Traditional Chinese medicine

2851: 1603: 6772: 8940: 8929: 2847:(1966–1976) the CCP and the government emphasized modernity, cultural identity and China's social and economic reconstruction and contrasted them to the colonial and feudal past. The government established a grassroots health care system as a step in the search for a new national identity and tried to revitalize traditional medicine and made large investments in traditional medicine to try to develop affordable medical care and public health facilities. The Ministry of Health directed health care throughout China and established primary care units. Chinese physicians trained in Western medicine were required to learn traditional medicine, while traditional healers received training in modern methods. This strategy aimed to integrate modern medical concepts and methods and revitalize appropriate aspects of traditional medicine. Therefore, traditional Chinese medicine was re-created in response to Western medicine. 6890: 4425:, which described the use of pulse in diagnosis, stated that pregnancy was "a condition marked by symptoms of the disorder in one whose pulse is normal" or "where the pulse and symptoms do not agree". Women were often silent about suspected pregnancy, which led to many men not knowing that their wife or daughter was pregnant until complications arrived. Complications through the misdiagnosis and the woman's reluctance to speak often led to medically induced abortions. Cheng, Furth wrote, "was unapologetic about endangering a fetus when pregnancy risked a mother's well being". The method of abortion was the ingestion of certain herbs and foods. Disappointment at the loss of the fetus often led to family discord. 4612:, "the six qi") were able to invade the body surface and to proceed to the interior. This is sometimes used to draw causal relationships (i.e., prior exposure to wind/cold/etc. is identified as the cause of a disease), while other authors explicitly deny a direct cause-effect relationship between weather conditions and disease, pointing out that the Six Excesses are primarily descriptions of a certain combination of symptoms translated into a pattern of disharmony. It is undisputed, though, that the Six Excesses can manifest inside the body without an external cause. In this case, they might be denoted "internal", e.g., "internal wind" or "internal fire (or heat)". 2687:. This book was compiled in the form of question-and-answer explanations. A total of 81 questions have been discussed. Therefore, it is also called "Eighty-One Nan". The book is based on basic theory and has also analyzed some disease certificates. Questions one to twenty-two is about pulse study, questions twenty-three to twenty-nine is about meridian study, questions thirty to forty-seven is related to urgent illnesses, questions forty-eight to sixty-one is related to serious diseases, questions sixty-two to sixty-eight is related to acupuncture points, and questions sixty-nine to eighty-one is related to the needlepoint methods. 6672:, Chinese medicine practitioners in Hong Kong were not recognized as "medical doctors", which means they could not issue prescription drugs, give injections, etc. However, TCM practitioners could register and operate TCM as "herbalists". The Chinese Medicine Council of Hong Kong was established in 1999. It regulates the compounds and professional standards for TCM practitioners. All TCM practitioners in Hong Kong are required to register with the council. The eligibility for registration includes a recognised 5-year university degree of TCM, a 30-week minimum supervised clinical internship, and passing the licensing exam. 4482:

while most other issues were complex in Chinese medical physiology, women's fertility issues were simple. Most syndrome types revolved around menstruation, or lack thereof. The patient was entrusted with recording not only the frequency, but also the "volume, color, consistency, and odor of menstrual flow." This placed responsibility of symptom recording on the patient, and was compounded by the earlier discussed issue of female chastity and honor. This meant that diagnosing female infertility was difficult, because the only symptoms that were recorded and monitored by the physician were the pulse and color of the tongue.

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physician would discuss the female's problems and diagnosis only through the male. However, in certain cases, when a woman dealt with complications of pregnancy or birth, older women assumed the role of the formal authority. Men in these situations would not have much power to interfere. Second, women were often silent about their issues with doctors due to the societal expectation of female modesty when a male figure was in the room. Third, patriarchal society also caused doctors to call women and children patients "the anonymous category of family members (

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plants, animal parts and minerals. Traditional Chinese herbal remedies are conveniently available from grocery stores in most Chinese neighborhoods; some of these items may contain toxic ingredients, are imported into the U.S. illegally, and are associated with claims of therapeutic benefit without evidence. For most compounds, efficacy and toxicity testing are based on traditional knowledge rather than laboratory analysis. The toxicity in some cases could be confirmed by modern research (i.e., in scorpion); in some cases it could not (i.e., in

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wrote these studies instead of "books of prescriptions or advice manuals;" in their historical and environmental understanding, no two illnesses were alike so the healing strategies of the practitioner was unique every time to the specific diagnosis of the patient. Medical case studies existed throughout Chinese history, but "individually authored and published case history" was a prominent creation of the Ming dynasty. An example such case studies would be the literati physician, Cheng Congzhou, collection of 93 cases published in 1644.

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involved discharge from her intimate areas. As Cheng describes, there were four standard methods of diagnosis – looking, asking, listening and smelling and touching (for pulse-taking). To maintain some form of modesty, women would often stay hidden behind curtains and screens. The doctor was allowed to touch enough of her body to complete his examination, often just the pulse taking. This would lead to situations where the symptoms and the doctor's diagnosis did not agree and the doctor would have to ask to view more of the patient.

5283: 5107:, located two fingerbreadths from the wrist crease, one fingerbreadth from the wrist crease, and right at the wrist crease, respectively, usually palpated with the index, middle and ring finger) of each arm, for a total of twelve pulses, all of which are thought to correspond with certain zàng-fŭ. The pulse is examined for several characteristics including rhythm, strength and volume, and described with qualities like "floating, slippery, bolstering-like, feeble, thready and quick"; each of these qualities indicates certain 6982: 6810: 6148: 4766:). These eight principles refer to four pairs of fundamental qualities of a disease: exterior/interior, heat/cold, vacuity/repletion, and yin/yang. Out of these, heat/cold and vacuity/repletion have the biggest clinical importance. The yin/yang quality, on the other side, has the smallest importance and is somewhat seen aside from the other three pairs, since it merely presents a general and vague conclusion regarding what other qualities are found. In detail, the Eight Principles refer to the following: 6720: 4380:

would choose to omit certain symptoms as a means of upholding their chastity and honor. One such example is the case in which a teenage girl was unable to be diagnosed because she failed to mention her symptom of vaginal discharge. Silence was their way of maintaining control in these situations, but it often came at the expense of their health and the advancement of female health and medicine. This silence and control were most obviously seen when the health problem was related to the core of Ming

18351: 41: 5936:). Traditional herbal medicines can contain extremely toxic chemicals and heavy metals, and naturally occurring toxins, which can cause illness, exacerbate pre-existing poor health or result in death. Botanical misidentification of plants can cause toxic reactions in humans. The description of some plants used in TCM has changed, leading to unintended poisoning by using the wrong plants. A concern is also contaminated herbal medicines with microorganisms and fungal toxins, including 2947:'s opening up, Western medicine was not yet popular, and Western medicine doctors were mostly foreigners; local residents mostly relied on Chinese medicine practitioners. In 1841, the British government of Hong Kong issued an announcement pledging to govern Hong Kong residents in accordance with all the original rituals, customs and private legal property rights. As traditional Chinese medicine had always been used in China, the use of traditional Chinese medicine was not regulated. 5762: 2889:

required to pass examinations in Western medicine. Chinese scientists and researchers, however, expressed concern that TCM training and therapies would receive equal support with Western medicine. They also criticized a reduction in government testing and regulation of the production of TCMs, some of which were toxic. Government censors have removed Internet posts that question TCM. In 2020 Beijing drafted a local regulation outlawing criticism of TCM. According to

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into terms of modern medicine becomes partly nonsensical, partly irrelevant, and partly mistaken; that is also true the other way around, a point easily overlooked." TJ Hinrichs observes that people in modern Western societies divide healing practices into biomedicine for the body, psychology for the mind, and religion for the spirit, but these distinctions are inadequate to describe medical concepts among Chinese historically and to a considerable degree today.

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darkness, qualities that also align the seasons, compass directions, and the human cycle of birth, growth, and death. They provided, Leslie continued, a "comprehensive way of conceiving patterns that ran through all of nature," and they "served as a classificatory and mnemonic device to observe health problems and to reflect upon, store, and recover empirical knowledge," but they were also "subject to stultifying theoretical elaboration, self-deception, and

9904: 2448: 2538:. The "Documentation of Chinese materia medica" (CMM) dates back to around 1,100 BCE when only a few dozen drugs were described. By the end of the 16th century, the number of drugs documented had reached close to 1,900. And by the end of the last century, published records of CMM had reached 12,800 drugs." Starting in the 1950s, these precepts were standardized in the People's Republic of China, including attempts to integrate them with modern notions of 7010: 6996: 3028:

traditional texts and practices to construct a systematic body. Paul Unschuld, for instance, sees a "departure of TCM from its historical origins." What is called "Traditional Chinese Medicine" and practiced today in China and the West is not thousands of years old, but recently constructed using selected traditional terms, some of which have been taken out of context, some badly misunderstood. He has criticized Chinese and Western popular books for

6861:(ACC) Act. This inclusion granted qualified and professionally registered acupuncturists to provide subsidised care and treatment to citizens, residents, and temporary visitors for work or sports related injuries that occurred within and upon the land of New Zealand. The two bodies for the regulation of acupuncture and attainment of ACC treatment provider status in New Zealand are Acupuncture NZ and The New Zealand Acupuncture Standards Authority. 2253: 2866:(a medical staff with basic medical skills and knowledge to deal with minor illnesses) responsible for basic medical care. The medical staff combined the values of traditional China with modern methods to provide health and medical care to poor farmers in remote rural areas. The barefoot doctors became a symbol of the Cultural Revolution, for the introduction of modern medicine into villages where traditional Chinese medicine services were used. 510: 2346:, diet, exercise, medical specializations, and schools of thought. TCM as it exists today has been described as a largely 20th century invention. In the early twentieth century, Chinese cultural and political modernizers worked to eliminate traditional practices as backward and unscientific. Traditional practitioners then selected elements of philosophy and practice and organized them into what they called "Chinese medicine" (Chinese: 中医 6509: 3630:, meridians, and acupuncture points. It is a generally held belief within the acupuncture community that acupuncture points and meridians structures are special conduits for electrical signals but no research has established any consistent anatomical structure or function for either acupuncture points or meridians. The scientific evidence for the anatomical existence of either meridians or acupuncture points is not compelling. 3567: 5137: 6140: 6740: 6281: 5229: 6870:

educational institution/university on a gazetted list, either structured TCM clinical training at an approved local TCM educational institution or foreign TCM registration together with supervised TCM clinical attachment/practice at an approved local TCM clinic, and upon meeting these requirements, passing the Singapore TCM Physicians Registration Examination (STRE) conducted by the TCM Practitioners Board.

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synchronization. Gender was presumed to influence the movement of energy and a well-trained physician would be expected to read the pulse and be able to identify two dozen or more energy flows. Yin and yang concepts were applied to the feminine and masculine aspects of all bodies, implying that the differences between men and women begin at the level of this energy flow. According to

3077:, with no beneficial outcomes. Pharmaceutical research on the potential for creating new drugs from traditional remedies has few successful results. Proponents suggest that research has so far missed key features of the art of TCM, such as unknown interactions between various ingredients and complex interactive biological systems. One of the basic tenets of TCM is that the body's 6431: 5475: 2464: 4384:, or the sexual body. It was often in these diagnostic settings that women would choose silence. In addition, there would be a conflict between patient and doctor on the probability of her diagnosis. For example, a woman who thought herself to be past the point of child-bearing age, might not believe a doctor who diagnoses her as pregnant. This only resulted in more conflict. 6412:) is a type of Chinese massage, consisting of placing several glass "cups" (open spheres) on the body. A match is lit and placed inside the cup and then removed before placing the cup against the skin. As the air in the cup is heated, it expands, and after placing in the skin, cools, creating lower pressure inside the cup that allows the cup to stick to the skin via 4412:

men and women, which included tumors, growths, hernias, and swellings of the genitals. The "master system", as Charlotte Furth calls it, is the kidney visceral system, which governed reproductive functions. Therefore, it was not the anatomical structures that allowed for pregnancy, but the difference in processes that allowed for the condition of pregnancy to occur.

6731:– SIPT) is granted to the practitioners whose methods are recognized as safe and may benefit health. The TCM clinics are registered but there is no explicit regulation for it. The only TCM method which is accepted by medical logic and is empirically proofed is acupuncture. The acupuncturists can get SIPT and participate in health care facilities. 6451:) is abrading the skin with pieces of smooth jade, bone, animal tusks or horns or smooth stones; until red spots then bruising cover the area to which it is done. It is believed that this treatment is for almost any ailment. The red spots and bruising take three to ten days to heal, there is often some soreness in the area that has been treated. 5817:, which states that this herb should be steeped in cold water. The extracted substance, once subject to detoxification and purification processes, is a usable antimalarial drug – a 2012 review found that artemisinin-based remedies were the most effective drugs for the treatment of malaria. For her work on malaria, Tu received the 2015 2700:

was the first systematic summary of Chinese herbal medicine. Most of the pharmacological theories and compatibility rules and the proposed "seven emotions and harmony" principle have played a role in the practice of medicine for thousands of years. Therefore, it has been a textbook for medical workers in modern China. The full text of

3186:(1600–1100 BCE). They represent two abstract and complementary aspects that every phenomenon in the universe can be divided into. Primordial analogies for these aspects are the sun-facing (yang) and the shady (yin) side of a hill. Two other commonly used representational allegories of yin and yang are water and fire. In the 6849:

include the Nederlandse Vereniging voor Acupunctuur (NVA), Nederlandse Artsen Acupunctuur Vereniging (NAAV), ZHONG, (Nederlandse Vereniging voor Traditionele Chinese Geneeskunde), Nederlandse Beroepsvereniging Chinese Geneeswijzen Yi (NBCG Yi), and Wetenschappelijke Artsen Vereniging voor Acupunctuur in Nederland (WAVAN).

5399:, which can cause severe pain. This can lead to bears trying to kill themselves. As of 2012, approximately 10,000 bears are farmed in China for their bile. This practice has spurred public outcry across the country. The bile is collected from live bears via a surgical procedure. As of March 2020 bear bile as ingredient of 3927:, usually translated as "body fluids"), and just like xuě they are considered to be yin in nature, and defined first and foremost by the functions of nurturing and moisturizing the different structures of the body. Their other functions are to harmonize yin and yang, and to help with the secretion of waste products. 14457: 4250: 6328:) is a TCM system of exercise and meditation that combines regulated breathing, slow movement, and focused awareness, purportedly to cultivate and balance qi. One branch of qigong is qigong massage, in which the practitioner combines massage techniques with awareness of the acupuncture channels and points. 5940:. Traditional herbal medicines are sometimes contaminated with toxic heavy metals, including lead, arsenic, mercury and cadmium, which inflict serious health risks to consumers. Also, adulteration of some herbal medicine preparations with conventional drugs which may cause serious adverse effects, such as 4507:

In TCM, a disease has two aspects: "bìng" and "zhèng". The former is often translated as "disease entity", "disease category", "illness", or simply "diagnosis". The latter, and more important one, is usually translated as "pattern" (or sometimes also as "syndrome"). For example, the disease entity of

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These social and cultural beliefs were often barriers to learning more about female health, with women themselves often being the most formidable barrier. Women were often uncomfortable talking about their illnesses, especially in front of the male chaperones that attended medical examinations. Women

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is the closest historical translation to the English word "body" because it sometimes refers to the physical human body in terms of being weighed or measured, but the term is to be understood as an "ensemble of functions" encompassing both the human psyche and emotions. This concept of the human body

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is one of the earliest written medical books in China. Written during the Eastern Han dynasty between 200 and 250 CE, it was the combined effort of practitioners in the Qin and Han dynasties who summarized, collected and compiled the results of pharmacological experience during their time periods. It

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Constructive approaches to divining the potential usefulness of traditional therapies are to be welcomed. But it seems problematic to apply a brand new technique, largely untested in the clinic, to test the veracity of traditional Chinese medicine, when the field is so fraught with pseudoscience. In

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If the baby and mother survived the term of the pregnancy, childbirth was then the next step. The tools provided for birth were: towels to catch the blood, a container for the placenta, a pregnancy sash to support the belly, and an infant swaddling wrap. With these tools, the baby was born, cleaned,

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Traditional Chinese medicine's dealings with pregnancy are documented from at least the seventeenth century. According to Charlotte Furth, "a pregnancy (in the seventeenth century) as a known bodily experience emerged out of the liminality of menstrual irregularity, as uneasy digestion, and a sense

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As in other cultures, fertility and menstruation dominate female health concerns. Since male and female bodies were governed by the same forces, traditional Chinese medicine did not recognize the womb as the place of reproduction. The abdominal cavity presented pathologies that were similar in both

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The primary functional entities used by traditional Chinese medicine are qì, xuě, the five zàng organs, the six fǔ organs, and the meridians which extend through the organ systems. These are all theoretically interconnected: each zàng organ is paired with a fǔ organ, which are nourished by the blood

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was the first use of Chinese medicine for the treatment in Chinese hospitals providing free medical services. As the promotion of Western medicine by the British government started from 1940, Western medicine started being popular among Hong Kong population. In 1959, Hong Kong had researched the use

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According to traditional Chinese medical texts, infertility can be summarized into different syndrome types. These were spleen and kidney depletion (yang depletion), liver and kidney depletion (yin depletion), blood depletion, phlegm damp, liver oppression, and damp heat. This is important because,

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Bodily functions could be categorized through systems, not organs. In many drawings and diagrams, the twelve channels and their visceral systems were organized by yin and yang, an organization that was identical in female and male bodies. Female and male bodies were no different on the plane of yin

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the male's yang pulse movement follows an ascending path in "compliance so that the cycle of circulation in the body and the Vital Gate are felt...The female's yin pulse movement follows a defending path against the direction of cosmic influences, so that the nadir and the Gate of Life are felt at

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These functions are aggregated and then associated with a primary functional entity – for instance, nourishment of the tissues and maintenance of their moisture are seen as connected functions, and the entity postulated to be responsible for these functions is xiě (blood). These functional entities

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criticizes attempts to treat medicine and medical practices in traditional China as if they were a single system. Instead, he says, there were 2,000 years of "medical system in turmoil" and speaks of a "myth of an unchanging medical tradition". He urges that "Traditional medicine translated purely

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Scholars in the history of medicine in China distinguish its doctrines and practice from those of present-day TCM. J. A. Jewell and S. M. Hillier state that the term "Traditional Chinese Medicine" became an established term due to the work of Dr. Kan-Wen Ma, a Western-trained medical doctor who was

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Singh & Ernst (2008) stated, "Scientists are still unable to find a shred of evidence to support the existence of meridians or Ch'i", "The traditional principles of acupuncture are deeply flawed, as there is no evidence at all to demonstrate the existence of Ch'i or meridians" and "Acupuncture

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The Traditional and Complementary Medicine Bill was passed by parliament in 2012 establishing the Traditional and Complementary Medicine Council to register and regulate traditional and complementary medicine practitioners, including TCM practitioners as well as other traditional and complementary

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China's National People's Congress Standing Committee passed the country's first law on TCM in 2016, which came into effect on 1 July 2017. The new law standardized TCM certifications by requiring TCM practitioners to (i) pass exams administered by provincial-level TCM authorities, and (ii) obtain

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A recent historian of Chinese medicine remarked that it is "nicely ironic that the specialty of acupuncture – arguably the most questionable part of their medical heritage for most Chinese at the start of the twentieth century – has become the most marketable aspect of Chinese medicine." She found

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As of 2007 there were not enough good-quality trials of herbal therapies to allow their effectiveness to be determined. A high percentage of relevant studies on traditional Chinese medicine are in Chinese databases. Fifty percent of systematic reviews on TCM did not search Chinese databases, which

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of Asian turtles in China have not been completely solved. Australian scientists have developed methods to identify medicines containing DNA traces of endangered species. Finally, although not an endangered species, sharp rises in exports of donkeys and donkey hide from Africa to China to make the

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which is used for many ailments (though not as an aphrodisiac as is commonly misunderstood in the West). The black market in rhinoceros horns (driven not just by TCM but also unrelated status-seeking) has reduced the world's rhino population by more than 90 percent over the past 40 years. Concerns

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The term "herbal medicine" is somewhat misleading in that, while plant elements are by far the most commonly used substances in TCM, other, non-botanic substances are used as well: animal, human, fungi, and mineral products are also used. Thus, the term "medicinal" (instead of herb) may be used. A

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After the fundamental nature of a disease in terms of the Eight Principles is determined, the investigation focuses on more specific aspects. By evaluating the present signs and symptoms against the background of typical disharmony patterns of the various entities, evidence is collected whether or

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For each of the functional entities (qi, xuĕ, zàng-fǔ, meridians etc.), typical disharmony patterns are recognized; for example: qi vacuity and qi stagnation in the case of qi; blood vacuity, blood stasis, and blood heat in the case of xuĕ; Spleen qi vacuity, Spleen yang vacuity, Spleen qi vacuity

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was thought to "be slowly depleted through sexual activity, menstruation and childbirth." It was also understood that the depletion of source Qi could result from the movement of an external pathology that moved through the outer visceral systems before causing more permanent damage to the home of

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Cheng Maoxian (b. 1581), who practiced medicine in Yangzhou, described the difficulties doctors had with the norm of female modesty. One of his case studies was that of Fan Jisuo's teenage daughter, who could not be diagnosed because she was unwilling to speak about her symptoms, since the illness

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writes that, "TCM theory and practice are not based upon the body of knowledge related to health, disease, and health care that has been widely accepted by the scientific community. TCM practitioners disagree among themselves about how to diagnose patients and which treatments should go with which

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triggered a national debate with an article entitled "Farewell to Traditional Chinese Medicine", arguing that TCM was a pseudoscience that should be abolished in public healthcare and academia. The Chinese government took the stance that TCM is a science and continued to encourage its development.

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A majority of Chinese medical history written after the classical canons comes in the form of primary source case studies where academic physicians record the illness of a particular person and the healing techniques used, as well as their effectiveness. Historians have noted that Chinese scholars

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of Singapore, which had previous community links to Tung Wah, was established for similar reasons and also provided both Western and Chinese medical care. By 1935, English-language newspapers in Colonial Singapore already used the term "Traditional Chinese Medicine" to label Chinese ethnic medical

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A 2012 meta-analysis concluded that the mechanisms of acupuncture "are clinically relevant, but that an important part of these total effects is not due to issues considered to be crucial by most acupuncturists, such as the correct location of points and depth of needling ... ... associated with

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one expects to see after a large number of studies are performed on an inert therapy. The editorial concluded that the best controlled studies showed a clear pattern, in which the outcome does not rely upon needle location or even needle insertion, and since "these variables are those that define

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In general, disease is perceived as a disharmony (or imbalance) in the functions or interactions of yin, yang, qi, xuĕ, zàng-fǔ, meridians etc. and/or of the interaction between the human body and the environment. Therapy is based on which "pattern of disharmony" can be identified. Thus, "pattern

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Yin and yang were critical to the understanding of women's bodies, but understood only in conjunction with male bodies. Yin and yang ruled the body, the body being a microcosm of the universe and the earth. In addition, gender in the body was understood as homologous, the two genders operating in

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In clinical encounters, women and men were treated differently. Diagnosing women was not as simple as diagnosing men. First, when a woman fell ill, an appropriate adult man was to call the doctor and remain present during the examination, for the woman could not be left alone with the doctor. The

3884:, "blood") is correlated with a physical form – the red liquid running in the blood vessels. Its concept is, nevertheless, defined by its functions: nourishing all parts and tissues of the body, safeguarding an adequate degree of moisture, and sustaining and soothing both consciousness and sleep. 3274:

The concept of yin and yang is also applicable to the human body; for example, the upper part of the body and the back are assigned to yang, while the lower part of the body is believed to have the yin character. Yin and yang characterization also extends to the various body functions, and – more

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The TCM Practitioners Act was passed by Parliament in 2000 and the TCM Practitioners Board was established in 2001 as a statutory board under the Ministry of Health, to register and regulate TCM practitioners. The requirements for registration include possession of a diploma or degree from a TCM

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treatments, this depends on one's insurance policy, as not all insurance policies cover it, and if the acupuncture practitioner is or is not a member of one of the professional organisations that are recognised by private health insurance companies. The recognized professional organizations

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From the earliest records regarding the use of compounds to today, the toxicity of certain substances has been described in all Chinese materiae medicae. Since TCM has become more popular in the Western world, there are increasing concerns about the potential toxicity of many traditional Chinese

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or blood-quickening, transforming phlegm, stopping coughing and calming wheezing or phlegm-transforming and cough- and panting-suppressing, Spirit-quieting, calming the liver and expelling wind or liver-calming and wind-extinguishing orifice-opening supplementing which includes qi-supplementing,

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is traditionally regarded in Chinese medicine as beneficial for health in East Asia, and its status as an elite dish has led to huge demand with the increase of affluence in China, devastating shark populations. The shark fins have been a part of traditional Chinese medicine for centuries. Shark

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strongly supported TCM, calling it a "gem". As of May 2011, in order to promote TCM worldwide, China had signed TCM partnership agreements with over 70 countries. His government pushed to increase its use and the number of TCM-trained doctors and announced that students of TCM would no longer be

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The book is credited as developing its own path, while also inheriting the theories from Huangdi Neijing. The content includes physiology, pathology, diagnosis, treatment contents, and a more essential and specific discussion of pulse diagnosis. It has become one of the four classics for Chinese

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According to the US NIH National Cancer Institute, a review of 17,922 patients reported that real acupuncture relieved muscle and joint pain, caused by aromatase inhibitors, much better than sham acupuncture. Regarding cancer patients, the review hypothesized that acupuncture may cause physical

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Since therapy will not be chosen according to the disease entity but according to the pattern, two people with the same disease entity but different patterns will receive different therapy. Vice versa, people with similar patterns might receive similar therapy even if their disease entities are

3009:) of the Han dynasty contains the elements wood, fire, earth, metal, and water. By understanding medicine from a cosmology perspective, historians better understand Chinese medical and social classifications such as gender, which was defined by a domination or remission of yang in terms of yin. 2510:

were all grounded in systems of correspondence that aligned the organization of society, the universe, and the human body and other forms of life into an "all-embracing order of things". Each of these traditional systems was organized with such qualities as heat and cold, wet and dry, light and

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government seldom interfered in the affairs of Chinese society, including with regard to regulations on the practice of TCM. There were a few TCM pharmacies in Macau during the colonial period. In 1994, the Portuguese Macau government published Decree-Law no. 53/94/M that officially started to

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was established in Hong Kong in 1869 based on the widespread rejection of Western medicine for pre-existing medical practices, although Western medicine would still be practiced in the hospital alongside Chinese medicinal practices. The Tung Wah Hospital was likely connected to another Chinese

2769:. Chinese physicians had realised that when healthy people were exposed to smallpox scab tissue, they had a smaller chance of being infected by the disease later on. The common methods of inoculation at the time was through crushing smallpox scabs into powder and breathing it through the nose. 4051:. Despite having the names of organs, they are only loosely tied to (rudimentary) anatomical assumptions. Instead, they are primarily understood to be certain "functions" of the body. To highlight the fact that they are not equivalent to anatomical organs, their names are usually capitalized. 6264:

found evidence that suggests acupuncture is effective for some but not all kinds of pain. A 2010 systematic review found that there is evidence "that acupuncture provides a short-term clinically relevant effect when compared with a waiting list control or when acupuncture is added to another

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are universal aspects all things can be classified under, this includes diseases in general as well as the Eight Principles' first three couples. For example, cold is identified to be a yin aspect, while heat is attributed to yang. Since descriptions of patterns in terms of yin and yang lack

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have developed the study of medicine in traditional China into a field with its own scholarly associations, journals, graduate programs, and debates with each other. Many distinguish "medicine in traditional China" from the recent traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), which took elements from

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The categorization according to the specific function mainly include: exterior-releasing or exterior-resolving, heat-clearing, downward-draining, or precipitating wind-damp-dispelling, dampness-transforming, promoting the movement of water and percolating dampness or dampness-percolating,

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To determine which pattern is at hand, practitioners will examine things like the color and shape of the tongue, the relative strength of pulse-points, the smell of the breath, the quality of breathing or the sound of the voice. For example, depending on tongue and pulse conditions, a TCM

4602:, – "Six Evils" or "Six Devils") are allegorical terms used to describe disharmony patterns displaying certain typical symptoms. These symptoms resemble the effects of six climatic factors. In the allegory, these symptoms can occur because one or more of those climatic factors (called 2566:

and tortoise shells refer to illnesses that affected the Shang royal family: eye disorders, toothaches, bloated abdomen, and such. Shang elites usually attributed them to curses sent by their ancestors. There is currently no evidence that the Shang nobility used herbal remedies.

4878:) generally refers to any disease that cannot be identified as a deficient pattern, and usually indicates the presence of one of the Six Excesses, or a pattern of stagnation (of qi, xuě, etc.). In a concurrent exterior pattern, excess is characterized by the absence of sweating. 4062:

and xuě; they are said to regulate digestion, breathing, water metabolism, the musculoskeletal system, the skin, the sense organs, aging, emotional processes, and mental activity, among other structures and processes. The fǔ organs' main purpose is merely to transmit and digest

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Under modern Japanese medical law, it is possible for doctors to perform acupuncture and massage, but because there is a separate law regarding acupuncture and massage, these treatments are mainly performed by massage therapists, acupuncturists, and moxibustion practitioners.

