760:
283:
48:
1018:
683:
820:
1222:
403:
740:
868:
5707:
5573:
4732:
4665:
4534:
3917:
3519:
546:
705:
292:
34:
1142:
555:
682:
2391:
To what extent such a reed-made river vessel would have been seaworthy is debatable. ... Did the flat-bottomed Indus river boats mutate into the crescent-shaped hull of
Heyerdahl's reed boat before taking to the Arabian Sea? Did they reach as far as the coast of East Africa, as the Tigris did? No one
923:
and Gupin and Meluḫḫa within Paraḫšum assembled for battle, but he (Rimush) was victorious and struck down 16,212 men and took 4,216 captives. Further, he captured
Ehmahsini, King of Elam, and all the nobles of Elam. Further he captured Sidaga'u the general of Paraḫšum and Sargapi, general of Zahara,
796:
On the other hand, there is not nearly so much incontrovertible evidence for the Indus–Mesopotamia trade as archaeologists might wish. Nissen refers to a ‘meagre archaeological record’. There is only one Indus weight from Ur, for example, out of a total of just fourteen Indus weights found in
797:
Mesopotamia, neighbouring Iran (Susa) and the
Persian Gulf area. Only some twenty Indus seals have turned up in Mesopotamia since the earliest discoveries, of which nine have been dated to the Akkadian period (2334–2154 BC) and two to the Isin and Larsa dynasties (2000–1800 BC).
806:
Various figurines of exotic animals in gold or carnelian are thought to have been imported from
Meluhha. Many such statuettes have been found in Mesopotamian excavations. The carnelian statuette of an Asian monkey was found in the excavation of the Acropolis of
661:
period. The location of the settlement has been tentatively identified with the city of Guabba. The references to "large boats" in Guabba suggests that it may have functioned as a trading colony which initially had direct contact with
Meluhha.
1282:
and subsequent invasions in Sumer, its trade and contacts shifted west and
Meluhha passed almost into mythological memory. The resurfacing of the name could simply reflect cultural memory of a rich and distant land, its use in records of
1097:), as well as in Mesopotamia, are convincing corroboration of the long-distance sea trade network, which G.L. Possehl has called a "Middle Asian Interaction Sphere". What the commerce consisted of is less sure: timber and precious woods,
932:, by the "Middle River". Further a burial mound at the site of the town he heaped up over them. Furthermore, the foundations of Paraḫšum from the country of Elam he tore out, and so Rimuš, king of the world, rules Elam, (as) the god
2346:
The molded terra-cotta tablet shows a flat-bottomed Indus boat with a central cabin. Branches tied to the roof may have been used for protection from bad luck, and travelers took a pet bird along to help them guide them to
1153:
In the
Assyrian and Hellenistic eras, cuneiform texts continued to use (or revive) old place names, giving a perhaps artificial sense of continuity between contemporary events and events of the distant past. For example,
2646:
British Museum notice: "Gold and carnelians beads. The two beads etched with patterns in white were probably imported from the Indus Valley. They were made by a technique developed by the
Harappan civilization"
1133:, which occurred naturally in Mesopotamia, may have been exchanged for cotton textiles and chickens, major products of the Indus region that are not native to Mesopotamia—all these have been instanced.
1210:, king of Assyria, the father who begot me, had defeated, and whose land he brought under his sway." In this context, "Magan" has been interpreted as "Muṣur" (ancient name of Egypt) and "Meluhha" as "
704:
831:), depicting a boat with a central cabin, possibly carrying land-seeking birds for navigation. Flat-bottomed river row-boats appear in two Indus seals, but their seaworthiness is debatable.
2075:
1000:"high abode" or "high country". Many items of trade such as wood, minerals, and gemstones were indeed extracted from the hilly regions near the Indus settlements. They further claim that
4512:
759:
1070:
were evidently used to seal bundles of merchandise, as clay seal impressions with cord or sack marks on the reverse side testify. A number of these Indian seals have been found at
4213:
472:"I will spread in the world respect for my Temple, under my name the whole universe will gather in it, and Magan and Meluhha will come down from their mountains to attend."
2270:
1746:"I will spread in the world respect for my Temple, under my name the whole universe will gather in it, and Magan and Meluhha will come down from their mountains to attend"
1817:
J'étendrai sur le monde le respect de mon temple, sous mon nom l'univers depuis l'horizon s'y rassemblera, et Magan et
Meluhha, sortant de leurs montagnes, y descendront
1751:
J'étendrai sur le monde le respect de mon temple, sous mon nom l'univers depuis l'horizon s'y rassemblera, et Magan et
Meluhha, sortant de leurs montagnes, y descendront
1291:
military expeditions serving to aggrandize those kings. This kind of re-attribution of archaic geographical terms was a regular occurrence during the 1st millennium BCE.
1066:
There is sufficient archaeological evidence for the trade between Mesopotamia and the Indian subcontinent. Impressions of clay seals from the Indus Valley city of
282:
47:
1797:
1770:
3436:
1017:
4922:
4838:
2648:
4716:
765:
Asian monkey statuette in red limestone found in Susa, dated to 2340–2100 BCE, discovered in the Tel of the Acropolis at Susa. Louvre Museum, Sb5884.
649:
Towards the end of the Sumerian period, there are numerous mentions in inscriptions of a Meluhha settlement in southern Sumer near the city-state of
835:
Specific items of high volume trade are timber and specialty wood such as ebony, for which large ships were used. Luxury items also appear, such as
409:
inscription A IX:19, Gudea mentions of the devotions to his Temple: "Magan and Meluhha will come down from their mountains to attend". The words
5065:
4927:
4240:
4188:
1494:
811:, and dated to circa 2340–2100 BCE. It is thought that it may have been imported from India. It is now in the Louvre Museum, reference Sb5884.
