Media freedom in Russia

2046: 3083:(GRIR), the Russian legal framework (including jurisprudence) does not recognise a fundamental right of access to information. The GRIR appointed score 1 to Russia, where 6 is the maximum possible score with regard to the right to access information. However, when considered together with the scope and the requesting procedures provided by the Russian Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), the GRIR assigned Russia a total score of 98, out of the maximum score of 150. The Penal Code (Art. 144) fixes high penalties for unlawful refusal of information and for hindering the professional activity of journalists. The right to access public information is particularly undermined by the legal exception valid for refusing the information's disclosure, namely the category of "confidential information" (commercial, state, or military secrets) is open to wide interpretations. The Law "on state secrets" was adopted on 21 July 1993 (amended in October 1997). In addition to a list of categories of information that could be classified as state secrets, the President of Russia can elaborate and approve such list through the publication of a public decree. 3205:(Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation), the principal security agency of Russia, proposed a new regulation that will restrict access to public property registers, that were previously frequently used by whistle-blowers to expose multimillion-dollar mansions belonging to public officials who could not afford them from their official salary. The regulation was proposed shortly after the media exposed an undeclared mansion belonging to FSB vice-director Sergey Smirnov using the public registers. In the same year, a group of deputies proposed a new law that would penalize "anti-Russian" or "anti-patriotic" statements. The law was criticized as unconstitutional and vague due to lack of definition of what these terms would really mean. 3348: 1763: 2654:"s was the case 20 years ago, the bureaucracy still does not trust free citizens and free activity. This logic pushes it into dangerous conclusions and acts. The bureaucracy from time to time casts fear over the business world, pressuring it to keep in line and not to take what they consider wrong action, takes control of this or that media outlet, trying to stop it from saying what they consider the wrong thing, meddles in the electoral process, preventing the election of what they consider the wrong person, and puts pressure on the courts, stopping them from handing down what they consider the wrong verdict." 2988:

question are the anti-extremism laws, law on protection of children from harmful information, law on insult to religious believers, foreign agents law and undesirable organisations law. An important role in the censorship system is played by Roskomnadzor (Federal Service for Supervision in the Sphere of Telecom, Information Technologies and Mass Communications), an institution that- according to PEN- "has reawakened people’s internal editors – the voice in your head that consciously or unconsciously makes you question what you are writing or publishing: does this cross the line? Will this get me in trouble?"

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speech, journalists and publishers seldom appeal to the commissioner to protest restrictions of their right of seeking, receiving, transferring, publishing or distributing information. Disguised restrictions also exist to a considerable degree, mostly in the form of economic pressure on mass media by the authorities and loyal business. The so-called "self-censorship" which induces journalists to refrain from disseminating information which, in their opinion, may not please the authorities, is also widespread. In many places, the right to praise the authorities is ensured, while criticism is silenced.

1200:(WCIOM), the number of Russians who approve of censorship on TV had grown from 63% to 82% in a year. However, sociologists believed that Russians were not voting in favor of press freedom suppression, but rather for expulsion of ethically doubtful material such as scenes of violence and sex (57% for restricting of violence and sex depiction on TV, 30% for ban of fraudulent businesses ads; and 24% for products for sex ads, and 'criminal way of life propaganda' films). 757:. Despite the constitution's provision of freedom of speech, the authorities possess significant discretion to suppress any speech, organization, or activity lacking official support due to ambiguous extremism laws. The government dominates the media landscape by controlling the majority of the national television networks, radio and print outlets, and media advertising market, either directly or through state-owned enterprises and friendly business magnates. 10093: 1713:, with over 100,000 subscribers, blocked access to some Russian opposition Internet resources for its Moscow-based subscribers for a few days. The block occurred after the chief prosecutor of St. Petersburg recommended that the company block access to extremist resources. At the time, the only Internet resource listed as extremist by the Ministry of Justice of Russia was the site of Caucasian separatists Kavkaz Center. Since the evening of 6 December 2009, 1295:

contribute to the effectiveness of law enforcement and prosecution of criminals, and its subjective criteria could allow Russian authorities to mass block internet resources with legal content. In December 2013, a law criminalizing "calls for separatism" was proposed. Under the law, violators face a fine of up to 306,700 rubles ($ 9,500) or jail terms of up to five years for making public calls for action aimed against the country's territorial integrity.

19: 10103: 2088:"media oligarchs", started to be used specifically in Russia indicating powerful businessmen close to political power. The latter made them the "chosen ones" in the redistribution of the country's wealth after the Soviet Union's dissolution. Since the election of Vladimir Putin in 1999, only oligarchs loyal to the government are able to maintain their control on strategic sectors of Russian economy and politic such as the information one. 92: 3334: 3320: 3301:

on Russian general jurisdiction courts' activities, focusing on online publication of templates for documents used for filing applications to courts. The results showed that, with regard to the Supreme Court of Russia, information is available at 24.1%. Referring to Regional Court, out of the 85 examined their openness level appears to be 42.4%. Finally, with regard to First Instance courts, their openness was 31%.

1241:'s report on freedom of the press, government officials frequently use the country's politicized and corrupt court system to harass journalists and bloggers who expose abuses by authorities. In the Russian legal system the definition of extremism is broad and this make possible for officials to invoke it to silence critical voices. Enforcement of such legal provisions has encouraged self-censorship in the country. 9500: 3011:

outlets have received orders to include large "foreign agent" statement in the beginning of their publications. The media has been chosen inconsistently from the point of view of the law, which lists foreign financing and political activity as primary criteria — some media that fall within these criteria have not received orders (these were pro-Kremlin media), while some organisations like

907:, there were 9 cases of suspicious deaths of journalists in 2006, as well as 59 assaults on journalists, and 12 attacks on editorial offices. In 2005, the list of all cases included 7 deaths, 63 assaults, 12 attacks on editorial offices, 23 incidents of censorship, 42 criminal prosecutions, 11 illegal layoffs, 47 cases of detention by 2925:, covering the armed conflict on the territory of Ukraine, in particular, to refrain from blocking information items and materials containing opinions different from the official point of view of the Russian authorities; and to abstain from full blocking and termination of the activity of Russian mass media, including 3076:

a direct right to receive information only to mass media, while Russian citizens have the right to receive reliable information on the state activities and representatives via the mass media (Art. 38.1). State officials, in turn, are obliged to inform the media about their activities: on demand, but also actively.

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personal details about the whistleblowers, journalists and protesters or organizing "spontaneous" counter-pickets in support of the administration. These methods were also applied to foreign journalists reporting from Russia and included ostensible surveillance, tapping of apartments and threats to relatives.

1505:: "просветительская деятельность"), which would require government license for any kind of educational activity, including public or private lectures, podcasts, video lectures etc. The proposal caused a large outcry from the scientific community, including a petition signed by nearly 250,000 people. Lawmaker 1743:. On 22 January 2014 the Regional Court of Tver ruled in favor of Jehovah's Witnesses and reversed the earlier ruling by the lower court. The Regional Court conducted a new trial, which concluded that the decision of the Central District Court was unjustified, since there was no legal reason to ban the site. 3263:

Proactive disclosure of information by public bodies is provided by a series of laws, many of them aimed at contrasting corruption. One of them is the Russian Federation Federal Law "On providing access to information on the activities of state bodies and local governments", adopted by the State Duma

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The document also offered a number of case studies and examples on how journalists or members of Duma exposing cases of corruption or suspicious purchases (e.g. foreign property) by members of the administration should be silenced with "preventive political actions", involving release of compromising

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published a long document titled "The Reform of the Administration of the President of the Russian Federation", allegedly leaked from the election committee of Vladimir Putin. The document proposed a number of changes to government information policy, including strict centralization of mass media and

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and Putin removed or replaced on the basis that they were fake news, and other references were also changed. The author said that he gave permission for these changes and said that he has allowed changes in other translations, as certain examples "could deter those audiences or spur censorship on the

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reports selective use of regulations, politically motivated criminal investigations, journalist imprisonments, outlet shutdowns and aggressive harassments by security services. According to the organization, Russia remains the most dangerous European country for journalists, with four killed in 2009.

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In his 2008 annual report, Vladimir Lukin wrote that it is important to have a comprehensive legal interpretation of terms that may limit the freedom of thought and word. He spoke against the election legislation amendment, calling it "a practical prohibition" of contesting candidates' criticism and

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Infometer, from July to October 2014, made an audit of compliance of various level courts' official websites with the Federal Law "On Providing Access to Information on the Activities of Courts in the Russian Federation" No. 262-FZ from 22 Dec 2008. The experts focused on the openness of information

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However, even if the right to information is also legally guaranteed in Russia by the first Article of the Russian Law on Mass Media (27 December 1991) and by Article 29 of the 1993 Constitution, the realm of information is characterized by secrecy rather than openness. The Law on Mass Media assigns

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While there are provisions in the Russian Constitution that guarantee freedom of speech and specifically forbid censorship, the practical execution of numerous legal acts and dependence of courts results in practically unlimited control of the government over what is published and where. The laws in

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Although the press has not given in without a struggle and some key independent outlets, reporters, and editors continue to speak and publish, state television and a limited selection of other "loyal" outlets dominate today’s Russian media landscape. With the mainstream press increasingly toeing the

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In the 15 years after 1990, most of the Russian print media underwent a change of ownership. Many of them disappeared, others changed owners repeatedly. After the new Law on Mass Media was adopted in 1991, the first stage of privatization of the media market followed. The term "oligarchs", including

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Internet community with a request to remove stories about the Vladivostok protests. The major reason, as reported by a moderator of the resource, was that a number of repeating posts with the information about protests worsened some sort of statistics on people's attitudes. The moderator in question

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After Russia took control of Crimea, the Russian parliament passed a law making it a criminal offense to question Russia's territorial integrity within what the government considers its borders. A man named Andrei Bubayev was jailed for two years for reposting a picture of a toothpaste tube with the

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of Internet sites including child pornography, drug-related material, and extremist material; as well as making providers of telecom services liable for such breaches. The bill was criticized as not being aimed at combating the causes of illegal content and its distribution through the internet, nor

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Selective use of bureaucratic regulations were employed to inhibit media outlets, vague laws were passed to restrict independent activities, politically motivated criminal investigations against critics were used, independent journalists were imprisoned on trumped-up charges and their media outlets

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said in a 2005 interview that there were no differences between freedom of speech in Russia and Western countries in regards to the printed media: "there is an enormous amount of newspapers which write any sort of stuff." Speaking of electronic media, he acknowledged that they were mainly under the

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shows that limitations of freedom of expression in today's Russia do not affect only journalism and media, but the overall cultural space. According to the report, a confluence of laws aimed at contrasting terrorism and religious hatred and protecting children have led to an environment in which is

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that there was pressure on media from authorities in Russia's regions and the situation with the central media caused concerns, as many central TV stations were losing former independence. His conclusion was that the most important task in Russia was to protect the victories of the 1991 law on mass

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Russia's Law on Providing Access to Information on the Activities of State Bodies and Bodies of Local Self-Government, was enacted by the lower house of the legislature (State Duma) on 21 January 2009. The law positively guarantees the rights of Russian citizens to request and receive information,

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In 2007, a report by professor of politics Nicolai N. Petro asserted that foreign companies owned shares in over half of all Russian broadcasting companies and not the state. According to him, the Russian state's share in the newspaper and journal market is estimated to be less than 10%, while its

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defended the measures, explaining they "can be defined in different ways and very broadly", which was precisely why the law was so controversial. Critics pointed out that Russian law enforcement will stretch the meaning of the law beyond any common sense and use for the prosecution of free speech.

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A number of people have been fined under a 2014 law against the "rehabilitation of Nazism" which includes criminalizing intentionally spreading what is deemed to be false information about the Soviet Union. Putin and other officials have talked about the need to counter the "rewriting of history",

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Coordinated measures are being applied to movies that do not follow Russia's currently preferred official version of historical events, including fiction and documentary movies. Preemptive "inspections" by the prosecutor general office, Ministry of Culture and other official organs, as well as not

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requirement that forces Russia Today to register as a Russian foreign agent in the U.S. The law allows Moscow to force foreign media to brand their own news provided to Russians as the work of "foreign agents". The law started to be enforced on large scale in 2020 and 2021, when a number of media

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in an interview promised no mass dismissals will take place; he also commented that "Information about Russia Today is generally some misunderstanding. I don't even understand how could it be used in our project. It's the TV channel which makes programs for the abroad audience in English and Arab

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In 2008, Amnesty International criticized the run-up to parliamentary and presidential elections as "a clampdown on the freedoms of assembly and expression", stating that "the authorities have violently dispersed some opposition demonstrations, while pro-government events have gone ahead without

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that owns TV channels in question, said that while the possibility of partnership in order to produce more saturated and interesting news is discussed, "it's important to note that whatever business strategy would be chosen in that direction, editorial policy regarding news and its informational

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law (2012) faced criticism by major websites and NGOs on it launch. At the time of introduction the list was described as a means for the protection of children from harmful content; particularly content which glorifies drug usage, advocates suicide or describes suicide methods, or contain child

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at the alarming incidence of threats, violent assaults and murders of journalists and human rights defenders, which has created a climate of fear and a chilling effect on the media, including for those working in the North Caucasus, and regrets the lack of effective measures taken to protect the

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reported in 2006 that claims declaring that freedom of speech is non-existent in Russia would be an exaggeration, the constitutional right for speech freedom is basically observed, and there is no institutionalized censorship. Because the ombudsman has refused to acknowledge the barriers to free

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concept, but without any of the safeguards for the public interest and freedom of speech. According to some experts, the regulation's scope is to silence publications about specific corrupted politicians, even if the accusations were true and confirmed in courts. Public land registers were also

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Tenth, freedom of speech should be backed up by technological innovation. Experience shows that it is practically of no use to persuade the bureaucrats to "leave the media in peace". Instead of persuading, we should work more actively to expand the free internet and digital television space. No

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wrote, "the Channel 5 and REN-TV are the only Russian TV channels today whose editorial policy is different than state news. Only through these channels opposition politicians are aired, as well as other events adversed by authorities are reported." However, the head of a REN-TV analytical news

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requested a declaration from Golubok that "the book does not contain extremist content" prior to delivery, and a few days later customs office requested him to certify that the book "does not spread specific views". The book is not sold in Russia, but it's also not in the "register of extremist

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reported in 2009, that "Human rights defenders, journalists and lawyers who spoke openly about human rights abuses faced threats and intimidation. The police appeared to be reluctant to investigate such threats and a climate of impunity for attacks on civil society activists prevailed." Amnesty

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On 5 April 2022, the Denis Diderot Committee launched a call for EU and EUTELSAT IGO sanctions against NTV Plus (Gazprom Media Holding) and Tricolor, two Russian pay-TV platforms operating on Eutelsat 36 E satellites arguing that 8 international news channels were cancelled of the offer in the

3982:"Motive Confirmed: Deaths of journalists where the CPJ is reasonably certain that the journalist was murdered in direct reprisal for his or her work; was killed in crossfire during combat situations; or was killed while carrying out a dangerous assignment such as coverage of a street protest" 2835:, and other Russian media outlets for publishing "inaccurate information about the shelling of Ukrainian cities and civilian casualties in Ukraine as a result of the actions of the Russian Army". On 1 March 2022, Russian authorities blocked access to Echo of Moscow and TV Rain, Russia's last 911:, 382 lawsuits, 233 cases of obstruction, 23 closings of editorial offices, 10 evictions, 28 confiscations of printed production, 23 cases of stopping broadcasting, 38 refusals to distribute or print production, 25 acts of intimidation, and 344 other violations of Russian journalist rights. 5128:

page 453, item 4071 "Плакат с изображением человека, похожего на президента РФ В.В. Путина, на лице которого макияж – накрашены ресницы и губы, что, по замыслу автора/авторов плаката, должно служить намеком на якобы нестандартную сексуальную ориентацию президента РФ. Текст под изображением

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was increasingly involved in tracking any independent media outlets and singling them out as "foreign agents". RT relied on its own investigations and also on work of "patriotic" activists such as Alexander Ionov and Vitaly Borodin. Russia Today is widely considered to be a purveyor of

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TV channel, Putin replied: "We have more than 3,500 television and radio companies here in Russia and state participation in them is decreasing with every passing year. As for print media, there are more than 40,000 publications and we could not control them all even if we wanted to."

2576:. Its sales in 2009 accounted for US$ 20 million, while the expenditures exceeded 100 million. On 19 October 2009, employees of the TV channel published an open letter to the top Russian politicians, concerned over a possibility of mass dismissals. On 23 October 2009, CEO of NMG-TV 1989:

On 6 March 2024, Russian journalist Roman Ivanov was sentenced to 7 years in prison for spreading “fake news” about the Russian army. In March 2024, Russian authorities arrested six journalists working for independent Russian outlets, including Antonina Favorskaya, who worked for

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Prosecutors in Russia have the custom of charging individuals – including journalists, bloggers, and whistle-blowers – with trumped-up criminal offenses including defamation, extremism, and other common criminal charges, as part of an effort to deter and limit their activities.

2851:" ("Russia's invasion of Ukraine (2022)"), claiming that the article contains "illegally distributed information", including "reports about numerous casualties among service personnel of the Russian Federation and also the civilian population of Ukraine, including children". 1234:, the Federal Service for Supervision of Communications, Information Technology, and Mass Media, create uncertainty for writers, authors, publishers and other media producers, which often results in self-censorship as a way to avoid uncertain rules and arbitrary enforcement. 1592:

pornography. In 2013 the blacklist law was amended with a clause to block content "suspected in extremism". It was expanded to include actions such as "calling for illegal meetings", "inciting hatred" and any other actions "violating the established order". During the 2014

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association concluded that using a combination of methods including taking control over large media companies and TV channels and selective and flexible usage of newly introduced laws, the government has acquired practical control over what is published in mass-media in

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were closed, controlling interests in independent news outlets were purchased, aggressive harassment of journalists by security services took place and the failure to bring justice in the murders of journalists and in other violent attacks against the press prevailed.

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commented that in the period of 1990s freedom of press in Russia "was indeed under threat, not from the former state ideology that once held a monopoly on expression, but from the dictates of oligarchic capital". When asked about media freedom in 2006 interview with

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Over 5 years between 2011 and 2016, the government forced changes of ownership in over 12 significant newsrooms with all-country reach, all of them previously associated with honest and independent reporting. RBC, Forbes, Russian Media Group, TV2, Russkaya Planeta,

1837:(often reporting on corruption and abuses by politicians) was sentenced to 1.5 years in jail on various charges, including insult to a governmental official. The jail term was upheld in appeal in April 2014. A new defamation case was open against him in July 2014. 1231: 1889:

and nearly died. The Russian government refused to open any investigation into the poisoning, which is suspected by many to have been carried out by government agents as retaliation for Navalny's investigations of political corruption and his activities in the

5720:, Research section at the OpenNet Initiative web site, a collaborative partnership of the Citizen Lab at the Munk School of Global Affairs, University of Toronto; the Berkman Center for Internet & Society at Harvard University; and the SecDev Group, Ottawa 5129:(воспроизводится с сохранением особенностей орфографии и пунктуации, с сокрытием нецензурной лексики): «Избиратели Путина, как ... вроде бы их много, но среди моих знакомых их нет», размещенный 07 мая 2014 года в социальной сети «Вконтакте» на аккаунте 2560:

On 19 October 2009, press secretary of REN-TV channel Nazarov asserted that REN-TV and Channel 5 will receive from the RT network "exclusively technological support", and the state channel will impose no influence on the informational part of the news.