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Li, Wendong; Shi, Zhengli; Yu, Meng; Ren, Wuze; Smith, Craig; Epstein, Jonathan H.; Wang, Hanzhong; Crameri, Gary; Hu, Zhihong; Zhang, Huajun; Zhang, Jianhong; McEachern, Jennifer; Field, Hume; Daszak, Peter; Eaton, Bryan T.; Zhang, Shuyi; Wang, Lin-Fa (28 October 2005).

6897:

In Taiwan, TCM practitioners are physicians and are regulated by the Physicians Act. They possess the authority to independently diagnose medical conditions, issue prescriptions, dispense Traditional Chinese Medicine, and prescribe a variety of diagnostic tests including

5509:

Human placenta has been used an ingredient in certain traditional Chinese medicines, including using dried human placenta, known as "Ziheche", to treat infertility, impotence and other conditions. The consumption of the human placenta is a potential source of infection.

2415:

having branches connected to bodily organs and functions. There is no evidence that meridians or vital energy exist. Concepts of the body and of disease used in TCM reflect its ancient origins and its emphasis on dynamic processes over material structure, similar to the

2808:

Chinese communities living in colonial port cities were influenced by the diverse cultures they encountered, which also led to evolving understandings of medical practices where Chinese forms of medicine were combined with Western medical knowledge. For example, the

5557:, sometimes also translated as Five Tastes): acrid, sweet, bitter, sour, and salty. Substances may also have more than one flavor, or none (i.e., a "bland" flavor). Each of the Five Flavors corresponds to one of zàng organs, which in turn corresponds to one of the 4838:) is characterized by an absence of aversion to cold, a red and painful throat, a dry tongue fur and a rapid and floating pulse if it falls together with an exterior pattern. In all other cases, symptoms depend on whether heat is coupled with vacuity or repletion. 3061:, meridians, and acupuncture points, and that the traditional principles of acupuncture are deeply flawed. "Acupuncture points and meridians are not a reality", the review continued, but "merely the product of an ancient Chinese philosophy". In June 2019, the 9976:

pp. 12–13. "For example, Xue is used rather than Blood, since the latter implies the blood of Western medicine, with its precise parameters of biochemistry and histology. Although Xue and blood share some common attributes, fundamentally, Xue is a different

4806:) refers to disease manifestation in the zàng-fǔ, or (in a wider sense) to any disease that can not be counted as exterior. There are no generalized characteristic symptoms of interior patterns, since they'll be determined by the affected zàng or fǔ entity. 4756:, usually translated as "pattern diagnosis", "pattern identification" or "pattern discrimination"). Generally, the first and most important step in pattern diagnosis is an evaluation of the present signs and symptoms on the basis of the "Eight Principles" ( 3091:

having branches connected to bodily organs and functions. The concept of vital energy is pseudoscientific. Concepts of the body and of disease used in TCM reflect its ancient origins and its emphasis on dynamic processes over material structure, similar to

5623:

could lead to a bias in the results. Many systematic reviews of TCM interventions published in Chinese journals are incomplete, some contained errors or were misleading. The herbs recommended by traditional Chinese practitioners in the US are unregulated.

10052: 2983:

is opposed to the European duality of a separate mind and body. It is critical for scholars to understand the fundamental differences in concepts of the body in order to connect the medical theory of the classics to the "human organism" it is explaining.

3275:

importantly – to disease symptoms (e.g., cold and heat sensations are assumed to be yin and yang symptoms, respectively). Thus, yin and yang of the body are seen as phenomena whose lack (or over-abundance) comes with characteristic symptom combinations:

5046:

In TCM, there are five major diagnostic methods: inspection, auscultation, olfaction, inquiry, and palpation. These are grouped into what is known as the "Four pillars" of diagnosis, which are Inspection, Auscultation/ Olfaction, Inquiry, and Palpation

4076:

Since their concept was developed on the basis of Wǔ Xíng philosophy, each zàng is paired with a fǔ, and each zàng-fǔ pair is assigned to one of five elemental qualities (i.e., the Five Elements or Five Phases). These correspondences are stipulated as:

6265:

intervention" in the treatment of chronic low back pain. Two review articles discussing the effectiveness of acupuncture, from 2008 and 2009, have concluded that there is not enough evidence to conclude that it is effective beyond the placebo effect.

5359:

Poachers hunt restricted or endangered species to supply the black market with TCM products. There is no scientific evidence of efficacy for tiger medicines. Concern over China considering to legalize the trade in tiger parts prompted the 171-nation

4356:). In traditional China, as in many other cultures, the health and medicine of female bodies was less understood than that of male bodies. Women's bodies were often secondary to male bodies, since women were thought of as the weaker, sicklier sex. 5704:

has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for centuries to treat various conditions. This includes jaundice and hepatic disorders, rheumatism, anorexia, diabetic wounds, and menstrual complications. Most of its effects have been attributed to

5096:. Various regions of the tongue's surface are believed to correspond to the zàng-fŭ organs. For example, redness on the tip of the tongue might indicate heat in the Heart, while redness on the sides of the tongue might indicate heat in the Liver. 4790:) refers to a disease manifesting in the superficial layers of the body – skin, hair, flesh, and meridians. It is characterized by aversion to cold and/or wind, headache, muscle ache, mild fever, a "floating" pulse, and a normal tongue appearance. 10093:

Ahn, Andrew C.; Colbert, Agatha P.; Anderson, Belinda J.; Martinsen, Ørjan G.; Hammerschlag, Richard; Cina, Steve; Wayne, Peter M.; Langevin, Helene M. (May 2008). "Electrical properties of acupuncture points and meridians: A systematic review".

4495:

practitioner might diagnose bleeding from the mouth and nose as: "Liver fire rushes upwards and scorches the Lung, injuring the blood vessels and giving rise to reckless pouring of blood from the mouth and nose." He might then go on to prescribe

4438:. In his writings, Cheng places a large amount of emphasis on the Four Diagnostic methods to deal with postpartum issues and instructs all physicians to "not neglect any ". The process of birthing was thought to deplete a woman's blood level and 3065:

included traditional Chinese medicine in a global diagnostic compendium, but a spokesman said this was "not an endorsement of the scientific validity of any Traditional Medicine practice or the efficacy of any Traditional Medicine intervention."

6635:

From 1 July 2012 Chinese medicine practitioners must be registered under the national registration and accreditation scheme with the Chinese Medicine Board of Australia and meet the Board's Registration Standards, to practice in Australia.

4642:): cold sensations, aversion to cold, relief of symptoms by warmth, watery/clear excreta, severe pain, abdominal pain, contracture/hypertonicity of muscles, (slimy) white tongue fur, "deep"/"hidden" or "string-like" pulse, or slow pulse. 3548:) For example, the number of acu-points has at times been seen to be 365, corresponding with the number of days in a year; and the number of main meridians–12–has been seen as corresponding with the number of rivers flowing through the 2358:, despite the fact he did not believe in its effectiveness. After the opening of relations between the United States and China after 1972, there was great interest in the West for what is now called traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). 6155:

Acupuncture is the insertion of needles into superficial structures of the body (skin, subcutaneous tissue, muscles) – usually at acupuncture points (acupoints) – and their subsequent manipulation; this aims at influencing the flow of

4774:

complexity and clinical practicality, though, patterns are usually not labeled this way anymore. Exceptions are vacuity-cold and repletion-heat patterns, who are sometimes referred to as "yin patterns" and "yang patterns" respectively.

3789:

will be characterized especially by pale complexion, lassitude of spirit, lack of strength, spontaneous sweating, laziness to speak, non-digestion of food, shortness of breath (especially on exertion), and a pale and enlarged tongue.

11101: 5091:

Examination of the tongue and the pulse are among the principal diagnostic methods in TCM. Details of the tongue, including shape, size, color, texture, cracks, teeth marks, as well as tongue coating are all considered as part of

4710:

with down-bearing qi, Spleen qi vacuity with lack of blood containment, cold-damp invasion of the Spleen, damp-heat invasion of Spleen and Stomach in case of the Spleen zàng; wind/cold/damp invasion in the case of the meridians.

7880: 5709:. Research that curcumin shows strong anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities have instigated mechanism of action studies on the possibility for cancer and inflammatory diseases prevention and treatment. It also exhibits 4368:)" in their journals. This anonymity and lack of conversation between the doctor and woman patient led to the inquiry diagnosis of the Four Diagnostic Methods being the most challenging. Doctors used a medical doll known as a 5066:

Inquiry focuses on the "seven inquiries", which involve asking the person about the regularity, severity, or other characteristics of: chills, fever, perspiration, appetite, thirst, taste, defecation, urination, pain, sleep,

4559:) refers to a "pattern of disharmony" or "functional disturbance" within the functional entities of which the TCM model of the body is composed. There are disharmony patterns of qi, xuě, the body fluids, the zàng-fǔ, and the 12459: 3110:

There are concerns over a number of potentially toxic plants, animal parts, and mineral Chinese compounds, as well as the facilitation of disease. Trafficked and farm-raised animals used in TCM are a source of several fatal

2986:

Chinese scholars established a correlation between the cosmos and the "human organism". The basic components of cosmology, qi, yin yang and the Five Phase theory, were used to explain health and disease in texts such as

6486:

and injuries such as bone fractures, sprains, and bruises. Some of these specialists may also use or recommend other disciplines of Chinese medical therapies if serious injury is involved. Such practice of bone-setting

12180: 4478:

source Qi, the kidney system. In addition, the view that only very serious ailments ended in the damage of this system means that those who had trouble with their reproductive systems or fertility were seriously ill.

5428:

finning is banned in many countries, but the trade is thriving in Hong Kong and China, where the fins are part of shark fin soup, a dish considered a delicacy, and used in some types of traditional Chinese medicine.

9244:

Zhang F, Kong LL, Zhang YY, Li SC (December 2012). "Evaluation of impact on health-related quality of life and cost effectiveness of Traditional Chinese Medicine: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials".

3123:

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is a broad range of medicine practices sharing common concepts which have been developed in China and are based on a tradition of more than 2,000 years, including various forms of

2839:

said that, "This One Medicine, will possess a basis in modern natural sciences, will have absorbed the ancient and the new, the Chinese and the foreign, all medical achievements – and will be China's New Medicine!"

9616: 2850: 2643:

sometime between 196 and 220 CE; at the end of the Han dynasty. Focusing on drug prescriptions rather than acupuncture, it was the first medical work to combine Yinyang and the Five Phases with drug therapy. This

14846: 11053: 6249:

responses in nerve cells, the pituitary gland, and the brain – releasing proteins, hormones, and chemicals that are proposed to affect blood pressure, body temperature, immune activity, and endorphin release.

5655:

among 640 SARS patients when Chinese herbs were used alongside Western medicine versus Western medicine exclusively, although they concluded some herbs may have improved symptoms and decreased corticosteroid

5327:

of the dog, and snake bile. Some TCM textbooks still recommend preparations containing animal tissues, but there has been little research to justify the claimed clinical efficacy of many TCM animal products.

5023:, sometimes also translated as "Seven Emotions") – joy, anger, brooding, sorrow, fear, fright and grief. These are believed to be able to cause damage to the functions of the zàng-fú, especially of the Liver. 5026:

non-external-non-internal causes: dietary irregularities (especially: too much raw, cold, spicy, fatty or sweet food; voracious eating; too much alcohol), fatigue, sexual intemperance, trauma, and parasites

16084: 5415:, believed to improve virility, and tiger eyes. The illegal trade for tiger parts in China has driven the species to near-extinction because of its popularity in traditional medicine. Laws protecting even 2618:, on the contents of the body, on human vitality and pathology, on the symptoms of illness, and on how to make diagnostic and therapeutic decisions in light of all these factors. Unlike earlier texts like 3796:

is believed to be partially generated from food and drink, and partially from air (by breathing). Another considerable part of it is inherited from the parents and will be consumed in the course of life.

3618:. TCM's model of the body is characterized as full of pseudoscience. Some practitioners no longer consider yin and yang and the idea of an energy flow to apply. Scientific investigation has not found any 5403:

injection remains on the list of remedies recommended for treatment of "severe cases" of COVID-19 by National Health Commission of China and the National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine.

5295:

2019 review of traditional herbal treatments found they are widely used but lacking in scientific evidence, and urged a more rigorous approach by which genuinely useful medicinals might be identified.

9176: 5303:

There are roughly 13,000 compounds used in China and over 100,000 TCM recipes recorded in the ancient literature. Plant elements and extracts are by far the most common elements used. In the classic

2350:). In the 1950s, the Chinese government sought to revive traditional medicine (including legalizing previously banned practices) and sponsored the integration of TCM and Western medicine, and in the 3702:) – of all physical processes in the body, especially the circulation of all body fluids such as blood in their vessels. This includes actuation of the functions of the zang-fu organs and meridians. 6228:

stated that acupuncture studies produced inconsistent results, (i.e. acupuncture relieved pain in some conditions but had no effect in other very similar conditions) which suggests the presence of

5561:. A flavor implies certain properties and therapeutic actions of a substance; e.g., saltiness drains downward and softens hard masses, while sweetness is supplementing, harmonizing, and moistening. 5057:

Inspection focuses on the face and particularly on the tongue, including analysis of the tongue size, shape, tension, color and coating, and the absence or presence of teeth marks around the edge.

4398:

the inch position of the left hand". In sum, classical medicine marked yin and yang as high and low on bodies which in turn would be labeled normal or abnormal and gendered either male or female.

10191:" [Physiological functions of qi: 1.) Function of actuation ... 2.) Function of warming ... 3.) Function of defense ... 4.) Function of containment ... 5.) Function of transformation ...] 9742: 5809:

discovered that a low-temperature extraction process could isolate an effective antimalarial substance from the plant. Tu says she was influenced by a traditional Chinese herbal medicine source,

4442:

so the most common treatments for postpartum were food (commonly garlic and ginseng), medicine, and rest. This process was followed up by a month check-in with the physician, a practice known as

15281:"These initial conclusions have generally been disappointing for acupuncturists: They provide no convincing evidence that real acupuncture is significantly more effective than placebo." (p. 104) 2632:

rejected the influence of spirits and the use of magic. It was also one of the first books in which the cosmological doctrines of Yinyang and the Five Phases were brought to a mature synthesis.

8462: 3282:

Yang vacuity ("vacuity-cold"): aversion to cold, cold limbs, bright white complexion, long voidings of clear urine, diarrhea, pale and enlarged tongue, and a slightly weak, slow and fine pulse.

16006: 12633: 6204:

needle we think of as the acupuncture needle today was not widely used a century ago. Present day acupuncture was developed in the 1930s and put into wide practice only as late as the 1960s.

4981:

Although TCM and its concept of disease do not strongly differentiate between cause and effect, pattern discrimination can include considerations regarding the disease cause; this is called

3115:. There are additional concerns over the illegal trade and transport of endangered species including rhinoceroses and tigers, and the welfare of specially farmed animals, including bears. 5451:) species used in traditional Chinese medicine are raised on farms, while restrictions are made on the accumulation and export of other endangered species. However, issues concerning the 11859: 11633: 5799:

has been used by Chinese herbalists in traditional Chinese medicines for 2,000 years. In 1596, Li Shizhen recommended tea made from qinghao specifically to treat malaria symptoms in his

7870: 4822:) is generally characterized by aversion to cold, absence of thirst, and a white tongue fur. More detailed characterization depends on whether cold is coupled with vacuity or repletion. 5603:. The reason given is: In recent years, there have been many updated systematic reviews and meta-analyses about the efficacy of traditional Chinese medicine, including herbal medicine. 5564:

The classification according to the meridian – more precisely, the zàng-fu organ including its associated meridian – which can be expected to be primarily affected by a given compound.

4458:

is often quoted: "those who have prescriptions for women's distinctiveness take their differences of pregnancy, childbirth and bursting injuries as their basis." Even in contemporary

3592:, that have branches connected to bodily organs and functions." Its view of the human body is only marginally concerned with anatomical structures, but focuses primarily on the body's 9453: 6771: 3140:), and dietary therapy. It is primarily used as a complementary alternative medicine approach. TCM is widely used in China and it is also used in the West. Its philosophy is based on 12451: 4237:– each yang meridian is attached to a fǔ organ, and five of the yin meridians are attached to a zàng. As there are only five zàng but six yin meridians, the sixth is assigned to the 14500:

Abolaji AO, Eteng MU, Ebong PE, Brisibe EA, Dar A, Kabir N, Choudhary MI (May 2013). "A safety assessment of the antimalarial herb Artemisia annua during pregnancy in Wistar rats".

5634:

A 2013 review found the research on the benefit and safety of CHM for idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss is of poor quality and cannot be relied upon to support their use.

9219: 7459: 11158: 8907: 5856:, is under preliminary research as a possible therapeutic for Alzheimer's disease, but poor methodological quality of the research restricts conclusions about its effectiveness. 16328: 13129:

Liu, Zhao Lan; Liu, Jian Ping; Zhang, Anthony Lin; Wu, Qiong; Ruan, Yao; Lewith, George; Visconte, Denise (5 July 2011). Cochrane Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders Group (ed.).

12855:

Su CX, Yan LJ, Lewith G, Liu JP (December 2013). "Chinese herbal medicine for idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss: a systematic review of randomised clinical trials".

11906: 13549: 16106: 12317: 12172: 3903:]) are described as: Pale-white or withered-yellow complexion, dizziness, flowery vision, palpitations, insomnia, numbness of the extremities; pale tongue; "fine" pulse. 16026: 15974: 9965: 9945: 16358: 6785:

Under the Medical Service Act (의료법/醫療法), an oriental medical doctor, whose obligation is to administer oriental medical treatment and provide guidance for health based on

5782:

commented that "claims made on behalf of an uncharted body of knowledge should be treated with the customary skepticism that is the bedrock of both science and medicine."

2590:("meridians") in accordance with beliefs related to the circulation of "Qi". The earliest evidence for acupuncture in this sense dates to the second or first century BCE. 6081:

may not cause hepatotoxicity, haematotoxicity, or hyperlipidemia, it should be used cautiously during pregnancy due to a potential risk of embryotoxicity at a high dose.

14838: 6236:) as a form of acupuncture. The inability to find consistent results despite more than 3,000 studies, the editorial continued, suggests that the treatment seems to be a 12434: 5698:, but the trials assessed were of such low methodological quality that no conclusion could be drawn about the remedies' suitability as a recommendable treatment option. 16773: 7432:

the meantime, claims made on behalf of an uncharted body of knowledge should be treated with the customary skepticism that is the bedrock of both science and medicine.

3167:

Yin and yang symbol for balance. In traditional Chinese Medicine, good health is believed to be achieved by various balances, including a balance between yin and yang.

4291:) of the body to the limbs and joints ("the surface" ), transporting qi and xuĕ. TCM identifies 12 "regular" and 8 "extraordinary" meridians; the Chinese terms being 18090: 15897: 15660: 15071: 5469: 2439:. However, Chinese authorities have in recent years cracked down on illegal wildlife smuggling, and the industry has increasingly turned to cultivated alternatives. 17097:. Translated by Weiss, Gabriel; Henry Buchtel; Sabine Wilms. Shatin, NT Hong Kong: Chinese University of Hong Kong Press; distributed by Columbia University Press. 6094:. Products adulterated with pharmaceuticals for weight loss or erectile dysfunction are one of the main concerns. Chinese herbal medicine has been a major cause of 4658:): aversion to heat, high fever, thirst, concentrated urine, red face, red tongue, yellow tongue fur, rapid pulse. (Fire and heat are basically seen to be the same) 16666: 16076: 12061: 9186: 6727:

All traditional medicines, including TCM, are regulated by Indonesian Minister of Health Regulation of 2013 on traditional medicine. Traditional medicine license (

6005:) high lead content, it is known to be toxic. Lead, mercury, arsenic, copper, cadmium, and thallium have been detected in TCM products sold in the U.S. and China. 5688:

in adults after 3 months. It is important to highlight that the studies available to be included in this review presented considerable flaws in quality and design.

14989: 14604:"2019_nCoV/SARS-CoV-2: rapid classification of betacoronaviruses and identification of Traditional Chinese Medicine as potential origin of zoonotic coronaviruses" 13059:

Suo T, Gu X, Andersson R, Ma H, Zhang W, Deng W, et al. (May 2012). Qin X (ed.). "Oral traditional Chinese medication for adhesive small bowel obstruction".

5577:

blood-nourishing, yin-enriching, and yang-fortifying, astriction-promoting or securing and astringing, vomiting-inducing, and substances for external application.

5368:

remain, which are exported to China for use in traditional fever therapies. Organized gangs illegally export the horn of the antelopes to China. The pressures on

3279:

Yin vacuity (also termed "vacuity-heat"): heat sensations, possible sweating at night, insomnia, dry pharynx, dry mouth, dark urine, and a "fine" and rapid pulse.

18085: 6653: 5361: 4953:

There are also three special pattern diagnosis systems used in case of febrile and infectious diseases only ("Six Channel system" or "six division pattern" [

2141: 14790: 4713:

TCM gives detailed prescriptions of these patterns regarding their typical symptoms, mostly including characteristic tongue and/or pulse findings. For example:

17396: 16682: 1563: 16923: 10034:

The vacuum created by China's failure to adequately support a disciplined scientific approach to traditional Chinese medicine has been filled by pseudoscience

7587: 13916: 4701:

Six-Excesses-patterns can consist of only one or a combination of Excesses (e.g., wind-cold, wind-damp-heat). They can also transform from one into another.

3032:, choosing only those works or parts of historical works that seem to lead to modern medicine, ignoring those elements that do not now seem to be effective. 12348: 11883: 6837:, and these Chinese herbs can be imported into the Netherlands as well as marketed as such without any type registration or notification to the government. 9882: 2155: 16054: 15746: 12214: 11706: 16578: 15830: 12287: 12025: 9587: 5573: 5506:

in medicines, including bones, fingernail, hairs, dandruff, earwax, impurities on the teeth, feces, urine, sweat, organs, but most are no longer in use.

3999:) are the collective name of eleven entities (similar to organs) that constitute the centre piece of TCM's systematization of bodily functions. The term 2870: 11955:

Chen TH, Chang HC, Lue KY (2009). "Unregulated Trade in Turtle Shells for Chinese Traditional Medicine in East and Southeast Asia: The Case of Taiwan".

7508: 2574:

to speculate that acupuncture might have been carried out in the Shang dynasty. This being said, most historians now make a distinction between medical

16726: 16147: 15856: 12710:"Epidemiology, quality and reporting characteristics of systematic reviews of traditional Chinese medicine interventions published in Chinese journals" 11277: 7728: 7662: 7147: 6705: 3538:

Correspondences between the body and the universe have historically not only been seen in terms of the Five Elements, but also of the "Great Numbers" (

16302: 3933:

are ultimately extracted from food and drink, and constitute the raw material for the production of xuě; conversely, xuě can also be transformed into

18095: 15999: 12380: 5147: 12937: 16941:"Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) – Does Its Contemporary Business Booming and Globalization Really Reconfirm Its Medical Efficacy & Safety?" 2657:) that could serve as targets for therapy. Having gone through numerous changes over time, the formulary now circulates as two distinct books: the 2610:

around the first century BCE on the basis of shorter texts from different medical lineages. Written in the form of dialogues between the legendary

15295:"Acupuncture treatment for pain: systematic review of randomised clinical trials with acupuncture, placebo acupuncture, and no acupuncture groups" 11574: 6857:

Although there are no regulatory standards for the practice of TCM in New Zealand, in the year 1990, acupuncture was included in the Governmental

3639:

diagnoses. Even if they could agree, the TCM theories are so nebulous that no amount of scientific study will enable TCM to offer rational care."

6921: 6071:

mushroom extract, as an adjuvant for cancer immunotherapy, appears to have the potential for toxicity. A 2013 review suggested that although the

2283: 1851: 957: 12096: 10436: 10410: 9825:

Maciocia, Giovanni, (1989): The Foundations of Chinese Medicine: A Comprehensive Text for Acupuncturists and Herbalists; Churchill Livingstone;

18277: 18237: 17520: 17156:. 51 articles on history of Chinese medicine; called "impressive and essential" for latest scholarship and trustworthy bibliographic sources. " 11856: 6700:

regulate the TCM market. After the sovereign handover, the Macau S.A.R. government also published regulations on the practice of TCM. In 2000,

6660:

recommendations from two certified practitioners. TCM products and services can be advertised only with approval from the local TCM authority.

6189:, "available scientific evidence does not support claims that moxibustion is effective in preventing or treating cancer or any other disease". 4732: 2485: 18031: 17366: 8484: 5568:

interior-warming, qi-regulating or qi-rectifying, dispersing food accumulation or food-dispersing, worm-expelling, stopping bleeding or blood-

7127: 6526: 5778:

With an eye to the enormous Chinese market, pharmaceutical companies have explored creating new drugs from traditional remedies. The journal

16414: 10382: 9899:"There are 365 days in the year, while humans have 365 joints ... There are 12 channel rivers across the land, while humans have 12 channel" 9445: 6809: 6164:

and treats (and prevents) various diseases. The US FDA classifies single-use acupuncture needles as Class II medical devices, under CFR 21.

16466: 15804: 15775: 13908: 6573: 5691:

A 2010 review found TCM seems to be effective for the treatment of fibromyalgia but the findings were of insufficient methodological rigor.

5208: 3039:, and TCM practitioners do not agree on what diagnosis and treatments should be used for any given person. A 2007 editorial in the journal 15634: 14379: 3531:

in terms of sequence, of acting on each other, of counteraction, etc. All these aspects of Five Phases theory constitute the basis of the

2835:

announced support of traditional Chinese medicine, but he did not personally believe in and did not use it. In 1952, the president of the

18128: 11831: 10543: 9209: 7626: 6545: 6233: 5180: 16182: 12784: 10021: 9554: 7692: 6272:

are rare, acupuncture is not without risk. Severe adverse effects, including very rarely death (five case reports), have been reported.

5723:

A 2010 Cochrane review found insufficient evidence to support the use of Traditional Chinese Herbal Products (THCP) in the treatment of

3804:

running inside of the blood vessels and for qi that is distributed in the skin, muscles, and tissues between them. The former is called

3535:

concept, and thus have great influence regarding the TCM model of the body. Five Phase theory is also applied in diagnosis and therapy.

18115: 17389: 15690: 14956: 14204: 13674: 11150: 8899: 6701: 4629:): rapid onset of symptoms, wandering location of symptoms, itching, nasal congestion, "floating" pulse; tremor, paralysis, convulsion. 2148: 1556: 632: 16324: 14725: 11857:

Facts about traditional Chinese medicine (TCM): rhinoceros horn, as discussed in rhinoceros (mammal): – Britannica Online Encyclopedia

11754: 11535: 10349: 10314: 9529: 8538:

The founding of Kwong Wai Shiu free hospital: reconciling modernity and tradition in healthcare in Singapore between the 1890s to 1911

3053:". A review of the literature in 2008 found that scientists are "still unable to find a shred of evidence" according to standards of 17796: 14403:"Exposure to low dose of cinnabar (a naturally occurring mercuric sulfide (HgS)) caused neurotoxicological effects in offspring mice" 11910: 7100: 4421:

of fullness". These symptoms were common among other illness as well, so the diagnosis of pregnancy often came late in the term. The

2492:

says, on the other hand, that the English-language term "traditional Chinese medicine" was coined by "party propagandists" in 1955.

677: 14034: 13886: 13545: 12808:"Efficacy and safety of Chinese herbal medicine for benign prostatic hyperplasia: systematic review of randomized controlled trials" 12630: 6552: 6232:. These may be caused by factors like biased study design, poor blinding, and the classification of electrified needles (a type of 5187: 3182:

Yin and yang are ancient Chinese deductive reasoning concepts used within Chinese medical diagnosis which can be traced back to the

18102: 18026: 16117: 16023: 12571: 11728: 9483: 8772:"北京中医药条例通过禁止诋毁中医药条款被删除 (Beijing Regulation on Traditional Chinese Medicine passed, provision prohibiting smearing of TCM removed)" 7122: 7095: 7055: 15970: 10626: 6084:

However, many adverse reactions are due to misuse or abuse of Chinese medicine. For example, the misuse of the dietary supplement

15102: 11480: 10467:[The Six Fu: gallbladder, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, bladder, sanjiao; "transmit and digest"] as seen at 7152: 7106: 6917:

Under current law, those who wish to qualify for the Chinese medicine exam must have obtained a 7-year university degree in TCM.

4491:

discrimination" is the most important step in TCM diagnosis. It is also known to be the most difficult aspect of practicing TCM.

2963:

Historians have noted two key aspects of Chinese medical history: understanding conceptual differences when translating the term

16444: 16350: 15510:"Qigong massage treatment for sensory and self-regulation problems in young children with autism: a randomized controlled trial" 11994: 10279: 10238: 8781: 6196:, an electric current is applied to the needles once they are inserted, to further stimulate the respective acupuncture points. 5644:

The traditional medicine ginger, which has shown anti-inflammatory properties in laboratory experiments, has been used to treat

2558:(14th–11th centuries BCE). Though the Shang did not have a concept of "medicine" as distinct from other health practices, their 18586: 18335: 15396:

Ernst E, Lee MS, Choi TY (April 2011). "Acupuncture: does it alleviate pain and are there serious risks? A review of reviews".

14748: 13280:

Zhu X, Proctor M, Bensoussan A, Wu E, Smith CA (April 2008). Zhu X (ed.). "Chinese herbal medicine for primary dysmenorrhoea".