2437:
1864:
2823:
2404:
Tosi, Maurizio (1987). "Die Indus-Zivilisation jenseits des indischen Subkontinents". In Ardeleanu-Jansen, Alexandra; Urban, Urban (eds.).
2695:
4932:
2993:
5475:
5455:
2965:
1319:
3391:
5543:
4588:
2575:
The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia: From the Early Bronze Age to the Fall of the Persian Empire
819:
597:"Ibbi-Sîn, the god of his country, the mighty king, king of Ur and king of the four world quarters, his speckled Meluḫḫa 'dog', from
788:. Still, the archeological record for the existence of the trade with the Indus civilization in Mesopotamia is meager. According to
4721:
5131:
4625:
5465:
339:
4992:
4711:
2910:
2880:
2807:
2613:
2583:
2518:
2339:
2312:
2234:
2207:
2022:
1941:
1847:
1644:
1612:
698:) actually appears on the beginning of the other side (column II, 1) in the sentence "The granary of the village of Meluhha".
5745:
5413:
5460:
5364:
4603:
1221:
5755:
2463:
1669:
1168:
also appears in these texts, in contexts suggesting that "Meluhha" and "Magan" were kingdoms adjacent to Egypt. In the
5740:
5470:
4860:
2931:
2734:
2384:
2262:
2163:
2135:
1704:
1567:
1426:
5765:
5495:
5402:
4362:
209:
Another piece of possible evidence that points to the people of Meluhha as being Proto-Dravidian is the fact that
5222:
4573:
4198:
3340:
2986:
2628:
Parpola, Asko; Parpola, Simo (1975). "On the relationship of the Sumerian Toponym Meluhha and Sanskrit Mleccha".
1397:
1339:
335:
3261:
5212:
4619:
4598:
2413:
5513:
5760:
5556:
5538:
5186:
4218:
5480:
5077:
4696:
4635:
4465:
4275:
2352:
1583:
1324:
1117:
from the Persian Gulf, and shell and bone inlays, were among the goods sent to Mesopotamia in exchange for
402:
2076:"The Meluḫḫa Village: Evidence of Acculturation of Harappan Traders in Late Third Millennium Mesopotamia?"
5770:
5533:
4910:
4813:
4352:
4111:
378:
which traded with Mesopotamian civilizations, the current scholarly consensus is that Dilmun encompassed
363:, and Meluhha. The Sumerian location of Magan is now accepted to be the area currently encompassing the
234:
5750:
5389:
4652:
4495:
4367:
4257:
3015:
2979:
1344:
828:
1274:
also referred to Egypt. Direct contacts between Sumer and the Indus Valley had ceased even during the
5622:
5551:
5126:
4982:
4915:
4141:
4084:
1379:
1334:
974:
191:
175:
155:
130:
70:
5043:
2835:
1505:
1037:
Early texts, such as the Rimush inscription describing combat against Meluhha troops in the area of
575:, also called "Asiatic red dog", a type of red-colored dog native to southern and Eastern Asia. The
5735:
5663:
5383:
5168:
4875:
4402:
4397:
4203:
3934:
3484:
3137:
3002:
2703:
634:"speckled" as an intransitive verb, and interpretations vary based on these two possible meanings.
601:
brought by them as tribute, a replica of it he fashioned, and for his life he dedicated it to him (
151:
5270:
2537:
2446:
1957:
1278:
phase when Oman and Bahrain (Magan and Dilmun) became intermediaries. After the sack of Ur by the
739:
5612:
5485:
5141:
5089:
4792:
4583:
4490:
4377:
4012:
3363:
2088:
1349:
887:. In his inscriptions, Rimush mentioned the army led by Abalgamash included troops from Meluhha.
343:
5528:
3952:
641:, also called "Asiatic red dog", a type of red-colored dog native to southern and eastern Asia.
5650:
5518:
5163:
4972:
4967:
4897:
4787:
4630:
4502:
4235:
3665:
3616:
3559:
3504:
3358:
1260:
1059:(668–627 BC), long after the Indus Valley civilization had ceased to exist, seem to imply that
1022:
262:
2870:
2797:
2603:
2573:
2298:
2284:
2280:
2224:
2153:
2125:
1931:
1891:
1602:
1557:
1416:
5641:
5523:
5197:
5173:
5028:
4507:
4392:
4290:
4265:
3857:
3736:
3690:
3621:
3586:
2855:. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. pp. –168 A Obv.14–15.
2508:
2362:
2329:
2304:
2197:
2012:
1837:
1634:
1468:
859:, demonstrating maritime Indus Valley connections with Oman, and the Middle East in general.
3822:
3330:
2078:
in Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient Vol. 20, No. 2, 1977, p. 136-137
5617:
5490:
5430:
5283:
5217:
5060:
5048:
4892:
4701:
4460:
4455:
4357:
4317:
4121:
4017:
4007:
4000:
3554:
1490:
1354:
1178:
1026:
950:
750:
673:, possibly corresponding to the end of urban systems in the Indus Valley around that time.
430:
410:
364:
356:
4647:
2241:
Square-shaped Indus seals of fired steatite have been found at a few sites in Mesopotamia.
2180:
2109:
1822:
1756:
8:
5679:
5607:
5435:
5425:
5396:
5264:
5097:
5038:
4608:
4517:
4417:
4407:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4327:
4322:
4307:
4302:
4223:
4079:
3957:
3902:
3827:
3251:
3215:
2726:
1030:
994:
925:
2785:. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. pp. –330 Obv.18.
2014:
Why Did the Chicken Cross the World?: The Epic Saga of the Bird that Powers Civilization
5376:
5033:
4833:
4818:
4613:
4568:
4563:
4412:
3962:
3574:
2677:
1912:
1693:
Nayeem, M. A. (1990). "Prehistory and Protohistory of the Arabian Peninsula: Bahrain".