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regulation is still evolving, with many uncertainties and compliance challenges remaining. Many of the key provisions of the Competition Law are unclear and open to interpretation. For this reason, they require further interpretation by Russian courts.

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were suppressed or taken over using different techniques - some of them with government owned shares were completely disbanded and their resources passed to newly created bodies under control of state-approved managers (e.g. RIA Novosti, which became

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recordings of phone conversations, text messages and users' internet traffic for up to 6 months, as well as metadata for up to 3 years. This data as well as "all other information necessary" is available to authorities on request and without a court

2961:, the pressure on Russian independent media outlets and their employees increased considerably in 2007. The government use variety of methods to control of broadcasters, to sideline critical journalists, and to intimidate them into self-censorship. 1619:

legislation, requires all web services to store the user data of Russian citizens on servers within the country. Sites which do not comply with this requirement may be added to the blacklist. Since August 2014, the law requires operators of free

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In 2016, the association Infometer has audited open data of 166 websites belonging to administrations of the largest Russian cities, those populated over 100,000. This study revealed that most cities' administrations do not publish open data:

2727:, Vladimir Putin insisted that freedom of speech and freedom of the press were flourishing in Russia, saying "We are well aware of the need for pluralism and openness". Putin said the media is free in Russia, but journalists must obey the law. 2514:. After Putin's power takeover, the media owned by Berezovsky and Gusinsky were the first victims of this "purge." Tax controls, raids by armed men, searches and arrests forced their bosses to flee the country and to sell their media outlets. 900:, since 1992, 50 journalists have been murdered for their professional activity in Russia (which made it the third deadliest country for journalists in the 1992–2006 period): 30 journalists from 1993 to 2000, and 20 journalists since 2000. 2502:'s opponents are being made to vanish from Russian television. They are blacklisted and not allowed to appear in television shows. In one example, a presentation critical of Putin's policies has been digitally erased. This is the case of 4827: 10058: 1314:

In June 2015, Alexandr Byvshev, the poet whose works were banned as "extremist" earlier, was also listed on the official "list of terrorists and extremists" maintained by the Federal Service for Financial Monitoring (Росфинмониторинг,

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media holding left the company following an investigation launched by the authorities into an alleged "fraud", which was widely associated with the non-mainstream coverage of political affairs and the government, including the latest

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was arrested after he interviewed the organizers of a march for Siberian autonomy. The official reason included failure to serve a three-month sentence for "insulting a public official." Shipilov claims the detention is politically

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According to an expert, the expulsion of competitive political actors from media ownership has gradually led to the depoliticisation of media content. Depoliticization of media content, however, led to its patriotisation as well.

2771: 2328:, believes it is the merit of the RTVi that the possibility of a third presidential term of Vladimir Putin was prevented, and that the "backdoor political technologists" were made to "abide to the Constitution, albeit with the 1721: 1446: 10068: 6321: 1214:, in interview with Eduard Steiner, has disputed this assertion: "Today the directors of the television channels and the newspapers are invited every Thursday into the Kremlin office of the deputy head of administration, 7159: 4321: 1103:

In 2015, an Australian journalist, Helen Womack, who spent over 30 years reporting from Russia was denied accreditation after listing on a nationalist-operated "list of enemies of Russia" website and forced to leave the

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Concerning the IREX association Media Sustainability Index, in smaller cities, private independent media are often the only sources of local news, because local municipal newspapers publish only official information.

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In 2015, PolitPress initiated a database of various forms of repression applied to journalists and activists in Russia, counting overall 302 of those subject to various forms of repression, including 17 journalists.

1207:, "People invent censorship for themselves, and what happens on some TV channels, some newspapers, happens not because Putin dials them and says: 'No, this mustn't go.' But because their bosses are fools." However, 2400:-Vlast, Expert, and the New Times are weeklies that provide serious analysis of the current political issues. However, they are owned by oligarchs who openly support the government. Kommersant-Vlast is produced by 9279: 4613: 6686: 5512: 4198: 1879:

continued in 2014. Navalny was fined $ 8,400 in April for defaming a Moscow city councillor on Twitter. In December he was sentenced to three and a half years (with suspended sentence) together with his brother

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Full and brief official names of the government body, postal address, email for requests/messages from citizens, reference phone numbers - usually published and actualized information on powers and competence;

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and the occupation of Crimea, in 2014, led to a reinforcement of propaganda and disinformation from state-owned media outlets, including by alteration or misidentification of images, stories distortion (e.g.

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upon fraud charges. Roskomnadzor warned four media that reported on the sentence and relied a video of Navalny calling for demonstration, accusing them of inciting extremism. On August 20, 2020, Navalny was

8634: 1971:, was sentenced in absentia to 8 years in prison for "spreading false information" about the Russian military. In August 2023, Russian authorities opened a criminal case against Russian-American journalist 760:

Multiple international organizations have criticized and continue to criticize various aspects of the contemporary press-freedom situation in Russia. The Russian government engages in internet censorship.

4880:, Statement by the Council in respect of the bill № 89417-6 "On Amendments to the Federal Law" On protection of children from information harmful to their health and development " - retrieved 9 July 2012 4873: 2839:, claiming that they were spreading "deliberately false information about the actions of Russian military personnel" as well as "information calling for extremist activity" and "violence". Additionally, 1189:

media, and to let journalists work fully independently. Yet, he concluded that with all the difficulties the Russian media were free as a whole, and that he was interviewed in a direct broadcast without

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and content, including phone calls, email traffic and web browsing activity. Metadata can be obtained without a warrant. In 2014, the system was expanded to include social media platforms, and the

10437: 10289: 10032: 7557: 5572: 4819: 2084:, "in the regions, the number of independent media is progressively declining. The same happens on the federal level—major corporations and state institutions exercise influence on the media." 1218:

to learn what news should be presented, and where. Journalists are bought with enormous salaries. In discussions they tell us then how horrible it is to work in the state television service."

10442: 9897: 9465: 3166:. This group can access exclusive interviews of Kremlin officials but the Kremlin expects certain "services" in return. To keep this group inline, it is up to several central figures such as 1453:

sent out an internal memo to its reporters to discontinue adding the same remark to their news, which was described by editor of "Republic" as "introduction of two parallel legal realities".

848:"obviously excessive." Lukin further criticized the Law on combating extremist activities, noting that extremism and dissent must be strictly legally divided and are not defined in the law. 5659: 1230:

increasingly hard to distribute fiction, broadcast independent television and promote independent theatre and music productions. In addition, the selectivity and, at times, arbitrariness of

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to its wanted list. Fomina said the arrest warrant would affect her professional life as she would not be able to travel to many countries that could arrest her and extradite her to Russia.

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words "squeeze Russia out of yourself" and an article under the headline "Crimea is Ukraine" by a controversial blogger, who is in jail now, calling for military aggression against Russia.

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The situation in the radio market is similar. Major information channels are in one way or another controlled by the state. Only four Russian radios broadcast political talk shows: Mayak,

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when speaking at a Russian media prize ceremony described information in general as "yet another weapon, yet another unit of the Armed Forces. These weapons can be used for good or bad".

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Russia was found to engage in selective Internet filtering in the political and social areas; no evidence of filtering was found in the conflict/security and Internet tools areas by the

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According to the BBC, the Russian newspaper market offers its consumers a more diverse range of views than those same consumers can sample on the country's leading television channels.

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Since 2012, at the beginning of Vladimir Putin's third presidential term, numerous laws have been passed to make censorship and extensive surveillance easier. Such measures also led to

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survey, most of the Russian journalists reported feeling that they are not free and independent, and believe that media owners undermine the independence of journalists. According to

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said that the Russian government controlled over civil society through selective implementation of the law, media restrictions and harassment of activists and human rights defenders.

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party, suffered a serious attack that left him unconscious. He claims the attack was related to his paper's investigations on the deployment of Russian soldiers from Pskov to Ukraine.

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Some networks attempt to operate with minimal government connection. There are private Russian TV networks with the broadcast cover reaching the majority of the Russia's population:

11056: 10167: 6368: 10485: 10334: 10314: 10284: 9787: 8515: 6318: 4895: 10304: 10078: 7151: 5542: 4311: 3182:. To replace the Kremlin handlers, special yellow telephones, which are "media hotlines" to the Kremlin, have been installed on the "Our guys" editors desks since the mid-2000s. 4384: 9837: 7496: 9053: 8009: 7733: 1306:

laws to suppress freedom of speech, including corruption investigations. Publications and activities classified as "extremist" included protests against the court rulings in

7845: 3667: 352: 7367:[TV channel "Rain" has begun to be switched off in the regions; Sindeeva has named the true cause behind such decisions] (in Russian). NEWSru.com. 29 January 2014. 4669: 2983:

Kremlin line, government restrictions have expanded to encroach upon other cultural spaces and modes of expression, including social activism, literature, art, and theater.

2672:

In May 2009, a Federal Law "On Guarantees of Equality of Parliamentary Parties in Covering their Activities by the National State-Owned TV and Radio Channels" was adopted.

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As stated by IPI, the Russian Government use selectively politicized regulations and bureaucratic harassment to inhibit media outlets. Main legal tools used here are anti-

2195:(Pervyj Kanal) covers 98.8% of Russia's territory and has a shared state and private ownership (51% state- 49% private). However, most of the private shareholders include 2081: 1725: 9287: 3922: 8746: 6284: 5504: 4190: 6798: 5188: 4406: 3256:

Procedure for submission and review of applications from individuals and organizations Procedure, address, and schedule for reception of individuals and organizations;

3149: 2073: 7581: 5098: 9573: 8125: 3644: 2128:, in which the state has a controlling stake. The situation in the radio market is similar. Major information channels are controlled in some capacity by the state. 2033: 1093:

while reporting on the trial of a Ukrainian prisoner of war. He was charged with missing proper accreditation, and was convicted, deported and banned for five years.

922:

and the pro-Russia Chechen government, was shot in the lobby of her apartment building. The death of Politkovskaya triggered an outcry of criticism of Russia in the

873: 8384: 6035: 6005: 4870: 8626: 3225: 8664: 6937: 4288: 1082:. Some linked his expulsion with unflattering coverage of Russia, including speculation about Vladimir Putin's wealth. On 9 February Russia reversed the decision. 7597: 7220: 3739: 2598:

publications on the wealth of Vladimir Putin. One journalist described the situation as "having a strong resemblance to the takeover of NTV in the early 2000s".

7947: 6668: 8149: 7890: 3554: 2858:

for those who publish "knowingly false information" about the Russian military and its operations, leading to some media outlets to stop reporting on Ukraine.

2409: 8282: 6575: 6435: 6121: 11580: 8859: 8353: 6409: 4437: 4347: 5072: 5004: 4111: 3762: 8601: 8444: 7549: 5335: 4032: 2933:

indicated to the Russian government to abstain until further notice from actions and decisions aimed at full blocking and termination of the activities of

2540:

stated that as the result these channels would cease to broadcast independent news; instead, since 2010 they would receive the news from the state channel

1075: 9013: 4789: 11273: 9628:"НАЦИОНАЛЬНЫЙ ДОКЛАД О ДОСТУПЕ К ИНФОРМАЦИИ О ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ ОРГАНОВ ВЛАСТИ В РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ (Access to Information: State Secrets and Human Rights)" 8786:"Federal Law "On Providing Access to Information on the Activities of Government Bodies and Bodies of Local Self-Government", No. 8-FZ, February 9, 2009" 8567: 7422: 6491: 4733: 3006:

On 25 November 2017, Putin signed into law new measures allowing authorities to list foreign media outlets as "foreign agents", comparing it to the U.S.

1975:

on charges of spreading "false information" about the Russian army's actions in Ukraine. In December 2023, it was reported that Gessen was placed on the

1948: 1775: 5395: 2921:

requested urgent interim measures, namely, to indicate to the Russian government not to interfere with lawful activity of Russian mass media, including

10890: 7793: 6392: 3272: 3250:

Information on services provided by the government body in the field of licensing works performed abroad and using information containing state secret;

1860: 836:. Russia's 83 administrative regions have the right to elect a local ombudsman whose authority is limited to that region. Less than half have done so. 6687:"Russia brings new charges against jailed journalists Alsu Kurmasheva and Maria Ponomarenko, issues arrest warrant for exiled journalist Masha Gessen" 5564: 3230:

Beyond the duty to disclose public information upon request, public authorities in Russia have an affirmative obligation to publish information (i.e.

2432:

Most popular websites, if they are not internationally owned such as Google and Facebook, are state-owned or owned by influential businessmen such as

6202: 2290: 2069:, especially television. There were reports of self-censorship in the television and print media, particularly on issues critical of the government. 1824:

all protested the charges, and Isayeva was ultimately acquitted. She described the case as "a test for the institution of press freedom" in Dagestan.

9473: 8315: 7015: 9982: 9620: 7966: 5767: 5651: 3064:

outlines a procedure for such requests, and determines government responsibility for providing such information. Such adoption was welcomed by the

1439: 8826: 8474: 7262: 6743:""Our country turned into an avalanche of grief." The closing court statement of journalist Roman Ivanov, sentenced to 7 years for anti‑war posts" 4639: 3700: 3308:

and for 36.6% at average regions observe requirements for open data publication. Most of these open data are published in the governmental field.

1449:

for mentioning the Taliban without making a mandatory remark about its "banned terrorist organization", while at the same time state media agency

10267: 9504: 9075: 6818: 4247: 2448:

A law signed in 2014 restricted foreign ownership stakes in any Russian media assets to 20% by early 2017. As a consequence, in 2015, the German

1834: 1366:

In 2017 an image of Putin as a "gay clown" was added as item 4071, as a result of a 2016 legal case against social media activist A. V. Tsvetkov.

705: 679: 8414: 7923: 6632: 5365: 4943: 4346:[The author of the film about "selfie soldiers" in the Donbass was denied accreditation in Russia] (in Russian). TV Rain. 22 June 2015. 4068: 2478:

subsequently switched from daily to weekly publication, and its chief editor resigned due to conflicts with the new owner. The new publisher of

11889: 10197: 10027: 9187: 9161: 8686: 6593: 4051: 1881: 1593: 1474: 8816:"CONSIDERATION OF REPORTS SUBMITTED BY STATES PARTIES UNDER ARTICLE 40 OF THE COVENANT. Concluding observations of the Human Rights Committee" 7982: 3213:

anonymized to hide names of property owners after they were frequently used by watchdogs to question unexplainable wealth of public officers.

1369:

In October 2018 customs office in Saint Petersburg stopped a single copy of book "Future is History: How Totalitarianism Reclaimed Russia" by

8329: 7308: 7108: 7087: 4692: 3537: 983: 278: 8793: 5897: 3813: 1100:

while investigating the deaths of Russian soldiers in Ukraine - at the time still denied by the Kremlin. They had their equipment destroyed.

862:

The dangers to journalists in Russia have been well known since the early 1990s but concern at the number of unsolved killings soared after

10678: 6704: 6557: 6091: 5734: 5482: 4500: 3617: 2964:

According to International Press Institute, even bolder publications have to curtail their coverage to avoid problems with the authorities.

2374: 2178: 8202: 7400: 6650: 4981: 3137:, and others. These have a more Western media approach to covering events. These media sources are outside the official Kremlin viewpoint. 10770: 8972: 7488: 4572: 3089:

commented to Vasily Gatov that Russian media since the early 2000s is divided into three groups: outsiders, our guys, and in-betweeners.

1909:

video blogs with large audiences have also become defendants in the "law on fakes". In particular, criminal cases were initiated against

8545: 8505: 6722: 10730: 10506: 10404: 10217: 8178:[Arkadiy Babchenko, "If it were not for Russian TV, this war would not have occurred"] (in Russian). OpenRussia. Archived from 7526: 6865: 6279:("Subscribers are investigating the 'filtering' of opposition websites"), Olga Ivanova, New Russia News Agency (NR2), 3 December 2009, 4766: 3888: 3507: 3015:

that do not engage in political activity were designated as "foreign agents". Most notable independent media that received orders were

1442:

declared it will cease work in Russia, as a significant number of journalists cooperating with OCCRP were harassed by the authorities.

1254: 324: 5534: 5425: 4891: 3946: 2783:

was warned by Roskomnadzor after airing first-hand testimonies of the fighting in eastern Ukraine, allegedly "justifying war crimes".

2779:; the following day the owner replaced the editor with a pro-governmental one, and 40 employees resigned in protest. In October 2014, 10242: 9817: 7243: 5602: 4820:""Эхо Москвы" и главреда сайта радиостанции оштрафовали на 260 тысяч рублей по закону о фейках из-за интервью с политологом Соловьем" 4370: 4094: 7704: 4472: 2032:

correspondent, on charges of disseminating "false information" about the Russian armed forces. Russia's Interior Ministry added two

11655: 9139: 9109: 9043: 8027:"On Guarantees of Equality of Parliamentary Parties in Covering their Activities by the National State-Owned TV and Radio Channels" 8006: 7725: 7054: 6762: 6364: 5296: 5042: 3663: 3391: 2746: 8081: 7368: 3965: 2557:

as saying she held optimistic about the new executive director of REN-TV and sure that its editorial policy would not be altered.

812:, the Russian government exerts control over civil society through selective implementation of the law, restriction, and censure. 11192: 11097: 11012: 10539: 10329: 10007: 9927: 8268: 8066: 7658: 5689: 4661: 2736: 2636: 1624:

hotspots (e.g. in restaurants, libraries, cafes etc.) to collect personal details of all users and identify them using passports.

1319:) and a "spontaneous collective condemnation" campaign was started in his village described as Soviet-esque by independent media. 5971: 5154: 3216:

In 2015, the non-profit association RosOtvet, launched an online service to facilitate requests for information to authorities.

1588: 11950: 11896: 11313: 10139: 5923: 2165:

Observers have noted the loss of independence among national television stations. As of 2013, the three main federal channels,

1891: 625: 7726:"The dismantling of the independent news organization 'RBC': How Russia gained and today lost a great source of news – Meduza" 7616: 4479:, Chapter 2: Rights and Freedoms of Man and Citizen, The Constitution of Russia, Kremlin Archive. Retrieved 14 September 2013. 3914: 3831: 3582: 3297:

73 out of the 166 cities under survey do publish open data. They observe the requirements on open data publication for 47.9%.

11408: 11071: 10750: 9432: 8757: 6780: 6461: 6342: 6253: 4854: 3279:), dedicating a section on a government body's own official website or on a special open data portal, regional or municipal. 1976: 1808:

and several reporters prosecuted on charges of "inciting hatred toward law enforcement officials" following criticism of the

336: 11792: 9402: 7578: 5850: 5629: 5180: 4224: 3861: 3794: 1435:

pro-government and pro-Putin propaganda rather than a legitimate news source and was created in 2013 by an executive order.

11742: 11454: 10707: 9977: 9942: 9732: 8889: 7133: 6183: 6164: 6145: 6065: 5094: 3371: 1871:

was convicted to 9 years of hard labor on extortion charges, after having already spent three years in pre-trial detention.

