226:
122:
988:
ships of the line and several smaller ships were damaged to a greater or lesser degree but were subsequently salvaged and repaired by the French. Significant parts of the French dockyard stores remained intact, although the timber stores were destroyed. Accusations were made against the
Spanish; one historian accused them of "jealousy and treachery" in preserving the French fleet to prevent British supremacy in the region. The allied soldiers were successfully removed, as well as more than 7,000 Royalist refugees. In the aftermath of the siege 6,000 Toulonaise inhabitants were massacred by the Republicans, and there was a plan, later abandoned, to demolish the town entirely as punishment for rebellion.
248:
214:
161:
109:
855:
203:
192:
181:
96:
136:
1507:
have been overwhelmed, but Lángara declined to attack, retiring to Toulon and uniting with Brueys. Jervis was now hugely outnumbered by the 38 ships of the combined fleet, and anxiously awaited Mann's return, unaware that the junior admiral had decided to return to
Britain on his own initiative and against orders. By mid-October it was clear that Mann would not return and Jervis gave orders for a complete British withdrawal from the Mediterranean. British frigates had already clashed with Spanish scouts; at the
711:, a fortified port on the southern coast of Spain which had been captured in 1704. For most of the eighteenth century Minorca had also been under British control, but it was recaptured by the Spanish in the American Revolutionary War, leaving the British with few assets in the region. Britain did however have significant commercial interests in the Mediterranean and had, for more than a century, routinely deployed fleets to the sea in times of war to protect British trade routes. Unlike the French Navy, the
1327:
237:
150:
36:
557:
1023:
536:. Martin then deployed smaller squadrons on destructive operations against British commerce. Due to military success in Italy and diplomatic negotiations with Spain, by 1796 Britain's allies had broken away; Spain declared war on Britain in September, leaving the British fleet exposed between two powerful enemies. Unwilling to risk destruction of their fleet in the Mediterranean, the
1503:
sailed without restocking his ships and Jervis was forced to send him back to
Gibraltar to collect supplies. In the week before the declaration of war, Lángara sailed from Cádiz with the main Spanish fleet and encountered the returning squadron under Mann at sea; the British admiral abandoned two transports in a precipitate retreat to Gibraltar.
679:, were significant naval assets. The Spanish maintained a large fleet, which in 1793 was in a high-state of readiness for operations, but had allowed organisation and infrastructure to deteriorate in the preceding years through a lack of investment. The Spanish were reluctant allies of Britain, with resentment over the recent
788:
engineer a mutually destructive engagement between the French and
Spanish fleets and dominate the region in the aftermath, refused. As negotiations continued, the British assembled a fleet for operations in the Mediterranean, despite severe manpower shortages. Command of this fleet was awarded to the veteran Vice-Admiral
1076:, and the strength of the town's gun batteries resulted in a lengthy siege through May. Bastia surrendered on 22 May when food supplies ran out. Cheered by successive British victories, Paoli staged elections among the Corsican population on 1 June, and by 16 June had ratified a new constitution that confirmed the
1396:, commanding 15 ships of the line. Jervis was also concerned by the presence of seven Spanish ships of the line at Cartagena; the Spanish were still neutral, but their relationship with France was becoming closer. In early 1796 Jervis sent a number of detached squadrons to sea in the spring; Vice-Admiral
1526:
French forces landed in
Corsica unopposed on 19 October, enthusiastically supported by Corsican rebels, and Jervis detached Nelson to evacuate British personnel and sympathisers from Bastia. Threatening to destroy the town if opposed, Nelson removed almost all British troops and stores by 21 October,
1506:
The
Spanish sailed past Gibraltar into the Mediterranean and joined with the squadron at Cartagena, forming a fleet of 26 ships of the line. This fleet cruised in the Ligurian Sea, passing Cap Corse and sighting scouts from Jervis' fleet at San Fiorenzo. Jervis had only 14 ships of the line and might
987:
entered the
Arsenal with instructions to burn the disarmed French fleet. Smith's crews destroyed eight ships of the line and two frigates. Three ships of the line, six frigates and eight corvettes were removed by the allies and distributed to their navies, most going to the British. The remaining 15
893:
to Brest with the mutinous seamen, but the allied army defending Toulon was far from cohesive, comprising
British, Spanish, Neapolitan and French Royalist troops. By late September the French had captured some of the heights over the town, the assaults led in part by a young artillery officer named
880:
Hood's fleet reached the waters off Toulon in mid-August, and within days emissaries from the rebellious
Royalists in the South of France had reached his flagship offering an alliance. Hood agreed, but only if they could guarantee the surrender of Toulon and the fleet within. Following negotiations
822:
and then northeast to the
Ligurian Sea, a Spanish squadron cruised off Southern France, although it was forced to withdraw in June with substantial numbers of sailors absent from duty due to sickness. During this time the French remained at anchor in Toulon; 17 ships of the line were ready for sea,
1502:
to Jervis, now operating at the end of a lengthy and vulnerable supply route in a region in which every British ally had been eliminated, to evacuate Corsica and retire to Gibraltar. In anticipation of the Spanish reversal, Jervis had recalled the squadron off Cádiz under Mann on 29 July, but Mann
982:
launched a major assault on 14 December, which broke through the Neapolitan lines. Three days later the Spanish held fortifications were lost and French artillery was in a position to bombard the allied fleet. Hood ordered his ships to withdraw to open water, and evacuate Toulon . As allied troops
787:
With the French in confusion, the British government sought alliances with the other enemies of France, including an attempt to gain Spanish agreement to place a British commander in overall command of the allied fleets in the Mediterranean. The Spanish, suspicious that the British would seek to
1456:
to prevent the French occupying the island in preparation for an attack on Corsica. In Corsica anti-British sentiment, initially provoked by British efforts to protect French-supporting Corsicans from reprisals, had spread. Bitter infighting between supporters of Paoli and of the new president
690:
of 1775–1783, there had been little investment in the intervening decade; one of the causes of the Revolution were efforts to raise naval taxes by the French crown. Toulon had been a political flashpoint during the Revolution, including a strike and riot by dockyard workers in November 1789.
1095:, and he and Nelson landed an expeditionary force near Calvi on 17 June. After British batteries were established on commanding positions, the French forts came under attack. Fort Mollinochesco was abandoned by 6 July, while Fort Mozello was stormed and captured on 18 July by forces under
663:. Although Naples retained a small fleet, none of the Italian states were notable sea powers; their importance lay in their ports and commercial strength in the Western Mediterranean. The regional powers in the west were France, which maintained a large fleet at the fortified port of
1685:
was shot for less." French victory in the campaign was due to the prowess of their armies on land, particularly Bonaparte's campaigns in Italy, and their diplomatic manoeuvering which left Britain isolated and outnumbered in the prosecution of the Toulon blockade.
492:
to protect its trade routes in the region. The French Navy was in a state of disorder due to the ongoing social upheaval, and was initially unable to oppose the British and their allies. In August 1793, Hood and his Spanish and Italian allies were able to seize
933:
on 5 October and seize a French frigate anchored there, the Genoese, sympathetic to the French, refused to allow any Austrian reinforcements to embark for Toulon from the port, weakening the position at Toulon. A second French frigate was taken from
921:
to supply troops for the siege. In October these Neapolitan units staged a counterattack, but by this time the relationship between Hood and Lángara had broken down completely, their flagships openly threatening one another in the anchorage.