10722:

Diagnostic of Traditional Chinese Medicine – A newly compiled practical English-Chinese library of Traditional Chinese medicine

5376:

spp.) used in traditional medicine is enormous; tens of millions of animals are unsustainably caught annually. Many species of

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and concentrate qi for a particular function, with meridians being extensions of those functional systems throughout the body.

1246: 552: 16212: 11394: 10988:

Pillsbury, Barbara L.K. (January 1978). "'Doing the month': Confinement and convalescence of Chinese women after childbirth".

6559: 5659:

A 2012 Cochrane review found insufficient evidence to support the use of TCM for people with adhesive small bowel obstruction.

5194: 18685: 17762: 17382: 17197: 17034: 16917: 16561: 15492: 15459: 15274: 14881: 14816: 14758: 13924: 13863: 13838: 13337: 12778: 12645: 12530: 12497: 12431: 12255: 11645: 11521: 11374: 11330: 11271: 11199: 11113: 11065: 10306:[3.) Functions of the Jinye: ... 3.3.)Harmonizing yin and yang ... 3.4.)Secretion of waste products ...] As seen at: 10015: 9973: 9953: 9830: 9811: 9754: 9628: 9566: 8591: 8353: 8316: 8170: 8126: 8022: 7988: 7956: 7918: 7581: 7132: 5818: 5411:

is believed to have therapeutic benefits according to traditional Chinese medicine. Tiger parts from poached animals include

5126: 1549: 1206: 771: 16634: 16592: 16517: 13459:

Gan T, Liu YD, Wang Y, Yang J (October 2010). "Traditional Chinese Medicine herbs for stopping bleeding from haemorrhoids".

12659:"Systematic reviews and meta-analyses of traditional chinese medicine must search chinese databases to reduce language bias" 12261: 10071: 8322: 6619:

are associated with different classes of foods, and tradition considers it important to consume them in a balanced fashion.

4727:): Headache, red face, reddened eyes, dry mouth, nosebleeds, constipation, dry or hard stools, profuse menstruation, sudden 18220: 18204: 15205:"A systematic review on the effectiveness of complementary and alternative medicine for chronic non-specific low-back pain" 9396:"Major emerging and re-emerging zoonoses in China: a matter of global health and socioeconomic development for 1.3 billion" 7729:"Chinese authorities cracked down on nearly 12,000 wildlife crime cases in three months - Wildlife Trade News from TRAFFIC" 7049: 6644:

TCM is regulated in five provinces in Canada: Alberta, British Columbia, Ontario, Quebec, and Newfoundland & Labrador.

5825:

recommends artemisinin-based remedies for treating uncomplicated malaria, resistance to the drug can no longer be ignored.

5685: 5099:

Pulse palpation involves measuring the pulse both at a superficial and at a deep level at three different locations on the

4462:

placing emphasis on reproductive functions, rather than the entire health of the woman, suggests that the main function of

1201: 1196: 1047: 850: 16175:"Nederlandse Vereniging voor Traditionele Chinese Geneeskunde (ZHONG) - Dutch Association of Chinese Traditional Medicine" 15918: 15656: 15061: 10209: 8876: 8521: 2049: 18539: 18047: 17986: 17866: 17485: 16384: 15948: 11191: 8386: 6956:. In 1976, California established an Acupuncture Board and became the first state licensing professional acupuncturists. 6711:

In 2022, a new law regulating TCM, Law no. 11/2021, came into effect. The same law also repealed Decree-Law no. 53/94/M.

6541: 6304:

is thought to have evolved. Techniques employed may include thumb presses, rubbing, percussion, and assisted stretching.

5381: 5176: 2276: 1157: 534: 16654: 11779:

Still J (June 2003). "Use of animal products in traditional Chinese medicine: environmental impact and health hazards".

11098: 10469: 10206:"Qi (Chi): Various Forms Used in Qigong & Chinese Medicine – How Are The Major Forms Of Qi Created Within The Body?" 18611: 18405: 18270: 17671: 17651: 16758: 16542: 14985: 12410: 12309: 11825: 11568: 10065: 8817: 7090: 4040: 4032: 4028: 1263: 1130: 16889:

Saving Lives in Wartime China: How Medical Reformers Built Modern Healthcare Systems Amid War and Epidemics, 1928-1945

8441: 6877:

will offer the four-year Bachelor of Chinese Medicine programme, which is the first local programme accredited by the

4671:): sensation of heaviness, sensation of fullness, symptoms of Spleen dysfunction, greasy tongue fur, "slippery" pulse. 4541:; 'different diseases', ' same treatment', ' same disease', ' different treatments'). 18199: 18123: 17873: 17332: 17309: 17290: 17271: 17252: 17147: 17102: 17000: 16896: 16852: 16704: 16628: 16586: 16511: 15614: 14782: 14473:

Gill SK, Rieder MJ (2008). "Toxicity of a traditional Chinese medicine, Ganoderma lucidum, in children with cancer".

13623:

Chrubasik C, Jacobson RL (July 2010). "The development of artemisinin resistance in malaria: reasons and solutions".

12173:"We've been accused of peddling 'fake news' – so here are the facts about China's recommended use of bear bile - EIA" 10937: 10781: 10756: 10704: 8435: 6858: 6592: 5925:

Galena (lead ore) is part of historical TCM. Standard American TCM practice considers lead-containing herbs obsolete.

2003: 702: 17064:

Baum, Emily (2020). "Medicine and Public Health in Twentieth-Century China: Histories of Modernization and Change".

16679: 14066:

Efferth T, Kaina B (December 2011). "Toxicities by herbal medicines with emphasis to traditional Chinese medicine".

6889: 6482:

technique, usually practiced by martial artists who know aspects of Chinese medicine that apply to the treatment of

5166: 4454:

Infertility, not very well understood, posed serious social and cultural repercussions. The seventh-century scholar

4402:

and yang. Their gendered differences were not acknowledged in diagrams of the human body. Medical texts such as the

18107: 18072: 17911: 16907: 15880: 13698:"A drug from poison: how the therapeutic effect of arsenic trioxide on acute promyelocytic leukemia was discovered" 11421:

Vincent AC, Foster SJ, Koldewey HJ (June 2011). "Conservation and management of seahorses and other Syngnathidae".

7571: 6874: 6090:(containing ephedrine) can lead to adverse events including gastrointestinal problems as well as sudden death from 5242:

Assorted dried plant and animal parts used in traditional Chinese medicines, clockwise from top left corner: dried

4408:

were filled with illustrations of male bodies or androgynous bodies that did not display gendered characteristics.

1727: 1535: 1505: 57:, with prepackaged Chinese and Western medicine (left) and Chinese medicinal herbs (right) behind the sales counter 11933: 11875: 10380:" [Within the human body's zang-fu, there's yin and yang; the zang are yin, the fu are yang]. As seen at: 6229: 6201: 4592:, sometimes also translated as "Pathogenic Factors", or "Six Pernicious Influences"; with the alternative term of 3286:

TCM also identifies drugs believed to treat these specific symptom combinations, i.e., to reinforce yin and yang.

18618: 18503: 18473: 17944: 17916: 17017:

Baran GR, Kiana MF, Samuel SP (2014). "Chapter 2: Science, Pseudoscience, and Not Science: How Do They Differ?".

15117:

Kmietowicz, Z. (7 September 2012). "Risks of acupuncture range from stray needles to pneumothorax, finds study".

13233:"Traditional Chinese Medicine for treatment of fibromyalgia: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials" 12340: 9849: 8833:

Ho, Polly L H (December 2002). "Agenda-Setting for the Regulation of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Hong Kong".

7192: 4949:) – very similar to this, though less specific, is disharmony pattern description in terms of the Five Elements ) 3662:

word that traditional Chinese medicine distinguishes as being able to transform into many different qualities of

1927: 1467: 1447: 657: 541: 529: 9613: 1189: 18493: 18370: 17878: 17646: 17615: 17216: 17128: 17053: 16831: 16046: 15738: 14699: 12206: 11710: 10729: 10666: 10580: 7187: 7065: 6878: 6530: 5840:(APL). Building on his work, research both in China and the West eventually led to the development of the drug 5669:

A 2011 Cochrane review found inconclusive evidence to support the use of TCM herbal medicines for treatment of

4963:]; "Wei Qi Ying Xue system" or "four division pattern" ; "San Jiao system" or "three burners pattern" [ 4566:

In clinical practice, the identified pattern usually involves a combination of affected entities (compare with

4238: 4036: 2874: 2269: 2058: 1948: 1581: 1417: 1285: 1275: 1164: 1120: 378: 186: 68: 15826: 15715:. College of Traditional Chinese Medicine Practitioners and Acupuncturists of British Columbia. Archived from 15712: 12283: 12017: 11050: 9579: 2741:

sometime between 256 and 282 CE) assembled a consistent body of doctrines concerning acupuncture; whereas the

18690: 18665: 18263: 17826: 17789: 17231: 16242: 15552:"Early intervention for autism with a parent-delivered Qigong massage program: a randomized controlled trial" 14455: 9902: 9177:"The World Health Organization Gives the Nod to Traditional Chinese Medicine. Bad Idea - Scientific American" 6826: 6825:

There are no specific regulations in the Netherlands on TCM; TCM is neither prohibited nor recognised by the

6416:. When combined with massage oil, the cups can be slid around the back, offering "reverse-pressure massage". 5888: 5716:

A 2005 Cochrane review found insufficient evidence for the use of CHM in HIV-infected people and people with

2815: 2354:

of the 1960s, promoted TCM as inexpensive and popular. The creation of modern TCM was largely spearheaded by

1955: 1520: 687: 647: 493: 255: 82: 16718: 16295:"Accident Compensation Act 2001 No 49 (as at 01 August 2020), Public Act Contents – New Zealand Legislation" 16143: 15852: 12239:

The Illegal Wildlife Trade: Inside the World of Poachers, Smugglers and Traders (Studies of Organized Crime)

12053: 11261: 7714: 7654: 6723:

The Chinese traditional medicine at a Chinese traditional medicine shop at Jagalan Road, Surabaya, Indonesia

6708:

established the Macau College of Traditional Chinese Medicine to offer a degree course in Chinese medicine.

2712:

In the centuries that followed, several shorter books tried to summarize or systematize the contents of the

2582:) and acupuncture in the narrower sense of using metal needles to attempt to treat illnesses by stimulating 18498: 18441: 18375: 18325: 16294: 15203:

Rubinstein SM, van Middelkoop M, Kuijpers T, Ostelo R, Verhagen AP, de Boer MR, et al. (August 2010).

8117:. Los Angeles and Berkeley: Institute for East Asian Studies, University of California, Berkeley. pp. 7202: 7197: 7038: 5837: 5801: 5628: 5536:): hot, warm, cool, or cold (or, neutral in terms of temperature) and hot and warm herbs are used to treat 2575: 2369: 1962: 1832: 1457: 1382: 1362: 1236: 13772:"Huperzine A for Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials" 12370: 6566: 5201: 4563:. They are ultimately defined by their symptoms and signs (i.e., for example, pulse and tongue findings). 2862:

In 1968, the CCP supported a new system of health care delivery for rural areas. Villages were assigned a

2679:

or "Classic of Difficult Issues", originally called "The Yellow Emperor Eighty-one Nan Jing", ascribed to

18488: 18174: 18164: 18036: 17841: 17548: 17465: 15796: 12513:

Nie, Jing-Bao (1999). "'Human Drugs' in Chinese Medicine and the Confucian View: An Interpretive Study".

8038:

Epler DC (1980). "Bloodletting in early Chinese medicine and its relation to the origin of acupuncture".

7212: 7182: 6780: 4529:) listed by TCM constitute symptoms. Examples include headache, cough, abdominal pain, constipation etc. 4315:) respectively. There's also a number of less customary channels branching from the "regular" meridians. 4262: 3588: 3528: 3088: 3012:

These two distinctions are imperative when analyzing the history of traditional Chinese medical science.

3005: 2836: 2676: 2587: 2535: 2412: 1407: 1325: 942: 825: 17348: 16383:(in Chinese (Taiwan)). National Union of Chinese Medical Doctors' Association, R.O.C. 27 December 2017. 10387:[outline on the relationships between the zang-fu] (in Chinese). 22 January 2010. Archived from 5648:, headache and digestive and respiratory issues, though there is no firm evidence supporting these uses. 2484:

persecuted during the Cultural Revolution and immigrated to Britain, joining the University of London's

18695: 18330: 18232: 18080: 18059: 17981: 17861: 17836: 17831: 17661: 17189: 11558: 11391:"ENDANGERED AND ABUSED WILD ANIMALS & The USE OF HERBAL ALTERNATIVES TO REPLACE ANIMAL DERIVATIVES" 9499: 6200:

that acupuncture as we know it today has hardly been in existence for sixty years. Moreover, the fine,

4044: 2648:

was also the earliest public Chinese medical text to group symptoms into clinically useful "patterns" (

2402: 2326:

Medicine in traditional China encompassed a range of sometimes competing health and healing practices,

1920: 1884: 1825: 1706: 947: 766: 692: 16407:"Physicians Act - Article Content - Laws & Regulations Database of The Republic of China (Taiwan)" 15803:[State Office notification on provisions for nstitutions and staffing of the NATCM (SO 95)]. 12088: 11597: 11124:"Tongue Diagnosis in Chinese Medicine", Giovanni Maciocia, Eastland Press; Revised edition (June 1995) 5821:. Despite global efforts in combating malaria, it remains a large burden for the population. Although 5323:. Other examples of animal parts include horn of the antelope or buffalo, deer antlers, testicles and 5162: 5082:, and the palpation of the wrist pulses as well as various other pulses, and palpation of the abdomen. 3752:) – of body fluids, i.e., keeping blood, sweat, urine, semen, etc. from leakage or excessive emission. 18478: 18300: 18006: 17851: 17630: 17610: 15606: 15266: 14226:

Namba T, Ma YH, Inagaki K (December 1988). "Insect-derived crude drugs in the Chinese Song dynasty".

11505:

The Global Circulation of Chinese Materia Medica, 1700-1949: A Microhistory of the Caterpillar Fungus

10440: 10414: 10348:[Basics of TCM theory. Chapter 4: Essence, qi, blood, jinye. Section 4: jinye] (in Chinese). 10313:[Basics of TCM theory. Chapter 4: Essence, qi, blood, jinye. Section 4: jinye] (in Chinese). 7328:

Eigenschink, Michael; Dearing, Lukas; Dablander, Tom E.; Maier, Julian; Sitte, Harald H. (May 2020).

6656:

was created in 1949, which then absorbed existing TCM management in 1986 with major changes in 1998.

6268:

Acupuncture is generally safe when administered using Clean Needle Technique (CNT). Although serious

5395:

are held in bear farms. The bile is extracted through a permanent hole in the abdomen leading to the

5155: 4020: 4012: 3062: 2614:

and his ministers, it offers explanations on the relation between humans, their environment, and the

1978: 1216: 830: 776: 466: 15551: 15509: 14186: 14005: 9869: 6801:

medicine practitioners such as those in traditional Malay medicine and traditional Indian medicine.

5694:

A 2008 Cochrane review found promising evidence for the use of Chinese herbal medicine in relieving

3045:

wrote that TCM "remains poorly researched and supported, and most of its treatments have no logical

18534: 18446: 18053: 17949: 17782: 17620: 17605: 15011:

Vickers AJ, Cronin AM, Maschino AC, Lewith G, MacPherson H, Foster NE, et al. (October 2012).

14873: 13831:

Principles of Addictions and the Law: Applications in Forensic, Mental Health, and Medical Practice

13573:"Artemisinin-resistant malaria: research challenges, opportunities, and public health implications" 13571:

Fairhurst RM, Nayyar GM, Breman JG, Hallett R, Vennerstrom JL, Duong S, et al. (August 2012).

8476: 6224: 5444: 4008: 4004: 2425: 2216: 1495: 662: 9033:"Placebo-controlled trials of Chinese herbal medicine and conventional medicine comparative study" 7533: 5544: 5523: 17856: 17625: 17538: 17533: 16406: 14842: 10388: 9901:, A Study of Daoist Acupuncture & Moxibustion, Cheng-Tsai Liu, Liu Zheng-Cai, Ka Hua, p. 40, 9320:

Zhang argued that TCM is a pseudoscience and should not be part of public healthcare and research

8580:

China in Global Governance of Intellectual Property: Implications for Global Distributive Justice

7241:

points and meridians are not a reality, but merely the product of an ancient Chinese philosophy".

7085: 6519: 6186: 6072: 6055: 5238: 5151: 4016: 2881: 2828: 1640: 1633: 1211: 1169: 1097: 977: 612: 16470: 16272: 15798: 15769: 6932:

As of July 2012, only six states lack legislation to regulate the professional practice of TCM:

4862:, with all their respective characteristic symptoms. Yin deficiency can also cause "empty-heat". 4434:

and swaddled; however, the mother was then immediately the focus of the doctor to replenish her

3144:(i.e., the combination of Five Phases theory with Yin–Yang theory), which was later absorbed by 18700: 18524: 18431: 18194: 17996: 17939: 15630: 14367: 14000: 12961:"Traditional medicines and globalization: current and future perspectives in ethnopharmacology" 9864: 8118: 6261: 5880:

and stimulant. In 1885, the chemical synthesis of ephedrine was first accomplished by Japanese

5730:

A 2010 Cochrane review found no evidence supporting the use of TCHM for stopping bleeding from

3054: 2421: 2010: 1800: 1152: 1142: 1037: 14917: 12489: 11815: 10549: 9803: 4348:

in modern medicine). However, there are few or no ancient works on it except for Fu Qingzhu's

18184: 18144: 18021: 17656: 17357: 16174: 14261:

Wang XP, Yang RM (2003). "Movement disorders possibly induced by traditional chinese herbs".

13943:

Ko RJ, Greenwald MS, Loscutoff SM, Au AM, Appel BR, Kreutzer RA, et al. (January 1996).

13174:

Brophy, Sinead; Davies, Helen; Mannan, Sopna; Brunt, Huw; Williams, Rhys (7 September 2011).

12768: 10746: 10005: 9551: 7684: 7622: 7080: 6020: 5416: 5307:

from 1941, 517 drugs were listed – out of these, 45 were animal parts, and 30 were minerals.

4404: 3561: 2695: 2507: 2503: 2134: 1720: 1681: 1592: 1530: 1137: 1067: 907: 707: 572: 392: 16866:, trans. Fang Tingyu and Chen Laidi, vol. 1, "Theory", ed. Kathleen Vian and Peter Eckman". 15682: 14200: 14101:

Yuan X, Chapman RL, Wu Z (2011). "Analytical methods for heavy metals in herbal medicines".

13666: 13320:

Gautam, Subhash C.; Gao, Xiaohua; Dulchavsky, Scott (2007). "Immunomodulation by Curcumin".

10474:[Basics of TCM theory–The zangfu concept] (in Chinese). 11 June 2010. Archived from 9121:"The World Health Organization's decision about traditional Chinese medicine could backfire" 8110: 5785:

There had been success in the 1970s, however, with the development of the antimalarial drug

5364:(CITES) to endorse a decision opposing the resurgence of trade in tigers. Fewer than 30,000 18638: 18576: 18340: 18286: 18159: 18154: 17964: 17738: 17510: 17429: 17153: 16650: 14721: 14665: 14556: 14320: 14110: 13783: 13012:"Chinese herbs combined with Western medicine for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)" 12721: 12136: 11750: 11503: 11430: 10806:

Farquhar, Judith (1991). "Objects, Processes, and Female Infertility in Chinese Medicine".

10343: 10308: 9521: 9293: 9132: 8677: 8620: 7404: 7070: 6606: 6049: 5670: 5251: 5079: 3036: 2645: 2620: 2489: 2343: 2308: 2304: 2237: 1934: 1645: 1500: 1229: 1012: 875: 803: 751: 672: 579: 524: 501: 452: 11508:. Medicine and Biomedical Sciences in Modern History. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 1–294. 10978:(casebook). Dated 1633, but Xue Qinghu (1991) states that the original was printed in 1644 10541:[(3.) The Twelve Vessels ... (4.) The Extraordinary Eight Vessels ...] as seen at 6334:

is air, breath, energy, or primordial life source that is neither matter or spirit. While

6167:

Acupuncture is often accompanied by moxibustion – the Chinese characters for acupuncture (

5627:

A 2013 review found the data too weak to support use of Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) for

8: 18011: 13985: 13882: 12898:

Gu S, Yang AW, Xue CC, Li CG, Pang C, Zhang W, Williams HC (September 2013). Gu S (ed.).

10275: 9502:(1994). "Balancing the Yang and Yin: Development and Contributions of Chinese Medicine". 9181: 8064: 7933: 7137: 6924:, established in 1963, is the largest Chinese herbal medicine research center in Taiwan. 6095: 5392: 3093: 3046: 2895:, the regulation was later passed with the provision outlawing criticism of TCM removed. 2844: 2684: 2351: 2320: 2223: 1879: 1147: 932: 845: 622: 278: 17371:, PDF, 133 pages; compiled by the Association Québécoise des Thérapeutes Naturels (AQTN) 16351:"NTU to offer its own Chinese Medicine degree accredited by Health Ministry's TCM board" 14669: 14560: 14324: 14309:"Toxic element contamination of natural health products and pharmaceutical preparations" 14114: 13787: 12924: 12725: 12567: 12140: 11724: 11434: 9479:

Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health,

9297: 9136: 8681: 8624: 8477:"A Brief History Of Vaccines: From Medieval Chinese 'Variolation' To Modern Vaccination" 7408: 5663: 5605:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

2926:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

2691:

medicine practitioners to learn from and has impacted the medical development in China.

18529: 18169: 17081: 16962: 16875: 16810: 16794: 16107:"Traditional and Complementary Medicine (T&CM) Act [What Should You Know?]" 15465: 15421: 15373: 15346: 15319: 15294: 15260: 15229: 15204: 15185: 15160:

Lee MS, Ernst E (March 2011). "Acupuncture for pain: an overview of Cochrane reviews".

15142: 15037: 15012: 14948: 14691: 14628: 14603: 14579: 14544: 14525: 14429: 14402: 14343: 14308: 14286: 14175: 14026: 13961: 13944: 13806: 13771: 13648: 13597: 13572: 13519: 13494: 13436: 13411: 13387: 13362: 13257: 13232: 13208: 13151: 13130: 13036: 13011: 12987: 12960: 12880: 12832: 12807: 12744: 12709: 12685: 12658: 11972: 11683: 11658: 11527: 11454: 11237: 11212: 11013: 10943: 10903: 10823: 10162: 10119: 9874: 9480: 9422: 9395: 9158: 8850: 8703: 8646: 8583: 7846: 7354: 7329: 6193: 6061: 6025: 6010: 5971: 5910: 5518:

The traditional categorizations and classifications that can still be found today are:

3612: 3148:. Philosophical texts influenced TCM, mostly by being grounded in the same theories of 3141: 3074: 3070: 3024: 2583: 2432: 2209: 2083: 1991: 1515: 1490: 1427: 1125: 952: 860: 840: 820: 746: 222: 214: 15797:

General Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China (25 June 1998).

15094: 11990: 11792: 11472: 10907: 5331:

Some compounds can include the parts of endangered species, including tiger bones and

3822:); its function is to complement xuè and its nature has a strong yin aspect (although 2920:. The reason given is: Development after the enactment of Chinese Medicine Ordinance ( 2757:

Around 900–1000 AD, Chinese were the first to develop a form of vaccination, known as

241: 18305: 17969: 17906: 17896: 17748: 17424: 17374: 17328: 17305: 17286: 17267: 17248: 17203: 17193: 17143: 17124: 17098: 17085: 17049: 17030: 16996: 16966: 16913: 16892: 16848: 16827: 16802: 16754: 16700: 16624: 16582: 16557: 16538: 16507: 16436: 15610: 15576: 15532: 15488: 15455: 15413: 15378: 15324: 15270: 15234: 15177: 15134: 15042: 14952: 14940: 14877: 14764: 14754: 14683: 14633: 14584: 14517: 14482: 14434: 14348: 14278: 14243: 14239: 14167: 14162: 14145: 14126: 14083: 14030: 14018: 14014: 13966: 13920: 13859: 13834: 13811: 13719: 13640: 13602: 13524: 13472: 13441: 13392: 13343: 13333: 13293: 13262: 13213: 13195: 13156: 13111: 13076: 13041: 12992: 12929: 12872: 12837: 12774: 12749: 12690: 12641: 12526: 12493: 12441:– By Carolyn Herbert – Australian Broadcasting Corporation – Retrieved 14 April 2012. 12251: 12154: 11821: 11796: 11688: 11641: 11609: 11564: 11531: 11517: 11446: 11442: 11370: 11366: 11326: 11267: 11242: 11195: 11109: 11061: 11005: 11001: 10947: 10933: 10777: 10752: 10725: 10700: 10672: 10662: 10586: 10576: 10234: 10154: 10150: 10111: 10061: 10011: 9969: 9949: 9850:"Seeing the Body: The Divergence of Ancient Chinese and Western Medical Illustration" 9826: 9807: 9750: 9624: 9562: 9427: 9376: 9311: 9262: 9162: 9150: 9057: 8854: 8813: 8771: 8752: 8744: 8695: 8638: 8587: 8431: 8412: 8349: 8312: 8166: 8122: 8111: 8075:[The formation of the theory of acumoxa therapy in the Qin and Han periods]. 8047: 8018: 7984: 7952: 7914: 7838: 7577: 7422: 7359: 7075: 6830: 6792:

The Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine is the top research center of TCM in Korea.

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held by each of the zang-fu organs, this is considered to be part of the 'principal'

3125: 2951: 2810: 2754:; c. 280) presented itself as a "comprehensive handbook of diagnostics and therapy." 2374: 2339: 2230: 2160: 2024: 2017: 1869: 1713: 1300: 1057: 1022: 927: 865: 813: 714: 170: 162: 19: 18:"Chinese medicine" redirects here. For the practice of medicine in modern China, see 17157: 16814: 15469: 15425: 15189: 15146: 15028: 14529: 14290: 14179: 14146:"Adulteration of Chinese herbal medicines with synthetic drugs: a systematic review" 13652: 12884: 12545:

THE HUMAN BODY AS A NEW COMMODITY, Tsuyoshi Awaya, The Review of Tokuyama, June 1999

12407:"Endangered Species Issues Affecting Turtles And Tortoises Used in Chinese Medicine" 11976: 11458: 11017: 10166: 5662:

A 2011 review found low quality evidence that suggests CHM improves the symptoms of

2854:

Apothecary mixing traditional Chinese medicine at Jiangsu Chinese Medical Hospital,

18390: 18189: 18179: 18001: 17991: 17073: 17022: 16988: 16952: 16786: 16204: 15767: 15566: 15524: 15447: 15405: 15368: 15358: 15314: 15306: 15224: 15216: 15169: 15126: 15032: 15024: 14932: 14695: 14673: 14623: 14615: 14574: 14564: 14509: 14424: 14414: 14338: 14328: 14270: 14235: 14157: 14118: 14075: 14010: 13956: 13801: 13791: 13750: 13709: 13632: 13592: 13584: 13514: 13506: 13468: 13464: 13431: 13427: 13423: 13382: 13378: 13374: 13325: 13289: 13285: 13252: 13244: 13203: 13191: 13187: 13146: 13142: 13138: 13103: 13072: 13068: 13031: 13027: 13023: 12982: 12972: 12919: 12915: 12911: 12864: 12827: 12819: 12739: 12729: 12680: 12670: 12518: 12243: 12144: 11964: 11788: 11678: 11670: 11509: 11438: 11390: 11232: 11224: 10997: 10925: 10815: 10146: 10123: 10103: 9878: 9417: 9407: 9366: 9301: 9254: 9140: 9047: 8846: 8842: 8734: 8707: 8685: 8628: 7949:

Medical data in the oracle bones: translations, philological analysis, and research

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Hinrichs, T. J. (2005). "Healing and Medicine in China". In Jones, Lindsay (ed.).

14812: 14543:

Zhao P, Wang C, Liu W, Chen G, Liu X, Wang X, et al. (2013). Avila MA (ed.).

13324:. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Vol. 595. pp. 321–341. 10819: 8650: 7685:"As China pushes traditional medicine globally, illegal wildlife trade flourishes" 6213: 5832:

and colleagues investigated the potential use of the traditionally used substance

18606: 18468: 18400: 18225: 18016: 17934: 17846: 17821: 17805: 17743: 17721: 17571: 17566: 17556: 17245:

Herbs and Roots: A History of Chinese Doctors in the American Medical Marketplace

17179: 16957: 16940: 16842: 16694: 16686: 16618: 16572: 16499: 16030: 15884: 15599: 14986:"Complementary and Alternative Medicine: Questions and Answers About Acupuncture" 14936: 14909: 14569: 14461: 14333: 13986:"A review of the potential forensic significance of traditional herbal medicines" 13796: 13329: 13175: 12734: 12637: 12438: 12237: 11863: 11637: 11630: 11105: 11057: 10748:

You and Your Doctor: A Guide to a Healing Relationship, with Physicians' Insights

10630: 10371: 10047: 9908: 9746: 9739: 9620: 9558: 9487: 8666:"China to roll back regulations for traditional medicine despite safety concerns" 8306: 7618: 7043: 6834: 6748:, a type of antidiarrhoeal drug in Japan developed based on Kanpo medicine theory 6483: 6389: 6269: 6151:

A bronze acupuncture statue from the Ming dynasty being displayed inside a museum

6147: 6086: 6077: 5884: 5881: 5791: 5766: 5638: 5332: 3631: 3611:

Concepts of the body and of disease used in TCM are pseudoscientific, similar to

3438: 3428: 2989: 2863: 2640: 2601: 2520: 2382: 2363: 2257: 2043: 1894: 1485: 1442: 1027: 1017: 892: 855: 793: 761: 756: 729: 667: 637: 17026: 15095:"Re: Risks of acupuncture range from stray needles to pneumothorax, finds study" 13546:"Lasker Award Rekindles Debate Over Artemisinin's Discovery | Science/AAAS" 12708:

Ma B, Guo J, Qi G, Li H, Peng J, Zhang Y, et al. (2011). Hartling L (ed.).

