1909:(community) to protect and further the corporate interests of their trade. The taifa came to be ethnically mixed, incorporating those captured Europeans who agreed to convert to Islam and supply information useful for future raids. The taifa also gained prestige and political influence because of its role in fighting the infidel and providing the merchants and rulers of Algiers with a major source of income. Algiers became the privateering city-state par excellence, especially between 1560 and 1620. And it was two privateer brothers who were instrumental in extending Ottoman influence in Algeria.
1034:
1681:(r. 1184â99) presided over the zenith of Almohad power. For the first time, the Maghrib was united under a local regime, and although the empire was troubled by conflict on its fringes, handcrafts and agriculture flourished at its center and an efficient bureaucracy filled the tax coffers. In 1229, the Almohad court renounced the teachings of Ibn Tumart, opting instead for greater tolerance of opposing views. As evidence of this change, the Almohads hosted two of the greatest thinkers of Andalus:
1848:, in 1510. In the same year, the merchants of Algiers handed over one of the rocky islets in their harbor, where the Spaniards built a fort. The presidios in North Africa turned out to be a costly and largely ineffective military endeavor that did not guarantee access for Spain's merchant fleet. Indeed, most trade seemed to be transacted in the numerous free ports. Moreover, from the 16th to the 18th century, sailing superior ships and hammering out shrewd concessions, merchants from
250:
1333:. The Zirid rulers were known for their patronage of the arts and sciences, and their court was a center of learning and culture. However, the dynasty's decline in the 12th century paved the way for the rise of other powers in the region, ultimately leading to the fragmentation of North Africa. Despite their relatively short reign, the legacy of the Zirids continues to shape the cultural and political landscape of Algeria and North Africa to this day.
1601:
1342:
110:
22:
1171:. The Kharijites objected to Ali, the fourth caliph, making peace with the Umayyads in 657 and left Ali's camp (khariji means "those who leave"). The Kharijites had been fighting Umayyad rule in the East, and many Berbers were attracted by the sect's egalitarian precepts. For example, according to Kharijism, any suitable Muslim candidate could be elected caliph without regard to race, station, or descent from Muhammad.
63:
1805:, or holy people, drew a large and devoted following. These men and women were believed to possess divine grace (baraka) or to be able to channel it to others. In life, the marabouts offered spiritual guidance, arbitrated disputes, and often wielded political power. After death, their cultsâsome local, others widespreadâerected domed tombs that became sites of pilgrimage.
1670:, giving the Almohad sultan supreme religious as well as political authority within his domains. The Almohads took control of Morocco in 1146, captured Algiers around 1151, and by 1160 had completed the conquest of the central Maghrib and advanced to Tripolitania. Nonetheless, pockets of Almoravid resistance continued to hold out in the Kabylie for at least fifty years.
1700:(Zenata Berbers) took advantage of declining Almohad power to establish a tribal state in Morocco, initiating nearly sixty years of warfare there that concluded with their capture of Marrakech, the last Almohad stronghold, in 1271. Despite repeated efforts to subjugate the central Maghrib, however, the Marinids were never able to restore the frontiers of the
1643:(infallible leader sent by God), Muhammad ibn Abdallah ibn Tumart consulted with a council of ten of his oldest disciples. Influenced by the Berber tradition of representative government, he later added an assembly composed of fifty leaders from various tribes. The Almohad rebellion began in 1125 with attacks on Moroccan cities, including
1739:
For more than 300 years, until the region came under
Ottoman suzerainty in the 16th century, the Zayyanids kept a tenuous hold in the central Maghrib. The regime, which depended on the administrative skills of Andalusians, was plagued by frequent rebellions but learned to survive as the vassal of the
1174:
After the revolt, Kharijites established several theocratic tribal kingdoms, most of which had short and troubled histories. Others, however, like
Sijilmasa and Tilimsan, which straddled the principal trade routes, proved more viable and prospered. In 750 the Abbasids, who succeeded the Umayyads as
1158:
This harmony was short-lived, however. Arab and Berber forces controlled the region in turn until 697. By 711, Umayyad forces helped by Berber converts to Islam had conquered all of North Africa. Governors appointed by the
Umayyad caliphs ruled from Al Qayrawan, capital of the new wilaya (province)
1162:
Paradoxically, the spread of Islam among the
Berbers did not guarantee their support for the Arab-dominated caliphate. The ruling Arabs alienated the Berbers by taxing them heavily; treating converts as second-class Muslims; and, at worst, by enslaving them. As a result, widespread opposition took
1808:
Many tribes claimed descent from marabouts. In addition, small, autonomous republics led by holy men became a common form of government in the
Maghrib. In Algeria, the influence of the marabouts continued through much of the Ottoman period, when the authorities would grant political and financial
1583:
Although it was not an entirely peaceful time, North Africa benefited economically and culturally during the
Almoravid period, which lasted until 1147. Muslim Spain (Andalus in Arabic) was a great source of artistic and intellectual inspiration. The most famous writers of Andalus worked in the
1879:
Why Spain did not extend its North
African conquests much beyond a few modest enclaves has puzzled historians. Some suggest that Spain held back because it was preoccupied with maintaining its territory in Italy; others that Spain's energies were absorbed in obtaining the riches of the
1545:, a Moroccan scholar. In the early years of the movement, the scholar was concerned only with imposing moral discipline and a strict adherence to Islamic principles among his followers. Abd Allah ibn Yasin also became known as one of the marabouts, or holy persons (from
1900:
ports. Although the methods varied, privateering generally involved private vessels raiding the ships of an enemy in peacetime under the authority of a ruler. Its purposes were to disrupt an opponent's trade and to reap rewards from the captives and cargo.
1904:
Privateering was a highly disciplined affair conducted under the command of the rais (captains) of the fleets. Several captains became heroes in
Algerian lore for their bravery and skill. The captains of the corsairs banded together in a self-regulating
1508:
tribes, apparently sent by the
Fatimids to weaken the Zirids. These Arab beduin overcame the Zirids and Hammadids and in 1057 sacked Al Qayrawan. They sent farmers fleeing from the fertile plains to the mountains and left cities and towns in ruin.