1636:
campaign in 1799. With British dominance at the Atlantic entrance to the Mediterranean established, Jervis awaited an opportunity to return to the Sea, while his blockading squadrons under Nelson harassed the Spanish, including a failed
888:
In September French Republican armies approached Toulon from the east and west, while thousands of rebellious sailors remained in the port. To solve the latter problem, Hood disarmed four French ships of the line and sent them as
695:
targeting the professional officer class, mainly drawn from the aristocracy, led to widespread desertion by experienced officers while waves of revolutionary sentiment swept though the seamen of the fleet; the Atlantic fleet at
1664:
Blame for the failure of the British Mediterranean campaign of 1793–1796 has been apportioned by historians to Hotham, in his failure to inflict decisive defeats on the French Navy in 1795, and Mann for deserting Jervis.
1535:. By 4 November the entire island was in French hands once more. The same day Jervis readied his fleet, accompanied by a large convoy of transports and merchant ships, and sailed westwards, arriving at anchor in
836:
1576:
With Jervis at Gibraltar, the only remaining British force still in the Mediterranean was a small squadron under Nelson sent to retrieve the garrison on Elba. On 19 December Nelson, in the frigate
281:
1495:
between France and Spain. Britain immediately embargoed Spanish merchant shipping from British ports in anticipation of a Spanish declaration of war, which came on 5 October. Orders were sent by
1597:
shortly afterwards and took the remaining British troops and supplies on the island on board, sailing back to Gibraltar in convoy on 29 January 1797. The last operation of the campaign was by
1543:, but was delayed at Cartagena and Villeneuve continued alone, passing Jervis and heading westwards into the Atlantic on 10 December during a storm. The same storm wrecked the British ship
700:
experienced a series of mutinies between 1790 and 1792. In Toulon the fleet and the town dissolved into factional infighting, and in September 1792 the commander of the Mediterranean Fleet
1300:
the rearmost French ship was cut off and destroyed. Hotham discontinued the action with the French fleeing and vulnerable to the fury of his subordinates, and Martin was able to retire to
1445:, allowing French forces to spread across Northern Italy, threatening Leghorn. On 27 June Jervis ordered a hasty evacuation of personnel, stores and shipping from the harbour, and
1404:, led by Napoleon Bonaparte, was inflicting severe defeats on the Austrian and Sardinian armies. On 10 April Nelson's force was positioned to provide artillery support for the
1584:
1400:
took a squadron to Tunis and violated Tunisian neutrality by seizing three small French ships in the harbour. A squadron under Nelson was sent to the Italian coast, where the
631:. The Ottoman Empire was ostensibly neutral in the conflict, but it had importance as a major international trading partner, while its North African cities maintained large
274:
701:
1518:
3191:
1441:
of Sardinia signed a treaty ceding large tracts of land to France. Naples sought peace soon afterwards. Napoleon's army advanced and defeated the Austrians at the
1049:. Landings were made at San Fiorenzo in early February, and despite effective resistance British land forces, working in conjunction with Corsican irregulars, had
267:
1354:, had agreed a peace treaty with France on 19 August. A British force under Mann sent in pursuit of Richery instituted a blockade of the port. A second squadron,
765:
3402:
1466:
3193:
The Ungovernable Rock: A History of the Anglo-Corsican Kingdom and its role in Britain's Mediterranean Strategy During the Revolutionary War (1793–1797)
1621:
1338:
Martin did not take the French fleet to sea again during the campaign. Instead, he detached raiding squadrons against British commerce. Firstly he sent
1187:
that Hotham resolved peacefully. In the last weeks of the year, Martin sent a frigate squadron on a raiding cruise in the Mediterranean under Commodore
1367:
473:
of the French Mediterranean coast. Additional conflict spread along Mediterranean trade routes, contested by individual warships and small squadrons.
841:
1092:
1681:
criticised "the lack of energy and diligence on the part of British Admiral", and Noel Mostert wrote that "Man's actions were beyond all reason.
1099:. British casualties were significant; Nelson lost an eye during the fighting, and more than a thousand British soldiers were reported sick with
3427:
1677:, perceive that my old friend Hotham is not quite awake enough for such a command as that of the King's fleet in the Mediterranean." Historian
1107:. Over several weeks the town was battered into surrender, taking heavy damage and capitulating following extended negotiations on 10 August.
520:, intending to use it as a forward base for the blockade of Toulon. This took longer than expected, and by 1795 Hood had retired, replaced by
1041:. Hood gave orders for landings to be made on Corsica in preparation for seizing the island from the French and making use of the Bay of
1531:, then drove through Corsican defences to San Fiorenzo, already evacuated by the British, followed shortly afterwards by an advance on
1408:, only to witness an Austrian failure to inflict serious damage on the retreating French. On 25 April a supply convoy was destroyed at
1292:, and that month Martin sailed once more. Hotham initially declined to pursue, but a detached squadron under Nelson was operating off
1255:
and as Martin fled back towards Toulon, Hotham's ships attacked the French rearguard in a series of running engagements known as the
1461:
drove Paoli into exile in October 1795, and British efforts to impose taxation on the populace led to an armed uprising centred on
1366:. Hotham remained with his main fleet at San Fiorenzo and Leghorn, sending forces to harass French coastal convoys supporting the
1091:, where two large forts blocked the approaches to the town. Substantial British reinforcements had arrived from Gibraltar, led by
1642:
1135:. Hood planned an attack, but the operation was deemed too dangerous. Hood withdrew, leaving a large squadron under Vice-Admiral
707:
Britain maintained no colonies or naval bases in the Mediterranean at the start of the Revolutionary Wars, with the exception of
1393:
1259:. Two French ships were overhauled and defeated with heavy casualties, but three days after the battle the damaged British ship
1139:
to blockade the bay, although Hotham's force was driven off by a storm and Martin succeeded in returning to Toulon in November.
241:
1620:
Jervis was forced to the Tagus, from where he rebuilt his fleet with reinforcements from Britain. He focused operations on the
1397:
975:
to permit a British attack on the French, but was rebuffed. Nelson urged that the attack go ahead anyway, but Linzee declined.
3311:
3292:
1053:
by 18 February, forcing the French garrison to abandon the two frigates in the bay and retreat across the Serra Mountains to
781:
715:
was in a state of high readiness, having been effectively modernised since the American war, and partially mobilised in the
1566:, where he could more easily procure supplies and receive reinforcements from Britain; during this operation another ship,
1645:
in July at which Nelson lost an arm. It was not until the spring of 1798 and the attempt by a French army under Bonaparte
3432:
1499:
1224:
was damaged in a gale. While Captain Littlejohn was still effecting repairs, Hotham sailed the fleet to Leghorn, leaving
1128:
1061:
978:
At Toulon a major Republican attack was driven back on 15 November, but an allied attack two weeks later failed. General
951:
Hood detached squadrons from the fleet at Toulon to engage other French forces in the Mediterranean, including one under
867:
525:
506:
319:
230:
1646:
1624:, patrolling in search of the Spanish fleet. On 14 February 1797 he encountered a much larger Spanish force in fog off
686:
The French fleet was in a state of disorder at the start of the French Revolutionary Wars. Although successful in the
3330:
3273:
3254:
3232:
3210:
3180:
3161:
3139:
3117:
3095:
3073:
1629:
1612:
and Cartagena on passage back to Gibraltar, arriving on 10 February as the last British forces in the Mediterranean.
1355:
1321:
1096:
984:
413:
1389:
1285:
1266:
was driven ashore in a storm and wrecked. Martin withdrew to the Îles d'Hyères, sending his most damaged ships and
1251:
The following day Hotham learned that Martin was at sea and sailed in search. On 13 March he caught the French off
1136:
881:
and a confrontation with rebellious sailors under Julien, Hood's fleet, supported by a Spanish force under Admiral
846:
was an adherent of the revolutionary cause, backed by a substantial proportion of the sailors of the French fleet.