1306:
1248:
789:
499:
438:
347:
203:
129:. Its identification remains an open question, but most scholars associate it with the
2226:
Art of the First Cities: The Third Millennium B.C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus
1198:
867:
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4957:
4905:
4887:
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2018:
1937:
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1608:
1563:
1422:
856:
352:
230:
222:
126:
118:
100:
2837:
History of Assurbanipall, Translated from the Cuneiform Inscriptions by George Smith
1176:
writes about his first march against Egypt: "In my first campaign I marched against
5602:
5337:
5053:
4797:
4706:
4427:
4422:
4230:
4173:
4156:
4126:
4057:
3832:
3611:
3489:
3416:
3236:
3112:
2669:
1993:
1975:
1256:
1041:
circa 2200 BC, seem to indicate that Meluhha is to the east, suggesting either the
545:
142:
5289:
5158:
692:, mentioning the "Meluhha" village in Sumer. British Museum, BM 17751. "Meluhha" (
5018:
4372:
4332:
4270:
3373:
3308:
3162:
2921:
2719:
2599:
2510:
Warfare in the Ancient Near East to 1600 BC: Holy Warriors at the Dawn of History
1720:
1694:
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876:
773:
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602:
483:
465:
426:
406:
300:
254:
250:
54:
5070:
2406:
Vergessene Städte am Indus, Frühe Kulturen in Pakistan vom 8. bis 2. Jahrtausend
291:
5730:
5324:
5258:
5013:
4772:
4640:
4445:
4440:
4151:
4104:
4022:
3967:
3695:
3601:
3564:
3411:
3273:
3107:
1155:
1090:
958:
949:
too, in one of his inscriptions, mentioned his victory over the territories of
576:
387:
383:
246:
199:
62:
58:
2673:
2199:
Brotherhood of Kings: How International Relations Shaped the Ancient Near East
598:
5724:
5672:
5357:
5317:
5303:
4962:
4777:
4552:
4099:
4094:
4067:
3995:
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3426:
3348:
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3077:
3040:
2950:
2423:
1191:
1136:
888:
325:
167:
74:
5310:
3633:
2662:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
1679:
507:"May the foreign land of Meluhha load precious desirable cornelian, perfect
5418:
5108:
5102:
5008:
5003:
4942:
4823:
4178:
4052:
4027:
3979:
3972:
3897:
3812:
3448:
3383:
3241:
3179:
3102:
3060:
1231:
1173:
1102:
1052:
1042:
982:
978:
836:
824:
785:
487:
391:
375:
372:
147:
66:
5343:
1839:
Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries: The Archaeological Evidence
1636:
Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries: The Archaeological Evidence
1604:
Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries: The Archaeological Evidence
1469:"On the relationship of the Sumerian toponym Meluhha and Sanskrit mleccha"
355:
texts repeatedly refer to three important centers with which they traded:
5657:
5240:
5179:
4998:
4952:
4937:
4865:
4593:
4072:
3877:
3772:
3579:
3315:
3246:
3152:
3070:
3055:
852:
848:
746:
214:
187:
5695:
3752:
2799:
Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament with Supplement
1916:
1903:
Gelb, I. J. (1970). "Makkan and Meluḫḫa in Early Mesopotamian Sources".
1495:"Substrate Languages in Old Indo-Aryan (Ṛgvedic, Middle and Late Vedic)"
178:. According to him, the word "Meluhha" derives from the Dravidian words
5192:
5023:
4882:
4870:
4782:
4691:
4280:
4032:
3700:
3675:
3654:
3596:
3458:
3431:
3147:
3027:
1284:
1265:"Antiochus the King marched triumphantly through the cities of Meluhha"
1207:
1141:
1078:
912:
880:
844:
210:
33:
4947:
1933:
The Bronze Age Civilization of Central Asia: Recent Soviet Discoveries
5202:
5115:
4131:
4089:
4062:
3872:
3817:
3801:
3659:
3499:
3453:
3378:
3353:
3320:
3174:
3117:
3092:
1110:
916:
840:
491:
461:
308:
2971:
2556:
2482:
5350:
3852:
3847:
3715:
3670:
3591:
3479:
3474:
3443:
3200:
3157:
3122:
3087:
3035:
2303:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 188–189, listing of figures
2048:
1301:
1288:
1279:
1255:, as in an account of a festival celebrating the conclusion of the
1005:
884:
851:). In the 1980s, important archaeological discoveries were made at
586:
568:
564:
554:
442:
171:
39:
Location of foreign lands for the Mesopotamians, including Meluhha.
3797:
2122:
For a full list of discoveries of Indus seals in Mesopotamia, see
1559:
The Roots of Hinduism: The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization
1270:
These references do not necessarily mean that early references to
5635:
5082:
4470:
3867:
3837:
3792:
3777:
3762:
3757:
3710:
3680:
3403:
3210:
3205:
3142:
3082:
3045:
2864:
2862:
1187:
1159:
1130:
1086:
1081:
rather than rolled seals, also known from Dilmun, that appear at
1067:
1056:
1010:
781:
590:
460:) referred to the Meluhhans who came to Sumer to sell gold dust,
379:
314:
195:
107:
862:
441:(2254–2218 BCE) listing the rebel kings to his rule, mentioned "
5686:
5331:
5152:
4136:
4042:
3887:
3842:
3787:
3747:
3731:
3705:
3649:
3494:
3421:
3325:
3293:
3283:
3231:
3132:
3065:
2903:
Shipbuilding, Navigation and the Portuguese in Pre-modern India
1725:
1329:
1126:
1118:
1094:
1082:
900:
872:
689:
670:
666:
658:
450:
434:
360:
16:
Prominent trading partner of Sumer during the Middle Bronze Age
2859:
2853:
Astronomical Diaries & Related Texts from Babylonia, vol.2
2783:
Astronomical Diaries & Related Texts from Babylonia, vol.1
2408:(in German). Mainz am Rhein: P. von Zabern. pp. 132–133.