1491: 893: 857: 828:. The ombudsman cannot be dismissed before the end of his term, and is not subordinate to any body of power, including the 6306: 3641: 2117:), while Rain TV was forcibly removed from TV channels and only allowed to continue business as an Internet-only station. 1445:

The regulations about extremist content are applied selectively: in October 2021 the "Republic" news website was fined by

206: 11685: 10629: 10389: 9867: 9862: 9757: 9581: 7345: 6027: 5997: 2942: 2716:'s corporation failed to sell its three popular Russian radio stations because it didn't manage to find buyers for them. 1575: 1271: 698: 547: 311: 8029: 7639: 7285: 2157:

Governmental control over media is also exercised through the distribution of state subsidies and advertising revenues.

11187: 10806: 10279: 10182: 9987: 9962: 9877: 9857: 9807: 9777: 9767: 8656: 7217: 7193: 4527: 4278: 4012: 3994: 3381: 3376: 1702: 866:'s murder in Moscow on 7 October 2006. While international monitors spoke of several dozen deaths, some sources within 9317: 9006:"REGIONAL CONSULTATION ON NATIONAL SECURITY AND THE RIGHT TO INFORMATION National Questionnaire European Consultation" 8568:

https://www.broadbandtvnews.com/2022/04/06/calls-for-sanctions-on-russian-pay-tv-satellite-platforms-trikolor-and-ntv/

8236: 7594: 6929: 6272: 5215: 4373:[Russia throws out the Gazeta Wyborcza correspondent. Radziwinowicz: From today I cannot report from Moscow]. 3723: 2131:

As of 2009, the Russian government owns 60% of newspapers, and in whole or in part, all national television stations.

1169:

states, "The freedom of the mass media shall be guaranteed. Censorship shall be prohibited." The World Report 2009 by

257: 11620: 11509: 11444: 10745: 10604: 10294: 10073: 9952: 9947: 9827: 7944: 6229: 5876: 2335:

On 29 January 2014, the largest Russian TV providers, after key politicians expressed their discontent, disconnected

2181:(the Federal Agency for State Property Management), and NTV because it is owned by the state-controlled energy giant 1632: 726:

outlets to carry out independent policies. These laws and practices also hinder the ability of journalists to access

370: 236: 9615: 8293: 8172: 8145: 8104: 7875: 6969: 6892: 2177:, are controlled by the government, Channel One and Russia TV because they are completely or partially owned by the 1255:

opinions that show "disrespect for society, government, state symbols, the constitution and government institutions"

808:

constraining its coverage of certain controversial issues, resulting in infringements of these rights. According to

11960: 11368: 11351: 11017: 10374: 10369: 10344: 10202: 9967: 9922: 9902: 9892: 9792: 6598: 6113: 5750: 2855: 2800: 2740: 2386: 2382: 2223: 2062: 1902: 1817: 1757: 945: 897: 630: 501: 216: 8851: 6613: 6439: 6413: 5713: 5064: 4598: 4343: 3558: 3259:

Name of the government body's structure department in charge of reception, contact data (email, reference phones).

11965: 11162: 10700: 10399: 10349: 10309: 10262: 10257: 10247: 10232: 10227: 10222: 10207: 10192: 10187: 10177: 10172: 10162: 9992: 9907: 9887: 9772: 9762: 9683: 9654: 8287: 3007: 1466: 1287: 635: 620: 488: 8594: 7681: 5319: 4029: 2350:, avoiding any controversial topics that might impact the public image of the authorities. For example, massive 2339:

channel in response to a survey on its website and in live "Dilettants" discussing program. The survey asked if

1382:

issuing a required "screening license" was used to harass directors and block widespread shows of films such as

11955: 11767: 11393: 10826: 10427: 10394: 10384: 10364: 10354: 10339: 10252: 10237: 10212: 10148: 10037: 9972: 9937: 9872: 9852: 9842: 9802: 9782: 9380: 9247: 8541: 4917: 2930: 2914: 2687: 2503: 2243: 2009:

journalist Sergey Mingazov was arrested on charges of spreading "false information" about the Russian military.

1571: 691: 505: 465: 404: 8947: 6487: 5121: 3366: 2662:"Ninth, parliamentary parties should have clear guarantees that their work will be covered by the state media. 11975: 11970: 11563: 11278: 11102: 11062: 10816: 10740: 10735: 10639: 10379: 10274: 9997: 9957: 9932: 9912: 9847: 9822: 9812: 9797: 9132:""Второго человека в ФСБ" обвинили в укрытии элитной недвижимости, которая может стоить его дохода за 10 лет" 7325: 7189: 5447: 5387: 5265: 4722: 3247:

Approved forms (templates) for applications and other documents acceptable for review by the government body;

2958: 2759: 1848:, was given a two-year suspended sentence - including a ban on journalist activities - after being tried for 1519: 1257:. The law was criticized for vague wording allowing selective application e.g. against political opposition. 1177: 933: 770: 573: 454: 384: 7963: 7785: 7395:[Channel One viewers managed to push for a story about truckers. (But didn't get the right story)]. 6389: 4049:

Anna Politkovskaya, Prominent Russian Journalist, Putin Critic and Human Rights Activist, Murdered in Moscow

1762: 11849: 11829: 11732: 11383: 11333: 11197: 11042: 11007: 10690: 9917: 9882: 9832: 9741: 9280:"The regulatory and legal framework for the study of the openness of the highest regional executive bodies" 8283:"Russian Government Orders Media Outlets To Delete Stories Referring To 'Invasion' Or 'Assault' On Ukraine" 6542:[Former municipal deputy Anastasia Bryukhanova charged in criminal case on "fake" about the army]. 3401: 2676: 2643: 2003:

and other international media in the past, were arrested by Russian authorities on charges of "extremism".

944:

International reported also a "climate of growing intolerance towards independent views". According to the

674: 590: 231: 8307: 6199: 3304:

With regard to open data, as to 2015 the Infometer association calculated that 69 Russian regions publish

1986:

was sentenced in absentia to 8.5 years jail term for "spreading false information" about the Russian army.

1921:

was charged under Russia's "false information" law after he published information that Russian forces had

1852:. She denied all charges, claiming to be targeted in retribution for critical coverage of local officials. 975:

government and complete control the officials are enforcing over the media organisations in the republic.

11747: 11484: 11356: 11263: 11217: 11207: 11172: 11052: 10927: 10912: 10566: 10532: 9225: 7823: 7763: 7007: 2401: 1937: 1922: 1898: 1886: 1612:

autonomy. In subsequent years, it has been used to block caricatures of Vladimir Putin and LGBTQ content.

1523: 904: 139: 5682:"Just say no Meduza breaks down the potential fallout from Russia's draft law on 'educational activity'" 5133: 2639:

welcomed signs of a "fresh start" in relations between the authorities and independent media in Russia.

2343:

should have been surrendered to the invading Nazi army in order to save hundreds of thousands of lives.

11807: 11640: 11422: 11403: 11303: 11293: 11288: 10880: 10760: 10132: 8815: 8724: 7259: 4631: 4371:"Rosja wyrzuca korespondenta "GW". Radziwinowicz: Od dziś nie mogę z Moskwy napisać ani jednego tekstu" 3692: 3396: 3157: 1959: 1563: 1250: 522: 394: 274: 270: 9347: 5948: 5804:"Networked Authoritarianism and the Geopolitics of Information: Understanding Russian Internet Policy" 3439: 2120:

All but one of the national TV channels are fully or partially owned by the state. The last channel –

1596:, Roskomnadzor blocked a number of websites criticising Russian policy in Ukraine, including pages of 746:

media, which according to the laws of the Russian Federation may be either state or private property.

11859: 11839: 11812: 11568: 11328: 11087: 10966: 10895: 10775: 9679: 9650: 7915: 5357: 4316: 3287:

most of those publishing open data do it at their own resources that is not always the best solution;

3036: 3001: 1533: 1360: 754: 562: 557: 434: 419: 199: 24: 9102:"ФСБ предложила засекретить данные о владельцах недвижимости после громких разоблачений госслужащих" 8054: 7452:

Vendil Pallin, Carolina (4 January 2016). "Internet control through ownership: the case of Russia".

6560:[Court in Moscow arrests Maxim Katz in absentia in the case of "fake news" about the army]. 5505:"Russian state media orders reporters to stop calling the Taliban a 'banned terrorist organization'" 1078:

regulations. He became the first foreign journalist to be expelled from Russia since the end of the

11373: 11212: 11182: 11047: 10961: 10870: 10833: 9749: 9725: 9627: 8657:""Taking control?" Updated RSF report on Internet censorship in Russia | Reporters without borders" 6540:"На бывшего муниципального депутата Анастасию Брюханову завели уголовное дело о "фейках" про армию" 3353: 3202: 2827: 2421: 1809: 1555: 1402: 1299: 1040:

while filming a documentary about the activities of illegal Russian military formations in the CAR.

1037: 552: 149: 7305: 7079: 3534: 2482:

said that the magazine would carry fewer stories on politics and focus on business and economics.

1965:

In June 2023, Russian journalist Ilya Krasilshchik, former publisher of the independent news site

1735:, located 100 miles (roughly 160 km) northwest of Moscow, ruled that the official website of 1356: 1036:), was killed along with film director Alexander Rastorguev and cameraman Kirill Radchenko in the 11879: 11854: 11690: 11539: 11499: 11202: 11032: 10900: 9549: 8146:"The propagandist's translation dictionary: How Russia's pro-Kremlin media 'translates' the news" 4489: 3810: 3606: 3197:

news agency may not always have access to Kremlin authorities, but occasionally can have a story.

2762:

stating that "this is the first war in history started exclusively by Goebbels-like propaganda".

2590: 2417: 2226:, "All three major television networks are now in the hands of Kremlin loyalists." Indeed, while 1537: 1146:

on charges of espionage. He is the first American journalist to be detained in Russia since the

1138: 1054:

left Russia after he was placed on "wanted" list by FSB for alleged "illegal crossing of border."

640: 580: 532: 527: 424: 305: 290: 195: 129: 6857: 6087: 5729: 5474: 1932:

On 13 April 2022, Siberian journalist Mikhail Afanasyev, editor-in-chief of the online magazine

1114: 11817: 11675: 11645: 11600: 11551: 11546: 11479: 11363: 11323: 11283: 11117: 11027: 11022: 10843: 10755: 10622: 10525: 8566:

Calls for sanctions on Russian pay-TV Satellite platforms Trikolor and NTV+, Broadband TV News

7390: 7152:"Russian Federation: Russian Antitrust Law: Important Considerations For Non-Russian Investors" 5140:с ник-неймом «Александр Цветков» (решение Центрального районного суда г. Твери от 11.05.2016);" 4973: 4554: 3361: 3065: 2536:

had made changes to the managing structures of the channels. Referring to an anonymous source,

2533: 2355: 2325: 2294: 2282: 2065:, or ownership by large private companies with government links, to control or influence major 1753: 1736: 1567: 1166: 979: 801: 781: 655: 600: 472: 444: 439: 389: 295: 174: 8980: 7364:Телеканал "Дождь" начали отключать в регионах, Синдеева назвала истинную причину таких решений 6462:"ARTICLE 19 is concerned about ongoing prosecution of independent newspaper staff in Dagestan" 5243: 4582: 4048: 1427:

The Ministry of Justice maintains a list of "extremist materials" which are illegal to share.

1244: 11844: 11585: 11558: 11519: 11459: 11258: 11227: 11137: 10885: 10821: 10125: 8785: 8537: 8385:"Russia Threatens to Block Knowledge for Stating Facts About Its War Casualties, Editors Say" 3469: 3209: 1941: 1307: 940: 824:, named officially the Commissioner for Human Rights, is appointed for a certain term by the 650: 645: 605: 537: 482: 429: 409: 359: 264: 246: 241: 226: 221: 164: 154: 144: 134: 124: 119: 114: 81: 7518: 4758: 3880: 2668:

bureaucrat can obstruct discussion on the internet or censor thousands of channels at once."

1249:

In 2019 Russia introduced new regulation commonly called "fake news law" which criminalizes

11874: 11782: 11777: 11529: 11464: 11222: 11157: 11152: 11142: 11112: 11107: 11067: 10574: 5417: 3943: 3293:

the very few city administrations work with the community of open data software developers.

3231: 3141: 2836: 2565: 2313: 2235: 2196: 2166: 1997:

In April 2024, Russian journalists Konstantin Gabov and Sergey Karelin, who had worked for

1953: 1780: 1771: 1506: 1322: 1160: 833: 789: 615: 610: 595: 585: 512: 495: 459: 399: 341: 285: 251: 179: 169: 159: 7240: 7218:"Dissenting voices to be silenced as liberal Russian TV channels come under state control" 6226:"Сергей Лавров оправдал преследования геев и "Pussy Riot" "православием" народа - Контуры" 5594: 4091: 1107:

Also in 2015, following the documentary on Russian soldiers serving in the war in Donbas,

8: 11869: 11625: 11575: 11494: 11398: 11232: 11177: 11132: 11127: 11122: 11077: 11037: 11002: 10944: 10858: 10789: 10651: 10047: 9718: 9569: 7701: 6837: 6594:"Siberian news outlets, management charged with disseminating 'fakes' about Russian army" 4469: 3995:"Конфликты, зафиксированные службой мониторинга ФЗГ на территории РФ в течение 2006 года" 3915:"10 Years on From the Murder of Russian Journalist Anna Politkovskaya, What Has Changed?" 3832:"Report Of the Commissioner for Human Rights in the Russian Federation For the Year 2006" 2974: 2702:

control of the authorities, but added that that's not a specifically Russian phenomenon.

2698: 2686:

to pass laws on guarantees of equal media coverage of activity of parties represented in

2449: 2258:, a media outlet owned by Berezovsky, was closed in 2002 using a legal loophole. In 2003 1983: 1868: 1383: 1208: 829: 750: 727: 567: 542: 517: 477: 414: 378: 364: 346: 300: 189: 91: 71: 9131: 9101: 7080:"12 newsrooms in 5 years How the Russian authorities decimated a news industry – Meduza" 7043: 6313:("Yota blocked access to opposition sites for several days"), Lenta.Ru, 7 December 2009 5288: 5034: 1722:

Federal Service for Supervision of Communications, Information Technology and Mass Media

1701:, it was reported by Kontury news website that FSB officers addressed moderators of the 11797: 11772: 11762: 11752: 11737: 11722: 11680: 11610: 11595: 11534: 11514: 11504: 11474: 11449: 11434: 11378: 11318: 11308: 11167: 10990: 10976: 10971: 10917: 10853: 10663: 8939: 8078: 7589: 7469: 7362: 6211: 5418:"The Enemies List How the authorities divide the labor of crushing Russia's free press" 5388:"Суд признал главу из книги о химии за 1961 год «подрывающей безопасность государства»" 5231: 3962: 3839: 3693:"The October 2009 Concluding Observations of the United Nations Human Rights Committee" 3179: 3052: 3048: 3012: 2765:

Independent coverage of war-related issues led to official pressures on media outlets.

2683: 2577: 2192: 2138:

stated that in recent years, companies with close links to the Government, state-owned

2054: 1918: 1767: 1740: 1580: 1542: 1529: 1283: 1170: 915: 884:

Since the early 1990s, a number of Russian reporters who have covered the situation in

863: 809: 449: 331: 318: 211: 184: 7655: 7241:"Russia, Heroes and Henchmen, The Work of Journalist and the Media in Russian Regions" 5681: 4871:

President's Council for the Development of Civil Society Institutions and Human Rights

2358:

in spite of wide coverage in local and independent media and requests of the viewers.

1944:"For Journalism as a Deed." He was sentenced to 5.5 years in prison in September 2023. 1640:

Social media platforms came under increased pressure in 2014. In April the founder of

1007:

In August 2014 the investigative reporter Aleksandr Krutov was attacked and beaten in

11915: 11667: 11635: 11630: 11615: 11590: 11439: 11388: 11338: 11268: 11246: 11091: 10875: 10811: 10801: 10765: 10668: 10634: 10612: 10557: 10102: 9162:"'Anti-Russian,' a Dangerously Unconstitutional Update of 'Anti-Soviet,' Reznik Says" 8943: 7473: 7185: 5825: 5327: 4445: 4119: 4112:"Chechen journalists, international journalists – Ramzan Kadyrov has silenced us all" 3731: 3267:

The Russian legislation provides several ways for government bodies to publish their

3086: 2910: 2844: 2755: 2507: 2305: 2247: 2231: 1813: 1470: 1391: 1326: 1261: 1181: 1051: 785: 7656:

CEO of NMG: editorial policy regarding news on Channel 5 and REN-TV won't be altered

6763:"Russia is rounding up more journalists a year after the arrest of Evan Gershkovich" 5920: 3836:

Official Website of the High Commissioner for Human Rights in the Russian Federation

3555:"Europe no longer so exemplary, Russian tragedy deepens - Reporters Without Borders" 11864: 11802: 11757: 11700: 11605: 11524: 11489: 11298: 10949: 10848: 10656: 9048: 8935: 8931: 8334: 7613: 7461: 6727: 5815: 5035:"Грани.Ру: Книга "ФСБ взрывает Россию" включена в список экстремистских материалов" 3858: 3579: 3175: 3133: 2870: 2866: 2573: 2491: 2470: 2309: 2212: 2050: 1683: 1502: 1450: 1352: 1215: 9466:"Informational Openness of Russian Judicial Websites: General Jurisdiction Courts" 9440: 7465: 7392:ЗЗрители добились от Первого канала сюжета про дальнобойщиков. (Но получили не то) 6742: 6465: 6338: 6250: 5755:

Enemies of the Internet 2014: Entities at the heart of censorship and surveillance

4851: 4790:"Russia Criminalizes The Spread of Online News Which 'Disrespects' The Government" 4407:"Russia: CFWIJ is alarmed by the possible expulsion of journalist Sarah Rainsford" 2564:

On 22 October 2009, Alexander Orjonikize, a former head of REN-TV, and now CEO of

1011:- the fourth time in his 20-year career in covering crime for a local publication. 11924: 11884: 11787: 11727: 11717: 11705: 11650: 11469: 10863: 10838: 10617: 10117: 9410: 8920:"Limited Access to Information as a Means of Censorship in Post-Communist Russia" 8538:"Urgent interim measure in the case of the Russian daily newspaper Novaya Gazeta" 8108: 8085: 8033: 8016:, Dmitry Medvedev, Kremlin archive, 5 November 2008. Retrieved 13 September 2013. 8013: 7989: 7970: 7951: 7708: 7685: 7662: 7643: 7620: 7601: 7585: 7349: 7312: 7289: 7266: 7247: 7224: 7137: 7115: 6842: 6513: 6396: 6325: 6310: 6291: 6276: 6257: 6206: 6187: 6168: 6149: 6057: 5927: 5904: 5846: 5738: 5717: 5625: 5137: 5125: 4877: 4858: 4617: 4602: 4558: 4531: 4476: 4380: 4375: 4312:"Why I had to leave Russia, after three decades as a foreign correspondent there" 4220: 4098: 4055: 4036: 3969: 3950: 3865: 3817: 3798: 3791: 3648: 3586: 3541: 3386: 2679: 2647: 2541: 2437: 2433: 2405: 2381:

Media. A complete list of the audiovisual services in Russia can be found in the

2347: 2278: 2150: 2114: 2066: 1876: 1653: 1431: 1387: 1222: 1211: 1204: 1131: 1108: 971:

describing the intimidation and physical attacks they are experiencing under the

889: 805: 8881: 8126:"Putin insists there is press freedom in Russia as long as journalists obey law" 7130: 6180: 6161: 6142: 5212:"Петербургская таможня не пропустила книгу Маши Гессен о тоталитаризме в России" 2057:. About 85% of Russians get most of their information from Russian state media. 1766:

Protest outside the Russian Embassy in Berlin demanding the release of Russia's

11822: 11695: 10956: 10922: 10646: 10599: 9710: 7342: 5652:"Putin signs legislation bringing 'educational activities' under state control" 4535: 3241:

Information on head officials (full names, other information - upon agreement);

3069: 2918: 2902: 2878: 2814: 2713: 2658:

The policies adopted in that address answered that criticism the following way:

2623: 2499: 2413: 2370: 2208: 2200: 1999: 1830: 1805: 1687: 1677: 1616: 1601: 1597: 1337: 1086: 1033: 972: 927: 840: 8203:"Supporting a War that isn't: Russian Public Opinion and the Ukraine Conflict" 6669:"Russian Media Publisher Sentenced to 8 Years in Absentia Over Bucha Comments" 6576:"Russia: Authorities launch witch-hunt to catch anyone sharing anti-war views" 6303: 4344:"Автору фильма о "селфи-солдатах" в Донбассе отказали в аккредитации в России" 3763:"Hollywood's Child 44 pulled in Russia after falling foul of culture ministry" 2308:

is not broadcast in Russia, but available in that country through networks of

1574:

found Russia's SORM surveillance legislation and practice in violation of the

11944: 11929: 11834: 11343: 11082: 10673: 10096: 8130: 8026: 7983:

IFJ Welcomes "Fresh Start" in Russia as Medvedev Opens Door to Media Dialogue

7954:, Valadimir Putin, Kremlin archive, 5 June 2006. Retrieved 13 September 2013. 7876:"The Reform of the Administration of the President of the Russian Federation" 7636: 7282: 5829: 5331: 4449: 4177: 4123: 3735: 3474: 3339: 3190: 3171: 3167: 3118: 2897: 2809: 2787: 2751: 2595: 2077: 1845: 1841: 1673: 1669: 1413: 1409: 1266: 1238: 923: 8354:"Moscow threatens to block Russian-language Knowledge over invasion article" 8175:Аркадий Бабченко: "Если бы не российское телевидение, этой войны бы не было" 7181: 4524: 4016: 3998: 3023:, even though their "foreign funding" was limited to advertising contracts. 1536:

list of countries under surveillance from 2010 to 2013 and was moved to the

11710: 10695: 10685: 9309: 8510: 8228: 7550:"New Russian media ownership law: How will changes affect foreign players?" 6269: 5757:, Reporters Without Borders (Paris), 11 March 2014. Retrieved 24 June 2014. 5211: 4595: 4283: 3325: 3026: 2795: 2776: 2611:

suppression of criticism from both media as well as from opposition in the

2511: 2362: 2351: 2259: 2219:

football club and Putin's ally). NTV covers 84% of the national territory.