801:
644:
541:
521:
207:
196:
1452:
came under heavy fire from advance French troops as it withdrew. Jervis responded by seizing the Tuscan island of
769:
3242:
1060:
Bastia was a much larger town with a significant garrison, and a bitter argument between Hood and army commander
918:
584:
1792, and these enemies formed a coalition with other nations following the execution of the deposed French king
1297:
1212:
395:
1650:
1488:
1438:
1240:. Littlejohn's crippled ship tried to run from the French but was overrun by Martin's frigates. At the ensuing
926:
854:
793:
789:
489:
185:
1045:
as a fleet anchorage; Corsica had been in open rebellion against France since July 1793, under the command of
1577:
1421:
1158:
306:
1176:
forced the French captain to surrender. In the early autumn the 70-year old Hood was recalled to Britain in
1123:
Hood and his fleet were absent for the siege of Calvi as the French fleet, following extensive repairs, had
979:
3061:
1180:, Hotham taking command of the fleet and blockade. In December there was a minor mutiny at San Fiorenzo on
1153:
in April, presumed lost in an explosion with all hands. On convoy protection in the Eastern Mediterranean,
1539:
at Gibraltar on 11 December. The Spanish fleet set out in pursuit, accompanied by a French squadron under
1425:
1666:
1658:
1458:
1343:
1317:
1296:. Nelson led Martin to Hotham and the British fleet chased the French to the Îles d'Hyères, where in the
914:
406:
370:
959:
in the north of the island in late September but was driven off by shore defences. Linzee was joined by
955:
which attempted to persuade French garrisons on Corsica to surrender. When this failed, Linzee attacked
823:
with another 13 refitting or under repair in the town's Arsenal. In June, in response to the spreading
533:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
1590:
1496:
1482:
1124:
1042:
1017:
997:
956:
939:
687:
593:
528:, who led several sorties from Toulon, leading to two inconclusive British victories at the battles of
513:
446:
423:
360:
337:
27:
1638:
1392:, commanding 18 ships of the line, and towards the end of the year Martin was replaced by Vice-amiral
1278:
780:
was equally unsuccessful. The French fleet retired to Toulon in disorder and Truguet was replaced by
749:
743:
477:
1540:
1508:
1478:
1181:
964:
875:
442:
418:
331:
3379:
1274:
1567:
1331:
1030:
589:
485:
101:
2391:
1339:
1313:
723:
of 1791. At the outbreak of war the British had only a small frigate squadron, led by the 50-gun
401:
2379:
1236:
followed, Littlejohn ran directly into Martin's fleet, which had sailed for an operation in the
1188:
1593:, but Nelson was forced to abandon the prize as Spanish reinforcements arrived. Nelson reached
1511:
1375:
1289:
1260:
1256:
1241:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1077:
1050:
660:
529:
389:
383:
375:
165:
113:
1131:
on 5 June. On 11 June the fleets were within sight of one another, the French retreating into
1446:
1115:
1038:
1001:
573:
343:
154:
1633:
3127:
2323:
1555:
1544:
1150:
899:
819:
776:
in January 1793 but was driven off with heavy casualties. A second attack on the island of
1527:
when French troops appeared on the heights overlooking the town. The French, commanded by
1270:
back to Toulon for repairs, while Hotham anchored at San Fiorenzo to refit his own fleet.
8:
3362:
3344:
1401:
1351:
757:
692:
652:
585:
465:
and the smaller navies of several Italian states. Major fighting was concentrated in the
127:
835:. Trogoff had refused to align himself with either party, but his deputy Contre-amiral
792:, and ships were sent out by division as they were ready; two sailed under Rear-Admiral
2328:
1654:
1602:
1462:
1277:
arriving at Toulon to find the fleet there in a state of mutiny, which was resolved by
1218:
1169:
1088:
895:
640:
502:
1191:, capturing 25 merchant vessels and 600 prisoners before returning on 7 January 1795.
882:
259:
252:
218:
3350:
3340:
3326:
3307:
3288:
3269:
3250:
3228:
3206:
3176:
3157:
3135:
3113:
3105:
3091:
3069:
1670:
1363:
1173:
1143:
1065:
1013:
805:
724:
656:
648:
597:
569:
537:
365:
141:
67:
1064:
delayed operations, until Dundas resigned. The attack was led by Nelson and Colonel
647:, dominated in the north by the Austrian Empire, and controlled in the south by the
2387:
1625:
1437:
Nelson's operations were unable to check Bonaparte's advance inland, and on 15 May
1405:
1346:
a valuable British convoy from the Levant before sheltering in the Spanish port of
720:
716:
668:
3366:
505:. The allies were eventually driven out and the French fleet recaptured, although
3383:
3318:
3220:
1528:
1465:
in early 1796. British troops initially moved against the rebels, before Viceroy
1069:
1005:
972:
968:
863:
824:
632:
624:
620:
577:
498:
497:
and the entire French fleet after a Royalist uprising in the town, followed by a
348:
313:
44:
971:, where a French merchant convoy had anchored. Linzee attempted to persuade Bey
560:
Modern map of the Western Mediterranean. Most of the campaign was fought in the
449:, the campaign was primarily contested in the Western Mediterranean between the
3149:
3083:
1678:
1442:
1326:
1284:. Hotham meanwhile was joined off Menorca by reinforcements under Rear-Admiral
1273:
Both fleets received reinforcements in the spring, a force under Contre-amiral
1081:
1046:
1009:
906:
784:, commanding 30 ships of the line and 21 frigates in various states of repair.
731:
608:
604:
353:
3396:
1409:
1237:
1111:
983:
were removed from the docks, British and Spanish boat parties led by Captain
952:
930:
890:
871:
697:
680:
628:
326:
1554:
with the loss of 464 lives. On 16 December Jervis took his fleet out of the
1120:. The French initially detained the vessels there, but later released them.
938:
shortly afterward. The following month the French Royalist ship of the line
35:
3354:
3285:
The Line upon a Wind: The Greatest War Fought at Sea Under Sail 1793 – 1815
1649:
that a British fleet was able once more to enter the Mediterranean. In the
1594:
797:
777:
636:
561:
469:, and focused on British maintenance of and French resistance to a British
466:
462:
3225:
The Fall of Toulon: The Last Opportunity the Defeat the French Revolution
1551:
1420:, the loss of which later had a major impact on French efficiency at the
1413:
1281:
1073:
809:
804:
in early May. Hood followed with his final division on 12 May with seven
450:
1657:, reasserting British naval supremacy in the region and initiating the
1359:
1229:
1132:
832:
712:
458:
704:
was dragged from his home and beaten to death by a revolutionary mob.
1682:
1609:
1536:
1362:
before returning to Toulon ahead of a pursuit squadron under Captain
1293:
1252:
1100:
935:
708:
603:
The Mediterranean of 1793 was dominated on its eastern shores by the
3132:
The Royal Navy, A History from the Earliest Times to 1900, Volume IV
1653:
a recovered Nelson tracked the French fleet and destroyed it at the
1301:
885:, entered the city on 27 August and seized the entire French fleet.
639:
the only opposition to the Ottomans came from the small navy of the
488:, and Britain dispatched a fleet to the Mediterranean under Admiral
476:
The campaign began early in the War of the First Coalition, with an
1434:
on a successful attack on a French corvette off the Îles d'Hyères.
828:
773:
761:
753:
619:
and, through client states, the important North African nations of
612:
556:
481:
470:
1430:
was accidentally burned off San Fiorenzo, and in June Jervis sent
1370:; a squadron under Nelson destroyed large French supply convoy at
1347:
1022:
1532:
1417:
1371:
1165:
1104:
1029:, 1808. Print depicting the wounding of Nelson during the siege.