10874:. "The Gendered Medical Iconography of the Golden Mirror, Yuzuan Yizong Jinjian 10623: 6253:

more potent placebo or context effects". Commenting on this meta-analysis, both

6217: 4684:): dry cough, dry mouth, dry throat, dry lips, nosebleeds, dry skin, dry stools. 3190:, detailed attributions are made regarding the yin or yang character of things: 18508: 18365: 17974: 17576: 17561: 17171: 17112: 16982: 16146:. Norway's National Research Center in Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 15922: 15409: 14913: 14079: 13755: 13738: 13588: 13510: 10929: 10205: 9412: 9145: 9120: 8868: 7345: 7207: 7029: 6817:), the largest of the professional organisations that is recognised by private 6719: 6257:

and David Colquhoun said the results were of negligible clinical significance.

6237: 6109:) brings workers into close contact with these animals, increasing the risk of 6091: 6015: 6002: 5945: 5941: 5894: 5829: 5652: 5494: 5424: 5420: 5365: 3954: 3946: 3615: 3503: 3102:

TCM has also been controversial within China. In 2006, the Chinese philosopher

3096: 3029: 2611: 2571: 2447: 2417: 2114: 2102: 1874: 1839: 1462: 1335: 1102: 1087: 1002: 922: 917: 148: 18350: 16380: 15944: 15451: 15220: 15173: 13714: 13697: 12899: 12247: 11513: 8690: 8665: 8557: 8376: 7833: 7816: 6245:

acupuncture, the only sensible conclusion is that acupuncture does not work."

5569: 2606:, the oldest received work of Chinese medical theory, was compiled during the 18679: 18596: 18555: 18395: 17327:]. Translated by Bridie J. Andrews. New York: Columbia University Press. 17207: 16714: 15887:

Hong Kong Registered the Chinese Medicine Practitioner licensure requirements

15571: 13199: 12977: 11674: 11228: 10676: 10475: 8748: 7330:"A critical examination of the main premises of Traditional Chinese Medicine" 7142: 6987: 5953: 5499: 5100: 4735:, impatience; red tongue with dry yellow fur; slippery and string-like pulse. 3183: 3103: 3050: 2720:(probably second century CE) tried to reconcile divergent doctrines from the 2665: 2659: 2637:

Treatise on Cold Damage Disorders and Miscellaneous Illnesses (Shang Han Lun)

2555: 2316: 1889: 1739: 1397: 1372: 1280: 1270: 1082: 997: 912: 835: 798: 741: 719: 607: 557: 40: 15345:

Xu S, Wang L, Cooper E, Zhang M, Manheimer E, Berman B, et al. (2013).

14768: 14678: 13322:

The Molecular Targets and Therapeutic Uses of Curcumin in Health and Disease

12522: 12452:"China's quest to buy up global supply of donkeys halted by African nations" 12406: 10590: 9032: 2921: 2546:. In the 1950s, the Chinese government promoted a systematized form of TCM. 18628: 18426: 17470: 17439: 17227: 17175: 17116: 16824:

Chinese Medicine in Early Communist China, 1945-63 A Medicine of Revolution

16806: 16768: 16746: 15580: 15536: 15439: 15417: 15382: 15328: 15256: 15238: 15181: 15138: 15066: 15046: 14944: 14687: 14637: 14588: 14521: 14486: 14438: 14352: 14282: 14171: 14130: 14087: 14022: 13815: 13723: 13644: 13606: 13528: 13476: 13445: 13396: 13347: 13297: 13266: 13217: 13160: 13115: 13080: 13045: 12996: 12933: 12876: 12841: 12753: 12694: 12158: 11800: 11613: 11450: 11263:

Foundations for integrative musculoskeletal medicine: an east-west approach

11246: 10158: 10115: 9431: 9380: 9371: 9354: 9315: 9266: 9154: 9061: 8756: 8699: 8642: 8419: 7842: 7817:"Traditional toxicity documentation of Chinese Materia Medica--an overview" 7426: 7363: 7172: 6973: 6945: 6941: 6479: 6254: 6032: 5977: 5966: 5898: 5695: 5396: 4254: 3958: 3950: 3575: 3187: 3177: 3084: 2994: 2773: 2670: 2579: 2531: 2526: 2495: 2472: 2456: 2335: 2327: 2167: 2078: 1974: 1652: 1452: 1422: 1295: 1174: 1062: 987: 887: 882: 788: 783: 734: 697: 642: 627: 307: 231: 120: 16574:

Uneasy Encounters: The Politics of Medicine and Health in China, 1900-1937

16467:"A Consumer's Guide to Acupuncture and Asian Medicine - Acupuncture Board" 15528: 15363: 14419: 14247: 13970: 13248: 12675: 11692: 9258: 8051: 7323: 7321: 5060:

Auscultation refers to listening for particular sounds (such as wheezing).

4372:, on which female patients could indicate the location of their symptoms. 4249: 2724:

and developed a complete medical system centered on needling therapy. The

18633: 18601: 17954: 17813: 17715: 17444: 17419: 16742: 16696:

Neither Donkey nor Horse: Medicine in the Struggle over China's Modernity

15774:[State Countil notification on establishing the NATCM (SC 79)]. 15252: 13107: 12823: 11659:"Health in China. Traditional Chinese medicine: one country, two systems" 11009: 9052: 7217: 7177: 6845: 6134: 6130: 6118: 6114: 5873: 5847: 5786: 5752: 5748: 5492:

Traditional Chinese medicine also includes some human parts: the classic

5412: 3423: 2781: 2762: 2758: 2607: 2563: 2378: 2107: 2066: 1793: 1412: 1330: 1042: 967: 962: 902: 682: 652: 602: 597: 562: 16879: 16612:. Vol. 6. Detroit, MI: Macmillan Reference USA. pp. 3859–3864. 15877: 14368:"Mercury and Chinese herbal medicine | British Columbia Medical Journal" 11925: 8541:(Master's thesis ed.). Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. 5921: 4731:

or deafness, vomiting of sour or bitter fluids, expectoration of blood,

4279:) are believed to be channels running from the zàng-fǔ in the interior ( 18581: 18255: 18149: 18042: 17959: 17709: 17077: 16992: 16798: 12125:"Traditional Chinese medicine: China's bear farms prompt public outcry" 11968: 11598:"Certain progress of clinical research on Chinese integrative medicine" 8723:"Beijing proposes law to ban criticism of traditional Chinese medicine" 7318: 7167: 7162: 7157: 7117: 6911: 6907: 6757: 6533: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 6181:) literally meaning "acupuncture-moxibustion" – which involves burning 5990: 5731: 5645: 5408: 5377: 5324: 5165:

if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and

5072: 4455: 4345: 4341: 3781:("fluids"), and/or transformation of all of the latter into each other. 3635: 3623: 2885: 2832: 2792: 2777: 2738: 2452: 2431:

The demand for traditional medicines in China was a major generator of

2373:, a sixteenth-century encyclopedic work, and includes various forms of 2355: 2071: 1751: 1510: 1007: 992: 982: 870: 617: 567: 17060:

Shows early use of Chinese medicine not always perceived as "Chinese."

17046:

Needles, Herbs, Gods, and Ghosts: China, Healing, and the West to 1848

15971:"Special Report – Traditional Chinese Medicine – Breathing a new life" 15310: 15202: 15130: 14619: 14274: 12868: 12806:

Ma CH, Lin WL, Lui SL, Cai XY, Wong VT, Ziea E, Zhang ZJ (July 2013).

10827: 10107: 10048:"Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience: From Alien Abductions to Zone Therapy" 8739: 8722: 8536: 6815:中 Zhong - Nederlandse Vereniging voor Traditionele Chinese Geneeskunde 6813:

The logo of the Dutch Association of Traditional Chinese Medicine (or

6789:, shall be treated in the same manner as a medical doctor or dentist. 5761: 5010:

external causes: these include the Six Excesses and "Pestilential Qi".

3527:

Strict rules are identified to apply to the relationships between the

18643: 18591: 18385: 18380: 17505: 16197: 15013:"Acupuncture for chronic pain: individual patient data meta-analysis" 14513: 14122: 13636: 10057: 9586:(Fall 2017 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, 7460:"No, Traditional Chinese Medicine Has Not Been Vindicated by Science" 6043: 5949: 5937: 5932: 5859: 5806: 5756: 5677: 5388: 5353: 5275: 4744:

The process of determining which actual pattern is on hand is called

4473:", which governs the reproductive systems in both sexes. This source 3619: 2970: 2944: 2625: 2543: 2451:

The Compendium of Materia Medica is a pharmaceutical text written by

2202: 2185: 1941: 1781: 1774: 1432: 1392: 1367: 1072: 1032: 897: 429: 179: 17121:

The Way and the Word: Science and Medicine in Early China and Greece

16790: 15347:"Adverse events of acupuncture: a systematic review of case reports" 14653: 13096:

Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Xue Bao = Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine

12554:

Commodifying bodies, Nancy Scheper-Hughes, Loïc J. D. Wacquant, 2002

12149: 12124: 10007:

Global Technological Change: From Hard Technology to Soft Technology

9306: 9281: 8633: 8608: 7417: 7392: 6508: 6300:) is a form of massage, based on the assumptions of TCM, from which 5641:

found inconclusive evidence that CHM reduces the severity of eczema.

5540:

diseases, while cool and cold herbs are used to treat heat diseases.

5290:

are extensively used in traditional medicine in China and elsewhere.

509: 18623: 18421: 18320: 17888: 17691: 17666: 15716: 15485:

Voices of Qi: An Introductory Guide to Traditional Chinese Medicine

15444:

Alternative Medicine – A Critical Assessment of 150 Modalities

15262:

Trick or treatment: The undeniable facts about alternative medicine

13856:

East Asian Medicine in Urban Japan: Varieties of Medical Experience

12054:"Will traditional Chinese medicine mean the end of the wild tiger?" 8015:

Early Chinese Medical Literature: The Mawangdui Medical Manuscripts

6949: 6744: 6110: 5998: 5986: 5961: 5841: 5717: 5706: 5701: 5479: 5432: 5369: 5341: 5337: 5320: 5287: 5255: 4728: 4645: 4048: 3844:); its main function is defence and it has pronounced yang nature. 3659: 3112: 2766: 2680: 2436: 2252: 1769: 1676: 1664: 1345: 1253: 1092: 546: 415: 200: 134: 17774: 16325:"Registration Requirements for the Registration of TCM Physicians" 16234: 16077:"MEDICAL SERVICE ACT | KOREAN LAW INFORMATION CENTER | LAW SEARCH" 7981:

Celestial Lancets: A History and Rationale of Acupuncture and Moxa

5423:

fail to stop the display and sale of these items in open markets.

3566: 2669:, which were edited separately in the eleventh century, under the 2518:

The doctrines of Chinese medicine are rooted in books such as the

18648: 18571: 17926: 17703: 17697: 17590: 14983: 8508:

Power and Charity: A Chinese Merchant Elite in Colonial Hong Kong

8165:. Ann Arbor: Center for Chinese Studies, University of Michigan. 7112: 6953: 6933: 6425: 6413: 6352: 6301: 6182: 6139: 6037: 5982: 5814: 5771: 5681: 5503: 5502:) describes (also criticizes) the use of 35 human body parts and 5247: 4340:) is the traditional Chinese term for women's medicine (it means 3604:

rather than something with biochemical or anatomical properties.

3532: 3443: 3433: 2855: 2539: 2468: 2386: 2190: 2036: 1807: 1786: 1744: 1669: 1621: 1437: 1355: 1320: 1310: 1052: 238: 50: 46: 16116:. Ministry of Health, Malaysia. 2015. p. 10. Archived from 15768:

State Council of the People's Republic of China (20 July 1986).

15062:"Acupuncture useful, but overall of little benefit, study shows" 11192:"Fluid physiology and pathology in traditional Chinese medicine" 7327: 6739: 6280: 5844:, which was approved for leukemia treatment by the FDA in 2000. 4883:

how specific entities are affected. This evaluation can be done

18463: 18315: 17500: 17495: 17490: 17480: 17475: 17449: 17434: 16774:"Science and Medicine in Imperial China—the State of the Field" 14306: 13176:"Interventions for latent autoimmune diabetes (LADA) in adults" 11853:

Facts about traditional Chinese medicine (TCM): rhinoceros horn

10229: 10227: 9210:"Chinese medicine gains WHO acceptance but it has many critics" 8776: 6937: 6899: 6460: 6315: 6289: 5994: 5877: 5724: 5349: 5068: 4519:

From a scientific point of view, most of the disease entities (

3976: 3942: 3596:(such as digestion, breathing, temperature maintenance, etc.): 3514: 3458: 3145: 2891: 2615: 2559: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2315:, with the majority of treatments having no robust evidence of 2119: 1984: 1657: 1525: 1350: 1305: 972: 341: 15898:"3 Institutions offering Chinese Medicine Courses In Hongkong" 15827:"China passes first law on traditional Chinese medicine (TCM)" 10922:

The Yellow Emperor's Classic of Medicine – Essential Questions

10774:

A Flourishing Yin: Gender in China's Medical History: 960–1665

10620:

A Flourishing Yin: Gender in China's Medical History, 960–1665

9031:

Shang A, Huwiler K, Nartey L, Jüni P, Egger M (October 2007).

8979:

A Flourishing Yin: Gender in China's Medical History, 960–1665

7576:. The Chinese University of Hong Kong Press. 3 November 2010. 6185:

on or near the skin at an acupuncture point. According to the

5993:, Yang Qi Shi, 阳起石) is used to treat impotence in TCM. Due to 5262: 4615:

The Six Excesses and their characteristic clinical signs are:

18458: 18436: 10137:

Ernst E (February 2006). "Acupuncture--a critical analysis".

7744: 6753: 6627:

Many governments have enacted laws to regulate TCM practice.

6102: 5460:

have prompted export restrictions by some African countries.

5316: 5315:

Some animal parts used include cow gallstones, hornet nests,

3962: 3938: 3519: 3463: 3003:

as the vital force or energy of life. The Five Phase theory (

2955:

of traditional Chinese medicine to replace Western medicine.

2512: 1402: 1377: 1258: 808: 355: 260: 246: 54: 16623:. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. 16506:. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. 16135: 14890: 13945:"Lethal ingestion of Chinese herbal tea containing ch'an su" 13570: 10224: 9966:"Zang Fu, the organ systems of traditional Chinese medicine" 9946:"Zang Fu, the organ systems of traditional Chinese medicine" 6394: 6240:

and the existing equivocal positive results are the type of

5909:

A 2012 systematic review found there is a lack of available

5770:, traditionally used to treat fever, has been found to have 5270: 3289: 18453: 18310: 17368:

Literary Review Compilation on Traditional Chinese Medicine

15010: 10990:

Social Science & Medicine. Part B: Medical Anthropology

10092: 7509:"The World Health Organization Has a Pseudoscience Problem" 6684: 6680: 6284:

An example of a traditional Chinese medicine used in tui na

6161: 5676:

A 2011 Cochrane review did not find improvement in fasting

4469:

Once again, the kidney visceral system governs the "source

4058:

s essential functions consist in production and storage of

3826:

in general is considered to be yang). The latter is called

3684:

is something that is defined by five "cardinal functions":

3473: 3468: 3163: 2772:

Prominent medical scholars of the post-Han period included

1617: 1387: 1241: 17360:—School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University 17351:—School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University 15292: 14722:"Acupuncture – Consensus Development Conference Statement" 10661:. University of California Press. pp. 245, 250, 255. 9987: 9985: 9983: 8463:

Shen Nong Ben Cao Ling (The Divine Farmers Materia Medica)

6675:

Currently, the approved Chinese medicine institutions are

6430: 5474: 4996:

There are three fundamental categories of disease causes (

3866:

In contrast to the majority of other functional entities,

3035:

Critics say that TCM theory and practice have no basis in

2803: 2463: 18091:

National Administration of Disease Control and Prevention

16179:

European Traditional Chinese Medicine Association (ETCMA)

16169: 16167: 16165: 16022:

Cheta Nilawaty dan Rini Kustiati. 13 August 2012. TEMPO,

15508:

Silva LM, Schalock M, Ayres R, Bunse C, Budden S (2009).

13770:

Yang G, Wang Y, Tian J, Liu JP (2013). Scherer RW (ed.).

12375: 12276: 9214: 8346:

The Evolution of Chinese Medicine: Song Dynasty, 960–1200

6903: 6844:

companies reimburse a certain amount of annual costs for

6676: 5822: 5470:

Traditional Chinese medicines derived from the human body

3453: 2197: 219: 205: 191: 17019:

Healthcare and Biomedical Technology in the 21st Century

15245: 14654:"Bats Are Natural Reservoirs of SARS-Like Coronaviruses" 14499: 14307:

Genuis SJ, Schwalfenberg G, Siy AK, Rodushkin I (2012).

12657:

Wu XY, Tang JL, Mao C, Yuan JQ, Qin Y, Chung VC (2013).

11151:"Some Acupuncture Points Which Treat Disorders of Blood" 10188:氣的生理功能...(一)推動作用...(二)溫煦作用...(三)防御作用...(四)固攝作用...(五)氣化作用 9614:"A General Introduction to Traditional Chinese Medicine" 8071:(1991). "Qin Han zhi ji zhenjiu liaofa lilun de jianli" 7781: 7623:"Be Wary of Acupuncture, Qigong, and 'Chinese Medicine'" 7552: 7437: 2554:

Traces of therapeutic activities in China date from the

18086:

National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine

17528: 16144:"Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) in the Netherlands" 15549: 15507: 15293:

Madsen MV, Gøtzsche PC, Hróbjartsson A (January 2009).

13737:

Bian Z, Chen S, Cheng C, Wang J, Xiao H, Qin H (2012).

13495:"Artemisinin: discovery from the Chinese herbal garden" 13412:"Traditional Chinese herbal products for stable angina" 13361:

Liu JP, Manheimer E, Yang M (July 2005). Liu JP (ed.).

13173: 13010:

Liu X, Zhang M, He L, Li Y (October 2012). Li Y (ed.).

12773:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 10–. 12631:"Chinese materia medica: combinations and applications" 11631:"Herbal emissaries: bringing Chinese herbs to the West" 11560:

Introduction to English Terminology of Chinese Medicine

11473:"The Essentials of Traditional Chinese Herbal Medicine" 10338:津液包括各脏腑组织的正常体液和正常的分泌物，胃液、肠液、唾液、关节液等。习惯上也包括代谢产物中的尿、汗、泪等。 9980: 9009: 6654:

National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine

6157: 5362:

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species

5111:. Learning TCM pulse diagnosis can take several years. 3937:. Their palpable manifestations are all bodily fluids: 3650: 3079: 2999: 2477:

Shisi jingfahui (Expression of the Fourteen Meridians).

2407: 1628: 1340: 17404: 16162: 14452:

Encyclopedic Reference of Traditional Chinese Medicine

13942: 13739:"Developing new drugs from annals of Chinese medicine" 13363:"Herbal medicines for treating HIV infection and AIDS" 13279: 12568:"Traditional Chinese medicine contains human placenta" 10548:[meridian theory] (in Chinese). Archived from 10437:"Cultural China–Chinese Medicine–Basic Zang Fu Theory" 10411:"Cultural China–Chinese Medicine–Basic Zang Fu Theory" 9030: 8997: 8371: 8369: 8367: 8365: 7800:

Leslie, Charles. "Medicine". In Embry, Ainslee (ed.).

7489: 5811:

The Handbook of Prescriptions for Emergency Treatments

4570:). The concrete pattern identified should account for 4241:, a peculiar entity almost similar to the Heart zàng. 471: 457: 17321:

Traditional Chinese Medicine: Heritage and Adaptation

16264: 15351:

Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

14545:"Causes and outcomes of acute liver failure in China" 13577:

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

12663:

Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

11420: 10199: 10197: 9804:"Practical diagnosis in traditional Chinese medicine" 9446:"Traditional Chinese Medicine and Endangered Animals" 5959:

Substances known to be potentially dangerous include

5078:

Palpation which includes feeling the body for tender

3888: 3873: 3867: 2958: 2869:

The State Intellectual Property Office (now known as

167: 153: 139: 125: 16620:

Chinese Medicine and Healing: An Illustrated History

16504:

Chinese Medicine and Healing: An Illustrated History

16141: 15683:"Chinese Medicine Board of Australia – Registration" 14867: 14400: 12562: 12560: 12083: 12081: 12079: 11259: 11149:

Deadman, Peter; Al-Khafaji, Mazin (September 1994).

10959: 10697:

A Flourishing Yin: Gender in China's Medical History

10659:

A flourishing yin: gender in Chinaʼs medical history

7871:"Chairman Mao Invented Traditional Chinese Medicine" 7769: 7745:

J A Jewell and Sheila Hillier (2017). "Kan-Wen Ma".

7477: 6963: 6047:. The herbs indicated as being hepatotoxic included 4854:), can be further differentiated into deficiency of 4003:

refers to the five considered to be yin in nature –

2969:, and observing the history from the perspective of 397: 383: 17138:Lo, Vivienne; Stanley-Baker, Michael, eds. (2022), 16047:"・あん摩マツサージ指圧師、はり師、きゆう師等に関する法律(◆昭和22年12月20日法律第217号)" 14746: 13858:. University of California Press; Reprint edition. 13319: 13131:"Chinese herbal medicines for hypercholesterolemia" 11051:"A handbook of TCM patterns & their treatments" 8900:"Historical evolution of Chinese Healthcare System" 8362: 7757: 4976: 3850:is said to circulate in the meridians. Just as the 17302:Medicine in China: Historical Artifacts and Images 17184:. Science and Civilisation in China. Vol. 6, 16864:The Essential Book of Traditional Chinese Medicine 16826:. London, England; New York, NY: RoutledgeCurzon. 16772: 15800:国务院办公厅关于印发国家中医药管理局职能配置内设机构和人员编制规定的通知（国办发〔1998〕95号） 15598: 14724:. National Institutes of Health. 5 November 1997. 13829:Levy WO, Kalidas K, Miller NS (26 February 2010). 13618: 13616: 12760: 12371:"China bans shark fin dishes at official banquets" 11820:(2 ed.). Paradigm Publications. p. 904. 10622:. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999. 10194: 10178: 10176: 8714: 8456: 7864: 7862: 7860: 6706:Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine 6398:Acupuncture and moxibustion after cupping in Japan 5795:, a herb traditionally used as a fever treatment. 5537: 3626:evidence for traditional Chinese concepts such as 3570:Old Chinese medical chart on acupuncture meridians 2880:In the second decade of the twenty-first century, 2570:Stone and bone needles found in ancient tombs led 18096:Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention 16751:Trick or Treatment: Alternative Medicine on Trial 16741: 15344: 14984:U.S. National Institute of Health (11 May 2006). 14870:Electrotherapy explained: principles and practice 13828: 13736: 13622: 13237:Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 12557: 12076: 11926:"'Shocking' scale of pangolin smuggling revealed" 11393:. Asian Animal Protection Network. 26 July 2012. 11148: 10920:"Diagnosis for Pulse-Taking and Pulse Subtlety", 9734: 9732: 9730: 9552:"A Study of Daoist Acupuncture & Moxibustion" 9247:Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 9107: 9092: 9077: 8985: 8524:. The Straits Times. 9 November 1935. p. 13. 8017:. London and New York: Kegan Paul International. 7236: 7234: 6833:that are used in TCM are classified as foods and 6338:is a skillful movement, work, or exercise of the 5872:) in TCM, has been documented in China since the 4567: 4318: 2401:, and dietary therapy. TCM is widely used in the 18677: 18117:Macau Secretariat for Social Affairs and Culture 17016: 16617:Hinrichs, T. J.; Barnes, Linda L., eds. (2013). 16000:"KEPUTUSAN MENTERI KESEHATAN REPUBLIK INDONESIA" 15819: 14908: 14789:. 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First edition 1984. 8847:10.1080/02598272.2002.10800403 7526: 7513:Office for Science and Society 7501: 7464:Office for Science and Society 7334:Wiener klinische Wochenschrift 7295: 7290: 7286: 7277: 7272: 7268: 7259: 7254: 7250: 7188:Traditional Mongolian medicine 7066:Chinese classic herbal formula 6852: 6804: 6663: 6622: 6542:"Traditional Chinese medicine" 6492: 6488: 6447: 6408: 6356:: introspective and meditative 6325: 6321: 6177: 6172: 6168: 6065:. Contrary to popular belief, 5862:in its natural form, known as 5553: 5532: 5177:"Traditional Chinese medicine" 5163:add the appropriate references 5041: 5033: 5019: 5002: 4989: 4969: 4959: 4945: 4932: 4919: 4906: 4893: 4874: 4850: 4834: 4818: 4802: 4786: 4762: 4752: 4723: 4693: 4680: 4667: 4654: 4638: 4625: 4608: 4598: 4588: 4555: 4525: 4449: 4336: 4331: 4327: 4319:Gender in traditional medicine 4311: 4299: 4287: 4275: 4225: 4215: 4196: 4186: 4167: 4157: 4138: 4128: 4103: 4093: 4069: 3995: 3990: 3986: 3923: 3899: 3887:Typical symptoms of a lack of 3840: 3835: 3831: 3818: 3813: 3809: 3765: 3760: 3756: 3748: 3743: 3739: 3728: 3715: 3710: 3706: 3698: 3693: 3689: 3676: 3671: 3667: 3544: 2621:Recipes for Fifty-Two Ailments 2600:Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon ( 2593: 1969:Main philosophical traditions: 1949:Chinese mother goddess worship 1165:Water fluoridation controversy 1121:Big Pharma conspiracy theories 472: 458: 398: 384: 168: 154: 140: 126: 88: 74: 1: 18666:Category:Traditional medicine 17234:, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), 16675:(below). Also free online at 16483:California Acupuncture Board. 16437:"Origin and the Past History" 15959:– via Imprensa Oficial. 15657:"GuaSha Treatment of Disease" 15017:Archives of Internal Medicine 14988:. National Cancer Institute. 12629:Xu, L. & Wang, W. (2002) 11905:Larson, Rhishja (July 2010). 11793:10.1016/S0965-2299(03)00055-4 11365:. New York: Norton. pp. 11260:Marcus & Kuchera (2004). 10820:10.1525/maq.1991.5.4.02a00040 10053:Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience 9612:Men, J. & Guo, L. (2010) 8904:Business Research Methodology 8898:Dudovskiy J (24 March 2014). 7802:Encyclopedia of Asian History 7653:Novella S (25 January 2012). 7306: 6827:government of the Netherlands 6821:companies in the Netherlands. 6495:) is not common in the West. 6207: 6121:in samples of bat droppings. 5305:Handbook of Traditional Drugs 5108: 4887:in respect of the meridians ( 4740:Eight principles of diagnosis 4560: 4428: 3508:inner/outer corner of the eye 2785: 1956:Northeast China folk religion 1536:Wilson's temperature syndrome 1521:Multiple chemical sensitivity 648:Biological terrain assessment 313: 18686:Traditional Chinese medicine 18499:Traditional Tibetan medicine 18484:Traditional Chinese medicine 18442:Iranian traditional medicine 18376:Chumash traditional medicine 18326:Traditional African medicine 18221:China–Cornell–Oxford Project 17902:Traditional Chinese medicine 17021:. Springer. pp. 19–57. 16958:10.1016/j.medidd.2019.100003 16779:The Journal of Asian Studies 16581:; New York, NY: Peter Lang. 16556:. Thieme Mecial Publishers. 16537:. Vancouver, BC: UBC Press. 14937:10.1213/ANE.0b013e31828f2d5e 14570:10.1371/journal.pone.0080991 14334:10.1371/journal.pone.0049676 14240:10.1016/0378-8741(88)90157-2 14228:Journal of Ethnopharmacology 14150:Journal of Internal Medicine 13993:Journal of Forensic Sciences 13797:10.1371/journal.pone.0074916 13330:10.1007/978-0-387-46401-5_14 12735:10.1371/journal.pone.0020185 11002:10.1016/0160-7987(78)90003-0 10842:Canon of the Pulse (Maijing) 10345:《中医基础理论》第四章精、气、血、津液. 第四节津液 10310:《中医基础理论》第四章精、气、血、津液. 第四节津液 10139:Journal of Internal Medicine 9740:"The Web That Has No Weaver" 7311: 7198:Traditional Tibetan medicine 7039:Compendium of Materia Medica 6864: 6714: 6630: 6362:: external energy and motion 5897:was first documented in the 5850:, an extract from the herb, 5838:acute promyelocytic leukemia 5802:Compendium of Materia Medica 5629:benign prostatic hyperplasia 4705:Typical examples of patterns 4568:typical examples of patterns 4415: 3734:Exogenous Pathogenic Factors 2898: 2873:) established a database of 2714:Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon 2521:Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon 2370:Compendium of Materia Medica 2305:alternative medical practice 2297:Traditional Chinese medicine 2059:Salvation churches and sects 1963:Traditional Chinese Medicine 30:Traditional Chinese medicine 7: 18489:Traditional Korean medicine 18205:Water supply and sanitation 17732:Contemporary related topics 17027:10.1007/978-1-4614-8541-4_2 16906:Wiseman N, Ellis A (1996). 16693:Lei, Sean Xianglin (2014). 15985:– via Macau Business. 15060:Jha A (10 September 2012). 13883:"Galena, Acupuncture Today" 13743:Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B 13702:Science China Life Sciences 12484:Tierra L, Tierra M (1998). 11855:, Encyclopædia Britannica, 11325:. Foreign Languages Press. 11155:Journal of Chinese Medicine 9208:Hunt, Katie (26 May 2019). 8939:(in Chinese). 13 May 1959. 8873:Tung Wah Group of Hospitals 8305:Ergil MC, Ergil KV (2009). 7213:Xingqi (circulating breath) 7203:Traditional Indian medicine 7183:Traditional Korean medicine 6959: 6795: 6781:Traditional Korean medicine 6478:, is a traditional Chinese 6214:Acupuncture § Efficacy 6125:Acupuncture and moxibustion 5581: 5258:), and dried curled snakes. 5254:, turtle shell underbelly ( 5246:(lit. "spirit mushrooms"), 5148:reliable medical references 4939:in respect of the zàng-fǔ ( 4574:the symptoms a person has. 4544: 4263:Meridian (Chinese medicine) 4253:Acupuncture chart from the 4244: 3889: 3874: 3868: 3800:TCM uses special terms for 3574:TCM "holds that the body's 3136: 3130: 3019: 2837:Chinese Medical Association 2502:The medical anthropologist 2142:Indonesian Confucian Church 2004:Folk ritual masters' orders 1197:Alternative medical systems 826:Fabunan Antiviral Injection 592:Fringe medicine and science 10: 18717: 18331:Traditional Hausa medicine 18233:China Family Panel Studies 18081:National Health Commission 17190:Cambridge University Press 17160:H-Sci-Med-Tech, July 2023. 17095:Classical Chinese Medicine 16945:Medicine in Drug Discovery 16841:Unschuld, Paul U. (1985). 16673:Classical Chinese Medicine 16571:Borowy, Iris, ed. (2009). 16490: 15410:10.1016/j.pain.2010.11.004 15267:W. W. Norton & Company 14080:10.2174/138920011798062328 13756:10.1016/j.apsb.2011.12.007 13589:10.4269/ajtmh.2012.12-0025 13511:10.1016/j.cell.2011.08.024 12812:Asian Journal of Andrology 12284:"2008 report from TRAFFIC" 12207:"Beijing's penis emporium" 11924:Davies E (13 March 2014). 11814:Wiseman N, Feng Y (1998). 11725:"Leech, Acupuncture Today" 11557:Wiseman N, Feng Y (2002). 11300:Wiseman & Ellis (1996) 10930:10.1142/9789813273580_0017 10882:Imagining Chinese Medicine 10464:六腑：膽、胃、小腸、大腸、膀胱、三焦；"傳化物質"。 10260:Wiseman & Ellis (1996) 9738:Kaptchuck, Ted J. (2000): 9723:Wiseman & Ellis (1996) 9413:10.1016/j.ijid.2014.04.003 9146:10.1038/d41586-019-01726-1 8721:Dyer, Owen (9 June 2020). 7403:(7150): 105–6. July 2007. 7346:10.1007/s00508-020-01625-w 6778: 6751: 6604: 6458: 6423: 6419: 6387: 6383: 6313: 6287: 6211: 6128: 5742: 5686:latent autoimmune diabetes 5514:Traditional categorization 5467: 5380:are currently part of the 5124: 5118: 4533:different. This is called 4260: 3974: 3648: 3559: 3175: 2455:(1518–1593 CE) during the 2433:illegal wildlife smuggling 2053:Zhenkong, "Void of Truth". 1921:Chinese ancestral religion 1826:Associations of good-doing 1707:Chinese gods and immortals 1207:Biologically based therapy 767:Dental amalgam controversy 288:Y học cổ truyền Trung Quốc 17: 18657: 18564: 18548: 18517: 18479:Traditional Thai medicine 18414: 18358: 18347: 18301:Ancient Egyptian medicine 18293: 18246: 18213: 18137: 18071: 17925: 17887: 17852:Patriotic Health Campaign 17812: 17757: 17731: 17684: 17639: 17598: 17589: 17547: 17519: 17458: 17412: 17044:Barnes, Linda L. (2005). 16912:. Paradigm Publications. 16552:Aung SK, Chen WP (2007). 16498:Andrews, Bridie (2013a). 15607:Columbia University Press 15452:10.1007/978-3-030-12601-8 15221:10.1007/s00586-010-1356-3 15174:10.1007/s11655-011-0665-7 13984:Byard RW (January 2010). 13715:10.1007/s11427-013-4487-z 12965:Frontiers in Pharmacology 12959:Leonti M, Casu L (2013). 12339:Radford B (9 July 2011). 12248:10.1007/978-3-319-42129-2 12018:"Diminishing ray of hope" 11876:"Poaching for rhino horn" 11563:. Paradigm Publications. 11514:10.1007/978-3-031-24723-1 10898: 10892: 10886: 10884:, edited by Lo Vivienne, 10876: 10870: 10537: 10463: 10376: 10337: 10302: 10187: 9907:30 September 2014 at the 8808: 8691:10.1038/nature.2017.23038 8535:Tan, Jamie Y. L. (2023). 8426: 8414: 8079: 8067: 7979:Lu GD, Needham J (2002). 7936: 7834:10.1080/01926230600773958 6884: 6639: 6470: 6454: 6442: 6403: 6307: 6296: 6275: 6218:Acupuncture § Safety 6113:. The Chinese virologist 5916: 5887:based on his research on 5876:(206 BCE – 220 CE) as an 5868: 5599:This section needs to be 5548: 5527: 5484: 5384:or national equivalents. 5266:Chinese red ginseng roots 5154:or relies too heavily on 5049: 5028: 5014: 4997: 4983: 4964: 4954: 4940: 4927: 4914: 4901: 4888: 4869: 4845: 4829: 4813: 4797: 4781: 4757: 4746: 4718: 4688: 4675: 4662: 4649: 4633: 4620: 4603: 4593: 4583: 4550: 4538: 4520: 4305: 4293: 4281: 4269: 4235:twelve standard meridians 4220: 4210: 4205: 4191: 4181: 4176: 4162: 4152: 4147: 4133: 4123: 4118: 4109: 4098: 4088: 4083: 4064: 3968: 3918: 3894: 3880: 3723: 3539: 3495:cheeks (below cheekbone) 3492:between eyes, middle part 3083:(sometimes translated as 3063:World Health Organization 3030:selective use of evidence 2978: 2965: 2916:This section needs to be 2814:medical institution, the 2750: 2733: 2653: 831:Facilitated communication 483: 465: 451: 446: 442: 435: 428: 421: 414: 409: 391: 377: 372: 368: 361: 354: 347: 340: 335: 306: 277: 272: 254: 237: 230: 213: 199: 185: 178: 161: 147: 133: 119: 112: 107: 103: 95: 81: 67: 62: 38: 34: 29: 18535:Medicine in ancient Rome 18032:Swine influenza outbreak 17832:Healthcare system reform 17667:San Jiao / Triple Warmer 17281:—— (1986a). 16891:. Boston;Leiden: Brill. 16685:15 December 2022 at the 16659:New York Review of Books 15855:. 央视国际. 24 August 2004. 15799: 15770: 15572:10.5014/ajot.2011.000661 15487:. North Atlantic Books. 14925:Anesthesia and Analgesia 14874:Elsevier Health Sciences 14815:. Acupuncturetoday.com. 14203:. Acupuncturetoday.com. 12978:10.3389/fphar.2013.00092 12636:15 December 2022 at the 12016:Chou CT (2 April 2013). 11675:10.1136/bmj.315.7100.115 11266:. North Atlantic Books. 11229:10.1001/jama.2013.285478 11138:. 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Seattle: 12857:Clinical Otolaryngology 12523:10.1007/0-306-46867-0_7 12314:San Francisco Chronicle 12058:San Francisco Chronicle 11602:Chinese Medical Journal 11596:Chen, K; Yu, B (1999). 11423:Journal of Fish Biology 11190:Clavey, Steven (1995): 11099:"Sticking to the Point" 10573:Fu Qingzhu's gynecology 10538:（三）十二经脉 ...（四）奇经八脉 ..." 9550:Liu, Zheng-Cai (1999): 9526:Encyclopædia Britannica 9504:Asian Pacific Quarterly 9450:Encyclopædia Britannica 8578:Cheng, Wenting (2023). 8506:Elizabeth Sinn (2011). 7747:British Medical Journal 7263:, also known as "true" 7086:Chinese patent medicine 6187:American Cancer Society 6056:Astragalus membranaceus 4855: 4161:) and Large Intestine ( 4097:) and Small Intestine ( 3680:). In a general sense, 3293:Interactions of Wu Xing 2882:Chinese Communist Party 2829:Chinese Communist Party 2816:Kwong Wai Shiu Hospital 2527:Treatise on Cold Damage 1170:COVID-19 misinformation 1098:Young blood transfusion 978:Orthomolecular medicine 943:Mind–body interventions 613:Anthroposophic medicine 553:Rise of modern medicine 83:Simplified Chinese 18525:Ancient Greek medicine 18432:Georgian folk medicine 18027:Disease-related deaths 17987:lead poisoning scandal 17945:Cardiovascular disease 16887:Watt, John R. (2014). 16723:Science-Based Medicine 16029:19 August 2014 at the 15209:European Spine Journal 14454:, Xinrong Yang, p. 8, 14103:Phytochemical Analysis 11640:. Healing Arts Press. 10908:10.1163/j.ctvbqs6ph.12 10772:Furth C (March 1999). 10695:Furth C (March 1999). 10524:Aung & Chen (2007) 10512:Aung & Chen (2007) 10497:Aung & Chen (2007) 10276:"Body Fluids (Yin Ye)" 10183:Aung & Chen (2007) 9992:Aung & Chen (2007) 9771:Aung & Chen (2007) 9372:10.1055/s-0030-1250533 9108:Singh & Ernst 2008 9093:Singh & Ernst 2008 9078:Singh & Ernst 2008 8344:Goldschmidt A (2009). 7659:Science-based Medicine 6894: 6822: 6776: 6749: 6724: 6435: 6399: 6285: 6230:false positive results 6152: 6144: 5965:, secretions from the 5926: 5775: 5489: 5291: 5279: 5267: 5259: 4258: 3861: 3571: 3550:ancient Chinese empire 3294: 3168: 3055:science-based medicine 2859: 2480: 2460: 2054: 2031:Devotional traditions: 1202:Mind–body intervention 1153:MMR vaccine and autism 1143:Vaccine misinformation 1038:Rapid prompting method 17955:Enterovirus 71 (EV71) 17879:Organ transplantation 16671:Review of Liu Lihong 15529:10.5014/ajot.63.4.423 14502:Phytotherapy Research 14152:(Systematic Review). 13625:Phytotherapy Research 13249:10.1089/acm.2009.0599 12458:. 30 September 2016. 12437:13 April 2012 at the 12177:eia-international.org 11636:20 March 2017 at the 11104:20 March 2017 at the 11056:20 March 2017 at the 10370:by citation from the 10237:. Shen-Nong Limited. 9964:Ross, Jeremy (1984). 9745:20 March 2017 at the 9619:20 March 2017 at the 9582:, in Zalta EN (ed.), 9259:10.1089/acm.2011.0315 8812:. 1981. p. 164. 8522:"POWDER WITH ARSENIC" 8311:. Stuttgart: Thieme. 7821:Toxicologic Pathology 7081:Chinese Ophthalmology 6892: 6812: 6774: 6742: 6722: 6433: 6397: 6374:: tranquil or passive 6283: 6212:Further information: 6150: 6142: 6029:Polygonum multiflorum 6021:Reynoutria multiflora 5956:, has been reported. 5924: 5764: 5743:Further information: 5477: 5417:critically endangered 5387:Since TCM recognizes 5344:, seahorses, and the 5285: 5273: 5265: 5241: 4405:Yuzuan yizong jinjian 4252: 3642: 3569: 3562:TCM model of the body 3292: 3166: 3025:Historians of science 2973:rather than biology. 2853: 2702:Shennong Ben Cao Jing 2696:Shennong Ben Cao Jing 2508:traditional medicines 2466: 2450: 2135:Holy Confucian Church 2052: 1721:Chinese creation myth 1594:Chinese folk religion 1531:Vertebral subluxation 1480:Alternative diagnoses 1068:Thought Field Therapy 708:Vertebral subluxation 18691:Alternative medicine 18639:Prehistoric medicine 18577:Alternative medicine 18287:Traditional medicine 17827:Disease surveillance 17739:Alternative medicine 17511:Chen-style taijiquan 17430:Chinese medical doll 17093:Liu, Lihong (2019). 16822:Taylor, Kim (2005). 16610:Healing and Medicine 16205:"Acupunctuur (2020)" 15973:. 31 December 2021. 14460:2 March 2016 at the 13108:10.3736/jcim20110306 12824:10.1038/aja.2012.173 12517:. pp. 167–206. 11862:29 June 2011 at the 10575:. Blue Poppy Press. 10377:言人身臟腑中陰陽，則臟者為陰，腑者為陽。 10046:Williams WF (2013). 9944:Ross, Jeremy (1984) 9557:15 July 2022 at the 9486:26 June 2015 at the 9280:Qiu J (April 2007). 8804:香港與中國: 歷史文獻資料彙編, 第1集 8609:"TCM: Made in China" 8109:. In Loewe M (ed.). 7909:Unschuld PU (1985). 7071:Chinese food therapy 6607:Chinese food therapy 6527:improve this article 6499:Chinese food therapy 6050:Dictamnus dasycarpus 5813:, written in 340 by 5696:painful menstruation 5671:hypercholesterolemia 5419:species such as the 3483:above bridge of nose 2943:At the beginning of 2588:circulation channels 2336:Confucian philosophy 2309:traditional medicine 2238:Zhuang folk religion 1935:Chinese food therapy 1916:Major cultural forms 1501:Chronic Lyme disease 1230:Traditional medicine 1212:Manipulative methods 1013:Postural Integration 876:Bach flower remedies 752:Craniosacral therapy 580:Therapeutic nihilism 525:Alternative medicine 502:Alternative medicine 379:Revised Romanization 17304:. Munich: Prestel. 16717:(25 January 2012). 15364:10.1155/2013/581203 15269:. pp. 103–06. 14899:, pp. 237–238. 14670:2005Sci...310..676L 14561:2013PLoSO...880991Z 14420:10.1155/2012/254582 14325:2012PLoSO...749676G 14115:2011PChAn..22..189Y 13917:Eastland Press Inc. 13788:2013PLoSO...874916Y 12726:2011PLoSO...620185M 12676:10.1155/2013/812179 12515:Confucian Bioethics 12379:. 9 December 2013. 12316:. 20 January 2003. 12236:van Uhm DP (2016). 12141:2012Natur.484R.455S 11435:2011JFBio..78.1681V 11346:Maciocia G (2001). 11134:Maciocia G (1989). 11097:Flaws, Bob (1990): 10964:. Tōkyō: Heibonsha. 10552:on 10 November 2016 10185:, pp. 11–12. " 10096:Bioelectromagnetics 9452:. 22 October 2007. 9298:2007Natur.446..590Q 9182:Scientific American 9137:2019Natur.570Q...5. 8930:"Coverpage - MMIS" 8682:2017Natur.551..552C 8625:2011Natur.480S..82C 8077:Ziran Kexue Yanjiu 7621:(12 January 2011). 7561:, pp. 138–141. 7409:2007Natur.448S.105. 7138:Medicinal mushrooms 6368:: dynamic or active 6260:A 2011 overview of 6096:acute liver failure 6014:must be processed. 5981:, arsenic sulfide ( 5456:traditional remedy 5393:asiatic black bears 4960:liù jīng biàn zhèng 4913:in respect of xuè ( 4549:In TCM, "pattern" ( 4388:Yin yang and gender 4219:) and Gallbladder ( 3511:upper and lower lid 3262:Degree of humidity 3047:mechanism of action 2845:Cultural Revolution 2685:eastern Han dynasty 2475:). This image from 2395:bonesetter (die-da) 2352:Cultural Revolution 2321:mechanism of action 2258:Religion portal 2224:Qiang folk religion 1912:Internal traditions 1148:Vaccines and autism 1138:Anti-vaccinationism 1131:OPV AIDS hypothesis 933:Megavitamin therapy 846:Functional medicine 623:Applied kinesiology 519:General information 279:Vietnamese alphabet 18530:Byzantine medicine 18175:Population history 18165:Illegal drug trade 17862:Hospitals in China 17842:Health informatics 17163:McGrew, Roderick. 17154:Online Open Access 17078:10.1111/hic3.12616 16753:. London: Bantam. 16211:(in Dutch). 2020. 15719:on 14 October 2012 15483:Holland A (2000). 15125:(sep07 2): e6060. 14263:European Neurology 11969:10.2744/CCB-0747.1 11882:. 20 August 2010. 11302:, pp. 80, 142 10618:Furth, Charlotte. 9578:Raphals L (2017), 9053:10.1093/ije/dym119 8584:Palgrave Macmillan 8383:zhongyibaodian.com 7486:, pp. 97–120. 6895: 6879:Ministry of Health 6823: 6777: 6750: 6725: 6436: 6400: 6286: 6194:electroacupuncture 6153: 6145: 6101:The harvesting of 6062:Paeonia lactiflora 6011:Xanthium sibiricum 5975:), certain fungi, 5972:Mylabris phalerata 5927: 5911:cost-effectiveness 5905:Cost-effectiveness 5776: 5664:Sjögren's syndrome 5490: 5292: 5280: 5268: 5260: 4990:bìngyīn biàn zhèng 4970:sānjiaō biàn zhèng 4900:in respect of qi ( 4894:jīngluò biàn zhèng 4582:The Six Excesses ( 4486:Concept of disease 4423:Canon of the Pulse 4259: 3572: 3295: 3169: 3075:levels of evidence 3071:cost-effectiveness 2884:general secretary 2860: 2743:Canon of the Pulse 2730:Zhenjiu jiayi jing 2481: 2461: 2210:Miao folk religion 2127:Confucian churches 2084:Maitreya teachings 2055: 1998:Ritual traditions: 1516:Leaky gut syndrome 1491:Aerotoxic syndrome 1428:Prophetic medicine 1126:HIV/AIDS denialism 953:Myofascial release 861:Holistic dentistry 841:Feldenkrais Method 821:Estrogen dominance 747:Conversion therapy 99:"Chinese medicine" 18696:Pharmacy in China 18673: 18672: 18306:Tabernanthe iboga 18253: 18252: 18048:COVID-19 pandemic 17982:Iodine deficiency 17897:Medicine in China 17772: 17771: 17749:Medicine in China 17680: 17679: 17585: 17584: 17425:Chinese herbology 17199:978-0-521-63262-1 17181:Part VI: Medicine 17036:978-1-4614-8540-7 16919:978-0-912111-44-5 16579:Frankfurt am Maim 16563:978-1-58890-221-4 15947:(in Portuguese). 15945:"Lei n.º 11/2021" 15633:. 8 August 2016. 15494:978-1-55643-326-9 15461:978-3-030-12600-1 15311:10.1136/bmj.a3115 15276:978-0-393-06661-6 15131:10.1136/bmj.e6060 14883:978-0-7506-8843-7 14760:978-0-7216-5738-7 14664:(5748): 676–679. 14620:10.1111/lam.13285 14275:10.1159/000073056 13926:978-0-939616-4-28 13865:978-0-520-05231-4 13840:978-0-12-496736-6 13339:978-0-387-46400-8 12869:10.1111/coa.12198 12780:978-1-4757-2774-6 12646:978-1-901149-02-9 12532:978-0-7923-5723-0 12499:978-0-914955-32-0 12257:978-3-319-42128-5 12179:. 25 March 2020. 11913:on 11 April 2015. 11646:978-0-89281-349-0 11523:978-3-031-24722-4 11376:978-0-393-31213-3 11332:978-7-119-00378-8 11273:978-1-55643-540-9 11200:978-0-443-07194-2 11114:978-0-936185-17-0 11066:978-0-936185-70-5 10745:Heller T (2012). 