4047:
4037:
3882:
3862:
3807:
3767:
3741:
3685:
3184:
2749:
Possehl, G.L. (2007), “The Middle Asian Interaction Sphere”,
1239:
1215:
1211:
1146:
1114:
1098:
1033:(2600-2500 BCE) were probably imported from the Indus Valley.
946:
933:
650:
638:
572:
446:
159:
122:
1584:"Meluhha interpreter seal. Site officiel du musée du Louvre"
665:
It seems that direct trade with Meluhha subsided during the
3644:
3303:
3288:
3268:
3169:
3050:
2660:
Hansman, John (1973). "A "Periplus" of Magan and Meluhha".
1238:
in 643 BCE, as a territory associated with Egypt, probably
1125:, woolen textiles, perhaps oil and grains and other foods.
1106:
1038:
954:
929:
920:
904:
808:
710:
Transcription of tablet BM 17751, with the word "Meluhha" (
368:
194:
homeland". He also relates Meluhha with the transient word
61:
Prince of Akkad, Ibni-Sharrum the Scribe his servant". The
2222:
903:, he fought against the troops of Meluhha, in the area of
497:
Meluhha is also mentioned in mythological legends such as
3278:
1122:
2966:
Meluhha and Agastya: Alpha and Omega of the Indus Script
2328:
Kenoyer, Jonathan M.; Heuston, Kimberley Burton (2005).
2150:
For another list of Mesopotamian finds of Indus seals:
1071:
964:
777:
527:
There are no known mentions of Meluhha after 1760 BCE.
429:(2334–2279 BCE) referred to ships coming from Meluhha,
202:
word used to mean "barbarian" and used by the incoming
2074:
Simo Parpola, Asko Parpola and Robert H. Brunswig, Jr
1537:
1305:(between 2300 BC – 2200 BC), possibly contemporary to
1227:
712:
694:
626:
620:
616:
418:
414:
319:
312:
112:
105:
93:
85:
24:
3535:
2532:
2530:
1504:, vol. 5, no. 1, p. 25, archived from
1435:
421:) appear vertically in the first column on the right.
253:
speakers, suggests an alternative etymology from the
2297:Allchin, Raymond; Allchin, Bridget (29 July 1982).
1771:"The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature"
1162:", a people who had been prominent around 2000 BC.
644:
2850:
2780:
2718:
2605:The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective
2527:
2155:The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective
579:(also called the red jackal) is another candidate.
2840:. Williams and Norgate. 1871. pp. 15 and 48.
1045:or India. However, much later texts, such as the
486:, XIV, he mentions his procurement of "blocks of
233:. One theory is that these words derive from the
5722:
1137:"Meluhha" as Meroe, in the 7th–2nd centuries BCE
1063:is to be found in Africa, in the area of Egypt.
855:(Oman), located at the easternmost point of the
776:have been found in Mesopotamia, particularly in
305:"Šu-ilišu, interpreter of the Meluhhan language"
1905:Revue d'Assyriologie et d'Archéologie Orientale
1418:Critical Approaches to Ancient Near Eastern Art
716:). Column II continues Column I on the reverse.
206:population for the native Harappan population.
69:, and testifies to exchanges with Meluhha, the
2765:
2627:
2327:
2300:The Rise of Civilization in India and Pakistan
2296:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1466:
911:"Rimuš, the king of the world, in battle over
2987:
2049:"Guabba, the Meluhhan village in Mesopotamia"
863:Conflict with the Akkadians and Neo-Sumerians
653:. Most of the references seem to date to the
637:It is thought that this "red dog" could be a
186:("place"). Parpola also relates Meluhha with
2640:
2445:, Ras Al Jinz Visitor Center, archived from
1815:
1749:
1415:Brown, Brian A.; Feldman, Marian H. (2013).
1414:
1251:, the term was used archaically to refer to
589:mentions that he received as a tribute from
2802:. Princeton University Press. p. 294.
2229:. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 246.
1862:
1659:
1621:
814:
249:, who associates IVC with the ancestors of
5529:Ancient Shipwreck Museum at Kyrenia Castle
5476:International Congress of Maritime Museums
5456:Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology
4748:
2994:
2980:
2923:The Ancient Indus Valley: New Perspectives
2246:
1527:
1051:documenting the military exploits of King
615:The qualifier used to describe the dog is
530:
5589:
5544:National Museum of Subaquatic Archaeology
2875:. Harvard University Press. p. 321.
2795:
2716:
2379:, London: Reakton Books, pp. 89–91,
2182:Seals of Ancient Indian style found at Ur
1721:"Sa'ad and Sae'ed Area in Failaka Island"
1145:A modern satellite view of the region of
2919:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2374:
2368:
2276:
2252:
1887:
1562:. Oxford University Press. p. 353.
1543:
1441:
1220:
1140:
1016:
866:
818:
563:The "red dog from Meluhha", received by
401:
5514:Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology
2926:. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO.
2659:
2598:
2506:
2334:. Oxford University Press. p. 66.
2202:. Oxford University Press. p. 49.
2151:
2046:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1662:United Arab Emirates: a new perspective
1555:
993:) from earlier Sumerian documents with
745:Gold monkey on a pin, from the tomb of
669:period, and was replaced by trade with
121:name of a prominent trading partner of
5723:
5466:European Association of Archaeologists
2900:
2868:
2824:lines 51 and 52 of the Rassam cylinder
2770:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 44.
