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196:, the prominent explorer and missionary. Livingstone worked as a medical doctor at the mission station in Kuruman, South Africa, beginning in 1841. Livingstone became known for his abilities as a healer, but eventually tired of medical work and doubted its effectiveness as a form of Christian ministry. He ceased to practice medicine and began his exploration of Africa's interior and fight against the slave trade, for which he is most commonly remembered. Despite Livingstone's limited practice as a medical missionary, he, like Parker, influenced medical doctors to pursue careers as missionaries. The Edinburgh Medical Missionary Society had a relationship with Livingstone from 1858 until his death in 1873.
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1923 China had half of the world's missionary hospital beds and half the world's missionary doctors. Of the 500 hospitals in China in 1931, 235 were run by
Protestant missions and 10 by Catholic missions. The mission hospitals produce 61 percent of Western trained doctors, 32 percent nurses and 50 percent of medical schools.
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would reveal themselves through the implementation of western means of healing. Such perspectives, however, dismiss the possibility of different understandings of illness and health. In
Mwinilunga, local people attributed supernatural properties to Western medicine, much to the chagrin of missionaries to the area.
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According to Kalusa, "European practitioners of medicine envisaged that vernacular translations would be drained of 'pagan' connotations and loaded with
Western notions of medicine and disease." In the case of Mwinilunga, we see the western assumption that "universal truths" of sickness and disease
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to China in 1834 as the first
Protestant medical missionary. Western medicine provided a means by which Parker could gain access to parts of Chinese society that were otherwise closed off to missionaries. More American doctors followed suit and, in 1838, founded the world's first society for medical
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Medical missions continue in many parts of the world today. EMMS International is a missions organization that traces its origins back to the
Edinburgh Medical Missionary Society and credits David Livingstone as an inspiration to their ongoing efforts. According to the EMMS website: "Dr Livingstone
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Walima Kalusa writes about medical missions in colonial
Mwinilunga, Zambia, and illustrates the difficulties that western missionaries had in achieving their goals of transforming the moral understanding of Africans. Kalusa highlights missionaries’ dependence on the linguistic knowledge of Zambian
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By 1901, China was the most popular destination for medical missionaries. The 150 foreign physicians operated 128 hospitals and 245 dispensaries, treating 1.7 million patients. In 1894, male medical missionaries comprised 14 percent of all missionaries; women doctors were four percent. Already by
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ideologies were commonly imposed upon non-Western societies and the
Christian message was conflated with Modern values. Among these values was a rationalized understanding of the cosmos, that seemingly necessitated skepticism about supernatural realities. Efforts to "modernize" or "civilize" went
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Within
Christian communities there has been some debate regarding the role of evangelism within medical missions. As seen in the example of David Livingstone, who questioned efficacy of medical practice as a means of evangelism, it was not uncommon to separate healthcare and proclamation of the
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continues to be an inspiration to EMMS International. We continue in the footsteps of
Livingstone, and those like him, who sought to bring improvements in healthcare along with Christian compassion to some of the world's poorest communities." EMMS maintains missionary efforts in
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understandings of illness and healing were considered more sophisticated and informed than those of non-Enlightenment oriented cultures. Therefore, it was the duty of "informed", "rational", "civilized" Westerners, to bring such values to the rest of the world.
287:' that was propagated and popularised by the missionaries continues to resonate in the West to this day." The perceived superiority of Western medicine by missionaries perpetuated stereotypes that Western societies were the "gold standard" of civilization.
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endeavors that involve the administration of medical treatment. As has been common among missionary efforts from the 18th to 20th centuries, medical missions often involves residents of the "Western world" traveling to locales within
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repeatedly calls for his disciples to heal the sick and serve the poor, but also for them to "make disciples of all nations". In striving to obey such commands, Western
Christians have debated the nature of proper
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335:, and they often saw this as their authentic life mission. In the process, preaching became secondary." As a result, missionaries commonly received criticism from fundamentalists for proclaiming a
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statements in developing theologies that emphasize personal salvation over the provision of material needs. The origins of medical missions are found in a sort of fusion of these two perspectives.
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hand in hand with efforts to debunk what missionaries perceived as superstitious and mythological (i.e. irrational) understandings of health and healing.
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An example of a Medical Missionary is Mrs Elizabeth Maria Bryant (nee Caple), whose obituary was published on December 6, 1956. Mrs Bryant was born in
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gospel as distinct means of obeying the commands of Christ. Hardiman identifies that, "... missionaries in the field became more and more involved in
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or a secular humanitarian agenda that undervalued the primacy of the conversion experience. Debates around these issues continue today.