1329:, located in modern-day Algeria. The dynasty's early years were marked by political turmoil and conflict with other Muslim powers, but the Zirids eventually emerged as a dominant force in the region, with their influence extending as far as
1471:â engaged in an epic struggle. The fiercely brave, camelborne nomads of the western desert and steppe as well as the sedentary farmers of the Kabylie to the east swore allegiance to the Sanhaja. Their traditional enemies, the
1896:. North African rulers engaged in it increasingly in the late 16th and early 17th century because it was so lucrative, and because their merchant vessels, formerly a major source of income, were not permitted to enter
1128:(a Muslim dynasty ruling from 661 to 750) recognized that the strategic necessity of dominating the Mediterranean dictated a concerted military effort on the North African front. In 670, therefore, an Arab army under
1747:
Many coastal cities defied the ruling dynasties and asserted their autonomy as municipal republics. They were governed by their merchant oligarchies, by tribal chieftains from the surrounding countryside, or by the
1528:
movement developed early in the 11th century among the
Sanhaja confederation, whose control of trans-Saharan trade routes was under pressure from the Zenata Berbers in the north and the state of Ghana in the south.
1089:, spanning the millennium from the 7th century to the 17th century. The new faith, in its various forms, would penetrate nearly all segments of society, bringing with it armies, learned men, and fervent
1696:
adversaries, but the continuing wars in Spain overtaxed their resources. In the Maghrib, the Almohad position was compromised by factional strife and was challenged by a renewal of tribal warfare. The
1500:
Contributing to these political and economic dislocations was a large incursion of Arab beduin from Egypt starting in the first half of the 11th century. Part of this movement was an invasion by the
1497:
attacked ports and disrupted coastal trade. Trans-Saharan trade shifted to Fatimid Egypt and to routes in the west leading to Spanish markets. The countryside was being overtaxed by growing cities.
1225:", which was likely to be known as the first book about sociology. The fall of the state was after the defeat against the Fatimids and putting out the last leader, Yakdan Ibn Mohamed, in 909 AD.
1620:, sought to reform Almoravid decadence. Rejected in Marrakech and other cities, he turned to his Masmuda tribe in the Atlas Mountains for support. Because of their emphasis on the unity of
1155:, the ruler of an extensive confederation of Christian Berbers. Kusaila, who had been based in Tilimsan (Tlemcen), became a Muslim and moved his headquarters to Takirwan, near Al Qayrawan.
985:
1666:. The Almohads entered Spain at the invitation of the Andalusian amirs, who had risen against the Almoravids there. Abd al Mumin forced the submission of the amirs and reestablished the
2100:
2998:
1321:, which ruled over parts of North Africa from the 10th to the 12th century, was one of the most significant Muslim dynasties in medieval Algeria. Founded by the Berber general
2993:
3121:
2135:
3312:
2522:
2472:
1979:
1585:
2633:
2477:
2140:
2369:
1790:, Zayanids, and Hasfids—did not base their power on a program of religious reform as their predecessors had done. Of necessity, they compromised with rural
2808:
2457:
2200:
3366:
2608:
2384:
1884:. Still another possibility is that Spain was more intent on projecting its force on the high seas than on risking defeat in the forbidding interior of Africa.
2813:
2442:
1217:, though it is slightly hard to get precise frontiers of this state. During the Rostomid ruling, its capital was a cultural and a scientific metropolis of the
632:
1537:
tribe of the Sanhaja confederation, decided to raise the level of Islamic knowledge and practice among his people. To accomplish this, on his return from the
2938:
2658:
2623:
2334:
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1303:- Hammadid, towards the end of 11th century. The Ifrenides dynasty was recognized as the only dynasty that has defended the Africans People in the Maghreb.
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2349:
2818:
2688:
2603:
2414:
2394:
2374:
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2155:
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as his capital. The Fatimids left the rule of Ifriqiya and most of Algeria to the Zirids (972â1148). This Berber dynasty, which had founded the towns of
697:
2502:
2462:
2344:
2339:
2314:
2165:
2160:
2115:
2963:
2419:
3114:
2923:
2883:
2598:
2588:
2452:
2399:
2389:
2291:
2190:
2150:
2105:
1733:
1678:
1375:. Al Qayrawan fell to them in 909. The Ismaili imam, Abdallah, declared himself caliph and established Mahdia as his capital. Abdallah initiated the
2983:
2828:
2532:
2527:
2467:
2432:
2354:
2251:
2195:
2130:
1197:
Rustamids or Banou Rostom, an Ibadi Islamic berber state, appeared in 776 AD, founded and led initially by Abdurrahman ibn Rostom. Its capital was
3305:
2913:
2537:
2447:
2427:
2364:
2276:
2180:
2120:
2110:
1625:
879:
772:
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3358:
2903:
2858:
2547:
2379:
2329:
2319:
2281:
2090:
1546:
2487:
2409:
2241:
2145:
913:
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prospered as a commercial center and was called the "pearl of the Maghrib." Situated at the head of the Imperial Road through the strategic
3107:
2583:
2492:
2482:
2185:
1697:
1417:. Maintaining their cohesion and beliefs over the centuries, Ibadi religious leaders have dominated public life in the region to this day.
1020:
979:
918:
2125:
2029:
835:
762:
3361:
3298:
1778:, and Europe beginning about 1250. An outbreak of privateering out of Aragon, however, severely disrupted this trade after about 1420.
