
2441:
2439:Growth factors
2436:
2431:
2418:
2412:
2410:
2401:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2357:
2356:
2351:
2341:
2336:
2334:
2328:
2326:
2322:
2321:
2314:Cell signaling
2310:
2309:
2302:
2295:
2287:
2281:
2280:
2270:
2263:
2262:External links
2260:
2259:
2258:
2213:
2160:
2157:
2128:
2092:(6): 3320–32.
2081:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2029:
1998:(4): 1663–71.
1978:
1957:(9): 1005–14.
1937:
1902:
1861:
1804:
1763:
1742:(6): 1528–35.
1722:
1701:(6): 1122–30.
1681:
1624:
1597:(1–2): 33–41.
1581:
1538:
1495:
1452:
1408:
1367:
1326:
1285:
1236:
1211:
1177:
1168:|journal=
1133:
1126:
1106:
1047:
990:
931:
874:
827:
808:(4): 1107–15.
792:
741:
706:
671:
636:
613:
572:
531:
490:
463:(1): 102–113.
442:
441:
439:
436:
394:focal adhesion
287:growth factors
222:
219:
213:
210:
189:organ of Corti
164:
161:
133:bioengineering
75:proprioception
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2702:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2573:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2536:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2511:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2479:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2467:Intracellular
2465:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2451:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2429:Neurohormones
2426:
2425:Neuropeptides
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2405:
2402:
2398:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2376:Fas apoptosis
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2308:
2303:
2301:
2296:
2294:
2289:
2288:
2285:
2278:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2116:
2115:11577/2467023
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2053:(4): 247–52.
2052:
2048:
2044:
2039:
2038:
2025:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1982:
1974:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1941:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1906:
1898:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1865:
1857:
1851:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1820:(3): 435–46.
1819:
1815:
1808:
1800:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1767:
1759:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1726:
1718:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1685:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1644:(6): 539–45.
1643:
1639:
1635:
1628:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1585:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1554:(5): 619–36.
1553:
1549:
1542:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1499:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1468:(3): 335–43.
1467:
1463:
1456:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1425:(2): 205–12.
1424:
1420:
1412:
1404:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1387:(6): 1140–6.
1386:
1382:
1378:
1371:
1363:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1330:
1322:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1289:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1240:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1214:
1212:9780470650714
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1181:
1173:
1160:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1137:
1129:
1123:
1119:
1118:
1110:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1051:
1043:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
994:
986:
982:
977:
972:
967:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
935:
927:
923:
918:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
878:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
831:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
796:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
745:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
710:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
675:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
640:
632:
628:
624:
617:
609:
605:
600:
595:
591:
587:
583:
576:
568:
564:
559:
554:
550:
546:
542:
535:
527:
523:
518:
513:
509:
505:
501:
494:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
447:
443:
435:
431:
428:
423:
418:
414:
411:
407:
403:
398:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
350:
341:
337:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
314:
312:
306:
304:
299:
295:
290:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
271:proteoglycans
268:
264:
260:
251:
247:
245:
241:
236:
227:
218:
209:
206:
202:
198:
197:scala tympani
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
160:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
125:
123:
118:
114:
110:
103:
98:
94:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
71:physiological
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
43:
38:
37:
32:
28:
22:
2664:Gap junction
2648:
2499:Ca signaling
2462:Cell surface
2221:
2217:
2172:
2168:
2139:(1): 72–76.
2136:
2132:
2089:
2085:
2050:
2046:
1995:
1991:
1981:
1954:
1950:
1940:
1915:
1912:Rheumatology
1911:
1905:
1878:
1874:
1864:
1850:cite journal
1817:
1813:
1807:
1780:
1776:
1766:
1739:
1735:
1725:
1698:
1694:
1684:
1641:
1637:
1627:
1594:
1590:
1584:
1551:
1547:
1541:
1508:
1504:
1498:
1465:
1461:
1455:
1422:
1418:
1411:
1384:
1380:
1370:
1343:
1339:
1329:
1302:
1298:
1288:
1262:10.2741/2057
1253:
1249:
1239:
1194:
1190:
1180:
1159:cite journal
1136:
1116:
1109:
1064:
1060:
1050:
1007:
1003:
993:
948:
944:
934:
891:
887:
877:
847:(1): 31–42.