2649:Photograph of the necklace in question
2358:
2195:
2104:
2102:
2010:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1835:
1692:
1660:Abed, Ibrahim; Hellyer, Peter (2001).
1632:
1600:
1489:
1320:Ancient Greece–Ancient India relations
1259:, or in reference to the campaigns of
445:, man of Melukha". In an inscription,
307:: "Meluhha" appears with the standard
5588:
4747:
4722:Pompey's campaign against the pirates
4680:
4550:
4549:
3932:
3534:
3013:
3001:
2975:
2940:
2578:. Taylor & Francis. p. 784.
2571:
2491:
2257:, London: Reakton Books, p. 93,
2223:Joan Aruz; Ronald Wallenfels (2003).
2123:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2034:
1866:The correspondance of the Kings of Ur
1664:. London: Trident Press. p. 40.
1467:Parpola, Asko; Parpola, Simo (1975),
158:and the Meluhhan people mentioned in
53:Impression of a cylinder seal of the
2403:
2178:
1929:
1902:
1781:
1713:
1699:. Hyderabad Publishers. p. 32.
1530:Linguistic Archaeology of South Asia
965:Identification with the Indus Valley
610:Meluhha dog inscription of Inni-Sin.
5461:Archaeological Institute of America
2439:Ras Al Jinz Visitor Center Brochure
2099:
2089:"Collections Online British Museum"
1876:
1836:Moorey, Peter Roger Stuart (1999).
1633:Moorey, Peter Roger Stuart (1999).
1601:Moorey, Peter Roger Stuart (1999).
1502:Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies
1158:is referred to as "the land of the
801:
267:
13:
2554:
2480:
2110:"Asian monkey statuette from Susa"
2063:
2031:
1994:"Sumerian Dictionary "Gunu" entry"
1798:"MS 2814 - The Schoyen Collection"
1653:
1421:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 187.
1398:"Site officiel du musée du Louvre"
1014:, meaning "barbarian, foreigner".
895:According to some accounts of the
14:
5782:
5471:Institute of Nautical Archaeology
4861:Coastal defence and fortification
4236:Roman circumnavigation of Britain
3536:Navigation, and ports and harbors
2959:
2869:Kosmin, Paul J. (21 April 2014).
1976:"Sumerian Dictionary "Dar" entry"
919:, was victorious. And Zahara and
65:is thought to have come from the
5705:
5571:
5496:Society for American Archaeology
4730:
4663:
4532:
3915:
3517:
2608:, Rowman Altamira, p. 219,
2158:. Rowman Altamira. p. 221.
758:
738:
703:
681:
645:Meluhhan trading colony in Sumer
553:
544:
477:Inscription of cylinder A, IX:19
324:, "KI" standing for "country").
303:cylinder seal with inscription:
290:
281:
46:
32:
4928:Phoenician discovery of America
2893:
2844:
2828:
2822:Original text and translation:
2816:
2789:
2774:
2759:
2743:
2710:
2688:
2653:
2621:
2592:
2565:
2548:
2474:
2456:
2430:
2397:
2321:
2290:
2216:
2189:
2172:
2144:
2130:. Routledge. pp. 148–152.
2116:
2081:
2004:
1986:
1968:
1950:
1923:
1896:
1856:
1829:
1808:
1763:
1740:
1686:
1594:
1576:
1549:
1380:"Cylinder Seal of Ibni-Sharrum"
397:
340:Indus Valley civilization trade
217:by the Harappans, was known as
4620:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
2872:The Land of the Elephant Kings
1521:
1483:
1460:
1447:
1408:
1390:
1372:
1074:and other Mesopotamian sites.
973:was the Sumerian name for the
839:mined at a Harappan colony at
567:as a tribute of the people of
515:wood into large ships for you"
1:
5539:Museum of Ancient Ships, Pisa
4214:Phoenician maritime expansion
2943:The Indian Ocean in Antiquity
2768:The Ancient Mesopotamian City
2766:Van De Mieroop, Marc (1997).
2513:. Routledge. pp. 93–94.
2377:The Indus: Lost Civilizations
2331:The Ancient South Asian World
2255:The Indus: Lost Civilizations
1528:Southworth, Franklin (2005).
1365:
454:
164:Deciphering the Indus Script.
5481:Nautical Archaeology Society
2796:Pritchard, James B. (2016).
2507:Hamblin, William J. (2006).
2152:Possehl, Gregory L. (2002).
1607:. Eisenbrauns. p. 352.
1457:, Cambridge University Press
1455:Deciphering the Indus script
1325:Buddhism and the Roman world
871:Account of the victories of
724:
688:A tablet from the period of
627:
621:
585:In one of his inscriptions,
320:
143:Balochistan § Etymology
136:
113:
94:
86:
7:
5746:Ancient peoples of Pakistan
5534:Museum of Ancient Seafaring
4911:Temple of Poseidon, Sounion
4717:Kidnapping of Julius Caesar
4574:Indus–Mesopotamia relations
3933:
3014:
2945:. London: Kegan Paul Intl.
2941:Reade, Julian, ed. (1996).
2851:Sachs & Hunger (1988).
2781:Sachs & Hunger (1988).
2558:Sargonic and Gutian Periods
2484:Sargonic and Gutian Periods
1863:Michalowski, Piotr (2011).
1842:. Eisenbrauns. p. 97.
1639:. Eisenbrauns. p. 87.
1340:Indus–Mesopotamia relations
1313:
1109:, and luxury goods such as
969:Most scholars suggest that
619:, which can be read either
336:Indus–Mesopotamia relations
275:Mesopotamian "Meluhha" seal
213:believed to be exported to
10:
5787:
5390:Phoenician Ship Expedition
4681:
4231:Pytheas' voyage to Britain
4224:Circumnavigation of Africa
2920:McIntosh, Jane R. (2008).
2196:Podany, Amanda H. (2012).