1759:
1459:, by rejecting the Ismaili doctrine for Sunni orthodoxy and renouncing submission to the Fatimids, initiated chronic conflict with the
174:
80:
2497:
2306:
1420:
For many years, the Fatimids posed a threat to Morocco, but their deepest ambition was to rule the East, the Mashriq, which included
3357:
2783:
146:
3350:
3337:
127:
35:
3355:
903:
343:
3363:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3353:
3348:
2713:
792:
153:
72:
1801:
The aridity of official Islam had little appeal outside the mosques and schools of the cities. In the countryside, wandering
3352:
3394:
3384:
2210:
3339:
3335:
1552:
The Almoravid movement shifted from promoting religious reform to engaging in military conquest after 1054 and was led by
3130:
2673:
767:
690:
160:
2723:
1965:
addition to the Modern Encyclopedia, Noel Desverges, Leo Renier, Edouard Carteron, Firmin Didot (Firm), page 720 to 722
1840:) and collecting tribute during the 15th and early 16th centuries. On or near the Algerian coast, Spain took control of
1836:
Without much difficulty, Christian Spain imposed its influence on the Maghrib coast by constructing fortified outposts (
1448:
branch of its family. The Hammadids ruled from 1011 to 1151, during which time BejaĂŻa became the most important port in
3343:
874:
824:
3354:
1589:
1572:
up to the Ebro River by 1106. Under the Almoravids, the Maghrib and Spain acknowledged the spiritual authority of the
3013:
2000:
1736:, which had been settled in the region by Abd al Mumin, the Zayyanids also emphasized their links with the Almohads.
211:
193:
49:
3336:
2708:
1516:
spread to the countryside. Many sedentary Berbers who sought protection from the Hilalians were gradually Arabized.
142:
1617:
1444:
and centered significant local power in Algeria for the first time, turned over its domain west of Ifriqiya to the
1013:
484:
291:
259:
2803:
2738:
2246:
2022:
1662:
took the title of caliph and placed members of his own family in power, converting the system into a traditional
932:
898:
429:
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840:
1179:
as governor in Al Qayrawan. Although nominally serving at the caliph's pleasure, Al Aghlab and his successors,
1159:
of Ifriqiya, which covered Tripolitania (the western part of present-day Libya), Tunisia, and eastern Algeria.
1105:
1097:
972:
893:
131:
3351:
2703:
3346:
1093:; in large part, it would replace tribal practices and loyalties with new social norms and political idioms.
295:
3356:
1967:
books? 08UUAAAAYAAJ id = & pg = RA5-PA718 & dq = dynasty Ifrenides + # PRA5-PA733, M1 online version
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1175:
Muslim rulers, moved the caliphate to Baghdad and reestablished caliphal authority in Ifriqiya, appointing
942:
41:
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1952:= T9IOAAAAQAAJ & pg = PA271 & + dq yala Zirid = & lr = # PPA271, M1 version of the book online
741:
1006:
966:
229:
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2015:
1183:, ruled independently until 909, presiding over a court that became a center for learning and culture.
685:
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167:
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in 1492, was accompanied by the forced conversion of Spanish Muslims (Moriscos). As a result of the
2918:
2728:
2044:
1379:, named after Fatima, daughter of Muhammad and wife of Ali, from whom the caliph claimed descent.
2988:
2943:
2868:
2613:
2578:
1176:
992:
888:
714:
702:
389:
385:
120:
84:
1667:
1151:, Uqba's successor, pushed westward into Algeria and eventually worked out a modus vivendi with
413:
3043:
2958:
2833:
908:
782:
709:
1455:
This period was marked by constant conflict, political instability, and economic decline. The
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2733:
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1833:
fled or were deported to the Maghrib where many gained influence in government and commerce.
639:
330:
3028:
1221:, attracting many scientists, such as Ibn Khaldoun, where he wrote his popular book called "
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2643:
2628:
2231:
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1148:
757:
448:
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1798:
in the 12th century despite the efforts of the Almoravids and Almohads to stamp them out.
1247:
was the capital of the Kingdom of Banu Ifran in the time period before Islam to 1068. The
8:
3083:
2798:
656:
437:
405:
1424:
and Muslim lands beyond. By 969, they had conquered Egypt and in 972, the Fatimid ruler
3188:
2893:
2593:
2517:
2050:
1918:
1729:
1693:
1542:
1056:
961:
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852:
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624:
299:
238:
3099:
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3003:
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2908:
2563:
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2085:
2065:
1893:
1873:
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1557:
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1066:
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580:
572:
492:
421:
303:
3290:
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3206:
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1928:
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355:
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3170:
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2542:
2216:
2170:
1674:
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1513:
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2843:
1033:
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2978:
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2007:
1701:
1364:
1322:
719:
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274:
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1720:
dynasty made good its claim to be the legitimate successor of the Almohads in
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1312:
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556:
3033:
2853:
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in the 7th century. In the 8th century, they mobilize around the dogma of
1112:
occurred under local initiative rather than under orders from the central
249:
3158:
3048:
2663:
2618:
2507:
2437:
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2075:
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1826:
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1445:
1300:
1086:
809:
799:
508:
1580:, reuniting them temporarily with the Islamic community in the Mashriq.
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2653:
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2256:
2236:
1844:
in 1505, Oran in 1509, and Tlemcen, Mostaganem, and TĂ©nĂšs, all west of
1818:
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1565:
1501:
1437:
1296:
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1248:
1234:
1222:
1168:
368:
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2648:
1881:
1795:
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1763:
1749:
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leaders: first Yahya, then his brother Abu Bakr, and then his cousin
1525:
1402:
1391:
1180:
1113:
1090:
564:
532:
350:
316:
1951:
1600:
1341:
109:
3068:
1853:
1837:
1802:
1787:
1725:
1721:
1663:
1456:
1425:
1414:
1372:
1288:
1280:
1276:
1133:
1121:
1046:
548:
540:
463:
453:
1205:. The Rustamid state spread all over the north African coast from
3322:
3134:
3018:
1849:
1845:
1822:
1755:
1741:
1609:
1577:
1553:
1491:
1464:
1441:
1433:
1406:
1395:
1383:
1349:
1268:
1256:
1244:
1240:
1218:
1206:
1202:
1152:
1082:
1078:
360:
266:
1475:, were tough, resourceful horsemen from the cold plateau of the
1897:
1861:
1771:
1770:, gateway for the gold and slave trade with the western Sudan.