945:
910:
676:
672:
581:
517:
1217:
Hotham had spent the winter patrolling from San Fiorenzo, where
1563:
1288:. British and French scouting frigate squadrons clashed at the
1054:
664:
616:
494:
454:
643:, while elsewhere the Italian peninsula was divided between a
596:
on 1 February 1793, and laid plans to open a new front in the
1559:
1492:
1382:
545:
675:, French-held but with a rebellious population, and Spanish
1453:
1381:
fought an inconclusive engagement with a French convoy off
484:
in December 1792. In February 1793, France declared war on
963:
at Caligari in late October after the latter had fought a
441:
was a major theater of conflict in the early years of the
1632:, who retreated to Cádiz and did not re-emerge until the
748:
The first operation in the Mediterranean campaign was a
3247:
The Naval History of Great Britain, Volume 1, 1793–1796
1388:
On 1 November 1795 Hotham was replaced by Vice-Admiral
1037:
At the start of 1794 Hood's fleet was anchored off the
289:
3196:. London & Toronto: Associated University Presses.
827:, the town council at Toulon had expelled the radical
3368:
Sketch of the Present State of the Island of Sardinia
1350:. Spain, under pressure from French victories in the
1142:
Elsewhere in the Mediterranean, the ship of the line
1072:
on 4 April. An attack from the sea was driven off by
3203:
Shipwrecks of the Revolutionary & Napoleonic Era
1628:
and inflicted a severe defeat on the Spanish at the
1110:
The British sent their prisoners to Toulon on seven
635:
fleets which preyed on ships of all nations. In the
501:by French Republican armies which included a young
41:
The 'Agamemnon' engaging the Ca Ira', 13 March 1795
3339:
3304:Nelson's Refuge: Gibraltar in the Age of Napoleon.
1472:
3394:
3170:
796:on 1 April, five on 15 April under Rear-Admiral
512:While the French repaired, Hood devoted 1794 to
831:from the city, declaring for the more moderate
540:withdrew the British, now under the command of
524:. Hotham faced the repaired French fleet under
92:
1424:. Jervis remained off Toulon; on 11 April HMS
1244:Littlejohn was decapitated by cannon fire and
1194:
967:with a French frigate squadron. He sailed for
275:
768:. A French fleet and army under Vice-amiral
651:. On the northwestern coast there were the
2841:
2839:
3403:Campaigns of the French Revolutionary Wars
1416:was captured on board a coastal convoy at
282:
268:
118:
3388:(in French). Vol. 2. Challamel ainé.
3349:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2864:
2862:
2860:
2793:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2687:
2685:
2657:
2655:
2625:
2486:
2423:
2405:
2120:
2118:
858:Destruction of the French fleet at Toulon
461:'s Mediterranean Fleet, supported by the
3148:
3104:
3082:
2952:
2916:
2836:
2818:
2730:
2694:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2322:
1751:
1749:
1718:
1716:
1325:
1172:attacked the frigate and in the ensuing
1021:
853:
555:
132:
3282:
3219:
3200:
3189:
3060:
3006:
2979:
2970:
2871:
2827:
2809:
2712:
2664:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2577:
2575:
2468:
2280:
1772:
1770:
1589:. The Spanish ship was defeated at the
913:, where he liaised with the ambassador
3395:
3378:
3317:
3301:
3263:
3126:
3042:
3024:
3015:
2997:
2988:
2961:
2943:
2907:
2898:
2880:
2857:
2848:
2800:
2784:
2775:
2766:
2757:
2739:
2721:
2682:
2652:
2643:
2616:
2563:
2545:
2513:
2477:
2441:
2414:
2190:
2115:
2106:
2088:
2016:
2007:
1971:
1784:
1782:
1739:
1737:
818:As Hood's fleet worked its way to the
3428:Military history of the Mediterranean
3361:
3241:
3090:. Ware: Wordsworth Military Library.
3033:
2934:
2925:
2889:
2748:
2703:
2673:
2634:
2593:
2584:
2554:
2531:
2504:
2495:
2459:
2450:
2289:
2226:
2217:
2208:
2181:
2172:
2154:
2145:
2070:
2061:
2034:
1998:
1989:
1980:
1953:
1935:
1908:
1899:
1872:
1791:
1746:
1713:
1704:
263:
2602:
2572:
2522:
2363:
2354:
2345:
2336:
2307:
2298:
2271:
2262:
2253:
2244:
2235:
2199:
2163:
2136:
2127:
2079:
2052:
2043:
2025:
1962:
1944:
1926:
1917:
1890:
1881:
1854:
1845:
1836:
1827:
1818:
1809:
1800:
1767:
1725:
1583:was attacked by the Spanish frigate
944:was lost with heavy loss of life at
671:. Within this region the islands of
457:in Southern France, and the British
3346:Lord Hood and the Defence of Toulon
2432:
2386:. No. 2664. 14 November 1794.
2316:
2097:
1863:
1779:
1758:
1734:
1695:
1358:, attacked British commerce in the
868:French fleet at the Siege of Toulon
439:Mediterranean campaign of 1793–1796
293:Mediterranean campaign of 1793–1796
13:
1307:
849:
734:, stationed in the Mediterranean.
14:
3444:
3249:. London: Conway Maritime Press.
3110:Dictionary of the Napoleonic Wars
965:brief and inconclusive engagement
925:After Hood sent a squadron under
800:and five more under Vice-Admiral
772:, Flotte's replacement, attacked
453:'s Mediterranean Fleet, based at
2332:. 2 September 1794. p. 883.
1080:as a self-governing part of the
548:, abandoning the Mediterranean.
246:
235:
224:
212:
201:
190:
179:
159:
148:
134:
120:
107:
94:
34:
3171:Gardiner, Robert, ed. (2001) .
3112:. Wordsworth Military Library.
3054:
2372:
1473:Evacuation of the Mediterranean
1051:seized the town's main defences
3385:Batailles navales de la France
3156:. London: Chatham Publishing.
1651:Mediterranean campaign of 1798
1608:, which reconnoitered Toulon,
1469:managed to negotiate a truce.
1322:Ganteaume's expedition of 1795
507:nearly half had been destroyed
1:
1689:
1517:captured the Spanish frigate
1412:, and on 31 April Napoleon's
909:, on a diplomatic mission to
737:
551:
1669:, British ambassador to the
1641:in June, and the disastrous
1615:
1573:, was wrecked on a sandbar.
1342:into the Atlantic, where it
1298:Battle of the Hyères Islands
1213:Battle of the Hyères Islands
1027:Loss of his Eye Before Calvi
948:in a possible arson attack.
645:number of independent states
7:
1659:War of the Second Coalition
1459:Carlo Andrea Pozzo di Borgo
1318:Battle of the Levant Convoy
1195:Battles in the Ligurian Sea
1125:finally emerged from Toulon
1087:The final operation was at
691:Directives from the French
509:by the retreating British.
320:Burning of the French fleet
10:
3449:
3433:War of the First Coalition
3302:Musteen, Jason R. (2011).
3201:Grocott, Terence (2002) .
3088:Nelson: The Essential Hero
1630:Battle of Cape St. Vincent
1591:action of 19 December 1796
1497:Secretary of State for War
1483:Action of 19 December 1796
1476:
1344:attacked and badly damaged
1311:
1248:overwhelmed and captured.
1198:
1149:disappeared on patrol off
998:Invasion of Corsica (1794)
995:
991:
861:
741:
688:American Revolutionary War
594:War of the First Coalition
572:of 1789, the newly formed
478:unsuccessful French attack
447:War of the First Coalition
28:War of the First Coalition
3306:Naval Investiture Press.