1936:. Routledge. p. 389.
1820:" (cylinder A, IX:19)" in
1754:" (cylinder A, IX:19)" in
1345:Indo-Roman trade relations
1077:The Persian-Gulf style of
1025:in this necklace from the
829:National Museum, New Delhi
625:"red" as an adjective, or
386:and the adjacent coast of
333:
140:
104:
57:, with label: "The Divine
5756:Indus Valley civilisation
5703:
5595:
5584:
5569:
5504:
5446:
5249:
5233:
4981:
4916:Samothrace temple complex
4851:
4806:
4765:
4758:
4754:
4743:
4728:
4687:
4676:
4661:
4559:
4545:
4530:
4483:
4436:
4289:
4256:
4249:
4187:
3988:
3945:
3941:
3928:
3913:
3632:
3545:
3541:
3530:
3515:
3467:
3402:
3339:
3224:
3193:
3026:
3022:
3009:
2674:10.1017/s0041977x00119858
2375:Robinson, Andrew (2015),
2253:Robinson, Andrew (2015),
2127:Indian Ocean In Antiquity
1802:www.schoyencollection.com
1335:Economic history of India
1294:
975:Indus Valley Civilisation
924:in between the cities of
772:Several Indus seals with
131:Indus Valley Civilisation
71:Indus Valley civilization
5741:Ancient peoples of India
4204:Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul
1930:Kohl, Philip L. (2015).
1113:and glazed stone beads,
815:Maritime materials trade
166:Parpola states that the
5766:Archaeology of Pakistan
5486:RPM Nautical Foundation
5223:Surviving ancient ships
5142:Marsala Punic shipwreck
2047:Vermaak, Fanie (2008).
2011:Lawler, Andrew (2016).
1872:. p. 257, note 28.
1350:Indian maritime history
827:tablet, 2500–1750 BCE (
468:, Gudea mentions that:
458: 21st century BCE
344:Indian maritime history
5519:Giza Solar boat museum
4973:Underwater exploration
4968:Underwater archaeology
4933:Pre-Columbian theories
4788:John Sinclair Morrison
4749:Research and education
4199:Austronesian Expansion
2968:by Iravatham Mahadevan
2901:Mathew, K. S. (2017).
2572:Bryce, Trevor (2009).
2124:Reade, Julian (2013).
2017:. Simon and Schuster.
1816:
1750:
1556:Parpola, Asko (2015).
1261:Antiochus IV Epiphanes
1244:
1150:
1034:
1023:etched carnelian beads
944:
892:
832:
799:
613:
525:
480:
422:
263:Austroasiatic language
257:word for wild sesame:
190:, which he calls the "
73:. Circa 2217–2193 BC.
5590:Legend and literature
5548:Viking ship museums:
5524:Grand Egyptian Museum
5284:Austronesian replicas
5259:Heyerdahl expeditions
5169:Caligula's Giant Ship
5029:Dover Bronze Age Boat
3691:Berenice Troglodytica
2093:www.britishmuseum.org
1775:etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk
1453:Asko Parpola (1994),
1224:
1144:
1020:
1004:is the origin of the
941:Inscription of Rimush
909:
870:
822:
794:
595:
505:
470:
405:
328:, reference AO 22310.
162:records. In his book
5761:Archaeology of India
5491:Sea Research Society
4893:Maritime archaeology
4702:Ameinias the Phocian
4697:Mediterranean piracy
2538:"CDLI-Archival View"
2452:on 10 September 2016
2179:Gadd, G. J. (1958).
2053:Journal for Semitics
1998:oracc.iaas.upenn.edu
1980:oracc.iaas.upenn.edu
1958:"CDLI-Archival View"
1355:Magan (civilization)
1027:Royal Cemetery of Ur
751:Royal Cemetery at Ur
365:United Arab Emirates
174:are remnants of the
4584:Maritime Jade Route
3737:Kaveri Poompattinam
2600:Possehl, Gregory L.
1206:", ie Nubia), whom
1129:ingots, certainly,
1031:First Dynasty of Ur
977:. Finnish scholars
657:and especially the
593:a Meluhha red dog:
511:wood and beautiful
425:In an inscription,
63:long-horned buffalo
5771:Indian Ocean trade
5132:Bajo de la Campana
4834:Peter Throckmorton
4819:Jean-Yves Empereur
4793:William L. Rodgers
4614:Maritime Silk Road
2717:John Keay (2000).
2464:"CDLI-Found Texts"
1588:cartelfr.louvre.fr
1402:cartelfr.louvre.fr
1307:Naram-Sin of Akkad
1249:Hellenistic period
1245:
1242:(column 1 line 52)
1230:) as mentioned by
1151:
1035:
893:
833:
732:"Animal figurines"
521:Enki and Ninhursag
500:Enki and Ninhursag
423:
348:Indian Ocean trade
5751:Prehistoric India
5718:
5717:
5714:
5713:
5580:
5579:
5567:
5566:
5187:Madrague de Giens
4906:Temple of Isthmia
4902:Maritime temples
4888:Marine navigation
4847:
4846:
4839:Shelley Wachsmann
4829:J. Richard Steffy
4739:
4738:
4672:
4671:
4541:
4540:
4528:
4527:
4479:
4478:
4209:Ocean exploration
3924:
3923:
3911:
3910:
3570:Rutter (nautical)
3526:
3525:
3513:
3512:
3369:Mortise and tenon
3003:Ancient seafaring
2912:978-1-351-58833-1
2882:978-0-674-72882-0
2809:978-1-4008-8276-2
2630:Studia Orientalia
2615:978-0-7591-0172-2
2585:978-0-415-39485-7
2561:. pp. 57–58.
2555:Frayne, Douglas.
2520:978-1-134-52062-6
2487:. pp. 55–56.