2216: 2204: 2174: 2121: 1972: 1628: 1370: 1143: 1071: 1066: 1044: 968: 8579: 7945:"Speech at Opening Ceremony of the 59th World Newspaper Congress (Moscow)" 6225: 5820: 5803: 3290:

quite few city administrations approve normative acts regarding open data;

2389:. Such list includes the ownership of TV channels and on-demand services. 1958:

was sentenced to six years in prison for publishing information about the

1913:

of channel "Maxim Katz" and Anastasia Bryukhanova of channel "Objective".

1717:

opened access to all previously blocked resources, save for Kavkaz Center.

1680:

and hosts videos on terrorist attacks on Russian forces in North Caucasus.

1554:

requires telecommunications operators to install hardware provided by the

1142:

reporter Evan Gershkovich was detained in Russia on March 29, 2023 by the

10905: 10712: 10589: 10106: 8179: 8101: 7846:"Reform of the Administration of the President of the Russian Federation" 7182:"Report by Mr. Alvaro Gil-Robles on his Visits to the Russian Federation" 6977: 6900: 6838:"Putin May Be Winning the Information War Outside of the U.S. and Europe" 6558:"Суд в Москве заочно арестовал Максима Каца по делу о "фейках" про армию" 5872: 4892:"FSB Increasingly Involved in Misuse of 'Anti-Extremism' Laws, SOVA Says" 3981: 3186: 2937:, and from other actions that in the current circumstances could deprive 2780: 2101: 1991: 1698: 1645: 1608:. In July 2014, the online extremism law was used to prevent a march for 1374: 1226: 1185: 1058: 1022: 1015: 960:

outrank it on the list of most life-threatening countries for the press.

6936:. International Research & Exchanges Board (IREX). 1 February 2017. 6819:"Russia issues arrest warrants for exiled journalists over war coverage" 3944:

CPJ calls on Putin to take responsibility for Politkovskaya murder probe

2758:, Russian mass media played a significant role in actually starting the 2601: 2289:( known for "Postscriptum" with Aleksey Pushkov, "Moment of Truth" with 1747: 1348:, were also added to the federal index of extremist materials in Russia. 10934: 10594: 10584: 8048:"Address to the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation" (full text) 7624: 6390:"Russian Court Overturns Attempt to Ban Bible-Education Website-JW.org" 5710: 4438:"US declares journalist Evan Gershkovich wrongfully detained by Moscow" 3104: 2607: 2524: 2397: 2267: 2263: 2255: 2239: 2109: 2019: 1910: 1821: 1691: 1190: 825: 797: 739: 731: 723: 9637:. Institute for Information Freedom Development (IIFD). September 2008 6304:"Абоненты Yota несколько дней не имели доступа к оппозиционным сайтам" 4974:"Росфинмониторинг - Перечень террористов и экстремистов (действующие)" 2234:) was state-owned since its foundation in 1991, major shareholders of 2191:(Rossiya) covers 98.5% of the country's territory and is state-owned. 1706:

requested bloggers to publish only unique posts about protest actions.

10579: 8687:"Putin's crackdown: how Russia's journalists became 'foreign agents'" 8047: 7678: 6747: 5320:"Putin Speaks, Officials Shrug, and Doctors Are Caught in the Middle" 4013:"Конфликты, зафиксированные ФЗГ в течение 2005 года на территории РФ" 3664:"Freedom curtailed in the Russian Federation - Amnesty International" 3305: 3268: 3145: 3096: 3032: 2822: 2709: 2464: 2340: 2286: 2170: 2105: 1849: 1796: 1661: 1641: 1546:

reported that Russia was beginning 'Selectively Blocking Internet'.

1501:

In 2021 a new law was proposed to regulate "educational activities" (

1405:

crisis were accused of "carrying out extremist activities" by police.

1345: 1333: 1303: 1291: 1097: 908: 821: 722:

maintains laws and practices that make it difficult for directors of

18: 9257: 8475:"Facebook, Multiple Media Sites Partially Down in Russia – AFP, NGO" 8259:"Russia Tells Media to Delete Stories Mentioning Ukraine 'Invasion'" 7423:"MAVISE Database on TV and on-demand audiovisual services in Europe" 6614:"Siberian Journalist Detained Over Report Related To War In Ukraine" 4921: 4248:"Russia's FSB seeks to arrest journalist who worked with Bellingcat" 2854:

On 4 March 2022, President Putin signed into law a bill introducing

2040: 1355:

confiscated a whole print run of a book by a Polish war-time author

9531:"World Press Freedom Index 2017, Reporters Without Borders: Russia" 8919: 8595:"Discourse in Danger. Attacks on free expression in Putin's Russia" 8308:"Russia's Only Independent TV Station Won't Censor the Ukraine War" 8263: 7270: 6803: 5119: 4723:"Discourse in danger: attacks on free expression in Putin's Russia" 4662:"Reporters Without Borders: Russian laws 'lead to self-censorship'" 3194: 3162: 3124: 2886: 2766: 2720: 2474:. Russian media executives bought the stakes in both transactions. 2366: 2188: 2097: 2014: 1926: 1856: 1801: 1559: 1419:

A 1961 chemistry textbook was banned, as a chapter on synthesis of

1341: 1329:" was also listed as an "extremist publication" and banned in 2015. 1147: 1090: 1079: 964: 949: 919: 885: 743: 730:

and to work without outside pressure. Media inside Russia includes

10517: 9372: 8979:. Access Info Europe, Centre for Law and Democracy. Archived from 7329: 6705:"Russia Puts Prominent Russian-American Journalist on Wanted List" 6399:, Johovah's Witnesses, 21 January 2014. Retrieved 23 January 2014. 5921:"Law concerning the illegal websites register has come into force" 5257: 11057:

Foreign Relations of Russia since the Russian invasion of Ukraine

10939: 9693: 9664: 9076:"Daching: How to Get Beaten Up in the Russian Countryside | News" 6514:"Alexei Navalny: Report names 'Russian agents' in poisoning case" 6028:"Facebook, Gmail, Skype face Russia ban under 'anti-terror' plan" 4636:

Magazine for Arts and Civil Society in Central and Eastern Europe

3811:

St. Petersburg Times: Controversial Ombudsman Mikhailov Dismissed

3724:"Russia Is Censoring the Internet, With Coercion and Black Boxes" 3642:

Amnesty International: Amnesty International Report 2009 - Russia

3128: 3020: 2906: 2890: 2832: 2528:

newspaper reported that the owner of private television channels

2378: 2336: 2251: 2182: 2139: 2125: 2024: 1906: 1649: 1609: 1018:. Their equipment was destroyed and the videographer was injured. 1008: 1001: 957: 8415:"Putin Signs Law Introducing Jail Terms for 'Fake News' on Army" 5535:"Trial Postponed For Crimean Journalist Charged With Separatism" 3984:, spreadsheet, Committee to Protect Journalists, 15 August 2009. 2799:

ordered media organizations to delete stories that describe the

2142:

among them, have bought several of the most influential papers.

1423:

was described by court as "undermining security of the country".

10548: 9499: 8102:

Murdoch didn't manage to find buyers for Russian radio stations

6633:"Mikhail sentenced to five years in jail for writing the truth" 5065:"Федеральный список экстремистских материалов дорос до п. 3152" 3111: 3016: 2941:

of the enjoyment of its rights guaranteed by Article 10 of the

2882: 2874: 2818: 2697:

Russian head of the Parliamentary Committee on Foreign Affairs

2529: 2459: 2454: 2274: 2093: 2005: 1967: 1665: 1487:

opposing interpretations that differ from official narratives.

1420: 1398: 1277: 1197: 1014:

In September 2014 a TV crew reporting on fraud was attacked in

867: 719: 9597: 9217: 7815: 7755: 6781:"Russia: Navalny-linked journalists arrested over 'extremism'" 5005:"The Propaganda War: Opposition Sings Kremlin Tune on Ukraine" 3909: 3319: 2160: 2080:, Russia's former Minister of Finance and current head of the 1697:

Against the background of the December 2008 demonstrations in

948:, Russia is a more dangerous place now than it was during the 9188:"Legal Analysis: Russia's Right To Be Forgotten · Article 19" 6893:"Russia - Media Landscape - European Journalism Centre (EJC)" 5565:"Dozens in Russia imprisoned for social media likes, reposts" 5181:"Reinventing Soviet-Style Censorship in Russia – and Beyond?" 3153: 2775:

in March 2014 after publishing an interview with a member of

2354:

protests across the country were never even mentioned in the

1994:

and filmed the last video of Alexei Navalny before his death.

1621: 997: 735: 9530: 8716: 7213: 7211: 6799:"Russia arrests Forbes journalist over Bucha massacre posts" 5130: 4577:[82% of Russians approve of television censorship]. 4191:"Russia in Africa: Inside a military training centre in CAR" 3253:

Procedure for entering state service in the government body;

3208:

Another regulation enacted in 2015 is based on the European

2517: 1897:

Many Russian media outlets were forced to stop covering the

1731:

On 7 August 2013, the Central District Court of the city of

1720:

On 5 April 2013, it was confirmed by a spokesperson for the

1496: 1274:

for disputing the officially declared mortality statistics.

815: 9339: 8445:"Russia blocks access to BBC and Voice of America websites" 8330:"Russia Blocks 2 Independent Media Sites Over War Coverage" 5944: 3447: 3421: 2913:

filed an application against Russia (No.11884/22) with the

2865:

blocked access to several foreign media outlets, including

2612: 2321: 2317: 2301: 2012:

On 17 June 2024, a Moscow court issued arrest warrants for

1732: 1714: 1710: 1551: 1401:

complaining about lack of overtime payments related to the

1074:, from Britain, was refused entry into Russia, contrary to 953: 930:

has failed to protect the country's new independent media.

892:, state and administrative officials, and large businesses 9621:

A guide to the troubled world of independent Russian media

6651:"Russia Jails Anti-War Journalist 6 Years for 'Fake News'" 6339:"Russia May Block Knowledge Access Over Narcotics Article" 5358:"Минюст внёс песню "Порнофильмов" в список экстремистских" 4944:"Putin Raises 'Extremism' Fines for Russian Media Tenfold" 3174:, who began the task, and later they were joined by first 2952: 2754:) or invented from scratch. According to the war reporter 1804:'s largest independent newspaper, saw its editor-in-chief 1558:(FSB). It allow the agency to unilaterally monitor users' 851: 749:

As of 2023, Russia ranked 164 out of 180 countries in the

9689: 9660: 8717:"PolitPressing.org • политические преследования в России" 8007:

Address to the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation

7208: 7008:"A complete guide to who controls the Russian news media" 3580:

Reporters Without Borders: Indeks svabody pressy 2009 god

2628: 2135: 2018:

editor-in-chief and award-winning investigative reporter

1456: 1359:

because of an allegedly "extremist content" (mentions of

1085:

In July 2014, the Ukrainian journalist Yevgeniy Agarkov (

1000:-based publisher Lev Shlosberg, member of the opposition 874:

Remembrance Day of Journalists Killed in the Line of Duty

793: 9567: 9044:"How the Kremlin and the Media Ended Up in Bed Together" 8852:"CONSTITUTIONAL PROTECTIONS OF THE RIGHT TO INFORMATION" 7816:"Журналисты РБК объявили об уходе вслед за руководством" 6438:. Committee to Protect Journalists. 2010. Archived from 6412:. Reporters Without Borders. 20 May 2011. Archived from 6410:"Court acquits Dagestan's leading independent newspaper" 6365:"Russian media regulator confirms Knowledge blacklisted" 5873:"Путин подписал закон о блокировке сайтов за экстремизм" 3027:

Selective use of regulations and criminal investigations

2803:

as an "assault", "invasion", or a "declaration of war".

2324:

networks. A former editor of a program on that channel,

2250:, respectively) sold their stocks to the government and 986:

is concerned about the contemporary situation in Russia.

8747:"List of Political Prisoners in the Russian Federation" 8229:"Сергей Шойгу наградил победителей конкурса "МЕДИА-АС"" 7756:"Reuters назвало ставшую "последней каплей" статью РБК" 6858:"Russia - Country report - Freedom of the Press - 2013" 6723:"Russia Jails State TV Protester 8.5 Years in Absentia" 6367:. Russia Beyond The Headlines. Interfax. 5 April 2013. 6270:"Абоненты расследуют «фильтрацию» оппозиционных сайтов" 4279:"Russia U-turns over Guardian journalist's deportation" 4101:, The Committee to Protect Journalists, September 2009. 3544:; US BUREAU OF DEMOCRACY, HUMAN RIGHTS, AND LABOR; 2013 1513: 1481: 1465:

The Russian-language edition of the popular bestseller

1298:

Since 2009, law enforcement agencies (most notably the

1245:"Fake news" law and law on "disrespect for authorities" 967:

journalists published an anonymous, dramatic appeal in

9511: 7429:. European Audiovisual Observatory. 1 September 2016. 7234: 7126: 7124: 6568: 3058: 2485: 2392: 2377:), while Ekho Moskvy is owned by the state-controlled 1724:

that Knowledge had been blacklisted over the article '

1059:

Denial of entry and deportation of foreign journalists

7306:

Financial Times: Russian media set for landmark deals

6088:"Passport now required to use public Wi-Fi in Russia" 5258:"YouTube удалил фильм Алексея Красовского "Праздник"" 3972:, Committee to Protect Journalists, 16 February 2006. 3219: 2602:

Official stance towards the issues of state dominance

2053:, chief of Russia's main state-controlled TV station 1748:

Judicial prosecution of journalists and media outlets

7786:"Three Top Editors Leave Russia's RBC Media Holding" 7489:"New law further restricts foreign media investment" 4852:"Russian Lawmakers Set to Debate Internet Blacklist" 4551: 4221:"Russian media's rare support for arrested reporter" 3530: 3528: 3526: 3524: 3315: 2957:

According to the World Press Freedom Review 2008 by

2427: 2373:. Mayak, Vesti FM and Radio Rossii are state-owned ( 1982:

On 4 October 2023, former Russian state TV employee

1615:

The "Bloggers law" (2014), an amendment to existing

9218:"Знакомьтесь, сыновья генпрокурора - ЛСДУ3 и ЙФЯУ9" 8578:Report and petition of the Denis Diderot Committee 7121: 6850: 6490:. Committee to Protect Journalists. 19 March 2011. 5289:"Final cut: Movies that have been banned in Russia" 5003:Neef, Christian; Schepp, Matthias (22 April 2014). 4246:Moscow, Staff and agencies in (30 September 2021). 4087: 4085: 1552:

System of Operational-Investigatory Measures (SORM)