844:
840:
830:
805:
801:
795:
754:
750:
744:
719:
715:
709:
684:
680:
674:
649:
645:
639:
622:
616:
589:
586:Cell Reports
585:
575:
548:
544:
534:
507:
503:
493:
460:
456:
446:
432:
426:
419:
415:
399:
351:
347:
315:
307:
291:
256:
244:chondrocytes
232:
215:
166:
126:
122:biomechanics
117:ion channels
106:
42:transduction
40:
34:
30:
24:
2575:By distance
2513:Assistants:
2472:Co-receptor
384:, aka Pax,
376:, FAK) and
366:osteopontin
362:vitronectin
354:fibronectin
320:(SAC), the
181:oval window
2685:Biophysics
2679:Categories
2642:Pheromones
2582:Juxtacrine
1256:: 174–91.
687:: 99–124.
652:: 659–89.
438:References
322:hyaluronan
47:mechanisms
19:See also:
2596:Endocrine
2591:Paracrine
2587:Autocrine
2454:Receptors
2434:Cytokines
406:paracrine
402:autocrine
330:annexin V
324:receptor
303:apoptosis
298:catabolic
283:cytokines
275:proteases
263:catabolic
235:cartilage
221:Cartilage
141:allostery
49:by which
2416:Hormones
2366:JAK-STAT
2354:MAPK/ERK
2349:TGF beta
2254:33117543
2209:11050207
2077:19244270
2024:22223751
1973:16651393
1897:12952976
1834:15095818
1799:11014361
1758:12115183
1717:11781014
1676:21313045
1659:11147192
1611:16767453
1533:39216430
1525:16506016
1490:34651862
1447:21964244
1439:11032407
1403:11781016
1362:16782710
1321:14960571
1280:17127292
1231:28915323
1101:16306270
1042:21081097
985:22802671
926:19527659
869:24658742
861:25398182
779:11557988
608:31365867
526:14960578
485:15326972
477:25398183
410:TGF-beta
382:paxillin
334:integrin
294:anabolic
259:anabolic
203:and the
173:ossicles
53:convert
2547:General
2371:Akt/PKB
2246:2677742
2226:Bibcode
2177:Bibcode
2141:Bibcode
2124:8326060
2094:Bibcode
2068:2662433
2015:3316893
1992:FASEB J
1932:7921748
1842:1717838
1668:9230933
1619:7270995
1576:1933220
1568:2760736
1482:2703926
1271:2043154
1222:5658794
1092:1345721
1069:Bibcode
1033:2980739
1012:Bibcode
976:3411975
953:Bibcode
917:2712024
896:Bibcode
822:2422151
787:4388399
759:Bibcode
736:7840137
701:3293600
666:9074782
567:8636139
380:(e.g.,
372:(e.g.,
370:kinases
358:laminin
87:hearing
83:balance
36:mechano
2400:Agents
2279:(MeSH)
2252:
2244:
2218:Nature
2207:
2197:
2122:
2075:
2065:
2022:
2012:
1971:
1930:
1895:
1840:
1832:
1797:
1756:
1715:
1674:
1666:
1656:
1617:
1609:
1574:
1566:
1531:
1523:
1488:
1480:
1445:
1437:
1401:
1360:
1319:
1278:
1268:
1229:
1219:
1209:
1124:
1099:
1089:
1040:
1030:
983:
973:
924:
914:
867:
859:
820:
785:
777:
751:Nature
734:
699:
664:
606:
565:
524:
483:
475:
427:et al.
422:cilium
177:stapes
85:, and
67:senses
2562:TFIIH
2557:TFIID
2381:Hippo
2361:Notch
2250:S2CID
2200:34347
1838:S2CID
1672:S2CID
1615:S2CID
1572:S2CID
1529:S2CID
1486:S2CID
1443:S2CID
865:S2CID
783:S2CID
481:S2CID
386:talin
344:COMP.