2481:Frayne, Douglas.
2341:978-0-19-522243-2
2314:978-0-521-28550-6
2236:978-1-58839-043-1
2209:978-0-19-971829-0
2024:978-1-4767-2990-9
1943:978-1-317-28225-9
1849:978-1-57506-042-2
1646:978-1-57506-042-2
1614:978-1-57506-042-2
1534:(See Appendix C.)
1473:Studia Orientalia
989:(earlier variant
857:Arabian Peninsula
753:, circa 2600 BCE.
715:
697:
237:name for sesame (
235:South Dravidian I
182:("elevated") and
127:Middle Bronze Age
5778:
5709:
5708:
5603:Ark of bulrushes
5586:
5585:
5575:
5574:
5213:Oldest surviving
4923:Nusantao network
4798:Chester G. Starr
4763:
4762:
4756:
4755:
4745:
4744:
4734:
4733:
4707:Cilician pirates
4678:
4677:
4667:
4666:
4604:Sa Huynh-Kalanay
4599:Iron Age Britain
4547:
4546:
4536:
4535:
4254:
4253:
3943:
3942:
3930:
3929:
3919:
3918:
3833:Ptolemais Theron
3543:
3542:
3532:
3531:
3521:
3520:
3113:Single-outrigger
3024:
3023:
3011:
3010:
2996:
2989:
2982:
2973:
2972:
2954:
2937:
2916:
2887:
2886:
2866:
2857:
2856:
2848:
2842:
2841:
2832:
2826:
2820:
2814:
2813:
2793:
2787:
2786:
2778:
2772:
2771:
2763:
2757:
2747:
2741:
2740:
2724:
2721:India: A History
2714:
2708:
2707:
2702:. Archived from
2692:
2686:
2685:
2657:
2651:
2644:
2638:
2637:
2625:
2619:
2618:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2552:
2546:
2545:
2534:
2525:
2524:
2504:
2489:
2488:
2478:
2472:
2471:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2444:
2434:
2428:
2427:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2372:
2366:
2356:
2350:
2349:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2294:
2288:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2120:
2114:
2113:
2106:
2097:
2096:
2085:
2079:
2072:
2061:
2060:
2044:
2029:
2028:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1900:
1894:
1885:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1819:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1794:
1779:
1778:
1767:
1761:
1760:
1753:
1744:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1717:
1711:
1710:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1630:
1619:
1618:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1553:
1547:
1541:
1535:
1533:
1525:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1516:
1510:
1499:
1487:
1481:
1480:
1464:
1458:
1451:
1445:
1439:
1433:
1432:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1376:
1257:Sixth Syrian War
1229:
1079:circular stamped
942:
802:Animal figurines
762:
742:
714:
711:
707:
696:
693:
685:
633:
624:
618:
611:
557:
548:
523:
478:
459:
456:
420:
416:
323:
317:
294:
285:
268:Trade with Sumer
176:Harappan culture
156:Harappan Culture
152:Proto-Dravidians
116:
111:
110:
97:
89:
50:
36:
26:
5786:
5785:
5781:
5780:
5779:
5777:
5776:
5775:
5736:Bronze Age Asia
5721:
5720:
5719:
5710:
5706:
5701:
5591:
5576:
5572:
5563:
5506:
5500:
5448:
5447:Institutes and
5442:
5397:Viking replicas
5338:Balangay Voyage
5251:
5245:
5229:
4984:
4977:
4853:
4843:
4802:
4750:
4735:
4731:
4726:
4683:
4668:
4664:
4659:
4555:
4537:
4533:
4524:
4475:
4432:
4285:
4245:
4190:
4183:
3984:
3937:
3920:
3916:
3907:
3783:Mueang Phra Rot
3637:
3628:
3537:
3522:
3518:
3509:
3463:
3437:Triangular sail
3398:
3335:
3309:Sail components
3220:
3189:
3163:Tessarakonteres
3018:
3005:
3000:
2962:
2957:
2934:
2913:
2896:
2891:
2890:
2883:
2867:
2860:
2849:
2845:
2834:
2833:
2829:
2821:
2817:
2810:
2794:
2790:
2779:
2775:
2764:
2760:
2748:
2744:
2737:
2715:
2711:
2694:
2693:
2689:
2658:
2654:
2645:
2641:
2626:
2622:
2616:
2597:
2593:
2586:
2570:
2566:
2553:
2549:
2536:
2535:
2528:
2521:
2505:
2492:
2479:
2475:
2462:
2461:
2457:
2449:
2442:
2436:
2435:
2431:
2416:
2402:
2398:
2387:
2373:
2369:
2357:
2353:
2342:
2326:
2322:
2315:
2295:
2291:
2277:McIntosh (2008)
2275:
2271:
2265:
2251:
2247:
2237:
2221:
2217:
2210:
2194:
2190:
2177:
2173:
2166:
2149:
2145:
2138:
2121:
2117:
2108:
2107:
2100:
2087:
2086:
2082:
2073:
2064:
2045:
2032:
2025:
2009:
2005:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1956:
1955:
1951:
1944:
1928:
1924:
1901:
1897:
1886:
1877:
1869:
1861:
1857:
1850:
1834:
1830:
1823:"Louvre Museum"
1821:
1813:
1809:
1796:
1795:
1782:
1769:
1768:
1764:
1757:"Louvre Museum"
1755:
1747:
1745:
1741:
1731:
1729:
1719:
1718:
1714:
1707:
1691:
1687:
1672:
1658:
1654:
1647:
1631:
1622:
1615:
1599:
1595:
1582:
1581:
1577:
1570:
1554:
1550:
1542:
1538:
1526:
1522:
1514:
1512:
1508:
1497:
1491:Witzel, Michael
1488:
1484:
1465:
1461:
1452:
1448:
1440:
1436:
1429:
1413:
1409:
1396:
1395:
1391:
1378:
1377:
1373:
1368:
1360:Names for India
1316:
1297:
1276:Mature Harappan
1253:Ptolemaic Egypt
1243:
1236:Rassam cylinder
1204:Kingdom of Kush
1170:Rassam cylinder
1139:
1048:Rassam cylinder
967:
943:
940:
877:Akkadian Empire
875:, ruler of the
865:
817:
804:
790:Andrew Robinson
774:Harappan script
770:
769:
768:
767:
766:
763:
755:
754:
743:
734:
733:
727:
722:
721:
720:
717:
708:
699:
686:
655:Akkadian Empire
647:
631:
612:
609:
583:
582:
581:
580:
560:
559:
558:
550:
549:
540:
539:
533:
524:
519:
494:from Meluhha".