3190:Gregory, Desmond (1985).
3173:Fleet Battle and Blockade
1550:on the Moroccan coast at
1541:Pierre-Charles Villeneuve
1509:action of 13 October 1796
1487:On 12 September 1796 the
1479:Action of 13 October 1796
898:. In September Hood sent
876:Action of 22 October 1793
750:large-scale French attack
702:Joseph, Marquis de Flotte
588:on 21 January 1793. The
576:had gone to war with the
480:on the neutral island of
443:French Revolutionary Wars
301:
172:
86:
50:
33:
25:
20:
3323:The Command of the Ocean
919:King Ferdinand of Naples
590:Kingdom of Great Britain
568:In the aftermath of the
3380:Troude, Onésime-Joachim
3371:. London: John Murray.
1489:Treaty of San Ildefonso
1018:Martin's cruise of 1794
905:, commanded by Captain
744:Expédition de Sardaigne
3283:Mostert, Noel (2007).
3264:McLynn, Frank (1998).
3134:. Chatham Publishing.
1356:Ganteaume's expedition
1335:
1290:action of 24 June 1795
1275:Jean François Renaudin
1242:Action of 7 March 1795
1209:Action of 24 June 1795
1205:Battle of Genoa (1795)
1201:Action of 7 March 1795
1078:Anglo-Corsican Kingdom
1034:
859:
808:, led by his flagship
756:, part of the neutral
661:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
565:
414:Ganteaume's expedition
173:Commanders and leaders
21:Mediterranean campaign
3266:Napoleon: A Biography
3128:Clowes, William Laird
1673:, wrote that "I can,
1329:
1025:
1002:Siege of San Fiorenzo
857:
559:
3363:Smyth, William Henry
3066:Nelson the Commander
1667:Sir William Hamilton
1643:Battle of Santa Cruz
1558:to the mouth of the
1556:Straits of Gibraltar
1394:François-Paul Brueys
1340:Richery's expedition
1314:Richery's expedition
1189:Jean-Baptiste Perrée
1159:French frigate
1151:Villefranche-sur-Mer
1127:under Contre-amiral
1070:landings near Bastia
915:Sir William Hamilton
820:Straits of Gibraltar
514:capturing the island
445:. Fought during the
402:Richery's expedition
242:François-Paul Brueys
3268:. London: Pimlico.
3205:. Caxton Editions.
3175:. Caxton Editions.
3068:. London: Penguin.
2958:James, Vol.1, p.318
2922:James, Vol.1, p.315
2845:James, Vol.1, p.312
2824:James, Vol.1, p.311
2736:James, Vol.1, p.310
2700:James, Vol.1, p.309
2661:James, Vol.1, p.308
2590:James, Vol.1, p.273
2560:James, Vol.1, p.289
2542:James, Vol.1, p.266
2501:James, Vol.1, p.255
2474:James, Vol.1, p.254
2465:James, Vol.1, p.194
2286:James, Vol.1, p.190
2094:James, Vol.1, p. 88
1402:Montenotte Campaign
1352:War of the Pyrenees
782:Trogoff de Kerlessy
758:Kingdom of Sardinia
730:under Rear-Admiral
693:National Convention
653:Kingdom of Sardinia
607:, which controlled
3341:Rose, John Holland
2329:The London Gazette
2241:James, Vol.1, p.81
2205:James, Vol.1, p.83
2112:James, Vol.1, p.85
2022:James, Vol.1, p.70
1764:James, Vol.1, p.51
1755:James, Vol.1, p.66
1722:James, Vol.1, p.65
1655:Battle of the Nile
1634:Croisière de Bruix
1467:Sir Gilbert Elliot
1439:Victor Amadeus III
1398:William Waldegrave
1374:on 26 August, and
1336:
1035:
896:Napoleon Bonaparte
860:
766:Northwestern Italy
683:still widespread.
641:Republic of Venice
566:
503:Napoleon Bonaparte
3423:Conflicts in 1796
3418:Conflicts in 1795
3413:Conflicts in 1794
3408:Conflicts in 1793
3312:978-1-59114-545-5
3294:978-0-7126-0927-2
3287:. Vintage Books.
3062:Bennett, Geoffrey
2392:2027/uc1.c3049067
2380:"The Marine List"
1671:Kingdom of Naples
1385:on 29 September.
1364:Thomas Troubridge
1304:and then Toulon.
1228:behind with only
1174:Battle of Mykonos
1168:harbour. Captain
1066:William Villettes
1014:Battle of Mykonos
806:ships of the line
752:on the island of
657:Republic of Genoa
649:Kingdom of Naples
598:Mediterranean Sea
570:French Revolution
432:
431:
258:
257:
82:
81:
68:Mediterranean Sea
3440:
3389:
3375:
3358:
3336:
3314:
3298:
3279:
3260:
3238:
3221:Ireland, Bernard
3216:
3197:
3186:
3167:
3145:
3123:
3101:
3079:
3049:
3046:
3040:
3037:
3031:
3028:
3022:
3019:
3013:
3010:
3004:
3001:
2995:
2992:
2986:
2983:
2977:
2974:
2968:
2965:
2959:
2956:
2950:
2947:
2941:
2938:
2932:
2929:
2923:
2920:
2914:
2911:
2905:
2902:
2896:
2893:
2887:
2884:
2878:
2875:
2869:
2866:
2855:
2852:
2846:
2843:
2834:
2831:
2825:
2822:
2816:
2813:
2807:
2804:
2798:
2795:
2782:
2779:
2773:
2770:
2764:
2761:
2755:
2752:
2746:
2743:
2737:
2734:
2728:
2725:
2719:
2716:
2710:
2707:
2701:
2698:
2692:
2689:
2680:
2677:
2671:
2668:
2662:
2659:
2650:
2647:
2641:
2638:
2632:
2629:
2623:
2620:
2614:
2611:
2600:
2597:
2591:
2588:
2582:
2579:
2570:
2567:
2561:
2558:
2552:
2549:
2543:
2540:
2529:
2526:
2520:
2517:
2511:
2508:
2502:
2499:
2493:
2490:
2484:
2481:
2475:
2472:
2466:
2463:
2457:
2454:
2448:
2445:
2439:
2436:
2430:
2427:
2421:
2418:
2412:
2409:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2376:
2370:
2367:
2361:
2358:
2352:
2349:
2343:
2340:
2334:
2333:
2320:
2314:
2311:
2305:
2302:
2296:
2293:
2287:
2284:
2278:
2275:
2269:
2266:
2260:
2257:
2251:
2248:
2242:
2239:
2233:
2230:
2224:
2221:
2215:
2212:
2206:
2203:
2197:
2194:
2188:
2185:
2179:
2176:
2170:
2167:
2161:
2158:
2152:
2149:
2143:
2140:
2134:
2131:
2125:
2122:
2113:
2110:
2104:
2101:
2095:
2092:
2086:
2083:
2077:
2074:
2068:
2065:
2059:
2056:
2050:
2047:
2041:
2038:
2032:
2029:
2023:
2020:
2014:
2011:
2005:
2002:
1996:
1993:
1987:
1984:
1978:
1975:
1969:
1966:
1960:
1957:
1951:
1948:
1942:
1939:
1933:
1930:
1924:
1921:
1915:
1912:
1906:
1903:
1897:
1894:
1888:
1885:
1879:
1876:
1870:
1867:
1861:
1858:
1852:
1849:
1843:
1840:
1834:
1831:
1825:
1822:
1816:
1813:
1807:
1804:
1798:
1795:
1789:
1786:
1777:
1774:
1765:
1762:
1756:
1753:
1744:
1741:
1732:
1729:
1723:
1720:
1711:
1710:Chandler, p.xxiv
1708:
1702:
1699:
1639:assault on Cádiz
1626:Cape St. Vincent
1406:Battle of Voltri
1368:Italian campaign
1157:encountered the
985:Sir Sidney Smith
845:
721:Russian Armament
719:of 1790 and the
717:Spanish Armament
669:Kingdom of Spain
499:four month siege
424:19 December 1796
296:
294:
284:
277:
270:
261:
260:
251:
250:
249:
240:
239:
238:
229:
228:
227:
217:
216:
215:
206:
205:
204:
195:
194:
193:
184:
183:
182:
164:
163:
162:
153:
152:
151:
144:
140:
138:
137:
130:
126:
124:
123:
112:
111:
110:
104:
100:
98:
97:
52:
51:
38:
18:
17:
3448:
3447:
3443:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3438:
3437:
3393:
3392:
3333:
3295:
3276:
3257:
3235:
3213:
3183:
3164:
3150:Forester, C. S.