10147: 9037: 9035: 9033: 9031: 6114:"Russia: 'Big Brother' Law Harms Security, Rights" 6050: 5998:"Russia Blacklists LGBT Teen Online Support Group" 5972:"Russia Bans 'Extremist' Image of Putin in Makeup" 5741:, Reporters Without Borders (Paris), 12 March 2012 5704: 5155:"Russia Bans 'Extremist' Image of Putin in Makeup" 4605:, Эдуарду Коридорову, ТАСС-Прогноз, 15 July 2005, 3470:"Russia: Freedom in the World 2023 Country Report" 1936:, was detained by the police for his reporting on 1875:Judicial harassment of the blogger and politician 1386:, "Holiday" (rus. Праздник) by Andrey Krassovski, 918:, known for her criticisms of Russia's actions in 9403:"Russian Cities' Open Data: Audit Results – 2016" 8627:"Russia's Putin signs 'foreign agents' media law" 7679:Employees of the Channel 5 threaten mass protests 7150:Petrov, Valentin; Shevtsov, Petr (10 July 2014). 4693:"How censorship works in Vladimir Putin's Russia" 4030:Putin's Russia failed to protect this brave woman 3607:"Human Rights Watch: World Report, Russia p. 393" 3521: 3392:Political repression of cyber-dissidents § Russia 2041:Government ownership and control of media outlets 1251:publications containing "unreliable" information" 1154: 1134:was banned from working in Russia in August 2021. 876:in Russia is observed on 15 December every year. 11942: 9740: 4564: 4082: 4069:"International Press Institute: Europe Overview" 3722:Satariano, Adam; Mozur, Paul (22 October 2021). 1566:ordered companies to install new equipment with 1416:" was deemed "extremist" and banned countrywide. 1373:, ordered on Amazon by a lawyer Sergey Golubok. 9028: 6058:"Russian MPs back law on internet data storage" 5841: 5839: 4574:82% россиян выступают за цензуру на телевидении 4525:Interview of Alvaro Gil-Robles to M. Ganapolsky 4490:"Human Rights Watch: World Report 2009: Russia" 2581:languages. How does that relate to Channel 5?" 2346:Top state television channels frequently apply 2277:(known for the daily analytical talk show with 1844:, former chief editor of the Ura.ru website in 1694:'s administration, was murdered in August 2008. 680:Internet censorship and surveillance by country 8825:. UN Human Rights Committee. 30 October 2009. 8506:"Russia blocks access to Facebook and Twitter" 7579:It Isn’t Magic: Putin Opponents Vanish From TV 7149: 6488:"Dagestan court acquits Chernovik journalists" 6436:"CPJ to honor brave international journalists" 5898:Internet Restriction Bill Passes First Reading 5744: 5723: 4552:Russian Public Opinion Research Center (WCIOM) 3721: 3185:"In-betweeners." the commercial radio station 1794:In a three-year court case beginning in 2008, 1594:annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation 1096:In September 2014, a BBC team was attacked in 1029:was beaten by two men in the website premises. 10533: 10133: 9726: 8382: 8002: 8000: 7998: 7547: 7451: 6829: 3116: 3102: 3094: 2650:acknowledged problems with the Russian media: 2606:In 2000, prior to the presidential election, 984:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 699: 8973:"Global Right to Information Rating- Russia" 8882:"The Constitution of the Russian Federation" 7614:REN-TV and Channel 5 will get different news 7273:, 6 March 2012. Retrieved 13 September 2013. 7250:, Reporters Without Borders, September 2009. 7102: 6976:. European Journalism Centre. Archived from 6020: 5969: 5847:"Russia internet blacklist law takes effect" 5836: 5152: 4061: 3760: 3658: 3656: 3502: 3500: 3498: 3496: 3494: 3492: 2719:In September 2024, in an interview with the 1672:website, a site that supports creation of a 1196:According to 2005 research conducted by the 1047:was arrested and allegedly beaten in custody 991:right to life and security of these persons. 9688:. Season 42. Episode 2. 26 September 2023. 8589: 8587: 7548:Sinelschikova, Yekaterina (28 April 2015). 7355: 7005: 6464:. ARTICLE 19. 21 March 2010. Archived from 5095:"Изъят тираж книги Яна Новака-Езёраньского" 4864: 4570: 3367:Mat (Russian profanity) § Legal issues 3055:in Russia, that also includes journalists. 2694:share in electronic media is even smaller. 2589:In 2016, leadership and top journalists of 2161:Government control over the broadcast media 1867:In October 2014, Rostov-na-Donu journalist 10540: 10526: 10140: 10126: 9733: 9719: 9164:. The Interpreter Magazine. 27 July 2015. 8041: 7995: 7486: 6967: 6564:(in Russian). Riga, Latvia. 23 March 2023. 6546:(in Russian). Riga, Latvia. 12 April 2023. 5626:"Putin backs WW2 myth in new Russian film" 5286: 5002: 4889: 3754: 3687: 3685: 3152:, and the Aram Gabrelyanov media family — 2462:sold its stakes in the business newspaper 2262:channel which was formed mainly of former 2207:, one of the largest banks in Russia, and 879: 706: 692: 9659:. Season 41. Episode 4. 1 November 2022. 9472:. Infometer. October 2014. Archived from 8917: 8170: 5819: 4690: 3653: 3601: 3599: 3489: 2518:REN-TV and Channel 5 news ban controversy 2067:national media and regional media outlets 816:Commissioner for Human Rights (ombudsman) 9574:"Russian Mass Media and Changing Values" 8584: 8060: 7916:"My starring role in Russian propaganda" 7487:Ibragimova, Galiya (24 September 2014). 7174: 5801: 5768:"Russians Selectively Blocking Internet" 5475:"OCCRP прекращает деятельность в России" 5069:SOVA Center for Information and Analysis 4910: 4847: 4845: 4561:, web site. Retrieved 14 September 2013. 4368: 3887:. Transcripts.cnn.com. 9 December 2007. 3854: 3852: 2747:Russian military intervention in Ukraine 2044: 1917:On 22 March 2022, television journalist 1761: 1652:, owned by Kremlin-friendly businessman 1473:published in 2019 had references to the 1336:anniversary in Ukraine, the articles of 1184:said in 2005 interview to Russian radio 1032:On 30 July 2018, Orkhan Dzhemal (son of 775: 17: 11193:Collective Security Treaty Organization 9616:Freedom House 2010 Press Survey: Russia 9460: 9458: 9439:. Infometer. March 2016. Archived from 8580:https://histv3.wixsite.com/denisdiderot 7695: 7649: 7630: 6887: 6885: 6883: 6835: 6200:Protests on Car Tariffs Erupt in Russia 5891: 5317: 4629: 4518: 4276: 3682: 3508:"International Press Institute: Russia" 2953:Political pressure on independent media 2737:Media portrayal of the Ukrainian crisis 2637:International Federation of Journalists 2544:(known as Russia Today until 2009). As 2443: 1631:" (2016) requires telecom operators to 1043:In June 2019, investigative journalist 870:talked of over two hundred fatalities. 852:Attacks and threats against journalists 11943: 9367: 9365: 9256:(in Russian). RosOtvet. Archived from 9000: 8998: 8967: 8965: 8913: 8911: 8909: 8907: 8780: 8778: 8200: 8019: 7037: 7035: 7033: 7001: 6999: 6997: 6995: 6963: 6961: 6959: 6957: 6955: 6924: 6922: 6920: 6918: 6630: 5934:, 30 July 2012, accessed 7 August 2012 5797: 5795: 5793: 5485:from the original on 15 September 2021 5428:from the original on 29 September 2021 4435: 4309: 4245: 4173: 4171: 4169: 4167: 4165: 3596: 2807:launched an investigation against the 2730: 2468:and the English-language publication, 2281:, analytical news program "Week" with 2270:was closed due to financial problems. 2022:and Ekaterina Fomina, a journalist at 1457:References to the annexation of Crimea 1198:Russian Public Opinion Research Center 914:On 7 October 2006, Russian journalist 10751:Judicial system of the Russian Empire 10521: 10121: 9714: 9383:from the original on 28 December 2016 9041: 8918:De Smaele, Hedwig (7 November 2014). 8697:from the original on 27 December 2021 8667:from the original on 2 September 2021 8637:from the original on 25 November 2017 8503: 7499:from the original on 28 February 2017 7090:from the original on 18 November 2018 7006:KHVOSTUNOVA, Olga (9 December 2013). 6494:from the original on 13 November 2013 6480: 6371:from the original on 17 December 2021 5879:from the original on 28 February 2021 5287:Tokmasheva, Maria (30 January 2018). 5218:from the original on 22 November 2018 5191:from the original on 26 November 2018 5148: 5146: 5101:from the original on 23 February 2016 5075:from the original on 30 November 2015 4920:. Zapretno.info. 2014. Archived from 4898:from the original on 24 February 2021 4842: 4691:Rosenberg, Alyssa (9 February 2016). 4571:Dembinskaia, Natalia (24 June 2005). 4417:from the original on 3 September 2021 4411:The Coalition For Women In Journalism 4291:from the original on 3 September 2018 4201:from the original on 3 September 2019 4163: 4161: 4159: 4157: 4155: 4153: 4151: 4149: 4147: 4145: 3849: 3829: 3823: 3271:: it can be done through the federal 2995: 2553:Marianna Maksimovskaya was quoted by 2061:The government has been using direct 1833:investigative journalist and blogger 792:; however, government application of 11890:Unified Sports Classification System 9455: 9056:from the original on 7 December 2017 8796:from the original on 25 October 2016 8649: 8171:Babchenko, Arkadiy (15 April 2015). 7926:from the original on 8 November 2015 7041: 6880: 6143:"Lithuania shuts Chechen rebel site" 5911:, 8 July 2012, retrieved 9 July 2012 5802:Maréchal, Nathalie (22 March 2017). 5778:from the original on 20 January 2016 5623: 5515:from the original on 8 November 2021 5398:from the original on 7 December 2021 5368:from the original on 7 December 2021 5299:from the original on 30 January 2018 5268:from the original on 24 January 2019 4984:from the original on 21 October 2019 4861:, RIA Novosti (Moscow), 6 July 2012. 4787: 4642:from the original on 27 January 2016 4369:Imielski, Roman (18 December 2015). 3956: 3742:from the original on 24 October 2021 3703:from the original on 25 October 2016 3372:List of journalists killed in Russia 1816:tactics. Reporters Without Borders, 1709:In December 2009, Internet provider 1532:in December 2010. Russia was on the 1514:Internet censorship and surveillance 1492:Law Against Rehabilitation of Nazism 1482:Law Against Rehabilitation of Nazism 1193:was evidence of some press freedom. 858:List of journalists killed in Russia 10547: 9598:"Transparency International Russia" 9362: 9198:from the original on 1 October 2015 9012:. 21 September 2012. Archived from 8995: 8962: 8904: 8775: 8201:Volkov, Denis (10 September 2015). 7665:, by Lenizdat.Ru, 22 October 2009, 7519:"Freedom of the Press 2016- Russia" 7030: 6992: 6952: 6930:"IREX - Media Sustainability Index" 6915: 6631:Nilsen, Thomas (7 September 2023). 6174: 6106: 5970:Robins-Early, Nick (6 April 2017). 5963: 5865: 5790: 5153:Robins-Early, Nick (6 April 2017). 4788:Sant, Shannon Van (18 March 2019). 4759:"Russia. Freedom of the Press 2016" 4258:from the original on 5 October 2021 3963:"Attacks on the Press 2005: Russia" 3937: 3830:Lukin, Vladimir (9 February 2007). 3059:Access to information and open data 2943:European Convention on Human Rights 2393:Government control over print media 1576:European Convention on Human Rights 1397:Doctors and medical personnel from 1111:was denied accreditation to Russia. 13: 11188:Commonwealth of Independent States 9168:from the original on 1 August 2015 8950:from the original on 17 March 2022 8862:from the original on 22 April 2017 8607:from the original on 15 March 2016 8548:from the original on 14 March 2022 8342:from the original on 1 March 2022. 8318:from the original on 1 March 2022. 8292:. 26 February 2022. Archived from 8267:. 26 February 2022. Archived from 8239:from the original on 25 March 2016 8152:from the original on 25 March 2016 7560:from the original on 25 March 2017 7283:"Who will be Russia's conscience?" 7018:from the original on 15 April 2017 6345:from the original on 10 April 2013 6124:from the original on 21 April 2017 6094:from the original on 2 August 2017 6068:from the original on 2 August 2014 6008:from the original on 2 August 2017 5632:from the original on 14 March 2020 5575:from the original on 31 March 2017 5545:from the original on 27 April 2017 5143: 4703:from the original on 25 April 2017 4387:from the original on 12 April 2016 4142: 3953:- Committee to Protect Journalists 3891:from the original on 29 April 2019 3792:Index of Reporters without Borders 3773:from the original on 16 April 2015 3432: 3414: 3382:Media freedom in the United States 3377:List of websites blocked in Russia 3220:Open data and proactive disclosure 3081:Global Right to Information Rating 2856:prison sentences of up to 15 years 2849:Вторжение России на Украину (2022) 2843:threatened to block access to the 2572:Channel 5 employs 1,700 people in 2452:House sold the Russian edition of 1940:. Afanasyev was twice awarded the 1332:In November 2015, just before the 1302:have abused newly introduced anti- 1278:Prosecution of "extremist" content 926:, with accusations that, at best, 804:have forced the press to exercise 14: 11987: 9623:, The Calvert Journal, April 2014 9492: 9142:from the original on 11 July 2015 9112:from the original on 11 July 2015 9082:from the original on 11 July 2015 8832:from the original on 12 July 2014 8727:from the original on 18 June 2015 8518:from the original on 5 March 2022 8485:from the original on 4 March 2022 8455:from the original on 5 March 2022 8425:from the original on 6 March 2022 8395:from the original on 2 March 2022 8364:from the original on 1 March 2022 7896:from the original on 23 July 2015 7529:from the original on 20 June 2017 7196:from the original on 4 March 2016 7060:from the original on 30 June 2017 6868:from the original on 30 July 2017 6181:Kremlin critic shot in Ingushetia 6038:from the original on 8 March 2021 5978:from the original on 10 June 2017 5692:from the original on 6 April 2021 5662:from the original on 5 April 2021 5605:from the original on 24 July 2019 5472: 5161:from the original on 10 June 2017 5045:from the original on 10 June 2015 4830:from the original on 21 June 2020 4800:from the original on 19 June 2020 4769:from the original on 20 June 2017 4739:from the original on 30 July 2018 4350:from the original on 22 June 2015 4324:from the original on 24 June 2015 4227:from the original on 12 June 2019 4130:from the original on 14 July 2019 3925:from the original on 12 June 2019 3670:from the original on 18 June 2014 3234:). Such information consists in: 2793:The Russian censorship apparatus 2428:Government control over web-sites 2199:(controlled by the structures of 10101: 10092: 10091: 9498: 9425: 9395: 9350:from the original on 1 June 2017 9332: 9320:from the original on 23 May 2017 9302: 9272: 9240: 9228:from the original on 9 June 2016 9210: 9180: 9154: 9124: 9094: 9068: 8892:from the original on 6 June 2013 8874: 8844: 8808: 8739: 8709: 8679: 8619: 8572: 8560: 8530: 8497: 8467: 8437: 8407: 8376: 8346: 8322: 8300: 8275: 8251: 8221: 8209:from the original on 30 May 2019 8194: 8164: 8138: 8118: 8095: 8079:Interview of Konstantin Kosachev 8072: 7976: 7957: 7938: 7908: 7868: 7856:from the original on 19 May 2017 7838: 7826:from the original on 14 May 2016 7808: 7796:from the original on 14 May 2016 7778: 7766:from the original on 14 May 2016 7748: 7736:from the original on 4 June 2016 7718: 7672: 7607: 7572: 7541: 7511: 7480: 7445: 7433:from the original on 15 May 2018 7415: 7403:from the original on 29 May 2016 7399:(in Russian). 22 November 2015. 7383: 7371:from the original on 8 June 2015 7336: 7318: 7299: 7276: 7253: 7162:from the original on 15 May 2018 7143: 7072: 6897:European Journalism Centre (EJC) 6836:Stengel, Richard (20 May 2022). 6811: 6791: 6773: 6755: 6735: 6715: 6697: 6691:Committee to Protect Journalists 6679: 6661: 6643: 6624: 6606: 6599:Committee to Protect Journalists 6586: 6550: 6532: 6506: 6454: 6428: 6402: 6383: 6357: 6331: 6297: 6263: 6244: 6232:from the original on 3 June 2009 6218: 6193: 5853:from the original on 13 May 2019 5338:from the original on 26 May 2020 5209: 5015:from the original on 9 July 2015 4506:from the original on 8 June 2010 4436:Borger, Julian (10 April 2023). 4277:Sabbagh, Dan (9 February 2011). 