10108:10.1002/bem.20403 10017:978-1-84150-124-6 9974:978-0-443-03482-4 9954:978-0-443-03482-4 9831:978-0-443-03980-5 9812:978-0-443-04582-0 9802:Deng, T. (1999): 9755:978-0-8092-2840-9 9629:978-1-4200-9173-1 9567:978-1-891845-08-6 8740:10.1136/bmj.m2285 8676:(7682): 552–553. 8619:(7378): S82–S83. 8593:978-3-031-24369-1 8355:978-0-415-42655-8 8318:978-3-13-141611-7 8172:978-0-89264-074-4 8128:978-1-55729-043-4 8024:978-0-7103-0582-4 8013:Harper D (1998). 7990:978-0-700-71458-2 7958:978-7-117-09270-8 7920:978-0-520-05023-5 7815:Leung AY (2006). 7691:. 28 March 2019. 7583:978-962-996-927-1 7498:, pp. 30–36. 7446:, pp. 10–17. 7393:"Hard to swallow" 7340:(9–10): 260–273. 7076:Chinese herbology 6787:oriental medicine 6603: 6602: 6595: 6577: 6068:Ganoderma lucidum 5913:evidence in TCM. 5680:when compared to 5620: 5619: 5437:freshwater turtle 5311:Animal substances 5236: 5235: 5212: 5121:Chinese herbology 4946:zàngfǔ biàn zhèng 4920:qì xuè biàn zhèng 4907:qì xuè biàn zhèng 3556:Model of the body 3525: 3524: 3272: 3271: 3207:Celestial bodies 3113:zoonotic diseases 3069:A 2012 review of 2952:Tung Wah Hospital 2941: 2940: 2823:People's Republic 2811:Tung Wah Hospital 2718:Canon of Problems 2399:exercise (qigong) 2294: 2293: 2231:Yao folk religion 2180:Related religions 2025:Chinese shamanism 2018:Nuo folk religion 2011:Jitong mediumship 1801:Jitong mediumship 1714:Chinese mythology 1574: 1573: 1301:Chinese herbology 1058:Scientific racism 1023:Psychodermatology 928:Medical intuitive 908:Lightning Process 866:Hologram bracelet 814:Therapeutic touch 715:Christian Science 688:Cancer treatments 487: 486: 479: 478: 405: 404: 393:McCune–Reischauer 268: 267: 187:Yale Romanization 114:Standard Mandarin 20:Medicine in China 18708: 18663: 18662: 18391:Mapuche medicine 18353: 18280: 18273: 18266: 18257: 18256: 18012:Pneumonic plague 17950:Chronic diseases 17940:Blue-ear disease 17799: 17792: 17785: 17776: 17775: 17685:Noted physicians 17596: 17595: 17517: 17516: 17399: 17392: 17385: 17376: 17375: 17363: 17354: 17338: 17315: 17296: 17277: 17258: 17239: 17223: 17211: 17152: 17134: 17108: 17089: 17059: 17040: 17013: 17011: 17009: 16970: 16960: 16935: 16933: 16931: 16902: 16883: 16858: 16837: 16818: 16776: 16764: 16738: 16736: 16734: 16710: 16670: 16646: 16644: 16642: 16613: 16604: 16602: 16600: 16567: 16548: 16529: 16527: 16525: 16484: 16482: 16480: 16478: 16469:. Archived from 16463: 16457: 16456: 16454: 16452: 16441:www.nricm.edu.tw 16433: 16427: 16426: 16424: 16422: 16403: 16397: 16396: 16394: 16392: 16377: 16371: 16370: 16368: 16366: 16347: 16341: 16340: 16338: 16336: 16321: 16315: 16314: 16312: 16310: 16291: 16285: 16284: 16282: 16280: 16261: 16255: 16254: 16252: 16250: 16231: 16225: 16224: 16222: 16220: 16201: 16195: 16194: 16192: 16190: 16171: 16160: 16159: 16157: 16155: 16139: 16133: 16132: 16130: 16128: 16122: 16111: 16103: 16097: 16096: 16094: 16092: 16073: 16067: 16066: 16064: 16062: 16043: 16037: 16036: 16020: 16014: 16013: 16011: 16004: 15996: 15987: 15986: 15984: 15982: 15967: 15961: 15960: 15958: 15956: 15941: 15935: 15934: 15932: 15930: 15915: 15909: 15908: 15906: 15904: 15894: 15888: 15875: 15869: 15868: 15866: 15864: 15849: 15843: 15842: 15840: 15838: 15823: 15817: 15816: 15814: 15812: 15794: 15788: 15787: 15785: 15783: 15765: 15759: 15758: 15756: 15754: 15745:. 24 July 2014. 15743:S.O. 2006, c. 27 15735: 15729: 15728: 15726: 15724: 15709: 15703: 15702: 15700: 15698: 15679: 15673: 15672: 15670: 15668: 15653: 15647: 15646: 15644: 15642: 15627: 15621: 15620: 15604: 15601:Breathing Spaces 15594: 15585: 15584: 15574: 15556: 15547: 15541: 15540: 15514: 15505: 15499: 15498: 15480: 15474: 15473: 15436: 15430: 15429: 15393: 15387: 15386: 15376: 15366: 15342: 15333: 15332: 15322: 15290: 15284: 15283: 15249: 15243: 15242: 15232: 15200: 15194: 15193: 15157: 15151: 15150: 15114: 15112: 15110: 15090: 15084: 15083: 15081: 15079: 15057: 15051: 15050: 15040: 15008: 15002: 15001: 14999: 14997: 14981: 14972: 14971: 14969: 14967: 14961: 14922: 14906: 14900: 14894: 14888: 14887: 14865: 14859: 14858: 14856: 14854: 14845:. 8 March 2011. 14835: 14829: 14828: 14826: 14824: 14809: 14803: 14802: 14800: 14798: 14779: 14773: 14772: 14744: 14738: 14737: 14735: 14733: 14718: 14712: 14711: 14709: 14707: 14681: 14648: 14642: 14641: 14631: 14599: 14593: 14592: 14582: 14572: 14540: 14534: 14533: 14514:10.1002/ptr.4760 14497: 14491: 14490: 14470: 14464: 14449: 14443: 14442: 14432: 14422: 14398: 14392: 14391: 14389: 14387: 14363: 14357: 14356: 14346: 14336: 14304: 14295: 14294: 14258: 14252: 14251: 14223: 14217: 14216: 14214: 14212: 14197: 14191: 14190: 14189: 14183: 14165: 14141: 14135: 14134: 14123:10.1002/pca.1287 14098: 14092: 14091: 14063: 14050: 14049: 14047: 14045: 14039: 14008: 13990: 13981: 13975: 13974: 13964: 13940: 13931: 13930: 13905: 13899: 13898: 13896: 13894: 13879: 13870: 13869: 13851: 13845: 13844: 13826: 13820: 13819: 13809: 13799: 13767: 13761: 13760: 13758: 13734: 13728: 13727: 13717: 13693: 13687: 13686: 13684: 13682: 13663: 13657: 13656: 13637:10.1002/ptr.3133 13620: 13611: 13610: 13600: 13568: 13562: 13561: 13559: 13557: 13542: 13533: 13532: 13522: 13490: 13481: 13480: 13463:(10): CD006791. 13456: 13450: 13449: 13439: 13407: 13401: 13400: 13390: 13358: 13352: 13351: 13317: 13302: 13301: 13277: 13271: 13270: 13260: 13228: 13222: 13221: 13211: 13171: 13165: 13164: 13154: 13126: 13120: 13119: 13091: 13085: 13084: 13056: 13050: 13049: 13039: 13022:(10): CD004882. 13007: 13001: 13000: 12990: 12980: 12956: 12950: 12949: 12947: 12945: 12927: 12895: 12889: 12888: 12852: 12846: 12845: 12835: 12803: 12797: 12796: 12794: 12792: 12764: 12758: 12757: 12747: 12737: 12705: 12699: 12698: 12688: 12678: 12654: 12648: 12627: 12584: 12583: 12581: 12579: 12564: 12555: 12552: 12546: 12543: 12537: 12536: 12510: 12504: 12503: 12481: 12472: 12471: 12469: 12467: 12448: 12442: 12429: 12423: 12422: 12420: 12418: 12402: 12393: 12392: 12390: 12388: 12367: 12361: 12360: 12358: 12356: 12336: 12330: 12329: 12327: 12325: 12306: 12300: 12299: 12297: 12295: 12280: 12274: 12273: 12271: 12269: 12233: 12227: 12226: 12224: 12222: 12202: 12193: 12192: 12190: 12188: 12169: 12163: 12162: 12152: 12120: 12109: 12108: 12106: 12104: 12085: 12074: 12073: 12071: 12069: 12049: 12038: 12037: 12035: 12033: 12013: 12007: 12006: 12004: 12002: 11987: 11981: 11980: 11952: 11946: 11945: 11943: 11941: 11921: 11915: 11914: 11909:. Archived from 11902: 11896: 11895: 11893: 11891: 11872: 11866: 11850: 11844: 11843: 11841: 11839: 11811: 11805: 11804: 11776: 11767: 11766: 11764: 11762: 11747: 11741: 11740: 11738: 11736: 11721: 11715: 11714: 11713:on 14 June 2018. 11709:. Archived from 11703: 11697: 11696: 11686: 11654: 11648: 11627: 11618: 11617: 11593: 11587: 11586: 11584: 11582: 11554: 11548: 11547: 11545: 11543: 11499: 11493: 11492: 11490: 11488: 11469: 11463: 11462: 11418: 11407: 11406: 11404: 11402: 11387: 11381: 11380: 11358: 11352: 11351: 11343: 11337: 11336: 11321:Cheng X (1987). 11318: 11312: 11309: 11303: 11297: 11291: 11289: 11287: 11285: 11257: 11251: 11250: 11240: 11208: 11202: 11188: 11171: 11170: 11168: 11166: 11146: 11140: 11139: 11131: 11125: 11122: 11116: 11095: 11068: 11047: 11022: 11021: 10985: 10979: 10972: 10966: 10965: 10957: 10951: 10950: 10917: 10911: 10901: 10900: 10895: 10894: 10889: 10888: 10879: 10878: 10873: 10872: 10866: 10860: 10859: 10852: 10846: 10845: 10838: 10832: 10831: 10803: 10788: 10787: 10769: 10763: 10762: 10742: 10736: 10735: 10720:Wang LF (2002). 10717: 10711: 10710: 10692: 10681: 10680: 10657:Furth C (1999). 10654: 10633: 10616: 10595: 10594: 10568: 10562: 10561: 10559: 10557: 10540: 10539: 10533: 10527: 10521: 10515: 10509: 10500: 10499:, pp. 15–16 10494: 10488: 10487: 10485: 10483: 10466: 10465: 10459: 10453: 10452: 10450: 10448: 10443:on 14 March 2011 10439:. Archived from 10433: 10427: 10426: 10424: 10422: 10417:on 14 March 2011 10413:. Archived from 10407: 10401: 10400: 10398: 10396: 10379: 10378: 10368: 10362: 10361: 10359: 10357: 10340: 10339: 10333: 10327: 10326: 10324: 10322: 10305: 10304: 10298: 10292: 10291: 10289: 10287: 10272: 10263: 10257: 10251: 10250: 10248: 10246: 10231: 10222: 10221: 10219: 10217: 10201: 10192: 10190: 10189: 10180: 10171: 10170: 10134: 10128: 10127: 10090: 10084: 10083: 10081: 10079: 10060:. pp. 3–4. 10043: 10037: 10036: 10031: 10029: 10001: 9995: 9989: 9978: 9962: 9956: 9942: 9911: 9896: 9890: 9889: 9887: 9872: 9854: 9845: 9834: 9823: 9814: 9800: 9773: 9768: 9757: 9736: 9725: 9720: 9631: 9610: 9599: 9598: 9597: 9595: 9575: 9569: 9548: 9542: 9541: 9539: 9537: 9518: 9512: 9511: 9496: 9490: 9477: 9466: 9465: 9463: 9461: 9442: 9436: 9435: 9425: 9415: 9391: 9385: 9384: 9374: 9350: 9323: 9322: 9309: 9277: 9271: 9270: 9241: 9232: 9231: 9229: 9227: 9205: 9199: 9198: 9196: 9194: 9185:. Archived from 9173: 9167: 9166: 9148: 9117: 9111: 9105: 9096: 9090: 9081: 9075: 9066: 9065: 9055: 9037: 9028: 9019: 9013: 9007: 9001: 8995: 8989: 8983: 8982: 8977:Furth C (1999). 8974: 8953: 8952: 8950: 8948: 8926: 8920: 8919: 8917: 8915: 8895: 8889: 8888: 8886: 8884: 8865: 8859: 8858: 8830: 8824: 8823: 8811: 8810: 8800: 8794: 8793: 8791: 8789: 8767: 8761: 8760: 8742: 8718: 8712: 8711: 8693: 8661: 8655: 8654: 8636: 8604: 8598: 8597: 8575: 8569: 8568: 8554: 8543: 8542: 8532: 8526: 8525: 8518: 8512: 8511: 8503: 8497: 8496: 8494: 8492: 8472: 8466: 8460: 8454: 8453: 8451: 8449: 8429: 8428: 8417: 8416: 8410: 8399: 8398: 8396: 8394: 8373: 8360: 8359: 8341: 8335: 8334: 8332: 8330: 8302: 8177: 8176: 8161:Sivin N (1987). 8158: 8145: 8139: 8133: 8132: 8116: 8102: 8091: 8090: 8082: 8081: 8070: 8069: 8062: 8056: 8055: 8035: 8029: 8028: 8010: 7995: 7994: 7976: 7963: 7962: 7945:甲骨文医学资料: 释文考辨与研究 7939: 7938: 7931: 7925: 7924: 7906: 7893: 7892: 7890: 7888: 7866: 7855: 7854: 7836: 7812: 7806: 7805: 7797: 7791: 7785: 7779: 7773: 7767: 7761: 7755: 7754: 7742: 7733: 7732: 7725: 7719: 7718: 7711: 7705: 7704: 7702: 7700: 7681: 7675: 7674: 7672: 7670: 7650: 7639: 7638: 7636: 7634: 7615: 7600: 7599: 7597: 7595: 7568: 7562: 7556: 7550: 7549: 7547: 7545: 7530: 7524: 7523: 7521: 7519: 7505: 7499: 7493: 7487: 7481: 7475: 7474: 7472: 7470: 7456: 7447: 7441: 7435: 7434: 7420: 7389: 7368: 7367: 7357: 7325: 7300: 7297: 7292: 7288: 7281:) or "original" 7279: 7274: 7270: 7261: 7256: 7252: 7248: 7242: 7238: 7061:Capsicum plaster 7032: 7027: 7026: 7025: 7018: 7016:Singapore portal 7013: 7012: 7011: 7004: 7002:Hong Kong portal 6999: 6998: 6997: 6990: 6985: 6984: 6983: 6976: 6971: 6970: 6969: 6842:health insurance 6835:food supplements 6819:health insurance 6697:Portuguese Macau 6648:China (mainland) 6598: 6591: 6587: 6584: 6578: 6576: 6535: 6511: 6503: 6494: 6490: 6473: 6472: 6449: 6444: 6410: 6405: 6327: 6323: 6299: 6298: 6262:Cochrane reviews 6179: 6174: 6170: 6105:from bat caves ( 5989:. Asbestos ore ( 5871: 5870: 5853:Huperzia serrata 5834:arsenic trioxide 5745:Arsenic trioxide 5711:immunomodulatory 5615: 5612: 5606: 5594: 5593: 5586: 5555: 5550: 5534: 5529: 5487: 5486: 5464:Human body parts 5453:overexploitation 5231: 5230: 5222: 5219: 5213: 5211: 5170: 5139: 5138: 5131: 5109:disease patterns 5094:tongue diagnosis 5087:Tongue and pulse 5052: 5051: 5035: 5030: 5021: 5016: 5004: 4999: 4991: 4986: 4985: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4947: 4942: 4934: 4933:jīnyè biàn zhèng 4929: 4921: 4916: 4908: 4903: 4895: 4890: 4876: 4871: 4852: 4847: 4836: 4831: 4820: 4815: 4804: 4799: 4788: 4783: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4748: 4725: 4724:gānhuǒ shàng yán 4720: 4695: 4690: 4682: 4677: 4669: 4664: 4656: 4651: 4640: 4635: 4627: 4622: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4557: 4552: 4540: 4527: 4522: 4503:Disease entities 4364:) or household ( 4350:Fu Qingzhu Nu Ke 4338: 4333: 4329: 4313: 4308: 4307: 4301: 4296: 4295: 4289: 4284: 4283: 4277: 4272: 4271: 4227: 4222: 4217: 4212: 4208: 4207: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4183: 4179: 4178: 4169: 4164: 4159: 4154: 4150: 4149: 4140: 4135: 4130: 4125: 4121: 4120: 4112: 4111: 4105: 4100: 4095: 4090: 4086: 4085: 4071: 4066: 3997: 3992: 3988: 3925: 3920: 3901: 3896: 3892: 3883: 3882: 3877: 3871: 3842: 3837: 3833: 3820: 3815: 3811: 3767: 3762: 3758: 3750: 3745: 3741: 3730: 3725: 3717: 3712: 3708: 3700: 3695: 3691: 3678: 3673: 3669: 3600:thus constitute 3546: 3541: 3297: 3296: 3193: 3192: 3139: 3133: 2981: 2980: 2968: 2967: 2936: 2933: 2927: 2911: 2910: 2903: 2790: 2787: 2753: 2752: 2736: 2735: 2708:Post-Han dynasty 2656: 2655: 2639:was collated by 2562:inscriptions on 2435:, linked to the 2391:massage (tui na) 2313:pseudoscientific 2286: 2279: 2272: 2256: 2255: 2156:Phoenix churches 2096:Tianxian miaodao 2091:Tiandi teachings 1942:Chinese geomancy 1845:Ancestral shrine 1808:Precious scrolls 1700:Chinese theology 1605: 1595: 1587: 1584: 1576: 1575: 1566: 1559: 1552: 1316:Gill plate trade 1078:Vaginal steaming 725:Colloidal silver 693:Charcoal cleanse 512: 489: 488: 475: 474: 461: 460: 444: 443: 438: 437: 424: 423: 401: 400: 387: 386: 370: 369: 364: 363: 350: 349: 264: 263: 250: 249: 226: 225: 224: 209: 208: 195: 194: 174: 173: 172: 157: 156: 143: 142: 129: 128: 105: 104: 91: 90: 77: 76: 43: 27: 26: 18716: 18715: 18711: 18710: 18709: 18707: 18706: 18705: 18676: 18675: 18674: 18669: 18653: 18612:herbs and fungi 18607:Herbal medicine 18560: 18544: 18513: 18469:Siddha medicine 18410: 18401:Navajo medicine 18354: 18345: 18341:Yorùbá medicine 18289: 18284: 18254: 18249: 18242: 18226:The China Study 18209: 18133: 18067: 18060:Omicron variant 17935:Avian influenza 17921: 17883: 17874:Medical schools 17847:Barefoot doctor 17808: 17806:Health in China 17803: 17773: 17768: 17753: 17744:Energy medicine 17727: 17722:Zhang Zhongjing 17676: 17672:Urinary Bladder 17657:Small Intestine 17652:Large Intestine 17635: 17581: 17543: 17521:Three Treasures 17515: 17454: 17408: 17403: 17361: 17352: 17345: 17335: 17312: 17293: 17274: 17255: 17230:(Winter 2020), 17200: 17150: 17131: 17113:Lloyd, G. E. R. 17105: 17066:History Compass 17056: 17037: 17007: 17005: 17003: 16981: 16978: 16976:Further reading 16973: 16929: 16927: 16920: 16899: 16855: 16834: 16791:10.2307/2056359 16761: 16732: 16730: 16707: 16687:Wayback Machine 16640: 16638: 16631: 16598: 16596: 16589: 16564: 16545: 16523: 16521: 16514: 16493: 16488: 16487: 16476: 16474: 16465: 16464: 16460: 16450: 16448: 16435: 16434: 16430: 16420: 16418: 16405: 16404: 16400: 16390: 16388: 16379: 16378: 16374: 16364: 16362: 16349: 16348: 16344: 16334: 16332: 16323: 16322: 16318: 16308: 16306: 16293: 16292: 16288: 16278: 16276: 16263: 16262: 16258: 16248: 16246: 16233: 16232: 16228: 16218: 16216: 16203: 16202: 16198: 16188: 16186: 16173: 16172: 16163: 16153: 16151: 16140: 16136: 16126: 16124: 16120: 16109: 16105: 16104: 16100: 16090: 16088: 16075: 16074: 16070: 16060: 16058: 16053:(in Japanese). 16045: 16044: 16040: 16035:(in Indonesian) 16034: 16031:Wayback Machine 16021: 16017: 16009: 16002: 15998: 15997: 15990: 15980: 15978: 15969: 15968: 15964: 15954: 15952: 15943: 15942: 15938: 15928: 15926: 15917: 15916: 15912: 15902: 15900: 15896: 15895: 15891: 15885:Wayback Machine 15876: 15872: 15862: 15860: 15851: 15850: 15846: 15836: 15834: 15825: 15824: 15820: 15810: 15808: 15801: 15795: 15791: 15781: 15779: 15772: 15766: 15762: 15752: 15750: 15737: 15736: 15732: 15722: 15720: 15711: 15710: 15706: 15696: 15694: 15681: 15680: 15676: 15666: 15664: 15659:. Tcmwell.com. 15655: 15654: 15650: 15640: 15638: 15629: 15628: 15624: 15617: 15597:Chen N (2003). 15595: 15588: 15554: 15548: 15544: 15512: 15506: 15502: 15495: 15481: 15477: 15462: 15437: 15433: 15394: 15390: 15343: 15336: 15291: 15287: 15277: 15250: 15246: 15201: 15197: 15158: 15154: 15108: 15106: 15091: 15087: 15077: 15075: 15058: 15054: 15023:(19): 1444–53. 15009: 15005: 14995: 14993: 14982: 14975: 14965: 14963: 14959: 14920: 14907: 14903: 14897:Andrews (2013a) 14895: 14891: 14884: 14866: 14862: 14852: 14850: 14837: 14836: 14832: 14822: 14820: 14811: 14810: 14806: 14796: 14794: 14781: 14780: 14776: 14761: 14745: 14741: 14731: 14729: 14720: 14719: 14715: 14705: 14703: 14649: 14645: 14600: 14596: 14541: 14537: 14498: 14494: 14471: 14467: 14462:Wayback Machine 14450: 14446: 14399: 14395: 14385: 14383: 14364: 14360: 14305: 14298: 14259: 14255: 14234:(2–3): 247–85. 14224: 14220: 14210: 14208: 14199: 14198: 14194: 14184: 14142: 14138: 14099: 14095: 14064: 14053: 14043: 14041: 14037: 14006:10.1.1.627.5612 13988: 13982: 13978: 13941: 13934: 13927: 13906: 13902: 13892: 13890: 13881: 13880: 13873: 13866: 13852: 13848: 13841: 13827: 13823: 13768: 13764: 13735: 13731: 13694: 13690: 13680: 13678: 13665: 13664: 13660: 13621: 13614: 13569: 13565: 13555: 13553: 13544: 13543: 13536: 13491: 13484: 13457: 13453: 13422:(5): CD004468. 13408: 13404: 13373:(3): CD003937. 13359: 13355: 13340: 13318: 13305: 13284:(2): CD005288. 13278: 13274: 13229: 13225: 13186:(9): CD006165. 13172: 13168: 13137:(7): CD008305. 13127: 13123: 13092: 13088: 13067:(5): CD008836. 13057: 13053: 13008: 13004: 12957: 12953: 12943: 12941: 12910:(9): CD008642. 12896: 12892: 12853: 12849: 12804: 12800: 12790: 12788: 12781: 12765: 12761: 12706: 12702: 12655: 12651: 12638:Wayback Machine 12628: 12587: 12577: 12575: 12566: 12565: 12558: 12553: 12549: 12544: 12540: 12533: 12511: 12507: 12500: 12482: 12475: 12465: 12463: 12456:The Independent 12450: 12449: 12445: 12439:Wayback Machine 12430: 12426: 12416: 12414: 12405:Dharmananda S. 12403: 12396: 12386: 12384: 12369: 12368: 12364: 12354: 12352: 12345:livescience.com 12337: 12333: 12323: 12321: 12308: 12307: 12303: 12293: 12291: 12282: 12281: 12277: 12267: 12265: 12258: 12234: 12230: 12220: 12218: 12203: 12196: 12186: 12184: 12171: 12170: 12166: 12150:10.1038/484455c 12121: 12112: 12102: 12100: 12087: 12086: 12077: 12067: 12065: 12050: 12041: 12031: 12029: 12014: 12010: 12000: 11998: 11989: 11988: 11984: 11953: 11949: 11939: 11937: 11922: 11918: 11903: 11899: 11889: 11887: 11874: 11873: 11869: 11864:Wayback Machine 11851: 11847: 11837: 11835: 11828: 11812: 11808: 11777: 11770: 11760: 11758: 11749: 11748: 11744: 11734: 11732: 11723: 11722: 11718: 11705: 11704: 11700: 11669:(7100): 115–7. 11655: 11651: 11638:Wayback Machine 11628: 11621: 11608:(10): 934–937. 11594: 11590: 11580: 11578: 11571: 11555: 11551: 11541: 11539: 11524: 11502:Lu, D. (2023). 11500: 11496: 11486: 11484: 11471: 11470: 11466: 11429:(6): 1681–724. 11419: 11410: 11400: 11398: 11389: 11388: 11384: 11377: 11359: 11355: 11344: 11340: 11333: 11319: 11315: 11310: 11306: 11298: 11294: 11283: 11281: 11274: 11258: 11254: 11209: 11205: 11189: 11174: 11164: 11162: 11147: 11143: 11132: 11128: 11123: 11119: 11106:Wayback Machine 11096: 11071: 11058:Wayback Machine 11048: 11025: 10986: 10982: 10974:Cheng Maoxian. 10973: 10969: 10958: 10954: 10940: 10919: 10918: 10914: 10868:Wu, Yi-Li, and 10867: 10863: 10854: 10853: 10849: 10840: 10839: 10835: 10804: 10791: 10784: 10770: 10766: 10759: 10743: 10739: 10732: 10718: 10714: 10707: 10693: 10684: 10669: 10655: 10636: 10631:Wayback Machine 10617: 10598: 10583: 10569: 10565: 10555: 10553: 10546: 10542: 10534: 10530: 10522: 10518: 10510: 10503: 10495: 10491: 10481: 10479: 10478:on 14 July 2011 10472: 10468: 10460: 10456: 10446: 10444: 10435: 10434: 10430: 10420: 10418: 10409: 10408: 10404: 10394: 10392: 10391:on 18 July 2011 10385: 10381: 10372:Huangdi Neijing 10369: 10365: 10355: 10353: 10346: 10342: 10341:" As seen at: 10334: 10330: 10320: 10318: 10311: 10307: 10299: 10295: 10285: 10283: 10274: 10273: 10266: 10258: 10254: 10244: 10242: 10233: 10232: 10225: 10215: 10213: 10202: 10195: 10181: 10174: 10135: 10131: 10091: 10087: 10077: 10075: 10068: 10044: 10040: 10027: 10025: 10018: 10002: 9998: 9990: 9981: 9963: 9959: 9943: 9914: 9909:Wayback Machine 9897: 9893: 9885: 9870:10.1.1.592.1410 9852: 9846: 9837: 9824: 9817: 9801: 9776: 9769: 9760: 9747:Wayback Machine 9737: 9728: 9721: 9634: 9623:Science Press. 9621:Wayback Machine 9611: 9602: 9593: 9591: 9576: 9572: 9559:Wayback Machine 9549: 9545: 9535: 9533: 9520: 9519: 9515: 9497: 9493: 9488:Wayback Machine 9478: 9469: 9459: 9457: 9444: 9443: 9439: 9392: 9388: 9351: 9326: 9307:10.1038/446590a 9292:(7136): 590–1. 9278: 9274: 9253:(12): 1108–20. 9242: 9235: 9225: 9223: 9206: 9202: 9192: 9190: 9189:on 6 April 2020 9175: 9174: 9170: 9119: 9118: 9114: 9106: 9099: 9091: 9084: 9076: 9069: 9035: 9029: 9022: 9016:Unschuld (1988) 9014: 9010: 9004:Unschuld (2018) 9002: 8998: 8990: 8986: 8975: 8956: 8946: 8944: 8933: 8928: 8927: 8923: 8913: 8911: 8896: 8892: 8882: 8880: 8867: 8866: 8862: 8831: 8827: 8820: 8805: 8802: 8801: 8797: 8787: 8785: 8768: 8764: 8719: 8715: 8662: 8658: 8634:10.1038/480S82a 8605: 8601: 8594: 8586:. p. 214. 8576: 8572: 8561: 8556: 8555: 8546: 8533: 8529: 8520: 8519: 8515: 8504: 8500: 8490: 8488: 8473: 8469: 8461: 8457: 8447: 8445: 8438: 8422: 8418:(August 2007). 8411: 8402: 8392: 8390: 8379: 8378:《难经》在线阅读_【中医宝典】 8375: 8374: 8363: 8356: 8342: 8338: 8328: 8326: 8319: 8303: 8180: 8173: 8159: 8148: 8140: 8136: 8129: 8108: 8103: 8094: 8074: 8063: 8059: 8036: 8032: 8025: 8011: 7998: 7991: 7977: 7966: 7959: 7946: 7940:, eds. (2008). 7932: 7928: 7921: 7907: 7896: 7886: 7884: 7867: 7858: 7813: 7809: 7799: 7798: 7794: 7790:, p. 3859. 7788:Hinrichs (2005) 7786: 7782: 7774: 7770: 7762: 7758: 7743: 7736: 7727: 7726: 7722: 7713: 7712: 7708: 7698: 7696: 7683: 7682: 7678: 7668: 7666: 7651: 7642: 7632: 7630: 7616: 7603: 7593: 7591: 7584: 7570: 7569: 7565: 7557: 7553: 7543: 7541: 7532: 7531: 7527: 7517: 7515: 7507: 7506: 7502: 7494: 7490: 7482: 7478: 7468: 7466: 7458: 7457: 7450: 7444:Andrews (2013b) 7442: 7438: 7418:10.1038/448106a 7391: 7390: 7371: 7326: 7319: 7314: 7309: 7304: 7303: 7249: 7245: 7239: 7232: 7227: 7222: 7044:Huangdi Neijing 7028: 7023: 7021: 7014: 7009: 7007: 7000: 6995: 6993: 6986: 6981: 6979: 6972: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6930: 6887: 6867: 6855: 6807: 6798: 6783: 6769: 6760: 6752:Main articles: 6737: 6717: 6693: 6666: 6650: 6642: 6633: 6625: 6609: 6599: 6588: 6582: 6579: 6536: 6534: 6524: 6512: 6501: 6463: 6457: 6428: 6422: 6392: 6390:Cupping therapy 6386: 6381: 6379:Other therapies 6348: 6318: 6312: 6292: 6278: 6270:adverse effects 6220: 6210: 6137: 6129:Main articles: 6127: 6078:Artemisia annua 5942:corticosteroids 5919: 5907: 5885:Nagai Nagayoshi 5882:organic chemist 5797:Artemisia annua 5792:Artemisia annua 5767:Artemisia annua 5759: 5741: 5639:Cochrane review 5616: 5610: 5607: 5604: 5595: 5591: 5584: 5516: 5472: 5466: 5366:saiga antelopes 5340:scales, turtle 5333:rhinoceros horn 5313: 5301: 5232: 5228: 5223: 5217: 5214: 5171: 5160: 5156:primary sources 5140: 5136: 5129: 5123: 5117: 5115:Herbal medicine 5089: 5044: 4979: 4742: 4707: 4580: 4547: 4505: 4488: 4452: 4431: 4418: 4390: 4321: 4267:The meridians ( 4265: 4247: 4190:) and Bladder ( 4132:) and Stomach ( 4041:Urinary Bladder 4033:Large Intestine 4029:Small Intestine 3979: 3973: 3911: 3864: 3653: 3647: 3632:Stephen Barrett 3564: 3558: 3439:Large intestine 3429:Small intestine 3188:yin–yang theory 3180: 3174: 3126:herbal medicine 3121: 3022: 2990:Huangdi neijing 2961: 2937: 2931: 2928: 2925: 2912: 2908: 2901: 2864:barefoot doctor 2831:(CCP) chairman 2825: 2806: 2801: 2788: 2710: 2641:Zhang Zhongjing 2602:Huangdi Neijing 2596: 2552: 2445: 2443:Ancient history 2383:cupping therapy 2375:herbal medicine 2364:Huangdi Neijing 2340:herbal remedies 2290: 2250: 2243: 2242: 2181: 2173: 2172: 2044:Wang Ye worship 1913: 1905: 1904: 1865: 1857: 1856: 1821: 1813: 1812: 1765: 1757: 1756: 1734:Model humanity: 1695: 1687: 1686: 1613: 1593: 1582: 1579: 1570: 1541: 1540: 1486:Adrenal fatigue 1481: 1473: 1472: 1247:Southern Africa 1232: 1222: 1221: 1192: 1190:Classifications 1182: 1181: 1158:in chiropractic 1116: 1108: 1107: 1028:Quantum healing 1018:Psychic surgery 893:Ionized jewelry 856:Herbal medicine 804:Esoteric energy 794:Energy medicine 762:Cupping therapy 757:Crystal healing 730:Colon cleansing 668:Bowen technique 638:Auriculotherapy 593: 585: 584: 520: 453:Revised Hepburn 331: 330: 329: 302: 301: 300: 273:Vietnamese name 96:Literal meaning 58: 23: 12: 11: 5: 18714: 18704: 18703: 18698: 18693: 18688: 18671: 18670: 18658: 18655: 18654: 18652: 18651: 18646: 18641: 18636: 18631: 18626: 18621: 18616: 18615: 18614: 18604: 18599: 18594: 18589: 18584: 18579: 18574: 18568: 18566: 18562: 18561: 18559: 18558: 18552: 18550: 18546: 18545: 18543: 18542: 18537: 18532: 18527: 18521: 18519: 18515: 18514: 18512: 18511: 18509:Unani medicine 18506: 18501: 18496: 18491: 18486: 18481: 18476: 18471: 18466: 18461: 18456: 18451: 18450: 18449: 18439: 18434: 18429: 18424: 18418: 18416: 18412: 18411: 18409: 18408: 18403: 18398: 18393: 18388: 18383: 18378: 18373: 18368: 18366:Aztec medicine 18362: 18360: 18356: 18355: 18348: 18346: 18344: 18343: 18338: 18333: 18328: 18323: 18318: 18313: 18308: 18303: 18297: 18295: 18291: 18290: 18283: 18282: 18275: 18268: 18260: 18251: 18250: 18247: 18244: 18243: 18241: 18240: 18235: 18230: 18217: 18215: 18211: 18210: 18208: 18207: 18202: 18197: 18192: 18187: 18182: 18177: 18172: 18167: 18162: 18157: 18152: 18147: 18141: 18139: 18135: 18134: 18132: 18131: 18126: 18121: 18113: 18105: 18100: 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16265:"NZASA - Home" 16256: 16239:Acupuncture NZ 16226: 16196: 16161: 16134: 16123:on 14 May 2019 16098: 16068: 16051:www.mhlw.go.jp 16038: 16015: 15988: 15962: 15936: 15925:on 6 June 2021 15910: 15889: 15870: 15844: 15818: 15789: 15760: 15730: 15704: 15674: 15648: 15622: 15615: 15586: 15542: 15500: 15493: 15475: 15460: 15431: 15404:(4): 755–764. 