3142:
3120:
3106:Chandler, David
3098:
3084:Bradford, Ernle
3076:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3043:
3038:
3034:
3029:
3025:
3020:
3016:
3011:
3007:
3003:Mostert, p. 257
3002:
2998:
2994:Bradford, p.157
2993:
2989:
2984:
2980:
2975:
2971:
2966:
2962:
2957:
2953:
2949:Bradford, p.128
2948:
2944:
2939:
2935:
2930:
2926:
2921:
2917:
2912:
2908:
2903:
2899:
2894:
2890:
2885:
2881:
2876:
2872:
2867:
2858:
2853:
2849:
2844:
2837:
2832:
2828:
2823:
2819:
2814:
2810:
2805:
2801:
2796:
2785:
2780:
2776:
2771:
2767:
2762:
2758:
2753:
2749:
2745:Gardiner, p.119
2744:
2740:
2735:
2731:
2726:
2722:
2717:
2713:
2708:
2704:
2699:
2695:
2690:
2683:
2678:
2674:
2669:
2665:
2660:
2653:
2648:
2644:
2640:Bradford, p.120
2639:
2635:
2630:
2626:
2621:
2617:
2612:
2603:
2598:
2594:
2589:
2585:
2580:
2573:
2568:
2564:
2559:
2555:
2550:
2546:
2541:
2532:
2527:
2523:
2518:
2514:
2510:Gardiner, p.117
2509:
2505:
2500:
2496:
2491:
2487:
2482:
2478:
2473:
2469:
2464:
2460:
2455:
2451:
2446:
2442:
2437:
2433:
2428:
2424:
2419:
2415:
2410:
2406:
2396:
2394:
2378:
2377:
2373:
2368:
2364:
2359:
2355:
2350:
2346:
2341:
2337:
2321:
2317:
2312:
2308:
2303:
2299:
2295:Gardiner, p.110
2294:
2290:
2285:
2281:
2276:
2272:
2267:
2263:
2258:
2254:
2249:
2245:
2240:
2236:
2231:
2227:
2222:
2218:
2213:
2209:
2204:
2200:
2195:
2191:
2186:
2182:
2178:Mostert, p. 115
2177:
2173:
2168:
2164:
2159:
2155:
2150:
2146:
2141:
2137:
2132:
2128:
2123:
2116:
2111:
2107:
2102:
2098:
2093:
2089:
2085:Gardiner, p. 99
2084:
2080:
2075:
2071:
2067:Mostert, p. 113
2066:
2062:
2057:
2053:
2048:
2044:
2039:
2035:
2031:Gardiner, p. 86
2030:
2026:
2021:
2017:
2012:
2008:
2004:Mostert, p. 105
2003:
1999:
1994:
1990:
1985:
1981:
1976:
1972:
1967:
1963:
1958:
1954:
1949:
1945:
1940:
1936:
1931:
1927:
1922:
1918:
1913:
1909:
1904:
1900:
1895:
1891:
1886:
1882:
1877:
1873:
1868:
1864:
1859:
1855:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1837:
1832:
1828:
1823:
1819:
1814:
1810:
1805:
1801:
1796:
1792:
1787:
1780:
1775:
1768:
1763:
1759:
1754:
1747:
1742:
1735:
1730:
1726:
1721:
1714:
1709:
1705:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1647:to invade Egypt
1618:
1529:Antoine Gentili
1523:off Cartagena.
1485:
1475:
1422:Siege of Mantua
1390:Sir John Jervis
1330:Pierre Martin,
1324:
1310:
1308:Raiding cruises
1257:Battle of Genoa
1215:
1197:
1020:
1006:Siege of Bastia
994:
973:Hammuda ibn Ali
883:Juan de Lángara
878:
864:Siege of Toulon
852:
850:Siege of Toulon
839:
825:Reign of Terror
770:Laurent Truguet
746:
740:
578:Austrian Empire
574:French Republic
554:
542:Sir John Jervis
435:
434:
433:
428:
419:13 October 1796
361:Martin's cruise
332:22 October 1793
297:
292:
290:
288:
253:Juan de Lángara
247:
245:
244:
236:
234:
233:
225:
223:
219:Juan de Lángara
213:
211:
210:
202:
200:
199:
191:
189:
188:
180:
178:
160:
158:
157:
149:
147:
135:
133:
131:
121:
119:
117:
108:
106:
105:
95:
93:
70:
45:Nicholas Pocock
39:
12:
11:
5:
3446:
3436:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3391:
3390:
3376:
3359:
3337:
3331:
3325:. Allan Lane.
3319:Rodger, N.A.M.