3859:2008 Report of Russian Ombudsman 3623:from the original on 8 June 2010 3422:"2024 World Press Freedom Index" 3346: 3332: 3318: 2801:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 2741:Russian 2022 war censorship laws 2420:and a Russian state corporation— 2387:European Audiovisual Observatory 2224:Committee to Protect Journalists 1818:Committee to Protect Journalists 1758:Russian 2022 war censorship laws 1739:should be banned throughout the 1540:list in 2014. On 31 March 2013, 946:Committee to Protect Journalists 898:Committee to Protect Journalists 90: 56: Very serious <40 points 38: Satisfactory: 70–85 points 10149:Freedom of the press in Europe 9433:"Russian Cities' Open Data Map" 9042:Gatov, Vasily (11 March 2015). 8288:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 7702:Interview of Vladimir Khanumyan 7637:REN-TV will retain its own news 7556:. Russia Beyond the Headlines. 7495:. Russia Beyond the Headlines. 7460:. Post- Soviet Affairs: 16–33. 6940:from the original on 3 May 2018 6618:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 6162:"Chechen rebel website reopens" 6155: 6136: 6080: 5990: 5951:from the original on 6 May 2016 5937: 5914: 5760: 5674: 5644: 5624:Bone, Harry (11 October 2016). 5617: 5587: 5557: 5539:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 5527: 5497: 5466: 5440: 5410: 5380: 5350: 5318:Higgins, Andrew (25 May 2020). 5311: 5280: 5250: 5203: 5173: 5113: 5087: 5057: 5027: 4996: 4966: 4954:from the original on 7 May 2015 4936: 4918:"Examples of forbidden content" 4883: 4812: 4781: 4751: 4715: 4684: 4672:from the original on 1 May 2018 4654: 4623: 4589: 4545: 4482: 4463: 4429: 4399: 4362: 4336: 4303: 4270: 4239: 4213: 4183: 4104: 4042: 4023: 4005: 3987: 3975: 3903: 3873: 3804: 3785: 3715: 3008:Foreign Agents Registration Act 2949:context of the war in Ukraine. 2682:recommended all regions of the 2569:contents will not be altered." 1572:European Court for Human Rights 1497:Law on "educational activities" 1467:21 Lessons for the 21st Century 44: Problematic: 55–70 points 10059:British Indian Ocean Territory 9505:Freedom of the press in Russia 8936:10.1080/13183222.2004.11008854 8542:European Court of Human Rights 8383:Samantha Cole (2 March 2022). 7852:. Miami University. May 2000. 7646:, by lenta.ru, 19 October 2009 4824:Новая газета - Novayagazeta.ru 4630:Steiner, Eduard (April 2007). 4596:Interview with Maxim Kononenko 4310:Womack, Helen (18 June 2015). 3911:Azhgikhina, Nadezhda Ilinichna 3761:Shaun Walker (15 April 2015). 3635: 3573: 3547: 3462: 2931:European Court of Human Rights 2915:European Court of Human Rights 2300:Liberal opposition TV-Channel 1905:. Leading speakers of several 1270:was fined 60,000 rubles under 1155:Censorship and self-censorship 1117:was expelled in December 2015. 1: 11951:Mass media freedom by country 11098:Political abuse of psychiatry 9742:Freedom of the press in Asia 8756:. 1 June 2015. Archived from 7466:10.1080/1060586X.2015.1121712 7190:Commissioner for Human Rights 7053:. Reporters Without Borders. 7044:"Media oligarchs go shopping" 7042:Levy, Alexandre (July 2016). 6152:, BBC News, 18 September 2004 4632:"What should I be afraid of?" 3407: 2959:International Press Institute 2622:In 2006, President of Russia 1947:In February 2023, journalist 1520:Internet censorship in Russia 1178:Commissioner for Human Rights 934:International Press Institute 771:History of Russian journalism 50: Difficult: 40–55 points 11743:Traditions and superstitions 8754:Norwegian Helsinki Committee 7964:"Interview with NBC Channel" 7790:RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty 6968:Krasnoboka, Natalya (2017). 5945:"Нас блокируют. Что делать?" 4894:. The Interpreter Magazine. 4890:Paul Goble (29 March 2015). 4581:(in Russian). Archived from 3535:Human Rights Reports: Russia 3402:Telecommunications in Russia 2847:in Russia over the article " 2034:Russian journalists in exile 1923:shelled a maternity hospital 1568:Deep Packet Inspection (DPI) 1351:In February 2016, police in 1344:and used it to describe the 1237:Also, according to the 2016 963:In October 2016, a group of 800:, and politically motivated 675:Freedom of speech by country 7: 11409:Water supply and sanitation 9512:"Mass Media Defence Center" 9409:. Infometer. Archived from 9286:. Infometer. Archived from 8504:Milmo, Dan (4 March 2022). 7889:. miamioh.edu. 5 May 2000. 6341:. RIA Novosti. 6 May 2013. 3311: 3178:, and then his replacement 3117: 3103: 3095: 3035:laws (described above) and 2677:State of the Nation Address 2644:state of the nation address 2402:Kommersant Publishing House 2203:, chairman of the Board of 1938:Russian invasion of Ukraine 1899:Russian invasion of Ukraine 1524:Mass surveillance in Russia 905:Glasnost Defence Foundation 10: 11992: 9310:"Open Data Portal- Russia" 6970:"Media Landscapes- Russia" 6171:, BBC News, 8 October 2004 4579:Russian Development Portal 3397:Russian Internet blacklist 3223: 2999: 2734: 2082:Civil Initiative Committee 1960:Mariupol theatre airstrike 1751: 1660:In 2004, Russia pressured 1589:Russian internet blacklist 1564:Ministry of Communications 1517: 1489: 1478:part of certain regimes." 1158: 855: 768: 764: 718:The current government of 11909: 11666: 11430: 11421: 11254: 11245: 10998: 10989: 10797: 10788: 10723: 10565: 10556: 10499: 10451: 10413: 10155: 10087: 10046: 10006: 9748: 8067:Russia as friend, not foe 6275:28 September 2011 at the 6251:"Yota: subscriber growth" 6205:10 September 2018 at the 5448:"Press Freedom in Russia" 5131:http://vk.com/id161877484 4317:The Sydney Morning Herald 4035:27 September 2007 at the 3426:Reporters Without Borders 3002:Russian foreign agent law 2486:"Black lists" controversy 1977:Russian Interior Ministry 1570:capability. In 2015, the 1534:Reporters Without Borders 1361:Nazi-Soviet collaboration 1120:Thomas Nilsen, Editor of 1025:, the editor in chief of 888:, contentious stories on 755:Reporters Without Borders 32: Good: 85–100 points 25:World Press Freedom Index 11183:Prime Minister of Russia 9808:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 9248: 8174: 8025:Text of the Federal Law 8012:15 December 2013 at the 7391: 7363: 7352:, by Novata Gazeta, 2008 7311:26 December 2007 at the 7246:19 November 2011 at the 7131:BBC: The press in Russia 7114:28 December 2010 at the 6186:11 February 2021 at the 6090:. RAPSI. 8 August 2014. 5849:. BBC. 31 October 2012. 5136:25 November 2018 at the 4616:22 February 2016 at the 4573: 4097:3 September 2011 at the 4054:14 November 2007 at the 3354:Freedom of speech portal 3051:has published a list of 2901:and its editor-in-chief 2254:in 2000–2001. Moreover, 2211:'s personal friend; and 2074:Mediastandart Foundation 1901:because of new Russia's 1810:Federal Security Service 1770:, including journalists 1690:, a vocal critic of the 1556:Federal Security Service 1203:According to journalist 1038:Central African Republic 11961:Media freedom in Europe 11621:Social entrepreneurship 11510:Forced public apologies 11445:Anti-American sentiment 10069:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 9550:"The Russia Media Fund" 8084:13 January 2006 at the 7707:26 October 2009 at the 7684:21 October 2009 at the 7661:23 October 2009 at the 7642:21 October 2009 at the 7619:19 October 2009 at the 7584:4 February 2017 at the 7525:. Freedom House. 2016. 7326:"Official site of RTVi" 7260:Country profile: Russia 7136:4 November 2019 at the 7109:"Freedom of Press 2009" 7014:. Index on Censorship. 5926:5 November 2013 at the 5808:Media and Communication 4876:28 October 2012 at the 4601:6 December 2007 at the 4530:7 November 2012 at the 3949:9 February 2007 at the 3797:22 October 2009 at the 3585:4 November 2009 at the 2929:. On 8 March 2022, the 2752:Crucified boy reportage 1859:journalist and blogger 1855:In September 2015, the 1728:' on Russian Knowledge. 1668:into shutting down the 1560:communications metadata 1408:A Russian cover of the 880:Assaults on journalists 802:criminal investigations 11966:Human rights in Russia 11369:Social security system 11352:Science and technology 11018:Classified information 10844:Central Russian Upland 10198:Bosnia and Herzegovina 9554:russianmediamarket.com 7348:6 January 2010 at the 6167:17 August 2018 at the 5986:– via Huff Post. 5930:, Lyudmila Ternovaya, 5716:26 August 2011 at the 5711:"ONI Country Profiles" 5169:– via Huff Post. 4475:30 August 2013 at the 4092:"Anatomy of injustice" 3864:7 October 2009 at the 3362:Human rights in Russia 3226:E-Government in Russia 3066:Human Rights Committee 2985: 2971: 2837:independent TV station 2670: 2664: 2656: 2584: 2408:. Expert is a part of 2385:Database, made by the 2295:Petersburg - Channel 5 2283:Marianna Maksimovskaya 2215:, former owner of the 2058: 1979:'s online wanted list. 1786: 1754:Russian fake news laws 1340:, who coined the term 1167:Constitution of Russia 993: 980:Human Rights Committee 728:sources of information 64: 11956:Media freedom in Asia 11830:Russian tsars regalia 11163:Intelligence agencies 10886:Great Russian Regions 10630:Expansion (1500-1800) 9680:"Putin vs. the Press" 9651:"Putin's War at Home" 8693:. 11 September 2021. 8107:10 April 2010 at the 8069:, By Nicolai N Petro. 7969:12 March 2007 at the 7950:18 April 2007 at the 7265:25 April 2013 at the 7012:indexoncensorship.org 6580:Amnesty International 6395:29 March 2014 at the 6256:2 August 2017 at the 5821:10.17645/mac.v5i1.808 5737:23 March 2012 at the 5124:12 April 2018 at the 4585:on 29 September 2007. 4001:on 27 September 2007. 3647:5 August 2009 at the 3210:right to be forgotten 3000:Further information: 2980: 2966: 2665: 2660: 2652: 2048: 1942:Andrei Sakharov Prize 1765: 1363:during World War II). 1357:Jan Nowak-Jeziorański 1308:Bolotnaya Square case 1290:which would create a 1165:Article 29(5) of the 1021:In December 2014, in 988: 941:Amnesty International 776:Legislative framework 83:Censorship by country 21: 11976:Censorship in Russia 11971:Mass media in Russia 11897:World Heritage sites 11274:Droughts and famines 10827:Environmental issues 10575:Proto-Indo-Europeans 9983:United Arab Emirates 9602:transparency.org.ru/ 9570:Nordenstreng, Kaarle 9507:at Wikimedia Commons 9284:translate.google.com 8924:Javnost - the Public 8888:. 12 December 1993. 8314:. 28 February 2022. 8296:on 27 February 2022. 8271:on 27 February 2022. 8131:Novaya Gazeta Europe 8111:, by Lenta.Ru, 2009 7988:10 June 2011 at the 7223:8 March 2016 at the 6862:www.FreedomHouse.org 6637:The Barents Observer 6324:10 July 2015 at the 6309:5 March 2016 at the 6285:English translation) 6148:3 March 2018 at the 5903:15 July 2012 at the 5541:. 17 February 2017. 5187:. 21 November 2018. 4857:13 July 2012 at the 3968:13 July 2007 at the 3816:1 March 2014 at the 3666:. 26 February 2008. 3540:31 July 2020 at the 3264:on 21 January 2009. 3232:proactive disclosure 3142:Komsomolskaya Pravda 3127:(until March 2014), 2688:regional parliaments 2646:President of Russia 2566:National Media Group 2522:On 16 October 2009, 2444:Foreign media owners 2410:Expert Media Holding 2314:satellite television 2197:National Media Group 1475:annexation of Crimea 1282:In summer 2012, the 1260:In 2020, during the 1161:Censorship in Russia 1122:The Barents Observer 1115:Wacław Radziwinowicz 1089:TV) was arrested in 782:Russian constitution 626:United Arab Emirates 62: Not classified 11748:Forms of addressing 11357:Academy of Sciences 11314:Financial districts 11178:President of Russia 11103:Political divisions 11063:Freedom of assembly 10945:West Siberian Plain 10691:Great Patriotic War 10652:February Revolution 10414:States with limited 10010:limited recognition 8792:. 9 February 2009. 8790:legislationline.org 8134:. 2 September 2024. 8032:18 May 2009 at the 7922:. 5 November 2015. 7600:5 June 2008 at the 7454:Post-Soviet Affairs 7343:Near the broken air 7288:2 June 2007 at the 6693:. 14 December 2023. 6657:. 15 February 2023. 6442:on 2 September 2012 6319:English translation 6004:. 2 February 2015. 4732:. 25 January 2016. 4697:The Washington Post 4668:. 29 January 2014. 4611:English translation 4557:15 May 2007 at the 4118:. 10 October 2016. 3913:(7 November 2016). 3561:on 14 February 2015 3189:(majority owned by 3053:political prisoners 2917:. On 3 March 2022, 2731:Coverage on Ukraine 2712:newspaper, in 2009 2699:Konstantin Kosachev 2450:Springer Publishing 2326:Vladimir Kara-Murza 1984:Marina Ovsyannikova 1903:laws on “fake news” 1869:Aleksandr Tolmachev 1768:political prisoners 1737:Jehovah's Witnesses 1507:Valentina Matvienko 1384:The Death of Stalin 1272:new "fake news" law 1225:. A 2016 report by 1209:political scientist 1139:Wall Street Journal 996:In August 2014 the 896:. According to the 751:Press Freedom Index 275:Democratic Republic 11798:Russian given name 11384:Telecommunications 11334:Petroleum industry 11198:State of emergency 11043:Far-right politics 11008:Capital punishment 10854:Meshchera Lowlands 10708:Russian Federation 10664:October Revolution 9572:; Trubina, Elena. 9476:on 9 November 2017 9443:on 9 November 2017 9413:on 9 November 2017 9290:on 6 February 2021 8858:. 9 January 2012. 8663:. 31 August 2021. 7715:, 23 October 2009. 7713:Business Peterburg 7595:Related discussion 7590:The New York Times 7296:, 22 October 2006. 7294:Newark Star-Ledger 7231:, 16 October 2009. 6711:. 9 December 2023. 6520:. 14 December 2020 6290:3 May 2017 at the 6215:, 22 December 2008 6212:The New York Times 6118:Human Rights Watch 5947:. Grani.ru. 2014. 5772:The New York Times 5751:"Internet Enemies" 5452:Human Rights Pulse 5324:The New York Times 5242:has generic name ( 5185:Human Rights Watch 4924:on 30 October 2014 4730:PEN America Center 3820:, 23 October 2009. 3728:The New York Times 3180:Vyacheslav Volodin 3037:foreign agents law 2996:Foreign agents law 2684:Russian Federation 2642:In November 2008, 2578:Vladimir Khanumyan 2059: 1919:Alexander Nevzorov 1892:Russian opposition 1787: 1741:Russian Federation 1581:Zakharov v. Russia 1543:The New York Times 1530:OpenNet Initiative 1438:In September 2021 1430:Starting in 2021, 1284:Russian State Duma 1171:Human Rights Watch 1064:In February 2011, 916:Anna Politkovskaya 864:Anna Politkovskaya 839:Russian Ombudsman 810:Human Rights Watch 65: 11938: 11937: 11905: 11904: 11485:Domestic violence 11417: 11416: 11339:Russian oligarchs 11264:Aircraft industry 11241: 11240: 11218:Mass surveillance 11208:Search and rescue 11173:Political parties 11053:Foreign relations 10985: 10984: 10784: 10783: 10776:Historical cities 10635:Tsardom of Russia 10515: 10514: 10115: 10114: 10052:other territories 9578:rcmediafreedom.eu 9568:Rosenholm, Arja; 9503:Media related to 9344:en.infometer.org/ 9222:Алексей Навальный 9192:www.article19.org 9136:realty.newsru.com 9106:realty.newsru.com 8983:on 8 October 2016 8721:PolitPressing.org 8544:. 10 March 2022. 8233:Российская газета 7627:, 16 October 2008 7427:rcmediafreedom.eu 7192:. 20 April 2005. 7186:Council of Europe 6934:rcmediafreedom.eu 6731:. 4 October 2023. 5774:. 31 March 2013. 5595:"Post-post-truth" 5392:roskomsvoboda.org 5362:roskomsvoboda.org 4538:, 24 April 2005, 4195:www.aljazeera.com 4019:on 7 August 2007. 3244:Official symbols; 3087:Svetlana Mironyuk 3079:According to the 2911:Natalya Sindeyeva 2861:On 4 March 2022, 2845:Russian Knowledge 2756:Arkadiy Babchenko 2635:In May 2008, the 2508:Vladimir Gusinsky 2412:that is owned by 2404:that is owned by 2306:Vladimir Gusinsky 2248:Vladimir Gusinsky 2222:According to the 1949:Maria Ponomarenko 1829:In November 2013 1814:counterinsurgency 1776:Maria Ponomarenko 1471:Yuval Noah Harari 1392:Ordered to forget 1327:Blowing Up Russia 1262:COVID-19 pandemic 1182:Council of Europe 1128:in November 2016. 