15388: 15334: 15285: 15275: 15244: 15215:(8): 1213–28. 15195: 15152: 15085: 15052: 15003: 14973: 14901: 14889: 14882: 14860: 14830: 14804: 14774: 14759: 14739: 14713: 14643: 14614:(5): 342–348. 14594: 14555:(11): e80991. 14535: 14492: 14481:(2): e275-85. 14465: 14444: 14393: 14358: 14319:(11): e49676. 14296: 14253: 14218: 14192: 14136: 14093: 14074:(10): 989–96. 14051: 13976: 13932: 13925: 13919:p. 1042. 13900: 13871: 13864: 13846: 13839: 13821: 13762: 13729: 13708:(6): 495–502. 13688: 13671:NobelPrize.org 13658: 13612: 13583:(2): 231–241. 13563: 13534: 13482: 13451: 13402: 13353: 13338: 13303: 13272: 13243:(4): 397–409. 13223: 13166: 13121: 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Al Jazeera. 12008: 11982: 11947: 11916: 11897: 11880:Save The Rhino 11867: 11845: 11827:978-0912111544 11826: 11806: 11768: 11742: 11716: 11698: 11649: 11619: 11588: 11570:978-0912111643 11569: 11549: 11522: 11494: 11464: 11408: 11382: 11375: 11353: 11338: 11331: 11313: 11304: 11292: 11272: 11252: 11203: 11172: 11141: 11126: 11117: 11069: 11023: 10980: 10967: 10962:Shinzoku kibun 10952: 10938: 10912: 10861: 10847: 10833: 10814:(4): 370–399. 10789: 10782: 10764: 10757: 10737: 10730: 10712: 10705: 10682: 10667: 10634: 10624:hdl.handle.net 10596: 10581: 10563: 10528: 10516: 10501: 10489: 10454: 10428: 10402: 10363: 10328: 10293: 10264: 10252: 10223: 10193: 10172: 10129: 10102:(4): 245–256. 10085: 10067:978-1135955229 10066: 10038: 10016: 10004:Jin Z (2005). 9996: 9979: 9957: 9912: 9891: 9835: 9815: 9774: 9758: 9726: 9632: 9600: 9570: 9543: 9513: 9491: 9467: 9437: 9386: 9365:(17): 2012–8. 9324: 9272: 9233: 9200: 9168: 9112: 9097: 9082: 9067: 9046:(5): 1086–92. 9020: 9018:, p. 647. 9008: 8996: 8984: 8954: 8937:Wah Kiu Yat Po 8921: 8890: 8860: 8841:(2): 257–286. 8825: 8819:978-9622260160 8818: 8795: 8762: 8713: 8656: 8599: 8592: 8570: 8544: 8527: 8513: 8498: 8467: 8455: 8436: 8400: 8361: 8354: 8336: 8317: 8178: 8171: 8146: 8134: 8127: 8092: 8057: 8030: 8023: 7996: 7989: 7964: 7957: 7926: 7919: 7894: 7856: 7807: 7792: 7780: 7778:, p. 198. 7768: 7764:Johnson (2021) 7756: 7734: 7720: 7706: 7676: 7640: 7601: 7582: 7563: 7551: 7540:. 7 April 2019 7538:故事 StoryStudio 7525: 7500: 7488: 7476: 7448: 7436: 7369: 7316: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7302: 7301: 7243: 7229: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7220: 7215: 7210: 7208:Turtle farming 7205: 7200: 7195: 7190: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7145: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7125: 7120: 7115: 7110: 7103: 7098: 7093: 7088: 7083: 7078: 7073: 7068: 7063: 7058: 7053: 7046: 7041: 7035: 7034: 7033: 7030:History portal 7019: 7005: 6991: 6977: 6961: 6958: 6929: 6926: 6886: 6883: 6866: 6863: 6854: 6851: 6806: 6803: 6797: 6794: 6779:Main article: 6768: 6765: 6736: 6733: 6716: 6713: 6692: 6689: 6665: 6662: 6649: 6646: 6641: 6638: 6632: 6629: 6624: 6621: 6605:Main article: 6601: 6600: 6515: 6513: 6506: 6500: 6497: 6459:Main article: 6456: 6453: 6424:Main article: 6421: 6418: 6388:Main article: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6376: 6375: 6369: 6363: 6357: 6347: 6344: 6314:Main article: 6311: 6306: 6288:Main article: 6277: 6274: 6238:placebo effect 6209: 6206: 6126: 6123: 6092:cardiomyopathy 6016:Hepatotoxicity 6003:lead(II) oxide 5946:phenylbutazone 5918: 5915: 5906: 5903: 5895:Pien tze huang 5830:Zhang TingDong 5740: 5737: 5736: 5735: 5728: 5721: 5714: 5699: 5692: 5689: 5684:treatment for 5674: 5667: 5660: 5657: 5653:mortality rate 5649: 5642: 5635: 5632: 5618: 5617: 5598: 5596: 5589: 5583: 5580: 5579: 5578: 5565: 5562: 5541: 5515: 5512: 5495:Materia medica 5480:human placenta 5468:Main article: 5465: 5462: 5443:) and turtle ( 5425:Shark fin soup 5421:Sumatran tiger 5312: 5309: 5300: 5297: 5234: 5233: 5226: 5224: 5143: 5141: 5134: 5119:Main article: 5116: 5113: 5105:Cun, Guan, Chi 5088: 5085: 5084: 5083: 5076: 5064: 5061: 5058: 5043: 5040: 5039: 5038: 5024: 5011: 5006:) recognized: 4978: 4975: 4951: 4950: 4937: 4924: 4911: 4898: 4880: 4879: 4863: 4839: 4823: 4807: 4791: 4775: 4741: 4738: 4737: 4736: 4706: 4703: 4699: 4698: 4685: 4672: 4659: 4643: 4630: 4579: 4576: 4546: 4543: 4504: 4501: 4487: 4484: 4451: 4448: 4430: 4427: 4417: 4414: 4389: 4386: 4352:(Fu Qingzhu's 4320: 4317: 4312:qí jīng bā mài 4300:shí-èr jīngmài 4261:Main article: 4257:(c. 1368–1644) 4246: 4243: 4231: 4230: 4201: 4172: 4143: 4114: 3975:Main article: 3972: 3967: 3910: 3905: 3863: 3860: 3783: 3782: 3753: 3736: 3720: 3703: 3649:Main article: 3646: 3641: 3616:humoral theory 3560:Main article: 3557: 3554: 3523: 3522: 3517: 3512: 3509: 3506: 3501: 3497: 3496: 3493: 3490: 3489:bridge of nose 3487: 3484: 3481: 3477: 3476: 3471: 3466: 3461: 3456: 3451: 3447: 3446: 3441: 3436: 3431: 3426: 3421: 3417: 3416: 3413: 3410: 3407: 3404: 3401: 3397: 3396: 3393: 3390: 3387: 3384: 3381: 3377: 3376: 3373: 3370: 3367: 3364: 3361: 3357: 3356: 3353: 3350: 3347: 3344: 3341: 3337: 3336: 3333: 3330: 3327: 3324: 3321: 3317: 3316: 3313: 3310: 3307: 3304: 3301: 3284: 3283: 3280: 3270: 3269: 3266: 3263: 3259: 3258: 3255: 3252: 3248: 3247: 3244: 3241: 3237: 3236: 3233: 3230: 3226: 3225: 3222: 3219: 3215: 3214: 3211: 3208: 3204: 3203: 3200: 3197: 3176:Main article: 3173: 3170: 3120: 3117: 3097:humoral theory 3037:modern science 3021: 3018: 2960: 2957: 2939: 2938: 2915: 2913: 2906: 2900: 2897: 2824: 2821: 2805: 2802: 2800: 2799:Modern history 2797: 2795:(1518–1593). 2737:, compiled by 2709: 2706: 2626:Mawangdui tomb 2612:Yellow Emperor 2595: 2592: 2572:Joseph Needham 2551: 2548: 2504:Charles Leslie 2444: 2441: 2422:ancient Greece 2418:humoral theory 2292: 2291: 2289: 2288: 2281: 2274: 2266: 2263: 2262: 2261: 2260: 2245: 2244: 2241: 2240: 2234: 2233: 2227: 2226: 2220: 2219: 2213: 2212: 2206: 2205: 2200: 2194: 2193: 2188: 2182: 2179: 2178: 2175: 2174: 2171: 2170: 2164: 2163: 2158: 2152: 2151: 2145: 2144: 2138: 2137: 2123: 2122: 2117: 2115:Zaili teaching 2111: 2110: 2105: 2099: 2098: 2093: 2087: 2086: 2081: 2075: 2074: 2069: 2047: 2046: 2040: 2039: 2028: 2027: 2021: 2020: 2014: 2013: 2007: 2006: 1995: 1994: 1988: 1987: 1982: 1966: 1965: 1959: 1958: 1952: 1951: 1945: 1944: 1938: 1937: 1931: 1930: 1924: 1923: 1914: 1911: 1910: 1907: 1906: 1903: 1902: 1897: 1892: 1887: 1882: 1877: 1872: 1866: 1863: 1862: 1859: 1858: 1855: 1854: 1848: 1847: 1842: 1840:Chinese temple 1836: 1835: 1829: 1828: 1822: 1819: 1818: 1815: 1814: 1811: 1810: 1804: 1803: 1797: 1796: 1790: 1789: 1784: 1778: 1777: 1772: 1766: 1763: 1762: 1759: 1758: 1755: 1754: 1748: 1747: 1742: 1731: 1730: 1724: 1723: 1717: 1716: 1710: 1709: 1703: 1702: 1696: 1693: 1692: 1689: 1688: 1685: 1684: 1679: 1673: 1672: 1667: 1661: 1660: 1655: 1649: 1648: 1643: 1637: 1636: 1631: 1625: 1624: 1614: 1611: 1610: 1607: 1606: 1598: 1597: 1589: 1588: 1572: 1571: 1569: 1568: 1561: 1554: 1546: 1543: 1542: 1539: 1538: 1533: 1528: 1523: 1518: 1513: 1508: 1503: 1498: 1493: 1488: 1482: 1479: 1478: 1475: 1474: 1471: 1470: 1465: 1460: 1455: 1450: 1445: 1440: 1435: 1430: 1425: 1420: 1415: 1410: 1405: 1400: 1395: 1390: 1385: 1380: 1375: 1370: 1365: 1360: 1359: 1358: 1353: 1348: 1343: 1338: 1336:Pressure point 1333: 1328: 1323: 1318: 1313: 1308: 1303: 1298: 1288: 1283: 1278: 1273: 1268: 1267: 1266: 1261: 1251: 1250: 1249: 1244: 1233: 1228: 1227: 1224: 1223: 1220: 1219: 1217:Energy therapy 1214: 1209: 1204: 1199: 1193: 1188: 1187: 1184: 1183: 1180: 1179: 1178: 1177: 1167: 1162: 1161: 1160: 1155: 1150: 1145: 1135: 1134: 1133: 1123: 1117: 1114: 1113: 1110: 1109: 1106: 1105: 1103:Zero balancing 1100: 1095: 1090: 1088:Vision therapy 1085: 1080: 1075: 1070: 1065: 1060: 1055: 1050: 1045: 1040: 1035: 1030: 1025: 1020: 1015: 1010: 1005: 1003:Parapsychology 1000: 995: 990: 985: 980: 975: 970: 965: 960: 955: 950: 945: 940: 935: 930: 925: 923:Manual therapy 920: 918:Magnet therapy 915: 910: 905: 900: 895: 890: 885: 880: 879: 878: 868: 863: 858: 853: 848: 843: 838: 833: 828: 823: 818: 817: 816: 811: 806: 801: 791: 786: 781: 780: 779: 772:Detoxification 769: 764: 759: 754: 749: 744: 739: 738: 737: 727: 722: 717: 712: 711: 710: 705: 695: 690: 685: 680: 675: 670: 665: 660: 655: 650: 645: 640: 635: 630: 625: 620: 615: 610: 605: 600: 594: 591: 590: 587: 586: 583: 582: 577: 576: 575: 565: 560: 555: 550: 549:(health fraud) 544: 539: 538: 537: 532: 521: 518: 517: 514: 513: 505: 504: 498: 497: 485: 484: 481: 480: 477: 476: 469: 463: 462: 455: 449: 448: 447:Transcriptions 440: 439: 432: 426: 425: 418: 412: 411: 407: 406: 403: 402: 395: 389: 388: 381: 375: 374: 373:Transcriptions 366: 365: 358: 352: 351: 344: 338: 337: 333: 332: 328: 327: 324: 321: 318: 314: 310: 304: 303: 299: 298: 295: 292: 289: 285: 281: 275: 274: 270: 269: 266: 265: 258: 252: 251: 244: 235: 234: 228: 227: 217: 211: 210: 203: 197: 196: 189: 183: 182: 180:Yue: Cantonese 176: 175: 165: 159: 158: 151: 145: 144: 137: 131: 130: 123: 117: 116: 110: 109: 108:Transcriptions 101: 100: 97: 93: 92: 85: 79: 78: 71: 65: 64: 60: 59: 44: 36: 35: 32: 31: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 18713: 18702: 18701:Pseudoscience 18699: 18697: 18694: 18692: 18689: 18687: 18684: 18683: 18681: 18668: 18667: 18656: 18650: 18647: 18645: 18642: 18640: 18637: 18635: 18632: 18630: 18627: 18625: 18622: 18620: 18617: 18613: 18610: 18609: 18608: 18605: 18603: 18600: 18598: 18597:Ethnomedicine 18595: 18593: 18590: 18588: 18585: 18583: 18580: 18578: 18575: 18573: 18570: 18569: 18567: 18563: 18557: 18556:Bush medicine 18554: 18553: 18551: 18547: 18541: 18538: 18536: 18533: 18531: 18528: 18526: 18523: 18522: 18520: 18516: 18510: 18507: 18505: 18502: 18500: 18497: 18495: 18492: 18490: 18487: 18485: 18482: 18480: 18477: 18475: 18472: 18470: 18467: 18465: 18462: 18460: 18457: 18455: 18452: 18448: 18445: 18444: 18443: 18440: 18438: 18435: 18433: 18430: 18428: 18425: 18423: 18420: 18419: 18417: 18413: 18407: 18404: 18402: 18399: 18397: 18396:Maya medicine 18394: 18392: 18389: 18387: 18384: 18382: 18379: 18377: 18374: 18372: 18369: 18367: 18364: 18363: 18361: 18357: 18352: 18342: 18339: 18337: 18334: 18332: 18329: 18327: 18324: 18322: 18319: 18317: 18314: 18312: 18309: 18307: 18304: 18302: 18299: 18298: 18296: 18292: 18288: 18281: 18276: 18274: 18269: 18267: 18262: 18261: 18258: 18245: 18239: 18236: 18234: 18231: 18229: 18227: 18222: 18219: 18218: 18216: 18212: 18206: 18203: 18201: 18198: 18196: 18195:Vegetarianism 18193: 18191: 18188: 18186: 18183: 18181: 18178: 18176: 18173: 18171: 18168: 18166: 18163: 18161: 18158: 18156: 18153: 18151: 18148: 18146: 18143: 18142: 18140: 18136: 18130: 18127: 18125: 18122: 18119: 18118: 18114: 18111: 18110: 18106: 18104: 18101: 18097: 18094: 18092: 18089: 18087: 18084: 18083: 18082: 18079: 18078: 18076: 18074: 18070: 18061: 18058: 18055: 18054:Delta variant 18052: 18049: 18046: 18045: 18044: 18041: 18038: 18037:SARS pandemic 18035: 18033: 18030: 18028: 18025: 18023: 18020: 18018: 18015: 18013: 18010: 18008: 18005: 18003: 18000: 17998: 17997:Mental health 17995: 17993: 17990: 17988: 17985: 17983: 17980: 17976: 17973: 17972: 17971: 17968: 17966: 17963: 17961: 17958: 17956: 17953: 17951: 17948: 17946: 17943: 17941: 17938: 17936: 17933: 17932: 17930: 17928: 17924: 17918: 17917:Biotechnology 17915: 17913: 17910: 17908: 17905: 17903: 17900: 17898: 17895: 17894: 17892: 17890: 17886: 17880: 17877: 17875: 17872: 17868: 17865: 17864: 17863: 17860: 17858: 17855: 17853: 17850: 17848: 17845: 17843: 17840: 17838: 17835: 17833: 17830: 17828: 17825: 17823: 17820: 17819: 17817: 17815: 17811: 17807: 17800: 17795: 17793: 17788: 17786: 17781: 17780: 17777: 17765: 17764: 17760: 17759: 17756: 17750: 17747: 17745: 17742: 17740: 17737: 17736: 17734: 17730: 17723: 17720: 17717: 17714: 17711: 17708: 17705: 17702: 17699: 17696: 17693: 17690: 17689: 17687: 17683: 17673: 17670: 17668: 17665: 17663: 17660: 17658: 17655: 17653: 17650: 17648: 17645: 17644: 17642: 17638: 17632: 17629: 17627: 17624: 17622: 17619: 17617: 17614: 17612: 17609: 17607: 17604: 17603: 17601: 17597: 17594: 17592: 17591:Zangfu Organs 17588: 17578: 17575: 17573: 17570: 17568: 17565: 17563: 17560: 17558: 17555: 17554: 17552: 17550: 17546: 17540: 17537: 17535: 17532: 17530: 17527: 17526: 17524: 17522: 17518: 17512: 17509: 17507: 17504: 17502: 17499: 17497: 17494: 17492: 17489: 17487: 17484: 17482: 17479: 17477: 17474: 17472: 17469: 17467: 17464: 17463: 17461: 17457: 17451: 17448: 17446: 17443: 17441: 17438: 17436: 17433: 17431: 17428: 17426: 17423: 17421: 17418: 17417: 17415: 17411: 17407: 17400: 17395: 17393: 17388: 17386: 17381: 17380: 17377: 17370: 17369: 17365: 17359: 17356: 17350: 17347: 17346: 17336: 17334:9780231175005 17330: 17326: 17322: 17317: 17313: 17311:9783791321493 17307: 17303: 17298: 17294: 17292:9780520050259 17288: 17284: 17279: 17275: 17273:9780520053724 17269: 17265: 17260: 17256: 17254:9780300249408 17250: 17246: 17241: 17237: 17233: 17229: 17228:Raphals, Lisa 17225: 17222: 17218: 17213: 17209: 17205: 17201: 17195: 17191: 17187: 17183: 17182: 17177: 17173: 17169: 17166: 17162: 17159: 17155: 17151: 17149:9780415830645 17145: 17141: 17136: 17132: 17126: 17122: 17118: 17117:Sivin, Nathan 17114: 17110: 17106: 17104:9789882370579 17100: 17096: 17091: 17087: 17083: 17079: 17075: 17071: 17067: 17062: 17057: 17051: 17047: 17042: 17038: 17032: 17028: 17024: 17020: 17015: 17004: 17002:9789241506090 16998: 16994: 16990: 16986: 16985: 16980: 16979: 16968: 16964: 16959: 16954: 16950: 16946: 16942: 16937: 16925: 16921: 16915: 16911: 16910: 16904: 16900: 16898:9789004256453 16894: 16890: 16885: 16881: 16877: 16873: 16869: 16865: 16860: 16856: 16854:9780520266131 16850: 16846: 16845: 16839: 16835: 16829: 16825: 16820: 16816: 16812: 16808: 16804: 16800: 16796: 16792: 16788: 16784: 16780: 16775: 16770: 16769:Sivin, Nathan 16766: 16762: 16756: 16752: 16748: 16744: 16740: 16728: 16724: 16720: 16716: 16712: 16708: 16706:9780226169880 16702: 16698: 16697: 16691: 16688: 16684: 16681: 16678: 16674: 16668: 16664: 16660: 16656: 16652: 16648: 16636: 16632: 16630:9780674047372 16626: 16622: 16621: 16615: 16611: 16606: 16594: 16590: 16588:9783631578032 16584: 16580: 16576: 16575: 16569: 16565: 16559: 16555: 16550: 16546: 16540: 16536: 16531: 16519: 16515: 16513:9780674047372 16509: 16505: 16501: 16496: 16495: 16472: 16468: 16462: 16446: 16442: 16438: 16432: 16416: 16412: 16408: 16402: 16386: 16382: 16376: 16360: 16356: 16352: 16346: 16330: 16326: 16320: 16304: 16300: 16296: 16290: 16274: 16270: 16266: 16260: 16244: 16240: 16236: 16230: 16214: 16210: 16206: 16200: 16184: 16180: 16176: 16170: 16168: 16166: 16149: 16145: 16138: 16119: 16115: 16108: 16102: 16086: 16082: 16081:www.law.go.kr 16078: 16072: 16056: 16052: 16048: 16042: 16032: 16028: 16025: 16019: 16008: 16001: 15995: 15993: 15976: 15972: 15966: 15950: 15946: 15940: 15924: 15920: 15914: 15899: 15893: 15886: 15882: 15879: 15874: 15858: 15854: 15848: 15832: 15828: 15822: 15806: 15802: 15793: 15777: 15773: 15764: 15748: 15744: 15740: 15734: 15718: 15714: 15708: 15692: 15688: 15684: 15678: 15662: 15658: 15652: 15636: 15632: 15626: 15618: 15616:9780231128056 15612: 15608: 15603: 15602: 15593: 15591: 15582: 15578: 15573: 15568: 15564: 15560: 15553: 15546: 15538: 15534: 15530: 15526: 15523:(4): 423–32. 15522: 15518: 15511: 15504: 15496: 15490: 15486: 15479: 15471: 15467: 15463: 15457: 15453: 15449: 15445: 15441: 15435: 15427: 15423: 15419: 15415: 15411: 15407: 15403: 15399: 15392: 15384: 15380: 15375: 15370: 15365: 15360: 15356: 15352: 15348: 15341: 15339: 15330: 15326: 15321: 15316: 15312: 15308: 15304: 15300: 15296: 15289: 15282: 15278: 15272: 15268: 15264: 15263: 15258: 15254: 15248: 15240: 15236: 15231: 15226: 15222: 15218: 15214: 15210: 15206: 15199: 15191: 15187: 15183: 15179: 15175: 15171: 15167: 15163: 15156: 15148: 15144: 15140: 15136: 15132: 15128: 15124: 15120: 15104: 15100: 15096: 15089: 15073: 15069: 15068: 15063: 15056: 15048: 15044: 15039: 15034: 15030: 15026: 15022: 15018: 15014: 15007: 14991: 14987: 14980: 14978: 14958: 14954: 14950: 14946: 14942: 14938: 14934: 14931:(6): 1360–3. 14930: 14926: 14919: 14916:(June 2013). 14915: 14911: 14905: 14898: 14893: 14885: 14879: 14875: 14871: 14864: 14848: 14844: 14840: 14839:"Moxibustion" 14834: 14818: 14814: 14808: 14792: 14788: 14784: 14778: 14770: 14766: 14762: 14756: 14752: 14751: 14743: 14727: 14723: 14717: 14701: 14697: 14693: 14689: 14685: 14680: 14675: 14671: 14667: 14663: 14659: 14655: 14647: 14639: 14635: 14630: 14625: 14621: 14617: 14613: 14609: 14605: 14598: 14590: 14586: 14581: 14576: 14571: 14566: 14562: 14558: 14554: 14550: 14546: 14539: 14531: 14527: 14523: 14519: 14515: 14511: 14508:(5): 647–54. 14507: 14503: 14496: 14488: 14484: 14480: 14476: 14469: 14463: 14459: 14456: 14453: 14448: 14440: 14436: 14431: 14426: 14421: 14416: 14412: 14408: 14404: 14397: 14381: 14377: 14373: 14369: 14362: 14354: 14350: 14345: 14340: 14335: 14330: 14326: 14322: 14318: 14314: 14310: 14303: 14301: 14292: 14288: 14284: 14280: 14276: 14272: 14268: 14264: 14257: 14249: 14245: 14241: 14237: 14233: 14229: 14222: 14206: 14202: 14196: 14188: 14181: 14177: 14173: 14169: 14164: 14159: 14156:(2): 107–13. 14155: 14151: 14147: 14140: 14132: 14128: 14124: 14120: 14116: 14112: 14109:(3): 189–98. 14108: 14104: 14097: 14089: 14085: 14081: 14077: 14073: 14069: 14062: 14060: 14058: 14056: 14036: 14032: 14028: 14024: 14020: 14016: 14012: 14007: 14002: 13998: 13994: 13987: 13980: 13972: 13968: 13963: 13958: 13954: 13950: 13946: 13939: 13937: 13928: 13922: 13918: 13914: 13910: 13904: 13888: 13884: 13878: 13876: 13867: 13861: 13857: 13854:Lock (1984). 13850: 13842: 13836: 13832: 13825: 13817: 13813: 13808: 13803: 13798: 13793: 13789: 13785: 13782:(9): e74916. 13781: 13777: 13773: 13766: 13757: 13752: 13748: 13744: 13740: 13733: 13725: 13721: 13716: 13711: 13707: 13703: 13699: 13692: 13676: 13672: 13668: 13662: 13654: 13650: 13646: 13642: 13638: 13634: 13631:(7): 1104–6. 13630: 13626: 13619: 13617: 13608: 13604: 13599: 13594: 13590: 13586: 13582: 13578: 13574: 13567: 13551: 13547: 13541: 13539: 13530: 13526: 13521: 13516: 13512: 13508: 13504: 13500: 13496: 13489: 13487: 13478: 13474: 13470: 13466: 13462: 13455: 13447: 13443: 13438: 13433: 13429: 13425: 13421: 13417: 13413: 13406: 13398: 13394: 13389: 13384: 13380: 13376: 13372: 13368: 13364: 13357: 13349: 13345: 13341: 13335: 13331: 13327: 13323: 13316: 13314: 13312: 13310: 13308: 13299: 13295: 13291: 13287: 13283: 13276: 13268: 13264: 13259: 13254: 13250: 13246: 13242: 13238: 13234: 13227: 13219: 13215: 13210: 13205: 13201: 13197: 13193: 13189: 13185: 13181: 13177: 13170: 13162: 13158: 13153: 13148: 13144: 13140: 13136: 13132: 13125: 13117: 13113: 13109: 13105: 13102:(3): 257–74. 13101: 13097: 13090: 13082: 13078: 13074: 13070: 13066: 13062: 13055: 13047: 13043: 13038: 13033: 13029: 13025: 13021: 13017: 13013: 13006: 12998: 12994: 12989: 12984: 12979: 12974: 12970: 12966: 12962: 12955: 12939: 12935: 12931: 12926: 12921: 12917: 12913: 12909: 12905: 12901: 12894: 12886: 12882: 12878: 12874: 12870: 12866: 12863:(6): 455–73. 12862: 12858: 12851: 12843: 12839: 12834: 12829: 12825: 12821: 12818:(4): 471–82. 12817: 12813: 12809: 12802: 12786: 12782: 12776: 12772: 12771: 12763: 12755: 12751: 12746: 12741: 12736: 12731: 12727: 12723: 12720:(5): e20185. 12719: 12715: 12711: 12704: 12696: 12692: 12687: 12682: 12677: 12672: 12668: 12664: 12660: 12653: 12647: 12643: 12639: 12635: 12632: 12626: 12624: 12622: 12620: 12618: 12616: 12614: 12612: 12610: 12608: 12606: 12604: 12602: 12600: 12598: 12596: 12594: 12592: 12590: 12573: 12569: 12563: 12561: 12551: 12542: 12534: 12528: 12524: 12520: 12516: 12509: 12501: 12495: 12491: 12487: 12480: 12478: 12461: 12457: 12453: 12447: 12440: 12436: 12433: 12428: 12412: 12408: 12401: 12399: 12382: 12378: 12377: 12372: 12366: 12350: 12346: 12342: 12335: 12319: 12315: 12311: 12305: 12289: 12285: 12279: 12263: 12259: 12253: 12249: 12245: 12241: 12240: 12232: 12216: 12212: 12208: 12201: 12199: 12182: 12178: 12174: 12168: 12160: 12156: 12151: 12146: 12142: 12138: 12135:(7395): 455. 12134: 12130: 12126: 12119: 12117: 12115: 12098: 12094: 12093:New Scientist 12090: 12084: 12082: 12080: 12063: 12059: 12055: 12048: 12046: 12044: 12027: 12023: 12019: 12012: 11996: 11992: 11986: 11978: 11974: 11970: 11966: 11962: 11958: 11951: 11935: 11931: 11927: 11920: 11912: 11908: 11901: 11885: 11881: 11877: 11871: 11865: 11861: 11858: 11854: 11849: 11833: 11829: 11823: 11819: 11818: 11810: 11802: 11798: 11794: 11790: 11787:(2): 118–22. 11786: 11782: 11775: 11773: 11756: 11752: 11746: 11730: 11726: 11720: 11712: 11708: 11702: 11694: 11690: 11685: 11680: 11676: 11672: 11668: 11664: 11660: 11653: 11647: 11643: 11639: 11635: 11632: 11626: 11624: 11615: 11611: 11607: 11603: 11599: 11592: 11576: 11572: 11566: 11562: 11561: 11553: 11537: 11533: 11529: 11525: 11519: 11515: 11511: 11507: 11506: 11498: 11482: 11478: 11474: 11468: 11460: 11456: 11452: 11448: 11444: 11440: 11436: 11432: 11428: 11424: 11417: 11415: 11413: 11396: 11392: 11386: 11378: 11372: 11368: 11364: 11357: 11349: 11342: 11334: 11328: 11324: 11317: 11308: 11301: 11296: 11279: 11275: 11269: 11265: 11264: 11256: 11248: 11244: 11239: 11234: 11230: 11226: 11222: 11218: 11214: 11207: 11201: 11197: 11193: 11187: 11185: 11183: 11181: 11179: 11177: 11160: 11157:(46): 21–29. 11156: 11152: 11145: 11137: 11130: 11121: 11115: 11111: 11107: 11103: 11100: 11094: 11092: 11090: 11088: 11086: 11084: 11082: 11080: 11078: 11076: 11074: 11067: 11063: 11059: 11055: 11052: 11046: 11044: 11042: 11040: 11038: 11036: 11034: 11032: 11030: 11028: 11019: 11015: 11011: 11007: 11003: 10999: 10996:(1B): 11–22. 