3315:
3299:
3293:
3280:
3274:
3261:
3255:
3243:James, William
3239:
3233:
3217:
3211:
3198:
3187:
3181:
3168:
3162:
3146:
3140:
3124:
3118:
3102:
3096:
3080:
3074:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3050:
3048:Mostert, p.188
3041:
3032:
3030:Mostert, p.172
3023:
3021:Rodger, p. 461
3014:
3005:
2996:
2987:
2985:Clowes, p. 321
2978:
2976:Clowes, p. 320
2969:
2967:Mostert, p.189
2960:
2951:
2942:
2933:
2924:
2915:
2913:Gregory, p.160
2906:
2904:Gregory, p.159
2897:
2888:
2886:Gregory, p.154
2879:
2870:
2868:Mostert, p.186
2856:
2854:Mostert, p.185
2847:
2835:
2826:
2817:
2808:
2799:
2797:Mostert, p.184
2783:
2781:Gregory, p.118
2774:
2772:Gregory, p.114
2765:
2763:Gregory, p.107
2756:
2747:
2738:
2729:
2727:Mostert, p.182
2720:
2711:
2702:
2693:
2691:Mostert, p.179
2681:
2679:Forester, p.81
2672:
2663:
2651:
2642:
2633:
2624:
2615:
2613:Gardiner, p.89
2601:
2592:
2583:
2581:Forester, p.78
2571:
2562:
2553:
2544:
2530:
2521:
2512:
2503:
2494:
2485:
2476:
2467:
2458:
2456:Mostert, p.158
2449:
2440:
2431:
2422:
2413:
2404:
2371:
2362:
2353:
2344:
2335:
2315:
2306:
2297:
2288:
2279:
2270:
2261:
2252:
2243:
2234:
2232:Ireland, p.284
2225:
2216:
2214:Ireland, p.280
2207:
2198:
2189:
2187:Ireland, p.275
2180:
2171:
2162:
2153:
2144:
2142:Bradford, p.99
2135:
2126:
2114:
2105:
2096:
2087:
2078:
2069:
2060:
2051:
2042:
2040:Ireland, p.197
2033:
2024:
2015:
2006:
1997:
1995:Mostert, p.103
1988:
1986:Ireland, p.161
1979:
1970:
1968:Bradford, p.90
1961:
1959:Ireland, p.142
1952:
1943:
1941:Ireland, p.144
1934:
1925:
1916:
1907:
1905:Ireland, p.140
1898:
1889:
1880:
1878:Ireland, p.118
1871:
1862:
1853:
1844:
1835:
1826:
1817:
1808:
1799:
1797:Ireland, p.119
1790:
1778:
1776:Ireland, p.145
1766:
1757:
1745:
1733:
1731:Mostert, p.279
1724:
1712:
1703:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1679:C. S. Forester
1622:Cádiz blockade
1617:
1614:
1491:was signed in
1474:
1471:
1443:Battle of Lodi
1332:Antoine Maurin
1309:
1306:
1196:
1193:
1184:Windsor Castle
1137:William Hotham
1093:Charles Stuart
1082:British Empire
1047:Pasquale Paoli
1010:Siege of Calvi
993:
990:
917:and persuaded
907:Horatio Nelson
851:
848:
802:William Hotham
739:
736:
732:Samuel Goodall
605:Ottoman Empire
553:
550:
534:Hyères Islands
522:William Hotham
471:close blockade
430:
429:
427:
426:
421:
416:
411:
410:
409:
399:
396:Hyères Islands
392:
387:
380:
373:
368:
363:
358:
357:
356:
351:
346:
334:
329:
324:
323:
322:
310:
302:
299:
298:
287:
286:
279:
272:
264:
256:
255:
221:
197:William Hotham
175:
174:
170:
169:
145:
89:
88:
84:
83:
80:
79:
78:French victory
76:
72:
71:
66:
64:
60:
59:
56:
48:
47:
31:
30:
23:
22:
16:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3445:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3387:
3386:
3381:
3377:
3374:
3370:
3369:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3347:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3332:0-7139-9411-8
3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3300:
3296:
3290:
3286:
3281:
3277:
3275:0-7126-6247-2
3271:
3267:
3262:
3258:
3256:0-85177-905-0
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3234:0-3043-6726-5
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3212:1-84067-164-5
3208:
3204:
3199:
3195:
3194:
3188:
3184:
3182:1-84067-363-X
3178:
3174:
3169:
3165:
3163:1-86176-178-3
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3141:1-86176-013-2
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3119:1-84022-203-4
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3097:1-84022-202-6
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3075:0-141391-29-4
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3058:
3045:
3039:Bennett, p.44
3036:
3027:
3018:
3012:Clowes, p.353
3009:
3000:
2991:
2982:
2973:
2964:
2955:
2946:
2940:Grocott, p.42
2937:
2931:Grocott, p.41
2928:
2919:
2910:
2901:
2895:Bennett, p.93
2892:
2883:
2877:Clowes, p.504
2874:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2851:
2842:
2840:
2833:Clowes, p.287
2830:
2821:
2815:Clowes, p.286
2812:
2806:Rodger, p.436
2803:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2778:
2769:
2760:
2754:Gregory, p.72
2751:
2742:
2733:
2724:
2718:Clowes, p.499
2715:
2709:Grocott, p.33
2706:
2697:
2688:
2686:
2676:
2670:Clowes, p.284
2667:
2658:
2656:
2649:Clowes, p.494
2646:
2637:
2631:Troude, p.439
2628:
2622:Clowes, p.277
2619:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2599:Troude, p.437
2596:
2587:
2578:
2576:
2569:Clowes, p.274
2566:
2557:
2551:Clowes, p.273
2548:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2528:Grocott, p.11
2525:
2519:Clowes, p.271
2516:
2507:
2498:
2492:Troude, p.425
2489:
2483:Clowes, p.267
2480:
2471:
2462:
2453:
2447:Clowes, p.486
2444:
2435:
2429:Troude, p.369
2426:
2420:Clowes, p.246
2417:
2411:Troude, p.367
2408:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2375:
2369:Gregory, p.63
2366:
2360:Bennett, p.39
2357:
2351:Gregory, p.59
2348:
2342:Bennett, p.40
2339:
2331:
2330:
2325:
2319:
2313:Bennett, p.37
2310:
2304:Gregory, p.68
2301:
2292:
2283:
2277:Bennett, p.35
2274:
2268:Gregory, p.56
2265:
2259:Gregory, p.54
2256:
2250:Gregory, p.25
2247:
2238:
2229:
2223:Rodger, p.427
2220:
2211:
2202:
2196:Clowes, p.552
2193:
2184:
2175:
2166:
2157:
2148:
2139:
2133:Bennett, p.33
2130:
2124:Clowes, p.212
2121:
2119:
2109:
2100:
2091:
2082:
2073:
2064:
2055:
2049:Bennett, p.32
2046:
2037:
2028:
2019:
2013:Clowes, p.206
2010:
2001:
1992:
1983:
1977:Clowes, p.204
1974:
1965:
1956:
1950:Mostert, p.99
1947:
1938:
1932:Ireland, p.81
1929:
1920:
1911:
1902:
1896:Mostert, p.91
1893:
1887:Mostert, p.52
1884:
1875:
1866:
1860:Ireland, p.79
1857:
1851:Ireland, p.78
1848:
1842:Ireland, p.70
1839:
1833:Ireland, p.77
1830:
1824:Ireland, p.66
1821:
1815:Ireland, p.60
1812:
1806:Ireland, p.58
1803:
1794:
1788:Gregory, p.29
1785:
1783:
1773:
1771:
1761:
1752:
1750:
1743:Mostert, p.97
1740:
1738:
1728:
1719:
1717:
1707:
1701:Ireland, p.39
1698:
1694:
1687:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1662:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1606:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1587:
1582:
1581:
1574:
1572:
1571:
1570:Bombay Castle
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1548:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1524:
1522:
1521:
1516:
1515:
1510:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1484:
1480:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1455:
1451:
1450:
1444:
1440:
1435:
1433:
1429:
1428:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1410:Finale Ligure
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1386:
1384:
1380:
1379:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1305:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1264:
1258:
1254:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1238:Gulf of Genoa