1126:persona non grata 1052:Roman Dobrokhotov 786:freedom of speech 716: 715: 312:Dutch East Indies 11983: 11918: 11865:Russian language 11808:National symbols 11428: 11427: 11347: 11304:Fishing industry 11294:Economic regions 11289:Defence industry 11252: 11251: 10996: 10995: 10950:Russian Far East 10849:Northwest Russia 10807:Cities and towns 10795: 10794: 10657:Russian Republic 10563: 10562: 10542: 10535: 10528: 10519: 10518: 10452:Dependencies and 10156:Sovereign states 10142: 10135: 10128: 10119: 10118: 10105: 10095: 10094: 10064:Christmas Island 9750:Sovereign states 9735: 9728: 9721: 9712: 9711: 9704: 9702: 9700: 9675: 9673: 9671: 9646: 9644: 9642: 9632: 9612: 9610: 9608: 9593: 9591: 9589: 9580:. Archived from 9564: 9562: 9560: 9545: 9543: 9541: 9526: 9524: 9522: 9502: 9486: 9485: 9483: 9481: 9470:en.infometer.org 9462: 9453: 9452: 9450: 9448: 9437:en.infometer.org 9429: 9423: 9422: 9420: 9418: 9407:en.infometer.org 9399: 9393: 9392: 9390: 9388: 9377:od.infometer.org 9369: 9360: 9359: 9357: 9355: 9336: 9330: 9329: 9327: 9325: 9306: 9300: 9299: 9297: 9295: 9276: 9270: 9269: 9267: 9265: 9244: 9238: 9237: 9235: 9233: 9214: 9208: 9207: 9205: 9203: 9184: 9178: 9177: 9175: 9173: 9158: 9152: 9151: 9149: 9147: 9128: 9122: 9121: 9119: 9117: 9098: 9092: 9091: 9089: 9087: 9072: 9066: 9065: 9063: 9061: 9049:The Moscow Times 9039: 9026: 9025: 9023: 9021: 9002: 8993: 8992: 8990: 8988: 8969: 8960: 8959: 8957: 8955: 8915: 8902: 8901: 8899: 8897: 8878: 8872: 8871: 8869: 8867: 8848: 8842: 8841: 8839: 8837: 8831: 8820: 8812: 8806: 8805: 8803: 8801: 8782: 8773: 8772: 8770: 8768: 8762: 8751: 8743: 8737: 8736: 8734: 8732: 8713: 8707: 8706: 8704: 8702: 8683: 8677: 8676: 8674: 8672: 8653: 8647: 8646: 8644: 8642: 8623: 8617: 8616: 8614: 8612: 8606: 8599: 8591: 8582: 8576: 8570: 8564: 8558: 8557: 8555: 8553: 8534: 8528: 8527: 8525: 8523: 8501: 8495: 8494: 8492: 8490: 8481:. 4 March 2022. 8479:The Moscow Times 8471: 8465: 8464: 8462: 8460: 8451:. 4 March 2022. 8441: 8435: 8434: 8432: 8430: 8421:. 4 March 2022. 8419:The Moscow Times 8411: 8405: 8404: 8402: 8400: 8380: 8374: 8373: 8371: 8369: 8360:. 1 March 2022. 8350: 8344: 8343: 8338:. 1 March 2022. 8335:The Moscow Times 8326: 8320: 8319: 8304: 8298: 8297: 8279: 8273: 8272: 8255: 8249: 8248: 8246: 8244: 8225: 8219: 8218: 8216: 8214: 8205:. StopFake.org. 8198: 8192: 8191: 8189: 8187: 8168: 8162: 8161: 8159: 8157: 8142: 8136: 8135: 8122: 8116: 8114: 8099: 8093: 8091: 8076: 8070: 8064: 8058: 8057:), November 2009 8052: 8045: 8039: 8038: 8023: 8017: 8004: 7993: 7980: 7974: 7961: 7955: 7942: 7936: 7935: 7933: 7931: 7912: 7906: 7905: 7903: 7901: 7895: 7880: 7872: 7866: 7865: 7863: 7861: 7842: 7836: 7835: 7833: 7831: 7812: 7806: 7805: 7803: 7801: 7782: 7776: 7775: 7773: 7771: 7752: 7746: 7745: 7743: 7741: 7722: 7716: 7699: 7693: 7691: 7676: 7670: 7668: 7653: 7647: 7634: 7628: 7611: 7605: 7593:, 3 June 2008. 7576: 7570: 7569: 7567: 7565: 7545: 7539: 7538: 7536: 7534: 7523:freedomhouse.org 7515: 7509: 7508: 7506: 7504: 7484: 7478: 7477: 7449: 7443: 7442: 7440: 7438: 7419: 7413: 7412: 7410: 7408: 7387: 7381: 7380: 7378: 7376: 7359: 7353: 7340: 7334: 7333: 7332:on 16 July 2011. 7328:. Archived from 7322: 7316: 7315:, 8 January 2002 7303: 7297: 7280: 7274: 7257: 7251: 7238: 7232: 7215: 7206: 7205: 7203: 7201: 7178: 7172: 7171: 7169: 7167: 7147: 7141: 7128: 7119: 7118:, Freedom House. 7106: 7100: 7099: 7097: 7095: 7076: 7070: 7069: 7067: 7065: 7059: 7048: 7039: 7028: 7027: 7025: 7023: 7003: 6990: 6989: 6987: 6985: 6980:on 20 March 2018 6965: 6950: 6949: 6947: 6945: 6926: 6913: 6912: 6910: 6908: 6903:on 20 March 2018 6899:. Archived from 6889: 6878: 6877: 6875: 6873: 6854: 6848: 6847: 6833: 6827: 6826: 6815: 6809: 6808: 6807:. 26 April 2024. 6795: 6789: 6788: 6787:. 28 April 2024. 6777: 6771: 6770: 6769:. 29 March 2024. 6759: 6753: 6752: 6739: 6733: 6732: 6728:The Moscow Times 6719: 6713: 6712: 6701: 6695: 6694: 6683: 6677: 6676: 6673:The Moscow Times 6665: 6659: 6658: 6655:The Moscow Times 6647: 6641: 6640: 6628: 6622: 6621: 6620:. 14 April 2022. 6610: 6604: 6603: 6602:. 14 April 2022. 6590: 6584: 6583: 6582:. 30 March 2022. 6572: 6566: 6565: 6554: 6548: 6547: 6536: 6530: 6529: 6527: 6525: 6510: 6504: 6503: 6501: 6499: 6484: 6478: 6477: 6475: 6473: 6458: 6452: 6451: 6449: 6447: 6432: 6426: 6425: 6423: 6421: 6406: 6400: 6387: 6381: 6380: 6378: 6376: 6361: 6355: 6354: 6352: 6350: 6335: 6329: 6316: 6301: 6295: 6282: 6267: 6261: 6260:, 18 August 2009 6248: 6242: 6241: 6239: 6237: 6222: 6216: 6197: 6191: 6178: 6172: 6159: 6153: 6140: 6134: 6133: 6131: 6129: 6120:. 12 July 2016. 6110: 6104: 6103: 6101: 6099: 6084: 6078: 6077: 6075: 6073: 6054: 6048: 6047: 6045: 6043: 6034:. 23 July 2014. 6024: 6018: 6017: 6015: 6013: 6002:The Moscow Times 5994: 5988: 5987: 5985: 5983: 5967: 5961: 5960: 5958: 5956: 5941: 5935: 5918: 5912: 5909:The Moscow Times 5895: 5889: 5888: 5886: 5884: 5869: 5863: 5862: 5860: 5858: 5843: 5834: 5833: 5823: 5799: 5788: 5787: 5785: 5783: 5764: 5758: 5748: 5742: 5731:Internet Enemies 5727: 5721: 5708: 5702: 5701: 5699: 5697: 5678: 5672: 5671: 5669: 5667: 5648: 5642: 5641: 5639: 5637: 5621: 5615: 5614: 5612: 5610: 5591: 5585: 5584: 5582: 5580: 5561: 5555: 5554: 5552: 5550: 5531: 5525: 5524: 5522: 5520: 5501: 5495: 5494: 5492: 5490: 5470: 5464: 5463: 5461: 5459: 5444: 5438: 5437: 5435: 5433: 5414: 5408: 5407: 5405: 5403: 5384: 5378: 5377: 5375: 5373: 5354: 5348: 5347: 5345: 5343: 5315: 5309: 5308: 5306: 5304: 5284: 5278: 5277: 5275: 5273: 5254: 5248: 5247: 5241: 5237: 5235: 5227: 5225: 5223: 5207: 5201: 5200: 5198: 5196: 5177: 5171: 5170: 5168: 5166: 5150: 5141: 5117: 5111: 5110: 5108: 5106: 5091: 5085: 5084: 5082: 5080: 5061: 5055: 5054: 5052: 5050: 5031: 5025: 5024: 5022: 5020: 5000: 4994: 4993: 4991: 4989: 4970: 4964: 4963: 4961: 4959: 4948:The Moscow Times 4940: 4934: 4933: 4931: 4929: 4914: 4908: 4907: 4905: 4903: 4887: 4881: 4868: 4862: 4849: 4840: 4839: 4837: 4835: 4816: 4810: 4809: 4807: 4805: 4785: 4779: 4778: 4776: 4774: 4763:freedomhouse.org 4755: 4749: 4748: 4746: 4744: 4738: 4727: 4719: 4713: 4712: 4710: 4708: 4688: 4682: 4681: 4679: 4677: 4658: 4652: 4651: 4649: 4647: 4627: 4621: 4608: 4593: 4587: 4586: 4568: 4562: 4549: 4543: 4541: 4522: 4516: 4515: 4513: 4511: 4505: 4494: 4486: 4480: 4467: 4461: 4460: 4458: 4456: 4433: 4427: 4426: 4424: 4422: 4403: 4397: 4396: 4394: 4392: 4366: 4360: 4359: 4357: 4355: 4340: 4334: 4333: 4331: 4329: 4307: 4301: 4300: 4298: 4296: 4274: 4268: 4267: 4265: 4263: 4243: 4237: 4236: 4234: 4232: 4223:. 10 June 2019. 4217: 4211: 4210: 4208: 4206: 4187: 4181: 4175: 4140: 4139: 4137: 4135: 4108: 4102: 4089: 4080: 4079: 4077: 4075: 4065: 4059: 4046: 4040: 4027: 4021: 4020: 4015:. Archived from 4009: 4003: 4002: 3997:. Archived from 3991: 3985: 3979: 3973: 3960: 3954: 3941: 3935: 3934: 3932: 3930: 3907: 3901: 3900: 3898: 3896: 3877: 3871: 3870: 3856: 3847: 3846: 3845:on 5 March 2009. 3844: 3838:. Archived from 3827: 3821: 3808: 3802: 3789: 3783: 3782: 3780: 3778: 3758: 3752: 3751: 3749: 3747: 3719: 3713: 3712: 3710: 3708: 3689: 3680: 3679: 3677: 3675: 3660: 3651: 3639: 3633: 3632: 3630: 3628: 3622: 3611: 3603: 3594: 3592: 3577: 3571: 3570: 3568: 3566: 3557:. Archived from 3551: 3545: 3532: 3519: 3518: 3516: 3514: 3504: 3487: 3486: 3484: 3482: 3466: 3460: 3459: 3457: 3455: 3446:. Archived from 3436: 3430: 3429: 3418: 3356: 3351: 3350: 3349: 3342: 3337: 3336: 3335: 3328: 3323: 3322: 3273:Open Data Portal 3176:Vladislav Surkov 3134:The Moscow Times 3122: 3108: 3100: 2871:Voice of America 2867:BBC News Russian 2574:Saint Petersburg 2504:Boris Berezovsky 2492:Clifford J. Levy 2476:The Moscow Times 2471:The Moscow Times 2458:, and Finland's 2244:Boris Berezovsky 2213:Roman Abramovich 2051:Konstantin Ernst 1957: 1861:Dmitriy Shipilov 1840:In January 2014 1784: 1726:Cannabis Smoking 1684:Magomed Yevloyev 1538:Internet Enemies 1451:Rossiya Segodnya 1353:Saint Petersburg 1317:Rosfinmonitoring 1216:Vladislav Surkov 894:have been killed 708: 701: 694: 577: 509: 491: 468: 374: 356: 328: 315: 282: 279:Federal Republic 261: 203: 101: 94: 84: 74: 67: 66: 61: 55: 49: 43: 37: 31: 11991: 11990: 11986: 11985: 11984: 11982: 11981: 11980: 11941: 11940: 11939: 11934: 11921: 11914: 11901: 11860:Public holidays 11855:Political jokes 11840:Personification 11793:Names of Russia 11662: 11581:Life expectancy 11413: 11345: 11237: 11088:Law enforcement 10981: 10967:Protected areas 10864:Smolensk Upland 10859:Oka–Don Lowland 10839:European Russia 10780: 10719: 10605:Mongol invasion 10552: 10546: 10516: 10511: 10495: 10453: 10447: 10433:Northern Cyprus 10415: 10409: 10330:North Macedonia 10151: 10146: 10116: 10111: 10083: 10051: 10042: 10023:Northern Cyprus 10009: 10002: 9744: 9739: 9708: 9698: 9696: 9678: 9669: 9667: 9649: 9640: 9638: 9635:freedominfo.org 9630: 9626: 9606: 9604: 9596: 9587: 9585: 9558: 9556: 9548: 9539: 9537: 9529: 9520: 9518: 9510: 9495: 9490: 9489: 9479: 9477: 9464: 9463: 9456: 9446: 9444: 9431: 9430: 9426: 9416: 9414: 9401: 9400: 9396: 9386: 9384: 9371: 9370: 9363: 9353: 9351: 9338: 9337: 9333: 9323: 9321: 9308: 9307: 9303: 9293: 9291: 9278: 9277: 9273: 9263: 9261: 9260:on 12 July 2018 9250: 9246: 9245: 9241: 9231: 9229: 9216: 9215: 9211: 9201: 9199: 9186: 9185: 9181: 9171: 9169: 9160: 9159: 9155: 9145: 9143: 9130: 9129: 9125: 9115: 9113: 9100: 9099: 9095: 9085: 9083: 9074: 9073: 9069: 9059: 9057: 9040: 9029: 9019: 9017: 9004: 9003: 8996: 8986: 8984: 8971: 8970: 8963: 8953: 8951: 8916: 8905: 8895: 8893: 8886:constitution.ru 8880: 8879: 8875: 8865: 8863: 8850: 8849: 8845: 8835: 8833: 8829: 8818: 8814: 8813: 8809: 8799: 8797: 8784: 8783: 8776: 8766: 8764: 8763:on 5 March 2016 8760: 8749: 8745: 8744: 8740: 8730: 8728: 8715: 8714: 8710: 8700: 8698: 8685: 8684: 8680: 8670: 8668: 8655: 8654: 8650: 8640: 8638: 8625: 8624: 8620: 8610: 8608: 8604: 8597: 8593: 8592: 8585: 8577: 8573: 8565: 8561: 8551: 8549: 8536: 8535: 8531: 8521: 8519: 8502: 8498: 8488: 8486: 8473: 8472: 8468: 8458: 8456: 8443: 8442: 8438: 8428: 8426: 8413: 8412: 8408: 8398: 8396: 8381: 8377: 8367: 8365: 8352: 8351: 8347: 8328: 8327: 8323: 8306: 8305: 8301: 8281: 8280: 8276: 8257: 8256: 8252: 8242: 8240: 8227: 8226: 8222: 8212: 8210: 8199: 8195: 8185: 8183: 8182:on 12 June 2018 8176: 8169: 8165: 8155: 8153: 8144: 8143: 8139: 8124: 8123: 8119: 8112: 8109:Wayback Machine 8100: 8096: 8089: 8086:Wayback Machine 8077: 8073: 8065: 8061: 8050: 8046: 8042: 8036: 8034:Wayback Machine 8024: 8020: 8014:Wayback Machine 8005: 7996: 7992:, May 2008, IFJ 7990:Wayback Machine 7981: 7977: 7973:, 12 July 2006. 7971:Wayback Machine 7962: 7958: 7952:Wayback Machine 7943: 7939: 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5256: 5255: 5251: 5239: 5238: 5229: 5228: 5221: 5219: 5210:Inc., TV Rain. 5208: 5204: 5194: 5192: 5179: 5178: 5174: 5164: 5162: 5151: 5144: 5138:Wayback Machine 5126:Wayback Machine 5118: 5114: 5104: 5102: 5093: 5092: 5088: 5078: 5076: 5063: 5062: 5058: 5048: 5046: 5033: 5032: 5028: 5018: 5016: 5001: 4997: 4987: 4985: 4972: 4971: 4967: 4957: 4955: 4942: 4941: 4937: 4927: 4925: 4916: 4915: 4911: 4901: 4899: 4888: 4884: 4878:Wayback Machine 4869: 4865: 4859:Wayback Machine 4850: 4843: 4833: 4831: 4818: 4817: 4813: 4803: 4801: 4786: 4782: 4772: 4770: 4757: 4756: 4752: 4742: 4740: 4736: 4725: 4721: 4720: 4716: 4706: 4704: 4689: 4685: 4675: 4673: 4660: 4659: 4655: 4645: 4643: 4628: 4624: 4618:Wayback Machine 4606: 4603:Wayback Machine 4594: 4590: 4575: 4569: 4565: 4559:Wayback Machine 4550: 4546: 4539: 4532:Wayback Machine 4523: 4519: 4509: 4507: 4503: 4492: 4488: 4487: 4483: 4477:Wayback Machine 4468: 4464: 4454: 4452: 4434: 4430: 4420: 4418: 4405: 4404: 4400: 4390: 4388: 4376:Gazeta Wyborcza 4367: 4363: 4353: 4351: 4342: 4341: 4337: 4327: 4325: 4308: 4304: 4294: 4292: 4275: 4271: 4261: 4259: 4244: 4240: 4230: 4228: 4219: 4218: 4214: 4204: 4202: 4189: 4188: 4184: 4176: 4143: 4133: 4131: 4110: 4109: 4105: 4099:Wayback Machine 4090: 4083: 4073: 4071: 4067: 4066: 4062: 4058:, Democracy Now 4056:Wayback Machine 4047: 4043: 4037:Wayback Machine 4028: 4024: 4011: 4010: 4006: 3993: 3992: 3988: 3980: 3976: 3970:Wayback Machine 3961: 3957: 3951:Wayback Machine 3942: 3938: 3928: 3926: 3908: 3904: 3894: 3892: 3879: 3878: 3874: 3868: 3866:Wayback Machine 3857: 3850: 3842: 3828: 3824: 3818:Wayback Machine 3809: 3805: 3799:Wayback Machine 3790: 3786: 3776: 3774: 3759: 3755: 3745: 3743: 3720: 3716: 3706: 3704: 3691: 3690: 3683: 3673: 3671: 3662: 3661: 3654: 3649:Wayback Machine 3640: 3636: 3626: 3624: 3620: 3609: 3605: 3604: 3597: 3590: 3587:Wayback Machine 3578: 3574: 3564: 3562: 3553: 3552: 3548: 3542:Wayback Machine 3533: 3522: 3512: 3510: 3506: 3505: 3490: 3480: 3478: 3468: 3467: 3463: 3453: 3451: 3438: 3437: 3433: 3420: 3419: 3415: 3410: 3387:Media of Russia 3352: 3347: 3345: 3338: 3333: 3331: 3324: 3317: 3314: 3228: 3222: 3061: 3043:interference." 3029: 3004: 2998: 2955: 2743: 2735:Main articles: 2733: 2680:Dmitry Medvedev 2648:Dmitry Medvedev 2604: 2587: 2520: 2490:As reported by 2488: 2446: 2438:Alisher Usmanov 2434:Alexander Mamut 2430: 2422:Vnesheconombank 2406:Alisher Usmanov 2395: 2375:Rosimushchestvo 2348:self-censorship 2291:Andrey Karaulov 2279:Tigran Keosayan 2163: 2043: 1951: 1877:Aleksey Navalny 1785:, February 2024 1778: 1760: 1750: 1654:Alisher Usmanov 1526: 1518:Main articles: 1516: 1499: 1494: 1484: 1459: 1280: 1247: 1223:self-censorship 1212:Yevgenia Albats 1205:Maxim Kononenko 1163: 1157: 1132:Sarah Rainsford 1124:, was declared 1109:Simon Ostrovsky 1061: 890:organized crime 882: 860: 854: 818: 806:self-censorship 796:, bureaucratic 778: 773: 767: 712: 662: 661: 660: 571: 570: 500: 498: 486: 485: 463: 462: 371:Empire of Japan 368: 367: 350: 349: 322: 321: 309: 308: 268: 267: 255: 254: 193: 192: 109: 99: 82: 72: 63: 59: 57: 53: 51: 47: 45: 41: 39: 35: 33: 29: 12: 11: 5: 11989: 11979: 11978: 11973: 11968: 11963: 11958: 11953: 11936: 11935: 11933: 11932: 11927: 11920: 11919: 11911: 11910: 11907: 11906: 11903: 11902: 11900: 11899: 11894: 11893: 11892: 11882: 11877: 11872: 11867: 11862: 11857: 11852: 11847: 11842: 11837: 11832: 11827: 11826: 11825: 11820: 11815: 11805: 11800: 11795: 11790: 11785: 11780: 11775: 11770: 11765: 11760: 11755: 11750: 11745: 11740: 11735: 11730: 11725: 11720: 11715: 11714: 11713: 11703: 11698: 11693: 11688: 11683: 11678: 11672: 11670: 11664: 11663: 11661: 11660: 11659: 11658: 11648: 11643: 11638: 11633: 11628: 11623: 11618: 11613: 11608: 11603: 11598: 11593: 11588: 11583: 11578: 11573: 11572: 11571: 11566: 11556: 11555: 11554: 11544: 11543: 11542: 11537: 11532: 11522: 11517: 11512: 11507: 11502: 11497: 11492: 11487: 11482: 11477: 11472: 11467: 11462: 11457: 11452: 11447: 11442: 11437: 11431: 11425: 11419: 11418: 11415: 11414: 11412: 11411: 11406: 11401: 11396: 11391: 11386: 11381: 11376: 11374:Space industry 11371: 11366: 11361: 11360: 11359: 11349: 11341: 11336: 11331: 11326: 11321: 11316: 11311: 11306: 11301: 11296: 11291: 11286: 11281: 11276: 11271: 11266: 11261: 11255: 11249: 11243: 11242: 11239: 11238: 11236: 11235: 11230: 11225: 11220: 11215: 11213:Urban planning 11210: 11205: 11200: 11195: 11190: 11185: 11180: 11175: 11170: 11165: 11160: 11155: 11150: 11145: 11140: 11135: 11130: 11125: 11120: 11115: 11110: 11105: 11100: 11095: 11085: 11080: 11075: 11065: 11060: 11050: 11048:Federal budget 11045: 11040: 11035: 11030: 11025: 11020: 11015: 11010: 11005: 10999: 10993: 10987: 10986: 10983: 10982: 10980: 10979: 10974: 10969: 10964: 10959: 10957:North Caucasus 10954: 10953: 10952: 10947: 10942: 10932: 10931: 10930: 10925: 10920: 10910: 10909: 10908: 10898: 10893: 10891:Highest points 10888: 10883: 10878: 10873: 10868: 10867: 10866: 10861: 10856: 10851: 10846: 10836: 10834:Extreme points 10831: 10830: 10829: 10819: 10814: 10809: 10804: 10798: 10792: 10786: 10785: 10782: 10781: 10779: 10778: 10773: 10768: 10763: 10758: 10753: 10748: 10743: 10738: 10733: 10727: 10725: 10721: 10720: 10718: 10717: 10716: 10715: 10705: 10704: 10703: 10698: 10693: 10683: 10682: 10681: 10676: 10666: 10661: 10660: 10659: 10649: 10647:Russian Empire 10644: 10643: 10642: 10632: 10627: 10626: 10625: 10620: 10615: 10607: 10602: 10597: 10592: 10587: 10582: 10577: 10571: 10569: 10560: 10554: 10553: 10551: articles 10545: 10544: 10537: 10530: 10522: 10513: 10512: 10510: 10509: 10507:European Union 10503: 10501: 10500:Other entities 10497: 10496: 10494: 10493: 10488: 10483: 10478: 10473: 10468: 10463: 10457: 10455: 10454:other entities 10449: 10448: 10446: 10445: 10440: 10435: 10430: 10425: 10419: 10417: 10411: 10410: 10408: 10407: 10405:United Kingdom 10402: 10397: 10392: 10387: 10382: 10377: 10372: 10367: 10362: 10357: 10352: 10347: 10342: 10337: 10332: 10327: 10322: 10317: 10312: 10307: 10302: 10297: 10292: 10287: 10282: 10277: 10272: 10270: 10265: 10260: 10255: 10250: 10245: 10240: 10235: 10230: 10225: 10220: 10218:Czech Republic 10215: 10210: 10205: 10200: 10195: 10190: 10185: 10180: 10175: 10170: 10165: 10159: 10157: 10153: 10152: 10145: 10144: 10137: 10130: 10122: 10113: 10112: 10110: 10109: 10099: 10088: 10085: 10084: 10082: 10081: 10076: 10071: 10066: 10061: 10055: 10053: 10044: 10043: 10041: 10040: 10035: 10030: 10025: 10020: 10014: 10012: 10004: 10003: 10001: 10000: 9995: 9990: 9985: 9980: 9975: 9970: 9965: 9960: 9955: 9950: 9945: 9940: 9935: 9930: 9925: 9920: 9915: 9910: 9905: 9900: 9895: 9890: 9885: 9880: 9875: 9870: 9865: 9860: 9855: 9850: 9845: 9840: 9835: 9830: 9825: 9820: 9815: 9810: 9805: 9800: 9795: 9790: 9785: 9780: 9775: 9770: 9765: 9760: 9754: 9752: 9746: 9745: 9738: 9737: 9730: 9723: 9715: 9706: 9705: 9676: 9647: 9624: 9618: 9613: 9594: 9584:on 20 May 2022 9565: 9546: 9527: 9508: 9494: 9493:External links 9491: 9488: 9487: 9454: 9424: 9394: 9361: 9331: 9301: 9271: 9239: 9209: 9179: 9153: 9123: 9093: 9067: 9027: 9016:on 15 May 2018 9010:right2info.org 8994: 8977:rti-rating.org 8961: 8903: 8873: 8856:right2info.org 8843: 8823:www2.ohchr.org 8807: 8774: 8738: 8708: 8678: 8648: 8618: 8583: 8571: 8559: 8529: 8496: 8466: 8436: 8406: 8375: 8345: 8321: 8299: 8274: 8250: 8220: 8193: 8163: 8137: 8117: 8094: 8071: 8059: 8040: 8018: 7994: 7975: 7956: 7937: 7907: 7867: 7837: 7807: 7777: 7747: 7717: 7694: 7671: 7648: 7629: 7606: 7571: 7540: 7510: 7479: 7444: 7414: 7382: 7354: 7335: 7317: 7298: 7292:, Joel Simon, 7275: 7252: 7233: 7207: 7173: 7142: 7120: 7101: 7071: 7029: 6991: 6951: 6914: 6879: 6849: 6828: 6825:. 