10995: 10991: 10984: 10977: 10971: 10963: 10956: 10949: 10945: 10941: 10939:9789813273573 10935: 10931: 10927: 10923: 10916: 10909: 10905: 10883: 10865: 10857: 10851: 10843: 10837: 10829: 10825: 10821: 10817: 10813: 10809: 10802: 10800: 10798: 10796: 10794: 10785: 10783:9780520208292 10779: 10775: 10768: 10760: 10758:9780786462933 10754: 10750: 10749: 10741: 10733: 10727: 10723: 10716: 10708: 10706:9780520208292 10702: 10698: 10691: 10689: 10687: 10678: 10674: 10670: 10664: 10660: 10653: 10651: 10649: 10647: 10645: 10643: 10641: 10639: 10632: 10628: 10625: 10621: 10615: 10613: 10611: 10609: 10607: 10605: 10603: 10601: 10592: 10588: 10584: 10578: 10574: 10571:Fu S (1995). 10567: 10551: 10547: 10532: 10525: 10520: 10513: 10508: 10506: 10498: 10493: 10477: 10473: 10458: 10442: 10438: 10432: 10416: 10412: 10406: 10390: 10386: 10373: 10367: 10351: 10347: 10332: 10316: 10312: 10297: 10281: 10277: 10271: 10269: 10262:, p. 147 10261: 10256: 10240: 10236: 10230: 10228: 10211: 10207: 10200: 10198: 10184: 10179: 10177: 10168: 10164: 10160: 10156: 10152: 10148: 10145:(2): 125–37. 10144: 10140: 10133: 10125: 10121: 10117: 10113: 10109: 10105: 10101: 10097: 10089: 10073: 10069: 10063: 10059: 10055: 10054: 10049: 10042: 10035: 10023: 10019: 10013: 10009: 10008: 10000: 9993: 9988: 9986: 9984: 9975: 9971: 9967: 9961: 9955: 9951: 9947: 9941: 9939: 9937: 9935: 9933: 9931: 9929: 9927: 9925: 9923: 9921: 9919: 9917: 9910: 9906: 9903: 9900: 9895: 9884: 9880: 9876: 9871: 9866: 9862: 9858: 9851: 9844: 9842: 9840: 9832: 9828: 9822: 9820: 9813: 9809: 9805: 9799: 9797: 9795: 9793: 9791: 9789: 9787: 9785: 9783: 9781: 9779: 9772: 9767: 9765: 9763: 9756: 9752: 9748: 9744: 9741: 9735: 9733: 9731: 9724: 9719: 9717: 9715: 9713: 9711: 9709: 9707: 9705: 9703: 9701: 9699: 9697: 9695: 9693: 9691: 9689: 9687: 9685: 9683: 9681: 9679: 9677: 9675: 9673: 9671: 9669: 9667: 9665: 9663: 9661: 9659: 9657: 9655: 9653: 9651: 9649: 9647: 9645: 9643: 9641: 9639: 9637: 9630: 9626: 9622: 9618: 9615: 9609: 9607: 9605: 9589: 9585: 9581: 9574: 9568: 9564: 9560: 9556: 9553: 9547: 9531: 9527: 9523: 9517: 9509: 9505: 9501: 9495: 9489: 9485: 9482: 9476: 9474: 9472: 9455: 9451: 9447: 9441: 9433: 9429: 9424: 9419: 9414: 9409: 9405: 9401: 9397: 9390: 9382: 9378: 9373: 9368: 9364: 9360: 9359:Planta Medica 9356: 9349: 9347: 9345: 9343: 9341: 9339: 9337: 9335: 9333: 9331: 9329: 9321: 9317: 9313: 9308: 9303: 9299: 9295: 9291: 9287: 9283: 9276: 9268: 9264: 9260: 9256: 9252: 9248: 9240: 9238: 9221: 9217: 9216: 9211: 9204: 9188: 9184: 9183: 9178: 9172: 9164: 9160: 9156: 9152: 9147: 9142: 9138: 9134: 9130: 9126: 9122: 9116: 9110:, p. 387 9109: 9104: 9102: 9095:, p. 107 9094: 9089: 9087: 9079: 9074: 9072: 9063: 9059: 9054: 9049: 9045: 9041: 9034: 9027: 9025: 9017: 9012: 9006:, p. xi. 9005: 9000: 8993: 8988: 8980: 8973: 8971: 8969: 8967: 8965: 8963: 8961: 8959: 8942: 8938: 8934: 8925: 8909: 8905: 8901: 8894: 8878: 8874: 8870: 8864: 8856: 8852: 8848: 8844: 8840: 8836: 8829: 8821: 8815: 8806:. Hong Kong: 8799: 8783: 8779: 8778: 8773: 8766: 8758: 8754: 8750: 8746: 8741: 8736: 8732: 8728: 8724: 8717: 8709: 8705: 8701: 8697: 8692: 8687: 8683: 8679: 8675: 8671: 8667: 8660: 8652: 8648: 8644: 8640: 8635: 8630: 8626: 8622: 8618: 8614: 8610: 8603: 8595: 8589: 8585: 8581: 8574: 8566: 8562: 8553: 8551: 8549: 8540: 8539: 8531: 8523: 8517: 8509: 8502: 8486: 8482: 8481:Medical Daily 8478: 8471: 8464: 8459: 8443: 8439: 8437:9787806999752 8433: 8423: 8409: 8407: 8405: 8388: 8384: 8380: 8372: 8370: 8368: 8366: 8357: 8351: 8347: 8340: 8324: 8320: 8314: 8310: 8309: 8301: 8299: 8297: 8295: 8293: 8291: 8289: 8287: 8285: 8283: 8281: 8279: 8277: 8275: 8273: 8271: 8269: 8267: 8265: 8263: 8261: 8259: 8257: 8255: 8253: 8251: 8249: 8247: 8245: 8243: 8241: 8239: 8237: 8235: 8233: 8231: 8229: 8227: 8225: 8223: 8221: 8219: 8217: 8215: 8213: 8211: 8209: 8207: 8205: 8203: 8201: 8199: 8197: 8195: 8193: 8191: 8189: 8187: 8185: 8183: 8174: 8168: 8164: 8157: 8155: 8153: 8151: 8143: 8138: 8130: 8124: 8120: 8115: 8114: 8101: 8099: 8097: 8088: 8084: 8073:秦漢之際鍼灸療法理論的建立 8061: 8053: 8049: 8046:(3): 337–67. 8045: 8041: 8034: 8026: 8020: 8016: 8009: 8007: 8005: 8003: 8001: 7992: 7986: 7983:. Routledge. 7982: 7975: 7973: 7971: 7969: 7960: 7954: 7950: 7943: 7930: 7922: 7916: 7912: 7905: 7903: 7901: 7899: 7882: 7878: 7877: 7872: 7865: 7863: 7861: 7852: 7848: 7844: 7840: 7835: 7830: 7827:(4): 319–26. 7826: 7822: 7818: 7811: 7803: 7796: 7789: 7784: 7777: 7772: 7765: 7760: 7752: 7748: 7741: 7739: 7730: 7724: 7716: 7710: 7694: 7690: 7686: 7680: 7664: 7660: 7656: 7649: 7647: 7645: 7628: 7624: 7620: 7614: 7612: 7610: 7608: 7606: 7589: 7585: 7579: 7575: 7574: 7567: 7560: 7559:Taylor (2005) 7555: 7539: 7535: 7529: 7514: 7510: 7504: 7497: 7496:Taylor (2005) 7492: 7485: 7480: 7465: 7461: 7455: 7453: 7445: 7440: 7433: 7428: 7424: 7419: 7414: 7410: 7406: 7402: 7398: 7394: 7388: 7386: 7384: 7382: 7380: 7378: 7376: 7374: 7365: 7361: 7356: 7351: 7347: 7343: 7339: 7335: 7331: 7324: 7322: 7317: 7298: 7284: 7280: 7266: 7262: 7247: 7237: 7235: 7230: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7143:Pharmacognosy 7141: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7108: 7104: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7051: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7037: 7036: 7031: 7020: 7017: 7006: 7003: 6992: 6989: 6988:Taiwan portal 6978: 6975: 6964: 6957: 6955: 6951: 6947: 6943: 6939: 6935: 6928:United States 6925: 6923: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6909: 6905: 6901: 6891: 6882: 6880: 6876: 6871: 6862: 6860: 6850: 6847: 6843: 6838: 6836: 6832: 6828: 6820: 6816: 6811: 6802: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6782: 6773: 6764: 6759: 6755: 6747: 6746: 6741: 6732: 6730: 6721: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6703: 6698: 6688: 6686: 6682: 6678: 6673: 6671: 6661: 6657: 6655: 6645: 6637: 6628: 6620: 6618: 6614: 6611:The concepts 6608: 6597: 6594: 6586: 6575: 6572: 6568: 6565: 6561: 6558: 6554: 6551: 6547: 6544: – 6543: 6539: 6538:Find sources: 6532: 6528: 6522: 6521: 6516:This section 6514: 6510: 6505: 6504: 6496: 6485: 6481: 6477: 6467: 6462: 6452: 6450: 6440: 6432: 6427: 6417: 6415: 6411: 6396: 6391: 6373: 6370: 6367: 6364: 6361: 6358: 6355: 6354: 6350: 6349: 6343: 6341: 6337: 6333: 6329: 6317: 6310: 6305: 6303: 6291: 6282: 6273: 6271: 6266: 6263: 6258: 6256: 6250: 6246: 6243: 6239: 6235: 6231: 6227: 6226: 6219: 6215: 6205: 6203: 6197: 6195: 6190: 6188: 6184: 6180: 6165: 6163: 6159: 6149: 6141: 6136: 6132: 6122: 6120: 6119:coronaviruses 6116: 6112: 6108: 6104: 6099: 6097: 6093: 6089: 6088: 6082: 6080: 6079: 6074: 6070: 6069: 6064: 6063: 6058: 6057: 6052: 6051: 6046: 6045: 6040: 6039: 6034: 6030: 6027: 6023: 6022: 6017: 6013: 6012: 6006: 6004: 6000: 5996: 5992: 5988: 5984: 5980: 5979: 5974: 5973: 5968: 5964: 5963: 5957: 5955: 5954:glibenclamide 5951: 5947: 5943: 5939: 5935: 5934: 5923: 5914: 5912: 5902: 5900: 5896: 5892: 5890: 5886: 5883: 5879: 5878:antiasthmatic 5875: 5865: 5861: 5857: 5855: 5854: 5849: 5845: 5843: 5839: 5835: 5831: 5826: 5824: 5820: 5816: 5812: 5808: 5805:. Researcher 5804: 5803: 5798: 5794: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5781: 5773: 5769: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5746: 5739:Drug research 5733: 5729: 5726: 5722: 5719: 5715: 5712: 5708: 5703: 5700: 5697: 5693: 5690: 5687: 5683: 5679: 5675: 5672: 5668: 5665: 5661: 5658: 5654: 5650: 5647: 5643: 5640: 5636: 5633: 5630: 5626: 5625: 5624: 5614: 5602: 5597: 5588: 5587: 5575: 5571: 5566: 5563: 5560: 5556: 5546: 5542: 5539: 5535: 5525: 5521: 5520: 5519: 5511: 5507: 5505: 5501: 5500:Bencao Gangmu 5497: 5496: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5461: 5459: 5454: 5450: 5446: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5429: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5410: 5405: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5385: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5367: 5363: 5357: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5343: 5339: 5334: 5329: 5326: 5322: 5318: 5308: 5306: 5299:Raw materials 5296: 5289: 5284: 5277: 5272: 5264: 5257: 5253: 5249: 5245: 5240: 5225: 5221: 5210: 5207: 5203: 5200: 5196: 5193: 5189: 5186: 5182: 5179: – 5178: 5174: 5173:Find sources: 5168: 5164: 5158: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5144:This section 5142: 5133: 5132: 5128: 5122: 5112: 5110: 5106: 5102: 5101:radial artery 5097: 5095: 5081: 5077: 5074: 5070: 5065: 5062: 5059: 5056: 5055: 5054: 5036: 5025: 5022: 5012: 5009: 5008: 5007: 5005: 4994: 4992: 4974: 4972: 4962: 4948: 4938: 4935: 4925: 4922: 4912: 4909: 4899: 4896: 4886: 4885: 4884: 4877: 4867: 4864: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4843: 4840: 4837: 4827: 4824: 4821: 4811: 4808: 4805: 4795: 4792: 4789: 4779: 4776: 4772: 4769: 4768: 4767: 4765: 4755: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4716: 4715: 4714: 4711: 4702: 4696: 4686: 4683: 4673: 4670: 4660: 4657: 4647: 4644: 4641: 4631: 4628: 4618: 4617: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4601: 4591: 4575: 4573: 4569: 4564: 4562: 4558: 4542: 4536: 4530: 4528: 4517: 4515: 4511: 4500: 4498: 4492: 4483: 4479: 4476: 4472: 4467: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4447: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4426: 4424: 4413: 4409: 4407: 4406: 4399: 4396: 4385: 4383: 4377: 4373: 4371: 4370:Doctor's lady 4367: 4363: 4357: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4325: 4316: 4314: 4302: 4290: 4278: 4264: 4256: 4251: 4242: 4240: 4236: 4228: 4218: 4202: 4199: 4189: 4173: 4170: 4160: 4144: 4141: 4131: 4115: 4106: 4096: 4080: 4079: 4078: 4074: 4072: 4061: 4057: 4052: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3984: 3978: 3971: 3966: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3926: 3916: 3909: 3904: 3902: 3891: 3885: 3876: 3870: 3859: 3858:of the body. 3857: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3843: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3807: 3803: 3798: 3795: 3791: 3788: 3780: 3777:(blood), and 3776: 3772: 3768: 3754: 3751: 3738:Containment ( 3737: 3735: 3731: 3721: 3718: 3704: 3701: 3687: 3686: 3685: 3683: 3679: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3652: 3645: 3640: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3624:physiological 3621: 3617: 3614: 3613:Mediterranean 3609: 3605: 3603: 3597: 3595: 3591: 3590: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3568: 3563: 3553: 3551: 3547: 3536: 3534: 3530: 3521: 3518: 3516: 3513: 3510: 3507: 3505: 3502: 3499: 3498: 3494: 3491: 3488: 3485: 3482: 3479: 3478: 3475: 3472: 3470: 3467: 3465: 3462: 3460: 3457: 3455: 3452: 3449: 3448: 3445: 3442: 3440: 3437: 3435: 3432: 3430: 3427: 3425: 3422: 3419: 3418: 3414: 3411: 3408: 3405: 3402: 3399: 3398: 3394: 3391: 3388: 3385: 3382: 3379: 3378: 3374: 3371: 3368: 3365: 3362: 3359: 3358: 3354: 3351: 3348: 3345: 3342: 3339: 3338: 3334: 3331: 3328: 3325: 3322: 3319: 3318: 3314: 3311: 3308: 3305: 3302: 3299: 3298: 3291: 3287: 3281: 3278: 3277: 3276: 3267: 3264: 3261: 3260: 3256: 3253: 3250: 3249: 3245: 3242: 3239: 3238: 3234: 3231: 3228: 3227: 3223: 3220: 3217: 3216: 3212: 3209: 3206: 3205: 3201: 3198: 3195: 3194: 3191: 3189: 3185: 3184:Shang dynasty 3179: 3165: 3161: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3138: 3134:), exercise ( 3132: 3127: 3116: 3114: 3108: 3105: 3104:Zhang Gongyao 3100: 3098: 3095: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3081: 3076: 3072: 3067: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3051:pseudoscience 3048: 3044: 3043: 3038: 3033: 3031: 3026: 3017: 3013: 3010: 3008: 3007: 3002: 3001: 2996: 2992: 2991: 2984: 2974: 2972: 2956: 2953: 2948: 2946: 2935: 2923: 2919: 2914: 2905: 2904: 2896: 2894: 2893: 2887: 2883: 2878: 2876: 2872: 2867: 2865: 2857: 2852: 2848: 2846: 2841: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2820: 2817: 2812: 2796: 2794: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2770: 2768: 2765:, to prevent 2764: 2760: 2755: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2705: 2703: 2698: 2697: 2692: 2688: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2672: 2668: 2667: 2662: 2661: 2651: 2647: 2642: 2638: 2633: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2622: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2603: 2591: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2568: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2556:Shang dynasty 2550:Shang dynasty 2547: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2528: 2523: 2522: 2516: 2514: 2509: 2505: 2500: 2497: 2493: 2491: 2487: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2465: 2458: 2454: 2449: 2440: 2438: 2434: 2429: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2414: 2410: 2409: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2371: 2366: 2365: 2359: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2324: 2322: 2318: 2317:effectiveness 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2287: 2282: 2280: 2275: 2273: 2268: 2267: 2265: 2264: 2259: 2254: 2249: 2248: 2247: 2246: 2239: 2236: 2235: 2232: 2229: 2228: 2225: 2222: 2221: 2218: 2215: 2214: 2211: 2208: 2207: 2204: 2201: 2199: 2196: 2195: 2192: 2189: 2187: 2184: 2183: 2177: 2176: 2169: 2166: 2165: 2162: 2159: 2157: 2154: 2153: 2150: 2147: 2146: 2143: 2140: 2139: 2136: 2133: 2132: 2131: 2130: 2128: 2121: 2118: 2116: 2113: 2112: 2109: 2106: 2104: 2101: 2100: 2097: 2094: 2092: 2089: 2088: 2085: 2082: 2080: 2077: 2076: 2073: 2070: 2068: 2065: 2064: 2063: 2062: 2060: 2051: 2045: 2042: 2041: 2038: 2035: 2034: 2033: 2032: 2026: 2023: 2022: 2019: 2016: 2015: 2012: 2009: 2008: 2005: 2002: 2001: 2000: 1999: 1993: 1992:Other schools 1990: 1989: 1986: 1983: 1980: 1976: 1973: 1972: 1971: 1970: 1964: 1961: 1960: 1957: 1954: 1953: 1950: 1947: 1946: 1943: 1940: 1939: 1936: 1933: 1932: 1929: 1926: 1925: 1922: 1919: 1918: 1917: 1909: 1908: 1901: 1898: 1896: 1893: 1891: 1888: 1886: 1883: 1881: 1878: 1876: 1873: 1871: 1868: 1867: 1861: 1860: 1853: 1850: 1849: 1846: 1843: 1841: 1838: 1837: 1834: 1831: 1830: 1827: 1824: 1823: 1817: 1816: 1809: 1806: 1805: 1802: 1799: 1798: 1795: 1792: 1791: 1788: 1785: 1783: 1780: 1779: 1776: 1773: 1771: 1768: 1767: 1761: 1760: 1753: 1750: 1749: 1746: 1743: 1741: 1738: 1737: 1736: 1735: 1729: 1726: 1725: 1722: 1719: 1718: 1715: 1712: 1711: 1708: 1705: 1704: 1701: 1698: 1697: 1691: 1690: 1683: 1680: 1678: 1675: 1674: 1671: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1662: 1659: 1656: 1654: 1651: 1650: 1647: 1644: 1642: 1639: 1638: 1635: 1632: 1630: 1627: 1626: 1623: 1619: 1616: 1615: 1609: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1599: 1596: 1591: 1590: 1585: 1578: 1577: 1567: 1562: 1560: 1555: 1553: 1548: 1547: 1545: 1544: 1537: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1487: 1484: 1483: 1477: 1476: 1469: 1466: 1464: 1461: 1459: 1456: 1454: 1451: 1449: 1446: 1444: 1441: 1439: 1436: 1434: 1431: 1429: 1426: 1424: 1421: 1419: 1416: 1414: 1411: 1409: 1406: 1404: 1401: 1399: 1396: 1394: 1391: 1389: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1379: 1376: 1374: 1373:Faith healing 1371: 1369: 1366: 1364: 1361: 1357: 1354: 1352: 1349: 1347: 1344: 1342: 1339: 1337: 1334: 1332: 1329: 1327: 1324: 1322: 1319: 1317: 1314: 1312: 1309: 1307: 1304: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1294: 1293: 1292: 1289: 1287: 1284: 1282: 1281:Bush medicine 1279: 1277: 1274: 1272: 1271:Balneotherapy 1269: 1265: 1262: 1260: 1257: 1256: 1255: 1252: 1248: 1245: 1243: 1240: 1239: 1238: 1235: 1234: 1231: 1226: 1225: 1218: 1215: 1213: 1210: 1208: 1205: 1203: 1200: 1198: 1195: 1194: 1191: 1186: 1185: 1176: 1173: 1172: 1171: 1168: 1166: 1163: 1159: 1156: 1154: 1151: 1149: 1146: 1144: 1141: 1140: 1139: 1136: 1132: 1129: 1128: 1127: 1124: 1122: 1119: 1118: 1115:Controversies 1112: 1111: 1104: 1101: 1099: 1096: 1094: 1091: 1089: 1086: 1084: 1083:Vegetotherapy 1081: 1079: 1076: 1074: 1071: 1069: 1066: 1064: 1061: 1059: 1056: 1054: 1051: 1049: 1046: 1044: 1041: 1039: 1036: 1034: 1031: 1029: 1026: 1024: 1021: 1019: 1016: 1014: 1011: 1009: 1006: 1004: 1001: 999: 998:Ozone therapy 996: 994: 991: 989: 986: 984: 981: 979: 976: 974: 971: 969: 966: 964: 961: 959: 956: 954: 951: 949: 946: 944: 941: 939: 936: 934: 931: 929: 926: 924: 921: 919: 916: 914: 913:Lymphotherapy 911: 909: 906: 904: 901: 899: 896: 894: 891: 889: 886: 884: 881: 877: 874: 873: 872: 869: 867: 864: 862: 859: 857: 854: 852: 851:Hair analysis 849: 847: 844: 842: 839: 837: 836:FasciaBlaster 834: 832: 829: 827: 824: 822: 819: 815: 812: 810: 807: 805: 802: 800: 799:Correactology 797: 796: 795: 792: 790: 787: 785: 782: 778: 775: 774: 773: 770: 768: 765: 763: 760: 758: 755: 753: 750: 748: 745: 743: 742:Colorpuncture 740: 736: 733: 732: 731: 728: 726: 723: 721: 720:Chromotherapy 718: 716: 713: 709: 706: 704: 701: 700: 699: 696: 694: 691: 689: 686: 684: 681: 679: 676: 674: 671: 669: 666: 664: 661: 659: 656: 654: 651: 649: 646: 644: 641: 639: 636: 634: 631: 629: 626: 624: 621: 619: 616: 614: 611: 609: 608:Alkaline diet 606: 604: 601: 599: 596: 595: 589: 588: 581: 578: 574: 571: 570: 569: 566: 564: 561: 559: 558:Pseudoscience 556: 554: 551: 548: 545: 543: 540: 536: 533: 531: 528: 527: 526: 523: 522: 516: 515: 511: 507: 506: 503: 500: 499: 495: 491: 490: 482: 470: 468: 464: 456: 454: 450: 445: 441: 433: 431: 427: 419: 417: 413: 410:Japanese name 408: 396: 394: 390: 382: 380: 376: 371: 367: 359: 357: 353: 345: 343: 339: 334: 325: 322: 319: 316: 315: 311: 309: 305: 296: 293: 290: 287: 286: 282: 280: 276: 271: 259: 257: 253: 245: 243: 240: 236: 233: 229: 223: 218: 216: 212: 204: 202: 198: 190: 188: 184: 181: 177: 171: 166: 164: 160: 152: 150: 146: 138: 136: 132: 124: 122: 118: 115: 111: 106: 102: 98: 94: 86: 84: 80: 72: 70: 66: 61: 56: 52: 48: 42: 37: 33: 28: 25: 21: 16: 18664: 18629:Mithridatism 18483: 18427:Dhivehi beys 18223: 18185:Prostitution 18145:Demographics 18116: 18108: 18022:Tuberculosis 17901: 17761: 17724:(c. 150–219) 17471:Yin and yang 17440:Fire cupping 17405: 17367: 17362:(in Chinese) 17353:(in Chinese) 17324: 17320: 17301: 17282: 17263: 17244: 17235: 17220: 17185: 17180: 17164: 17139: 17120: 17094: 17069: 17065: 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Retrieved 7463: 7439: 7430: 7400: 7396: 7337: 7333: 7294: 7282: 7276: 7264: 7258: 7246: 7173:Tao Hongjing 7105: 7048: 6974:China portal 6946:South Dakota 6942:North Dakota 6931: 6919: 6916: 6896: 6872: 6868: 6856: 6839: 6824: 6814: 6799: 6791: 6786: 6784: 6761: 6743: 6728: 6726: 6710: 6694: 6674: 6670:British rule 6667: 6658: 6651: 6643: 6634: 6626: 6616: 6612: 6610: 6589: 6580: 6570: 6563: 6556: 6549: 6537: 6525:Please help 6520:verification 6517: 6480:bone-setting 6475: 6465: 6464: 6446: 6438: 6437: 6407: 6401: 6371: 6365: 6359: 6351: 6339: 6335: 6331: 6330: 6319: 6308: 6293: 6267: 6259: 6255:Edzard Ernst 6251: 6247: 6223: 6221: 6198: 6191: 6176: 6166: 6154: 6106: 6100: 6085: 6083: 6076: 6073:antimalarial 6066: 6060: 6054: 6048: 6042: 6036: 6033:glycyrrhizin 6028: 6019: 6009: 6007: 5978:Aristolochia 5976: 5970: 5967:Asiatic toad 5960: 5958: 5931: 5928: 5908: 5899:Ming dynasty 5893: 5863: 5858: 5851: 5846: 5827: 5810: 5800: 5796: 5790: 5784: 5779: 5777: 5772:antimalarial 5765: 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5146:needs more 5042:Diagnostics 4450:Infertility 4239:Pericardium 4209:) = Liver ( 4087:) = Heart ( 4037:Gallbladder 3955:joint fluid 3688:Actuation ( 3529:Five Phases 3424:Gallbladder 3400:Zang Organ 3349:yellow/pink 2843:During the 2819:practices. 2789: 1151 2782:Zhang Jiegu 2776:(456–536), 2763:inoculation 2759:variolation 2722:Inner Canon 2630:Inner Canon 2608:Han dynasty 2594:Han dynasty 2536:five phases 2490:Ian Johnson 2379:acupuncture 2334:theory and 2319:or logical 2307:drawn from 2161:Xuanyuanism 2108:Xiantiandao 2067:De teaching 1979:state rites 1413:Mien Shiang 1331:Moxibustion 1043:Reflexology 968:Oil pulling 963:Naturopathy 903:Jilly Juice 683:Camel urine 653:Black salve 603:Acupuncture 598:Acupressure 563:Antiscience 535:Terminology 399:chung'ŭihak 336:Korean name 18680:Categories 18582:Apothecary 18073:Government 18043:SARS-CoV-2 17960:Fujian flu 17814:Healthcare 17710:Sun Simiao 17599:Yin organs 17130:0300092970 17055:0674018729 16951:: 100003. 16833:041534512X 16677:China File 16451:27 January 16421:27 January 16209:Zorgwijzer 16091:28 January 16061:17 January 15641:7 February 15357:: 581203. 15115:Reply to: 15109:10 January 14914:Novella SP 14732:3 February 14413:: 254582. 14386:10 January 14378:(9): 442. 14044:24 October 12669:: 812179. 12001:7 December 11487:26 January 11165:10 January 10731:7810106805 10668:0520208293 10582:093618535X 10356:9 December 10321:9 December 10286:9 December 10216:6 December 9594:17 January 8869:"About Us" 8788:23 January 8142:Liu (2019) 7699:20 October 7594:30 October 7484:Lei (2014) 7307:References 7168:Sun Simiao 7163:Snake farm 7158:Qiu Li Gao 7118:Li Shizhen 6912:urine test 6758:Kampo list 6553:newspapers 6098:in China. 5991:Actinolite 5646:rheumatism 5611:April 2024 5482:(Ziheche ( 5409:deer penis 5378:syngnathid 5354:manta rays 5325:penis bone 5188:newspapers 5125:See also: 5073:leukorrhea 4842:Deficiency 4753:biàn zhèng 4661:Dampness ( 4497:treatments 4456:Sun Simiao 4429:Postpartum 4354:Gynecology 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series 416:Hiragana 201:Jyutping 135:Bopomofo 18649:Theriac 18572:Alchemy 18549:Oceania 18447:Ancient 18214:Studies 18190:Smoking 18180:Poverty 18138:Related 18002:Obesity 17992:Leprosy 17704:Ge Hong 17698:Hua Tuo 17662:Stomach 17178:(ed.). 17176:Sivin N 17008:1 April 16799:2056359 16747:Ernst E 16743:Singh S 16641:11 June 16599:11 July 16524:11 June 16491:Sources 16335:5 April 15713:"CTCMA" 15440:Ernst E 15374:3616356 15320:2769056 15253:Singh S 15230:2989199 15038:3658605 14996:4 March 14797:4 March 14696:2971923 14666:Bibcode 14658:Science 14629:7165814 14580:3838343 14557:Bibcode 14430:3408718 14344:3504157 14321:Bibcode 14248:3075674 14111:Bibcode 13971:8779214 13962:1303306 13893:7 March 13807:3781107 13784:Bibcode 13749:: 1–7. 13598:3414557 13520:3414217 13437:6718232 13388:8759069 13258:3110829 13209:6486159 13152:3402023 13037:6993561 12988:3722488 12833:3739225 12745:3102106 12722:Bibcode 12686:3816048 12137:Bibcode 11993:. 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The 2616:cosmos 2586:along 2584:points 2120:Qigong 1985:Taoism 1895:Duanwu 1694:Theory 1658:Hundun 1526:PANDAS 1443:Siddha 1408:Korean 1351:Tui na 1306:Dit da 973:Orgone 342:Hangul 317:醫學古傳中國 291:Đông y 256:Tâi-lô 18565:Other 18459:Kampo 18437:Hilot 18007:Opium 17621:Liver 17606:Heart 17572:Water 17567:Metal 17557:Earth 17323:[ 17082:S2CID 17072:(7). 16963:S2CID 16876:JSTOR 16811:S2CID 16795:JSTOR 16121:(PDF) 16110:(PDF) 16010:(PDF) 16003:(PDF) 15555:(PDF) 15513:(PDF) 15466:S2CID 15422:S2CID 15186:S2CID 15143:S2CID 14960:(PDF) 14949:S2CID 14921:(PDF) 14692:S2CID 14526:S2CID 14287:S2CID 14176:S2CID 14038:(PDF) 14027:S2CID 13989:(PDF) 13649:S2CID 12881:S2CID 12187:1 May 12032:6 May 11973:S2CID 11528:S2CID 11455:S2CID 11367:53–54 11014:S2CID 10976:Yi'an 10944:S2CID 10904:JSTOR 10824:JSTOR 10163:S2CID 10120:S2CID 9886:(PDF) 9875:S2CID 9863:(1). 9853:(PDF) 9159:S2CID 9036:(PDF) 8851:S2CID 8704:S2CID 8647:S2CID 8421:神农本草经 7947:[ 7876:Slate 7847:S2CID 7225:Notes 6908:blood 6767:Korea 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