1717:
1568:
had conquered Morocco, the Maghrib as far east as Algiers, and
1541:(Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca) in 1048â1049, he brought with him
1534:
1494:
1472:
1468:
1460:
1387:
1357:
1348:
In the closing decades of the 9th century, missionaries of the
1330:
1264:
1198:
1117:
321:
311:
3333:
1906:
1869:
1865:
1713:
1640:
1632:
1569:
1483:
1429:
1421:
1399:
1368:
1326:
1284:
1272:
1214:
1210:
1137:
1109:
804:
1966:
2226:
1791:
1775:
1644:
1636:
1538:
1487:
1353:
1413:, whence in the 11th century they moved southwest to Oued
2557:
1830:
1621:
1476:
1279:. In the 10th century, they created a dynasty facing the
1291:, and the Maghraoua. The Banu Ifran was defeated by the
3129:
1325:, the Zirids established their capital in the city of
3320:
1809:
favors to these leaders to prevent tribal uprisings.
1692:
The Almohads shared the crusading instincts of their
1251:waged uprisings against the foreign occupiers: the
134:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1386:turned westward in 911, destroying the imamate of
1774:came to control commerce between Tlemcen's port,
3376:
2037:
1405:refugees from Tahert fled south to the oasis at
1275:to revolt against the powers of the Umayyad and
1786:The successor dynasties in North Africa—
1549:, "those who have made a religious retreat").
1140:and used it as a base for further operations.
3306:
3115:
2023:
1794:that had survived the triumph of puritanical
1014:
1892:Privateering was an age-old practice in the
1673:After Abd al Mumin's death in 1163, his son
1116:. When the seat of the caliphate moved from
1821:reconquest of Spain, marked by the fall of
1766:, the city controlled the caravan route to
50:Learn how and when to remove these messages
3313:
3299:
3122:
3108:
2030:
2016:
1367:region and led them in battle against the
1136:about 160 kilometers south of present-day
1098:Arab military expeditions into the Maghreb
1021:
1007:
1744:or Hafsids or later as an ally of Spain.
1588:, completed in 1136, used as a model the
1584:Almoravid court, and the builders of the
1512:For the first time, the extensive use of
1201:in the northeast of what is now known as
212:Learn how and when to remove this message
194:Learn how and when to remove this message
1599:
1463:. Two great Berber confederations â the
1340:
1032:
1616:. Their spiritual leader, the Moroccan
1143:
1100:, between 642 and 669, resulted in the
3377:
2784:Napoléon Joseph Charles Paul Bonaparte
3294:
3103:
2011:
1977:
1950:Ibn Khaldoun, History of the Berbers
1812:
1724:, while, in the central Maghrib, the
1108:. These early forays from a base in
132:adding citations to reliable sources
103:
85:move details into the article's body
56:
15:
2714:Jean-Baptiste Drouet, comte d'Erlon
1612:found their initial inspiration in
986:List of people on stamps of Algeria
13:
1817:The final triumph of the 700-year
1263:. They pledged to the side of the
14:
3406:
2101:Abu Zayyan Muhammad II ibn Uthman
2001:Library of Congress Country Study
1752:who operated out of their ports.
1728:founded a dynasty that ruled the
1479:and the western Tell in Algeria.
1106:migration of Arabs to the Maghreb
31:This article has multiple issues.
2724:Charles-Marie Denys de Damrémont
1658:'s death in 1130, his successor
1618:Muhammad ibn Abdallah ibn Tumart
248:
108:
61:
20:
1978:Ù
ŰÙ
ŰŻŰ, Ű”ÙۧۚÙŰ ŰčÙÙ Ù
ŰÙ
ŰŻ (1998).
1732:. Based on a Zenata tribe, the
1363:of what was later known as the
119:needs additional citations for
39:or discuss these issues on the
1971:
1956:
1941:
1624:, his followers were known as
973:List of wars involving Algeria
1:
2804:François Louis Alfred Durrieu
2739:Louis Juchault de LamoriciĂšre
1934:
1887:
1519:
1228:
2994:Paul Albert Louis Delouvrier
2794:Edmond-Charles de Martimprey
2789:Prosper de Chasseloup-Laubat
2759:Nicolas Théodule Changarnier
2038:Historical rulers of Algeria
1781:
1707:
1477:northern interior of Morocco
1428:established the new city of
1186:
7:
3395:History of Islam by country
3385:Medieval history of Algeria
2704:Anne Jean Marie René Savary
2136:Abd er Rahman I bin Abu Muh
1912:
1654:Upon Muhammad ibn Abdallah
1631:Although declaring himself
1628:(unitarians, or Almohads).
1595:
1336:
967:Military history of Algeria
10:
3411:
1992:
1984:(in Arabic). ۯۧ۱ ۧÙŰšÙۧ۱ÙŰ.