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69:, or material realities within missionary efforts. Much of Euro-American Protestantism has emphasized Jesus' eschatological and
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126:, Scotland, and appealed to a number of the city's leading doctors. His presentation resulted in the establishment of the
672:"Language, Medical Auxiliaries, and the Re-interpretation of Missionary Medicine in Colonial Mwinilunga, Zambia, 1922–51"
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The Edinburgh Medical Missionary Society bore its name from 1843 until 2002 when it split into two separate charities:
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An Overview of Religious Medicine in the Near East: Mission Hospitals of the American Board in Asia Minor (1880-1923)
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made use of medical missionaries for its public health initiatives, notably including the work by
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Between Life and Death: the story of C. E. Z. M. S. medical missions in India, China, and Ceylon
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647:. Clio Medica (Amsterdam, Netherlands). Vol. 80. Amsterdam: Rodopi. pp. 1–348.
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impact of medical missionaries. "The image of the social and cultural malignancy of the '
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554:'Heal the Sick' was Their Motto: The Protestant Medical Missionaries in China
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304:" of a place often meant more than the conversion of its residents. Western,
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Another example of early medical missionary efforts is found in the work of
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Anadolu'da Amerikan Misyonerliği ve Misyon Hastaneleri (1880-1934)
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Healing Bodies, Saving Souls: Medical Missions in Asia and Africa
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medical auxiliaries as preventing such transformation.
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which was the first medical mission society in Europe.
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The historian David Hardiman identifies the lasting
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American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions
97:In the 1830s an American missionary to China named
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209:Legacy of the Edinburgh Medical Missionary Society
150:and others to improve treatment and prevention of
105:was more effective at removing eye cataracts than
254:The Nazareth Trust is the organization that runs
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266:, who had founded a medical dispensary in 1861.
186:A medical missionary attending to a sick African
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434:"Matthew 28:16-20 – New International Version"
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389:Canadian Nurses of the North China Mission
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557:. Chinese University Press. p. 112.
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188:; oil painting by Harold Copping, 1930
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313:Role of language in medical missions
128:Edinburgh Medical Missionary Society
91:The China Medical Missionary Journal
326:Social gospel vs. strict evangelism
120:Medical Missionary Society of China
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737:. London: Marshall Brothers, 1901
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270:Controversies in medical missions
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300:For Western missionaries, the "
275:Orientalism in medical missions
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722:, TTK Yayınevi, Ankara 2017.
536:The Encyclopedia of Missions
475:History of Leprosy: Database
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93:; volume VIII, issue 1; 1894
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65:, often emphasizing either
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670:Kalusa, Walima T. (2007).
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122:. In 1841 Parker visited
296:Science vs. spirituality
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551:Gerald H. Choa (1990).
514:"Origin and Background"
399:EMMS Nazareth Hospital
256:EMMS Nazareth Hospital
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173:from 1901 until 1946.
165:in 1870 and worked in
109:. At his request, the
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538:(2nd ed. 1904) p 446
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19:is the term used for
581:. The Nazareth Trust
516:. EMMS International
404:Traditional medicine
21:Christian missionary
384:The Canton Hospital
357:Christianity portal
242:, and parts of the
756:World Christianity
394:EMMS International
250:The Nazareth Trust
225:EMMS International
215:EMMS International
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654:978-94-012-0363-0
194:David Livingstone
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171:Andhra Pradesh
159:East Huntspill
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118:missions: the
99:E. C. Bridgman
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71:soteriological
67:eschatological
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38:Latin America
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682:(1): 57–78.
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583:. Retrieved
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58:Jesus Christ
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585:19 November
579:"Our Story"
520:19 November
443:19 November
333:social work
281:Orientalist
154:(leprosy).
148:Ernest Muir
745:Categories
416:References
138:Under the
63:evangelism
48:Background
706:144082212
698:1753-1063
421:Footnotes
124:Edinburgh
40:, or the
663:17132180
643:(2006).
343:See also
260:Nazareth
217:and the
163:Somerset
140:British
77:Origins
52:In the
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540:Online
306:Modern
236:Malawi
177:Africa
26:Africa
702:S2CID
285:Other
240:Nepal
232:India
144:India
134:India
113:sent
82:China
694:ISSN
659:PMID
649:ISBN
587:2016
559:ISBN
522:2016
445:2016
30:Asia
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258:in
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