3 July 2024. 6810: 6790: 6785:Deutsche Welle 6772: 6754: 6734: 6714: 6696: 6678: 6660: 6642: 6623: 6605: 6585: 6567: 6549: 6531: 6505: 6479: 6468:on 5 July 2017 6453: 6427: 6401: 6382: 6356: 6330: 6296: 6262: 6243: 6217: 6192: 6173: 6154: 6135: 6105: 6079: 6049: 6019: 5989: 5962: 5936: 5913: 5890: 5864: 5835: 5789: 5759: 5743: 5722: 5703: 5673: 5643: 5616: 5586: 5556: 5526: 5496: 5481:(in Russian). 5465: 5439: 5409: 5394:(in Russian). 5379: 5364:(in Russian). 5349: 5310: 5279: 5249: 5202: 5172: 5142: 5112: 5086: 5056: 5026: 5009:Spiegel Online 4995: 4965: 4950:. 4 May 2015. 4935: 4909: 4882: 4863: 4841: 4826:(in Russian). 4811: 4780: 4750: 4714: 4683: 4666:Deutsche Welle 4653: 4622: 4588: 4563: 4544: 4536:Echo of Moscow 4517: 4481: 4462: 4428: 4398: 4361: 4335: 4302: 4269: 4238: 4212: 4182: 4141: 4103: 4081: 4060: 4041: 4022: 4004: 3986: 3974: 3955: 3936: 3902: 3872: 3848: 3822: 3803: 3784: 3753: 3714: 3681: 3652: 3634: 3595: 3572: 3546: 3520: 3488: 3461: 3431: 3412: 3411: 3409: 3406: 3405: 3404: 3399: 3394: 3389: 3384: 3379: 3374: 3369: 3364: 3358: 3357: 3343: 3329: 3313: 3310: 3295: 3294: 3291: 3288: 3261: 3260: 3257: 3254: 3251: 3248: 3245: 3242: 3239: 3221: 3218: 3199: 3198: 3183: 3138: 3070:United Nations 3060: 3057: 3028: 3025: 2997: 2994: 2954: 2951: 2919:Dmitry Muratov 2903:Dmitry Muratov 2879:Deutsche Welle 2815:Echo of Moscow 2786:In March 2016 2769:was warned by 2732: 2729: 2714:Rupert Murdoch 2624:Vladimir Putin 2603: 2600: 2586: 2583: 2519: 2516: 2500:Vladimir Putin 2496:New York Times 2487: 2484: 2445: 2442: 2429: 2426: 2414:Oleg Deripaska 2394: 2391: 2232:Channel Russia 2209:Vladimir Putin 2201:Yuri Kovalchuk 2179:Rosimuschestvo 2162: 2159: 2124:– is owned by 2042: 2039: 2038: 2037: 2010: 2000:Deutsche Welle 1995: 1987: 1980: 1963: 1945: 1930: 1873: 1872: 1865: 1853: 1838: 1831:Rostov-na-Donu 1826: 1825: 1806:Nadira Isayeva 1749: 1746: 1745: 1744: 1729: 1718: 1707: 1695: 1688:Ingushetia.org 1681: 1678:North Caucasus 1638: 1637: 1625: 1617:anti-terrorism 1613: 1602:Garri Kasparov 1598:Alexei Navalny 1585: 1515: 1512: 1498: 1495: 1490:Main article: 1483: 1480: 1458: 1455: 1425: 1424: 1417: 1406: 1395: 1379: 1367: 1364: 1349: 1338:Raphael Lemkin 1330: 1320: 1279: 1276: 1246: 1243: 1159:Main article: 1156: 1153: 1152: 1151: 1135: 1129: 1118: 1112: 1105: 1101: 1094: 1083: 1060: 1057: 1056: 1055: 1048: 1041: 1034:Geydar Dzhemal 1030: 1019: 1012: 1005: 973:Ramzan Kadyrov 928:Vladimir Putin 881: 878: 856:Main article: 853: 850: 841:Vladimir Lukin 817: 814: 777: 774: 769:Main article: 766: 763: 714: 713: 711: 710: 703: 696: 688: 685: 684: 683: 682: 677: 669: 668: 664: 663: 659: 658: 653: 648: 643: 638: 633: 631:United Kingdom 628: 623: 618: 613: 608: 603: 598: 593: 588: 583: 578: 565: 560: 555: 550: 545: 540: 535: 530: 525: 520: 515: 510: 502:Russian Empire 493: 480: 475: 470: 457: 452: 447: 442: 437: 432: 427: 422: 417: 412: 407: 402: 397: 392: 387: 381: 375: 362: 357: 344: 339: 334: 329: 316: 303: 298: 293: 288: 283: 262: 249: 244: 239: 234: 229: 224: 219: 217:Czech Republic 214: 209: 204: 187: 182: 177: 172: 167: 162: 157: 152: 147: 142: 137: 132: 127: 122: 117: 111: 110: 107: 106: 103: 102: 96: 95: 87: 86: 78: 77: 58: 52: 46: 40: 34: 28: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11988: 11977: 11974: 11972: 11969: 11967: 11964: 11962: 11959: 11957: 11954: 11952: 11949: 11948: 11946: 11931: 11928: 11926: 11923: 11922: 11917: 11913: 11912: 11908: 11898: 11895: 11891: 11888: 11887: 11886: 11883: 11881: 11880:Seven Wonders 11878: 11876: 11873: 11871: 11868: 11866: 11863: 11861: 11858: 11856: 11853: 11851: 11848: 11846: 11845:Playing cards 11843: 11841: 11838: 11836: 11833: 11831: 11828: 11824: 11821: 11819: 11816: 11814: 11811: 11810: 11809: 11806: 11804: 11801: 11799: 11796: 11794: 11791: 11789: 11786: 11784: 11781: 11779: 11776: 11774: 11771: 11769: 11766: 11764: 11761: 11759: 11756: 11754: 11751: 11749: 11746: 11744: 11741: 11739: 11736: 11734: 11731: 11729: 11726: 11724: 11721: 11719: 11716: 11712: 11709: 11708: 11707: 11704: 11702: 11699: 11697: 11694: 11692: 11689: 11687: 11684: 11682: 11679: 11677: 11674: 11673: 11671: 11669: 11665: 11657: 11654: 11653: 11652: 11649: 11647: 11644: 11642: 11639: 11637: 11634: 11632: 11629: 11627: 11624: 11622: 11619: 11617: 11614: 11612: 11609: 11607: 11604: 11602: 11599: 11597: 11594: 11592: 11589: 11587: 11584: 11582: 11579: 11577: 11574: 11570: 11567: 11565: 11562: 11561: 11560: 11557: 11553: 11550: 11549: 11548: 11545: 11541: 11540:Mental health 11538: 11536: 11533: 11531: 11528: 11527: 11526: 11523: 11521: 11518: 11516: 11513: 11511: 11508: 11506: 11503: 11501: 11500:Ethnic groups 11498: 11496: 11493: 11491: 11488: 11486: 11483: 11481: 11478: 11476: 11473: 11471: 11468: 11466: 11463: 11461: 11458: 11456: 11453: 11451: 11448: 11446: 11443: 11441: 11438: 11436: 11433: 11432: 11429: 11426: 11424: 11420: 11410: 11407: 11405: 11402: 11400: 11397: 11395: 11392: 11390: 11387: 11385: 11382: 11380: 11377: 11375: 11372: 11370: 11367: 11365: 11362: 11358: 11355: 11354: 11353: 11350: 11348: 11342: 11340: 11337: 11335: 11332: 11330: 11327: 11325: 11322: 11320: 11317: 11315: 11312: 11310: 11307: 11305: 11302: 11300: 11297: 11295: 11292: 11290: 11287: 11285: 11282: 11280: 11277: 11275: 11272: 11270: 11267: 11265: 11262: 11260: 11257: 11256: 11253: 11250: 11248: 11244: 11234: 11231: 11229: 11226: 11224: 11221: 11219: 11216: 11214: 11211: 11209: 11206: 11204: 11203:Civil defense 11201: 11199: 11196: 11194: 11191: 11189: 11186: 11184: 11181: 11179: 11176: 11174: 11171: 11169: 11166: 11164: 11161: 11159: 11156: 11154: 11151: 11149: 11148:Media freedom 11146: 11144: 11141: 11139: 11136: 11134: 11131: 11129: 11126: 11124: 11121: 11119: 11116: 11114: 11111: 11109: 11106: 11104: 11101: 11099: 11096: 11093: 11089: 11086: 11084: 11081: 11079: 11076: 11073: 11069: 11066: 11064: 11061: 11058: 11054: 11051: 11049: 11046: 11044: 11041: 11039: 11036: 11034: 11033:Criminal code 11031: 11029: 11026: 11024: 11021: 11019: 11016: 11014: 11013:Civil Service 11011: 11009: 11006: 11004: 11001: 11000: 10997: 10994: 10992: 10988: 10978: 10975: 10973: 10970: 10968: 10965: 10963: 10960: 10958: 10955: 10951: 10948: 10946: 10943: 10941: 10938: 10937: 10936: 10933: 10929: 10926: 10924: 10921: 10919: 10916: 10915: 10914: 10911: 10907: 10904: 10903: 10902: 10899: 10897: 10894: 10892: 10889: 10887: 10884: 10882: 10879: 10877: 10874: 10872: 10869: 10865: 10862: 10860: 10857: 10855: 10852: 10850: 10847: 10845: 10842: 10841: 10840: 10837: 10835: 10832: 10828: 10825: 10824: 10823: 10820: 10818: 10815: 10813: 10810: 10808: 10805: 10803: 10800: 10799: 10796: 10793: 10791: 10787: 10777: 10774: 10772: 10769: 10767: 10764: 10762: 10759: 10757: 10754: 10752: 10749: 10747: 10744: 10742: 10739: 10737: 10734: 10732: 10729: 10728: 10726: 10722: 10714: 10711: 10710: 10709: 10706: 10702: 10699: 10697: 10694: 10692: 10689: 10688: 10687: 10684: 10680: 10677: 10675: 10674:Russian state 10672: 10671: 10670: 10667: 10665: 10662: 10658: 10655: 10654: 10653: 10650: 10648: 10645: 10641: 10638: 10637: 10636: 10633: 10631: 10628: 10624: 10621: 10619: 10616: 10614: 10611: 10610: 10608: 10606: 10603: 10601: 10598: 10596: 10593: 10591: 10588: 10586: 10583: 10581: 10578: 10576: 10573: 10572: 10570: 10568: 10564: 10561: 10559: 10555: 10550: 10543: 10538: 10536: 10531: 10529: 10524: 10523: 10520: 10508: 10505: 10504: 10502: 10498: 10492: 10489: 10487: 10484: 10482: 10479: 10477: 10474: 10472: 10469: 10467: 10466:Faroe Islands 10464: 10462: 10459: 10458: 10456: 10450: 10444: 10441: 10439: 10438:South Ossetia 10436: 10434: 10431: 10429: 10426: 10424: 10421: 10420: 10418: 10412: 10406: 10403: 10401: 10398: 10396: 10393: 10391: 10388: 10386: 10383: 10381: 10378: 10376: 10373: 10371: 10368: 10366: 10363: 10361: 10358: 10356: 10353: 10351: 10348: 10346: 10343: 10341: 10338: 10336: 10333: 10331: 10328: 10326: 10323: 10321: 10318: 10316: 10313: 10311: 10308: 10306: 10303: 10301: 10298: 10296: 10293: 10291: 10290:Liechtenstein 10288: 10286: 10283: 10281: 10278: 10276: 10273: 10271: 10269: 10266: 10264: 10261: 10259: 10256: 10254: 10251: 10249: 10246: 10244: 10241: 10239: 10236: 10234: 10231: 10229: 10226: 10224: 10221: 10219: 10216: 10214: 10211: 10209: 10206: 10204: 10201: 10199: 10196: 10194: 10191: 10189: 10186: 10184: 10181: 10179: 10176: 10174: 10171: 10169: 10166: 10164: 10161: 10160: 10158: 10154: 10150: 10143: 10138: 10136: 10131: 10129: 10124: 10123: 10120: 10108: 10104: 10100: 10098: 10090: 10089: 10086: 10080: 10077: 10075: 10072: 10070: 10067: 10065: 10062: 10060: 10057: 10056: 10054: 10049: 10045: 10039: 10036: 10034: 10033:South Ossetia 10031: 10029: 10026: 10024: 10021: 10019: 10016: 10015: 10013: 10011: 10005: 9999: 9996: 9994: 9991: 9989: 9986: 9984: 9981: 9979: 9976: 9974: 9971: 9969: 9966: 9964: 9961: 9959: 9956: 9954: 9951: 9949: 9946: 9944: 9941: 9939: 9936: 9934: 9931: 9929: 9926: 9924: 9921: 9919: 9916: 9914: 9911: 9909: 9906: 9904: 9901: 9899: 9896: 9894: 9891: 9889: 9886: 9884: 9881: 9879: 9876: 9874: 9871: 9869: 9866: 9864: 9861: 9859: 9856: 9854: 9851: 9849: 9846: 9844: 9841: 9839: 9836: 9834: 9831: 9829: 9826: 9824: 9821: 9819: 9816: 9814: 9811: 9809: 9806: 9804: 9801: 9799: 9796: 9794: 9791: 9789: 9786: 9784: 9781: 9779: 9776: 9774: 9771: 9769: 9766: 9764: 9761: 9759: 9756: 9755: 9753: 9751: 9747: 9743: 9736: 9731: 9729: 9724: 9722: 9717: 9716: 9713: 9709: 9695: 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PEN. 2016. 8596: 8590: 8588: 8581: 8575: 8569: 8563: 8547: 8543: 8539: 8533: 8517: 8513: 8512: 8507: 8500: 8484: 8480: 8476: 8470: 8454: 8450: 8446: 8440: 8424: 8420: 8416: 8410: 8394: 8390: 8386: 8379: 8363: 8359: 8358:National Post 8355: 8349: 8341: 8337: 8336: 8331: 8325: 8317: 8313: 8309: 8303: 8295: 8291: 8289: 8284: 8278: 8270: 8266: 8265: 8260: 8254: 8238: 8234: 8230: 8224: 8208: 8204: 8197: 8181: 8177: 8167: 8151: 8148:. 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3285: 3284: 3280: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3265: 3258: 3255: 3252: 3249: 3246: 3243: 3240: 3237: 3236: 3235: 3233: 3227: 3217: 3214: 3211: 3206: 3204: 3201:In 2015, the 3196: 3192: 3191:Gazprom-Media 3188: 3184: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3172:Mikhail Lesin 3169: 3168:Alexei Gromov 3165: 3164: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3136: 3135: 3130: 3126: 3121: 3120: 3119:Novaya Gazeta 3114: 3113: 3107: 3106: 3099: 3098: 3093:"Outsiders." 3092: 3091: 3090: 3088: 3084: 3082: 3077: 3073: 3071: 3067: 3056: 3054: 3050: 3044: 3040: 3038: 3034: 3024: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3009: 3003: 2993: 2989: 2984: 2979: 2976: 2973:In 2016, the 2970: 2965: 2962: 2960: 2950: 2946: 2944: 2940: 2939:Novaya Gazeta 2936: 2935:Novaya Gazeta 2932: 2928: 2927:Novaya Gazeta 2924: 2923:Novaya Gazeta 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2899: 2898:Novaya Gazeta 2894: 2892: 2888: 2885:, as well as 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2859: 2857: 2852: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2829: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2811: 2810:Novaya Gazeta 2806: 2802: 2798: 2797: 2791: 2789: 2788:Sergey Shoygu 2784: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2773: 2768: 2763: 2761: 2760:war in Donbas 2757: 2753: 2748: 2742: 2738: 2728: 2726: 2722: 2717: 2715: 2711: 2708:According to 2706: 2703: 2700: 2695: 2691: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2678: 2673: 2669: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2649: 2645: 2640: 2638: 2633: 2630: 2625: 2620: 2616: 2614: 2609: 2599: 2597: 2596:Panama Papers 2592: 2582: 2579: 2575: 2570: 2567: 2562: 2558: 2556: 2552: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2526: 2515: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2498:article, all 2497: 2493: 2483: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2472: 2467: 2466: 2461: 2457: 2456: 2451: 2441: 2439: 2435: 2425: 2423: 2419: 2418:Basic Element 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2390: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2359: 2357: 2356:First Channel 2353: 2352:truck drivers 2349: 2344: 2342: 2338: 2333: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2298: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2271: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 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1671: 1670:Kavkaz Center 1667: 1663: 1659: 1658: 1657: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1623: 1618: 1614: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1590: 1586: 1583: 1582: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1548: 1547: 1545: 1544: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1525: 1521: 1511: 1508: 1504: 1493: 1488: 1479: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1463: 1454: 1452: 1448: 1443: 1441: 1436: 1433: 1428: 1422: 1418: 1415: 1414:Kill the poor 1411: 1410:Dead Kennedys 1407: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1365: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1328: 1324: 1321: 1318: 1313: 1312: 1311: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1296: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1275: 1273: 1269: 1268: 1267:Novaya Gazeta 1263: 1258: 1256: 1252: 1242: 1240: 1239:Freedom House 1235: 1233: 1228: 1224: 1219: 1217: 1213: 1210: 1206: 1201: 1199: 1194: 1192: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1174: 1172: 1168: 1162: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1140: 1136: 1133: 1130: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1116: 1113: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1099: 1095: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1081: 1077: 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