1677:(r. 1163â84) and grandson
1482:In addition, raiders from
1310:
1232:
1190:
3330:
3142:
3012:
2929:Jean-Marie Charles Abrial
2769:Alphonse Henri d'Hautpoul
2672:
2556:
2513:Mezzo Morto HĂŒseyin Pasha
2209:
2043:
1608:Like the Almoravids, the
1306:
1209:to the area now known as
980:Postal history of Algeria
919:Insurgency in the Maghreb
742:SĂ©tif and Guelma massacre
143:"Medieval Muslim Algeria"
2919:Jules-Gaston Henri Carde
2523:Hadji Ahmed ben al-Hadji
1981:ۧÙŰŻÙÙŰ© ۧÙŰčŰšÙŰŻÙŰ© ÙÙ ÙÙŰšÙۧ
1604:Almohad Empire 1121-1269
1586:Grand Mosque of Tilimsan
1132:established the town of
2944:Marcel-Edmond Peyrouton
2141:Said I bin Abu Tashufin
1590:Grand Mosque of CĂłrdoba
1075:Medieval Muslim Algeria
1037:The Age of the Caliphs
993:History of North Africa
793:Independence referendum
732:Attack on Mers-el-KĂ©bir
2959:Marcel-Edmond Naegelen
2834:Louis Henri de Gueydon
2754:Louis-EugĂšne Cavaignac
2370:Muhammad II the eunuch
1605:
1564:as their capital, the
1345:
1071:
275:Iberomaurusian Culture
3059:Abdelmalek Benhabyles
2809:Jean Walsin-Esterhazy
2744:Marie Alphonse Bedeau
2734:Thomas Robert Bugeaud
2729:Sylvain Charles Valée
2201:Al Hassan ben Abu Muh
1603:
1344:
1295:and the coalition of
1177:Ibrahim ibn al Aghlab
1165:open revolt in 739â40
1036:
899:High Council of State
679:(19thâ20th centuries)
640:Emirate of Beni Abbas
627:(16thâ19th centuries)
331:Archeology of Algeria
3089:Abdelmadjid Tebboune
3079:Abdelaziz Bouteflika
2814:Henri-Gabriel Didier
2779:Jacques Louis Randon
2689:Louis-Auguste-Victor
2443:Mahmud Bursali Pacha
2232:Hayreddin Barbarossa
2061:Yaghmurasen Ibn Zyan
1712:From its capital at
1668:caliphate of CĂłrdoba
1356:Islam converted the
1167:under the banner of
1149:Abu al-Muhajir Dinar
1144:Abu al Muhajir Dinar
449:Early African Church
430:Prefecture of Africa
414:Kingdom of the AurĂšs
128:improve this article
3084:Abdelkader Bensalah
3019:Republic of Algeria
2939:Yves-Charles Chatel
2799:Patrice de MacMahon
2659:Muhammad VI ben Ali
2335:Mami Muhammad Pasha
1874:Mediterranean trade
1683:Abu Bakr ibn Tufayl
1287:, the Umayyad, the
657:Barbary Slave Trade
438:Exarchate of Africa
406:Mauro-Roman Kingdom
3029:Abderrahmane FarĂšs
2894:Jean-Baptiste Abel
2869:Ădouard LaferriĂšre
2824:Romuald Vuillermoz
2644:Mohammed Khaznadji
2385:Köse Mustafa Pacha
2350:Hadji Shaban Pasha
2217:Regency of Algiers
2086:Abu Said Uthman II
2051:Kingdom of Tlemcen
1919:Second Barbary War
1813:European offensive
1730:Kingdom of Tlemcen
1606:
1543:Abdallah Ibn Yasin
1533:, a leader of the
1346:
1072:
1057:Rashidun Caliphate
962:Outline of Algeria
870:Algerian Civil War
669:Second Barbary War
625:Regency of Algiers
3372:
3371:
3288:
3287:
3131:Islamic dynasties
3097:
3096:
3044:Houari BoumédiÚne
3004:Christian Fouchet
2969:Jacques Soustelle
2909:Maurice Viollette
2819:Charles de Bouzet
2774:Aimable PĂ©lissier
2699:Pierre BerthezĂšne
2564:Deylik of Algiers
2415:Mustafa III Pasha
2395:Mustapha IV Pasha
2375:Mustapha II Pasha
2360:Daly Hassan Pasha
2297:Ahmad Pasha Qabia
2272:Mehmed Tekkelerli
2267:Muhammad Kurdogli
2211:Ottoman governors
2156:Abu Abbas Ahmad I
2096:Abu Hammu II Musa
2066:Abu Said Uthman I
1574:Abbasid caliphate
1558:Yusuf ibn Tashfin
1531:Yahya Ibn Ibrahim
1067:Umayyad Caliphate
1031:
1030:
943:COVID-19 pandemic
664:First Barbary War
633:Ottoman governors
493:Umayyad Caliphate
422:Kingdom of Altava
222:
221:
214:
204:
203:
196:
178:
102:
101:
81:length guidelines
54:
3402:
3390:Islam in Algeria
3321:Timeline of the
3315:
3308:
3301:
3292:
3291:
3124:
3117:
3110:
3101:
3100:
3054:Chadli Bendjedid
2954:Yves Chataigneau
2719:Bertrand Clauzel
2709:Théophile Voirol
2694:Bertrand Clauzel
2503:Hadj Mohamed Dey
2463:Buzenak-Muhammad
2405:Kassan Kaid Koça
2340:Dali Ahmed Pasha
2325:Hassan Veneziano
2315:Arab Ahmed Pasha
2287:Hasan KhĂŒsro Aga
2166:Abu Tashufin III
2161:Abu Abdallah III
2116:Abul Hadjdjadj I
2032:
2025:
2018:
2009:
2008:
1986:
1985:
1975:
1969:
1964:
1960:
1954:
1949:
1945:
1929:Islam in Algeria
1924:History of Islam
1193:Rustamid dynasty
1077:was a period of
1064:
1054:
1041:
1023:
1016:
1009:
988:
975:
926:2010s to present
841:1965 coup d'Ă©tat
825:Contemporary era
691:French governors
609:
601:
593:
585:
577:
569:
561:
553:
545:
537:
529:
521:
513:
505:
497:
489:
459:Fossatum Africae
442:
434:
426:
418:
410:
402:
394:
381:
373:
365:
356:Ancient Carthage
287:
279:
271:
252:
242:
224:
223:
217:
210:
199:
192:
188:
185:
179:
177:
136:
112:
104:
97:
94:
88:
79:Please read the
65:
64:
57:
46:
24:
23:
16:
3410:
3409:
3405:
3404:
3403:
3401:
3400:
3399:
3375:
3374:
3373:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3326:
3319:
3289:
3284:
3138:
3128:
3098:
3093:
3074:Liamine ZĂ©roual
3064:Mohamed Boudiaf
3039:Ahmed Ben Bella
3021:
3017:
3008:
2974:Georges Catroux
2949:Georges Catroux
2924:Georges le Beau
2884:Maurice Varnier
2874:Charles Jonnart
2749:Henri d'Orleans
2681:
2676:
2668:
2589:Mohammed Arslan
2566:
2561:
2552:
2543:Mohamed Bektach
2453:Yusuf III Pasha
2400:Soliman Katanya
2292:Ahmed Bostandji
2227:Aruj Barbarossa
2219:
2214:
2205:
2191:Abu Abdallah VI
2171:Abu Abdallah IV
2151:Abu Abdallah II
2106:Abu Tashufin II
2053:
2048:
2045:Zayyanid rulers
2039:
2036:
1998:Original text:
1995:
1990:
1989:
1976:
1972:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1937:
1915:
1890:
1829:, thousands of
1815:
1784:
1734:Bani Abd el Wad
1710:
1679:Yaqub al Mansur
1675:Abu Yaqub Yusuf
1598:
1522:
1411:Atlas Mountains
1390:and conquering
1377:Fatimid Dynasty
1339:
1315:
1309:
1237:
1231:
1195:
1189:
1169:Kharijite Islam
1146:
1102:spread of Islam
1070:
1062:
1060:
1052:
1050:
1044:Islamic prophet
1039:
1027:
998:
997:
984:
982:
971:
969:
957:
949:
948:
947:
923:
857:
827:
817:
816:
815:
814:
737:Operation Torch
725:Cheikh Bouamama
710:Emir Abdelkader
686:French conquest
673:
652:Barbary pirates
645:Emirate of Kuku
621:
613:
612:
607:
599:
591:
583:
575:
567:
559:
551:
543:
535:
527:
519:
511:
503:
495:
487:
480:
470:
469:
468:
440:
432:
424:
416:
408:
400:
393:(146 BCâ590 AD)
392:
379:
371:
363:
346:
336:
335:
326:
285:
283:Capsian culture
277:
269:
267:Aterian Culture
262:
240:
233:
218:
207:
206:
205:
200:
189:
183:
180:
137:
135:
125:
113:
98:
92:
89:
78:
75:may be too long
70:This article's
66:
62:
25:
21:
12:
11:
5:
3408:
3398:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3370:
3369:
3332:
3331:
3328:
3327:
3318:
3317:
3310:
3303:
3295:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3282:
3276:
3270:
3264:
3263:(1666âpresent)
3258:
3252:
3246:
3240:
3234:
3228:
3222:
3216:
3210:
3204:
3198:
3192:
3186:
3180:
3174:
3168:
3162:
3156:
3150:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3127:
3126:
3119:
3112:
3104:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3025:
3023:
3022:(1962âpresent)
3010:
3009:
3007:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2979:Robert Lacoste
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2934:Maxime Weygand
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2899:Théodore Steeg
2896:
2891:
2889:Charles Lutaud
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2839:Antoine Chanzy
2836:
2831:
2829:Alexis Lambert
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2685:
2683:
2679:French Algeria
2670:
2669:
2667:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2570:
2568:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2533:Hadji Mustapha
2530:
2528:Hassan Chaouch
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2468:Ahmed II Pasha
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2433:Yusuf II Pasha
2430:
2425:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2355:Mustapha Pasha
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2252:Khalifa Saffah
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2223:
2221:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2203:
2198:
2196:Abu Zayyan III
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2176:Abu Abdallah V
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2131:Abu Abdallah I
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2081:Abu Tashufin I
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2057:
2055:
2041:
2040:
2035:
2034:
2027:
2020:
2012:
2006:
2005:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1970:
1955:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1914:
1911:
1889:
1886:
1814:
1811:
1783:
1780:
1709:
1706:
1702:Almohad Empire
1614:Islamic reform
1597:
1594:
1521:
1518:
1365:Petite Kabylie
1338:
1335:
1323:Ziri ibn Manad
1311:Main article:
1308:
1305:
1267:, against the
1233:Main article:
1230:
1227:
1191:Main article:
1188:
1185:
1145:
1142:
1061:
1051:
1038:
1029:
1028:
1026:
1025:
1018:
1011:
1003:
1000:
999:
996:
995:
990:
977:
964:
958:
956:Related topics
955:
954:
951:
950:
946:
945:
940:
938:Hirak Movement
935:
929:
922:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
885:
884:
883:
882:
877:
866:
856:
855:
850:
844:
843:
838:
832:
828:
823:
822:
819:
818:
813:
812:
807:
802:
796:
795:
790:
785:
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
754:
745:
744:
739:
734:
728:
727:
722:
720:Mokrani Revolt
717:
715:Fatma N'Soumer
712:
706:
705:
700:
694:
693:
688:
682:
677:French Algeria
672:
671:
666:
660:
659:
654:
648:
647:
642:
636:
635:
629:
622:
619:
618:
615:
614:
611:
610:
608:(1235â1556 AD)
602:
600:(1229â1574 AD)
594:
592:(1215â1465 AD)
586:
584:(1121â1269 AD)
578:
576:(1040â1147 AD)
570:
568:(1014â1152 AD)
562:
554:
546:
538:
530:
522:
514:
506:
498:
490:
481:
476:
475:
472:
471:
467:
466:
461:
456:
451:
445:
444:
443:
435:
427:
419:
411:
403:
398:Vandal Kingdom
395:
382:
377:Jugurthine War
374:
366:
358:
353:
347:
342:
341:
338:
337:
334:
333:
325:
324:
319:
314:
308:
307:
306:
288:
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272:
263:
258:
257:
254:
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245:
244:
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234:
227:
220:
219:
202:
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184:September 2010
116:
114:
107:
100:
99:
93:September 2010
69:
67:
60:
55:
29:
28:
26:
19:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3407:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3329:
3324:
3316:
3311:
3309:
3304:
3302:
3297:
3296:
3293:
3280:
3277:
3274:
3271:
3268:
3265:
3262:
3259:
3256:
3253:
3250:
3247:
3244:
3241:
3238:
3235:
3232:
3229:
3226:
3223:
3220:
3217:
3214:
3211:
3208:
3205:
3202:
3199:
3196:
3193:
3190:
3187:
3184:
3181:
3178:
3175:
3172:
3169:
3166:
3163:
3160:
3157:
3154:
3151:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3141:
3136:
3132:
3125:
3120:
3118:
3113:
3111:
3106:
3105:
3102:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3020:
3015:
3011:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2964:Roger LĂ©onard
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2914:Pierre Bordes
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2680:
2675:
2671:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2565:
2559:
2555:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2538:Hussein Kodja
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2518:Ahmed Sharban
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2473:Ibrahim Pasha
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2448:Ahmed I Pasha
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2428:Hassan Khodja
2426:
2423:
2421:
2420:KhĂŒsrev Pacha
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2365:Soliman Pasha
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
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2305:
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2300:
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1868:, as well as
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1219:Great Maghreb
1216:
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1200:
1194:
1184:
1182:
1181:the Aghlabids
1178:
1172:
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1130:Uqba ibn Nafi
1127:
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1081:dominance in
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914:Peace Charter
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904:Civil Concord
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848:Berber Spring
846:
845:
842:
839:
837:
836:FFS rebellion
834:
833:
831:
826:
821:
820:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
797:
794:
791:
789:
788:Ăvian Accords
786:
784:
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595:
590:
587:
582:
579:
574:
571:
566:
563:
560:(973â1152 AD)
558:
555:
552:(970â1068 AD)
550:
547:
544:(909â1171 AD)
542:
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534:
531:
526:
523:
518:
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510:
507:
504:(742â1066 AD)
502:
499:
494:
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485:Arab conquest
483:
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145: â
144:
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139:Find sources:
133:
129:
123:
122:
117:This article
115:
111:
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105:
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82:
76:
74:
68:
59:
58:
53:
51:
44:
43:
38:
37:
32:
27:
18:
17:
3034:Ferhat Abbas
2984:André Mutter
2904:Henri Dubief
2864:Louis LĂ©pine
2859:Auguste Loze
2854:Jules Cambon
2849:Louis Tirman
2844:Albert Grévy
2764:Viala Charon
2579:Muhammad III
2548:Deli Ibrahim
2478:Ismail Pasha
2380:Rizvan Pasha
2330:Djafar Pasha
2320:Ramdan Pasha
2311:Mehmet Pasha
2282:Yahyia Pasha
2091:Abu Thabid I
2071:Abu Zayyan I
1999:
1980:
1973:
1958:
1943:
1903:
1891:
1878:
1872:, dominated
1835:
1816:
1807:
1800:
1785:
1754:
1746:
1738:
1711:
1691:
1689:(Averroes).
1672:
1660:Abd al Mumin
1653:
1630:
1607:
1582:
1551:
1547:al murabitun
1523:
1511:
1499:
1481:
1454:
1450:North Africa
1419:
1381:
1347:
1316:
1238:
1213:in northern
1196:
1173:
1163:the form of
1161:
1157:
1147:
1095:
1074:
1073:
1042: Under
925:
924:
909:Black Spring
859:
858:
829:
749:Algerian War
747:
746:
703:Pacification
675:
674:
623:
620:Modern times
536:(800â909 AD)
528:(789â828 AD)
520:(776â909 AD)
512:(771â793 AD)
496:(703â744 AD)
488:(647â709 AD)
477:
441:(585â698 AD)
433:(534â585 AD)
425:(578â708 AD)
417:(484â703 AD)
409:(477â578 AD)
401:(435â534 AD)
380:(111â106 BC)
372:(264â146 BC)
290:Rock art in
208:
190:
181:
171:
164:
157:
150:
138:
126:Please help
121:verification
118:
90:
73:lead section
71:
47:
40:
34:
33:Please help
30:
3281:(1837â1969)
3275:(1711â1835)
3273:Karamanlids
3269:(1705â1957)
3257:(1549â1659)
3251:(1472â1554)
3245:(1269â1465)
3239:(1235â1556)
3233:(1229â1574)
3227:(1147â1269)
3221:(1059â1158)
3219:Khurasanids
3215:(1040â1147)
3209:(1008â1152)
3189:Sulaymanids