100:Some
79:touch
57:into
51:cells
2332:GPCR
2242:PMID
2205:PMID
2120:PMID
2073:PMID
2020:PMID
1969:PMID
1928:PMID
1893:PMID
1856:link
1830:PMID
1795:PMID
1754:PMID
1713:PMID
1664:PMID
1607:PMID
1564:PMID
1521:PMID
1478:PMID
1435:PMID
1399:PMID
1358:PMID
1317:PMID
1276:PMID
1227:PMID
1207:ISBN
1172:help
1122:ISBN
1097:PMID
1038:PMID
981:PMID
922:PMID
857:PMID
818:PMID
775:PMID
732:PMID
697:PMID
662:PMID
604:PMID
563:PMID
522:PMID
473:PMID
404:and
364:and
326:CD44
296:and
285:and
269:and
195:and
143:via
69:and
2344:RTK
2339:Wnt
2234:doi
2222:341
2195:PMC
2185:doi
2149:doi
2110:hdl
2102:doi
2063:PMC
2055:doi
2010:PMC
2000:doi
1959:doi
1920:doi
1883:doi
1879:278
1822:doi
1785:doi
1744:doi
1703:doi
1654:PMC
1646:doi
1599:doi
1556:doi
1513:doi
1470:doi
1427:doi
1423:381
1389:doi
1348:doi
1344:281
1307:doi
1303:279
1266:PMC
1258:doi
1217:PMC
1199:doi
1147:doi
1087:PMC
1077:doi
1065:102
1028:PMC
1020:doi
971:PMC
961:doi
949:109
912:PMC
904:doi
849:doi
810:doi
767:doi
755:413
724:doi
720:268
689:doi
654:doi
627:doi
594:doi
553:doi
549:271
512:doi
508:279
465:doi
390:Shc
273:),
163:Ear
25:In
2681::
2589:/
2316:/
2248:.
2240:.
2232:.
2220:.
2203:.
2193:.
2183:.
2173:97
2171:.
2167:.
2147:.
2137:24
2135:.
2118:.
2108:.
2100:.
2090:93
2088:.
2071:.
2061:.
2051:43
2049:.
2045:.
2018:.
2008:.
1996:26
1994:.
1990:.
1967:.
1955:54
1953:.
1949:.
1926:.
1916:33
1914:.
1891:.
1877:.
1873:.
1852:}}
1848:{{
1836:.
1818:32
1816:.
1793:.
1781:43
1779:.
1775:.
1752:.
1740:46
1738:.
1734:.
1711:.
1699:19
1697:.
1693:.
1670:.
1662:.
1652:.
1642:53
1640:.
1636:.
1613:.
1605:.
1593:.
1570:.
1562:.
1550:.
1527:.
1519:.
1507:.
1484:.
1476:.
1464:.
1441:.
1433:.
1421:.
1397:.
1385:19
1383:.
1379:.
1356:.
1342:.
1338:.
1315:.
1301:.
1297:.
1274:.
1264:.
1254:12
1252:.
1248:.
1225:.
1215:.
1205:.
1193:.
1189:.
1163::
1161:}}
1157:{{
1145:.
1095:.
1085:.
1075:.
1063:.
1059:.
1036:.
1026:.
1018:.
1008:99
1006:.
1002:.
979:.
969:.
959:.
947:.
943:.
920:.
910:.
902:.
892:96
890:.
886:.
863:.
855:.
843:.
839:.
816:.
806:60
804:.
781:.
773:.
765:.
753:.
730:.
718:.
695:.
685:17
683:.
660:.
650:59
648:.
602:.
590:28
588:.
584:.
561:.
547:.
543:.
520:.
506:.
502:.
479:.
471:.
459:.
455:.
360:,
356:,
328:,
313:.
289:.
281:,
124:.
93:.
81:,
77:,
39:+
29:,
2427:/
2423:/
2306:e
2299:t
2292:v
2256:.
2236::
2228::
2211:.
2187::
2179::
2155:.
2151::
2143::
2126:.
2112::
2104::
2096::
2079:.
2057::
2026:.
2002::
1975:.
1961::
1934:.
1922::
1899:.
1885::
1858:)
1844:.
1824::
1801:.
1787::
1760:.
1746::
1719:.
1705::
1678:.
1648::
1621:.
1601::
1595:6
1578:.
1558::
1552:7
1535:.
1515::
1509:5
1492:.
1472::
1466:7
1449:.
1429::
1405:.
1391::
1364:.
1350::
1323:.
1309::
1282:.
1260::
1233:.
1201::
1195:7
1174:)
1170:(
1153:.
1149::
1130:.
1103:.
1079::
1071::
1044:.
1022::
1014::
987:.
963::
955::
928:.
906::
898::
871:.
851::
845:8
824:.
812::
789:.
769::
761::
738:.
726::
703:.
691::
668:.
656::
633:.
629::
610:.
596::
569:.
555::
528:.
514::
487:.
467::
461:8
33:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