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1222:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1185:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1170:William Paget
1167:
1163:
1162:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1147:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1129:Pierre Martin
1126:
1121:
1119:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1068:, who staged
1067:
1063:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1039:Îles d'Hyères
1032:
1028:
1024:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
989:
986:
981:
976:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
953:Robert Linzee
949:
947:
943:
942:
937:
932:
928:
923:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
903:
897:
892:
886:
884:
877:
873:
872:Raid on Genoa
869:
865:
856:
847:
843:
838:
834:
830:
826:
821:
816:
814:
813:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
785:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
760:, ruled from
759:
755:
751:
745:
735:
733:
729:
728:
722:
718:
714:
710:
705:
703:
699:
694:
689:
684:
682:
681:Nootka Crisis
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
601:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
563:
558:
549:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
526:Pierre Martin
523:
519:
515:
510:
508:
504:
500:
496:
491:
487:
486:Great Britain
483:
479:
474:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
408:
407:Levant Convoy
405:
404:
403:
400:
398:
397:
393:
391:
388:
386:
385:
381:
379:
378:
374:
372:
371:Gulf of Roses
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
344:Saint-Florent
342:
341:
340:
339:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
321:
318:
317:
316:
315:
311:
309:
308:
304:
303:
300:
295:
285:
280:
278:
273:
271:
266:
265:
262:
254:
243:
232:
231:Pierre Martin
222:
220:
209:
198:
187:
177:
176:
171:
167:
156:
146:
143:
129:
115:
103:
102:Great Britain
91:
90:
85:
77:
74:
73:
69:
65:
62:
61:
57:
54:
53:
49:
46:
42:
37:
32:
29:
24:
19:
3384:
3372:
3367:
3345:
3322:
3303:
3284:
3265:
3246:
3224:
3202:
3192:
3172:
3153:
3131:
3109:
3087:
3065:
3055:Bibliography
3044:
3035:
3026:
3017:
3008:
2999:
2990:
2981:
2972:
2963:
2954:
2945:
2936:
2927:
2918:
2909:
2900:
2891:
2882:
2873:
2850:
2829:
2820:
2811:
2802:
2777:
2768:
2759:
2750:
2741:
2732:
2723:
2714:
2705:
2696:
2675:
2666:
2645:
2636:
2627:
2618:
2595:
2586:
2565:
2556:
2547:
2524:
2515:
2506:
2497:
2488:
2479:
2470:
2461:
2452:
2443:
2438:Grocott, p.7
2434:
2425:
2416:
2407:
2395:. Retrieved
2384:Lloyd's List
2383:
2374:
2365:
2356:
2347:
2338:
2327:
2318:
2309:
2300:
2291:
2282:
2273:
2264:
2255:
2246:
2237:
2228:
2219:
2210:
2201:
2192:
2183:
2174:
2169:McLynn, p.74
2165:
2156:
2147:
2138:
2129:
2108:
2103:Grocott, p.4
2099:
2090:
2081:
2072:
2063:
2054:
2045:
2036:
2027:
2018:
2009:
2000:
1991:
1982:
1973:
1964:
1955:
1946:
1937:
1928:
1923:McLynn, p.60
1919:
1910:
1901:
1892:
1883:
1874:
1869:Musteen, p.5
1865:
1856:
1847:
1838:
1829:
1820:
1811:
1802:
1793:
1760:
1727:
1706:
1697:
1674:
1663:
1619:
1604:
1598:
1595:Portoferraio
1586:Santa Sabina
1585:
1579:
1575:
1569:
1546:
1525:
1519:
1513:
1505:
1500:Henry Dundas
1486:
1448:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1387:
1377:
1337:
1279:Représentant
1272:
1267:
1262:
1250:
1245:
1233:
1225:
1220:
1216:
1183:
1177:
1160:
1154:
1145:
1141:
1133:Gourjean Bay
1122:
1116:
1114:, including
1112:cartel ships
1109:
1086:
1062:David Dundas
1059:
1043:San Fiorenzo
1036:
1026:
977:
960:
957:San Fiorenzo
950:
940:
924:
901:
887:
879:
837:Saint-Julien
817:
811:
798:Philip Cosby
786:
778:La Maddalena
747:
726:
706:
685:
637:Adriatic Sea
602:
567:
562:Ligurian Sea
511:
475:
467:Ligurian Sea
463:Spanish Navy
438:
436:
394:
390:24 June 1795
382:
376:
336:
312:
305:
291:
87:Belligerents
40:
26:Part of the
3227:. Cassell.
2324:"No. 13698"
2160:Rose, p. 62
2151:Rose, p. 54
2076:Rose, p. 48
1914:Smyth, p.57
1552:Monte Hacho
1514:Terpsichore
1432:Southampton
1414:siege train
1378:Southampton
1286:Robert Mann
1282:Joseph Niou
1263:Illustrious
1074:heated shot
840: [
592:joined the
451:French Navy
208:John Jervis
186:Samuel Hood
116:(1793–1795)
3397:Categories
2058:Rose, p.55
1690:References
1675:entre nous
1477:See also:
1449:Inconstant
1360:Aegean Sea
1312:See also:
1230:jury masts
1199:See also:
1097:John Moore
996:See also:
931:raid Genoa
862:See also:
833:Girondists
742:See also:
738:Deployment
713:Royal Navy
667:, and the
552:Background
459:Royal Navy
3245:(2002) .
3152:(2001) .
3130:(1997) .
3108:(1999) .
3086:(1999) .
3064:(2002) .
1616:Aftermath
1610:Barcelona
1547:Courageux
1537:Rosia Bay
1294:Cap Corse
1253:Cape Noli
1182:HMS
1144:HMS
1117:Sovereign
1101:dysentery
980:Dugommier
961:Agamemnon
936:La Spezia
927:John Gell
902:Agamemnon
794:John Gell
790:Lord Hood
709:Gibraltar
586:Louis XVI
544:, to the
538:Admiralty
490:Lord Hood
384:2nd Genoa
327:1st Genoa
58:1793–1796
3382:(1867).
3373:Truguet.
3365:(1828).
3343:(1922).
3321:(2004).
3223:(2005).
2397:11 April
1520:Mahonesa
829:Jacobins
774:Cagliari
762:Piedmont
754:Sardinia
659:and the
613:Anatolia
532:and the
482:Sardinia
307:Sardinia
128:Sardinia
63:Location
3355:9913896
1605:Romulus
1599:Minerve
1580:Minerve
1533:Ajaccio
1418:Oneglia
1372:Alassio
1334:, 1836.
1268:Berwick
1246:Berwick
1234:Berwick
1232:. When
1226:Berwick
1221:Berwick
1178:Victory
1166:Mykonos
1161:Sibylle
1105:malaria
992:Corsica
946:Leghorn
941:Scipion
911:Palermo
891:cartels
812:Victory
677:Minorca
673:Corsica
625:Algiers
582:Prussia
518:Corsica
377:Berwick
366:Mykonos
338:Corsica
3353:
3329:
3310:
3291:
3272:
3253:
3231:
3209:
3179:
3160:
3154:Nelson
3138:
3116:
3094:
3072:
1564:Lisbon
1427:Ça Ira
1320:, and
1302:Fréjus
1211:, and
1155:Romney
1146:Ardent
1055:Bastia
1016:, and
874:, and
727:Romney
665:Toulon
655:, the
633:pirate
617:Levant
615:, the
609:Greece
495:Toulon
455:Toulon
349:Bastia
314:Toulon
168:(1796)
155:France
142:Naples
139:
125:
99:
75:Result
1562:near
1560:Tagus
1493:Paris
1463:Corte
1383:Genoa
1348:Cádiz
1089:Calvi
969:Tunis
844:]
698:Brest
629:Egypt
621:Tunis
546:Tagus
530:Genoa
354:Calvi
166:Spain
114:Spain
3351:OCLC
3327:ISBN
3308:ISBN
3289:ISBN
3270:ISBN
3251:ISBN
3229:ISBN
3207:ISBN
3177:ISBN
3158:ISBN
3136:ISBN
3114:ISBN
3092:ISBN
3070:ISBN
2399:2020
1683:Byng
1603:HMS
1601:and
1578:HMS
1568:HMS
1545:HMS
1512:HMS
1481:and
1454:Elba
1447:HMS
1376:HMS
1261:HMS
1219:HMS
1103:and
900:HMS
810:HMS
725:HMS
627:and
611:and
580:and
437:The
55:Date
2388:hdl
1164:in
1031:NMM
929:to
764:in
516:of
3399::
2859:^
2838:^
2786:^
2684:^
2654:^
2604:^
2574:^
2533:^
2382:.
2326:.
2117:^
1781:^
1769:^
1748:^
1736:^
1715:^
1661:.
1316:,
1207:,
1203:,
1084:.
1057:.
1012:,
1008:,
1004:,
1000:,
870:,
866:,
842:fr
815:.
623:,
600:.
43:,
3357:.
3335:.
3297:.
3278:.
3259:.
3237:.
3215:.
3185:.
3166:.
3144:.
3122:.
3100:.
3078:.
2401:.
2390::
1033:.
564:.
283:e
276:t
269:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