3159:Muhallabids
3049:Rabah Bitat
2989:Raoul Salan
2879:Paul RĂ©voil
2682:(1830â1962)
2664:Hussein Dey
2624:Mustapha II
2619:Sidi Hassan
2604:Muhammad IV
2594:Ibrahim III
2567:(1710â1830)
2508:Baba Hassan
2488:Ramadan Aga
2458:Murad Pasha
2438:Ali Bitchin
2424:Murat Pasha
2410:Hizir Pasha
2345:Hızır Pasha
2262:Hasan Corso
2247:Hasan Pasha
2242:Hadji Pasha
2220:(1517â1710)
2146:Abu Malek I
2076:Abu Hammu I
2054:(1235â1556)
1963:(in French)
1948:(in French)
1858:Netherlands
1827:Inquisition
1506:Banu Sulaym
1446:Banu Hammad
1409:beyond the
1301:Banu Sulaym
1223:Al Mukadima
1134:Al-Qayrawan
1087:Middle Ages
1085:during the
933:Arab Spring
810:Oujda Group
800:Pieds-noirs
783:1961 putsch
778:1958 crisis
758:Nationalism
751:(1954â1962)
509:Muhallabids
478:Middle Ages
364:(202â46 BC)
286:(10,000 BC)
278:(20,000 BC)
270:(80,000 BC)
239:History of
3379:Categories
3213:Almoravids
3203:(973â1148)
3179:(790â1066)
3149:(710â1019)
3014:Presidents
2999:Jean Morin
2614:Muhammad V
2599:Ibrahim IV
2584:Abdy Pasha
2493:Shaban Aga
2483:Khalil Aga
2257:Salah Rais
2237:Hasan Agha
2186:Abu Muh II
2003:of Algeria
1935:References
1888:Privateers
1750:privateers
1698:Bani Merin
1656:ibn Tumart
1566:Almoravids
1520:Almoravids
1502:Banu Hilal
1371:rulers of
1297:Banu Hilal
1293:Almoravids
1261:Byzantines
1259:, and the
1249:Banu Ifran
1235:Banu Ifran
1229:Banu Ifran
1096:The first
853:1988 riots
698:Resistance
573:Almoravids
386:Mauretania
369:Punic Wars
260:Prehistory
154:newspapers
36:improve it
3325:dynasties
3279:Senussids
3267:Husaynids
3249:Wattasids
3237:Zayyanids
3207:Hammadids
3197:(909â973)
3191:(814â922)
3185:(800â909)
3183:Aghlabids
3173:(788â985)
3167:(777â909)
3165:Rustamids
3161:(771â793)
3155:(757â976)
3153:Midrarids
2674:Governors
2649:Omar Agha
2126:Abu Muh I
1882:New World
1838:presidios
1819:Christian
1803:marabouts
1796:orthodoxy
1782:Marabouts
1768:Sijilmasa
1764:Marrakech
1726:Zayyanids
1708:Zayyanids
1694:Castilian
1687:Ibn Rushd
1649:Marrakech
1562:Marrakech
1526:Almoravid
1457:Hammadids
1403:Kharijite
1392:Sijilmasa
1187:Rustamids
1114:caliphate
1069:, 661-750
1059:, 632-661
1049:, 622-632
880:Massacres
830:1960sâ80s
605:Ziyyanids
565:Hammadids
549:Maghrawas
533:Aghlabids
517:Rustamids
351:Phoenicia
344:Antiquity
329:Related:
317:Madghacen
83:and help
42:talk page
3261:'Alawids
3243:Marinids
3225:Almohads
3195:Fatimids
3177:Ifranids
3171:Idrisids
3147:Salihids
3069:Ali Kafi
2629:Ahmed II
2390:Hasan IV
1913:See also
1898:European
1854:Portugal
1788:Marinids
1760:Taza Gap
1742:Marinids
1722:Ifriqiya
1664:monarchy
1610:Almohads
1596:Almohads
1467:and the
1426:Al Muizz
1384:Fatimids
1373:Ifriqiya
1352:sect of
1337:Fatimids
1289:Hammadid
1281:Fatimids
1277:Abbasids
1126:Umayyads
1122:Damascus
1047:Muhammad
875:Timeline
589:Marinids
581:Almohads
541:Fatimids
525:Idrisids
501:Ifranids
464:Gemellae
454:Partenia
230:a series
228:Part of
3323:Maghreb
3255:Sa'dids
3231:Hafsids
3135:Maghreb
3016:of the
2634:Ali III
2498:Ali Aga
1993:Sources
1850:England
1846:Algiers
1823:Granada
1756:Tlemcen
1578:Baghdad
1560:. With
1554:Lamtuna
1465:Sanhaja
1442:Algiers
1434:Miliana
1407:Ouargla
1396:Morocco
1361:Berbers
1350:Ismaili
1269:Umayyad
1257:Vandals
1245:Tlemcen
1241:Algeria
1207:Tlemcen
1203:Algeria
1153:Kusaila
1091:mystics
1083:Algeria
597:Hafsids
361:Numidia
304:Ahaggar
300:Tassili
241:Algeria
168:scholar
3201:Zirids
3137:region
2639:Ali IV
2609:Ali II
1864:, and
1862:France
1856:, the
1772:Aragon
1718:Hafsid
1716:, the
1639:, and
1535:Godala
1514:Arabic
1495:Sicily
1492:Norman
1490:, and
1473:Zenata
1469:Zenata
1461:Zirids
1440:, and
1388:Tahert
1358:Kutama
1331:Sicily
1307:Zirids
1283:, the
1265:Kahina
1255:, the
1253:Romans
1199:Tahert
1124:, the
1118:Medina
1079:Muslim
1065:
1063:
1055:
1053:
1040:
860:1990sâ
805:Harkis
557:Zirids
390:Africa
384:Roman
322:Jedars
312:Roknia
296:Djelfa
232:on the
170:
163:
156:
149:
141:
2654:Ali V
2574:Ali I
1907:taifa
1870:Spain
1866:Italy
1792:cults
1714:Tunis
1641:masum
1633:mahdi
1570:Spain
1484:Genoa
1438:Médéa
1430:Cairo
1422:Egypt
1415:M'zab
1400:Ibadi
1369:Sunni
1327:Ashir
1285:Zirid
1273:sufri
1215:Libya
1138:Tunis
1110:Egypt
862:2000s
175:JSTOR
161:books
2562:the
2558:Deys
2215:the
2049:the
1831:Jews
1776:Oran
1685:and
1647:and
1637:imam
1539:hajj
1524:The
1504:and
1488:Pisa
1382:The
1354:Shia
1317:The
1299:and
1211:Sert
1104:and
773:GPRA
763:RCUA
388:and
302:and
292:Oran
147:news
3133:in
2677:of
1762:to
1645:Sus
1622:God
1576:in
1394:in
1239:In
1120:to
894:GIA
889:FIS
768:FLN
130:by
3381::
2560:of
2213:of
2047:of
1876:.
1860:,
1852:,
1704:.
1651:.
1635:,
1592:.
1486:,
1452:.
1436:,
1398:.
1243:,
298:,
294:,
45:.
3314:e
3307:t
3300:v
3123:e
3116:t
3109:v
2031:e
2024:t
2017:v
1022:e
1015:t
1008:v
989:)
983:(
976:)
970:(
215:)
209:(
197:)
191:(
186:)
182:(
172:·
165:·
158:·
151:·
124:.
95:)
91:(
87:.
77:.
52:)
48:(
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