479:
476:
466:Gudea cylinders
457:
437:. His grandson
427:Sargon of Akkad
417:) and Meluhha (
407:Gudea cylinders
400:
371:. Dilmun was a
350:
332:
331:
330:
329:
301:Akkadian Empire
297:
296:
295:
287:
286:
277:
276:
270:
192:Proto-Dravidian
145:
139:
82:
81:
80:
79:
78:
55:Akkadian Empire
51:
42:
41:
40:
37:
28:
27:
23:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5784:
5774:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5716:
5715:
5712:
5711:
5704:
5702:
5700:
5699:
5692:
5691:
5690:
5683:
5676:
5669:
5661:
5654:
5647:
5639:
5629:
5628:
5627:
5626:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5605:
5596:
5593:
5592:
5582:
5581:
5578:
5577:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5564:
5562:
5561:
5560:
5559:
5554:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5510:
5508:
5502:
5501:
5499:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5452:
5450:
5444:
5443:
5441:
5440:
5439:
5438:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5416:
5408:
5407:
5406:
5394:
5393:
5392:
5387:
5380:
5372:Mediterranean
5370:
5369:
5368:
5361:
5354:
5347:
5340:
5335:
5328:
5325:Alingano Maisu
5321:
5314:
5307:
5300:
5293:
5281:
5280:
5279:
5268:
5255:
5253:
5247:
5246:
5244:
5243:
5237:
5235:
5231:
5230:
5228:
5227:
5226:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5207:
5206:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5183:
5176:
5174:De Meern ships
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5146:
5145:
5144:
5136:
5135:
5134:
5129:
5121:
5120:
5119:
5112:
5105:
5100:
5092:
5087:
5086:
5085:
5075:
5074:
5073:
5068:
5058:
5057:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5044:Cape Gelidonya
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4989:
4987:
4979:
4978:
4976:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4919:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4879:
4878:
4868:
4863:
4857:
4855:
4849:
4848:
4845:
4844:
4842:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4810:
4808:
4807:Archaeologists
4804:
4803:
4801:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4773:David Blackman
4769:
4767:
4760:
4752:
4751:
4741:
4740:
4737:
4736:
4729:
4727:
4725:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4712:Jewish pirates
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4688:
4685:
4684:
4674:
4673:
4670:
4669:
4662:
4660:
4658:
4657:
4656:
4655:
4645:
4644:
4643:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4560:
4557:
4556:
4543:
4542:
4539:
4538:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4525:
4523:
4522:
4521:
4520:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4499:
4498:
4487:
4485:
4481:
4480:
4477:
4476:
4474:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4437:
4434:
4433:
4431:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4398:Lake Trasimene
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4299:Mediterranean:
4295:
4293:
4287:
4286:
4284:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4262:
4260:
4251:
4247:
4246:
4244:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4227:
4226:
4221:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4195:
4193:
4185:
4184:
4182:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4160:
4159:
4154:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4108:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4076:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4005:
4004:
4003:
3992:
3990:
3986:
3985:
3983:
3982:
3977:
3976:
3975:
3970:
3960:
3955:
3949:
3947:
3939:
3938:
3926:
3925:
3922:
3921:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3641:
3639:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3626:
3625:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3606:
3605:
3604:
3602:Maritime pilot
3599:
3589:
3584:
3583:
3582:
3572:
3567:
3565:Portolan chart
3562:
3557:
3551:
3549:
3539:
3538:
3528:
3527:
3524:
3523:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3471:
3469:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3440:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3414:
3408:
3406:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3396:
3395:
3394:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3345:
3343:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3312:
3311:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3265:
3264:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3228:
3226:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3197:
3195:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3166:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3138:Oared warships
3135:
3127:
3126:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3074:
3073:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3032:
3030:
3020:
3019:
3007:
3006:
2999:
2998:
2991:
2984:
2976:
2970:
2969:
2961:
2960:External links
2958:
2956:
2955:
2938:
2932:
2917:
2911:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2881:
2858:
2843:
2827:
2815:
2808:
2788:
2773:
2758:
2742:
2735:
2709:
2706:on 2000-12-11.
2687:
2668:(3): 554–587.
2652:
2639:
2620:
2614:
2591:
2584:
2564:
2547:
2526:
2519:
2490:
2473:
2455:
2429:
2414:
2396:
2385:
2367:
2351:
2340:
2320:
2313:
2289:
2269:
2263:
2245:
2235:
2215:
2208:
2188:
2171:
2164:
2143:
2136:
2115:
2098:
2080:
2062:
2030:
2023:
2003:
1985:
1967:
1949:
1942:
1922:
1895:
1875:
1855:
1848:
1828:
1807:
1780:
1762:
1739:
1712:
1705:
1685:
1671:978-1900724470
1670:
1652:
1645:
1620:
1613:
1593:
1575:
1568:
1548:
1546:, p. 354.
1536:
1520:
1482:
1459:
1446:
1434:
1427:
1407:
1389:
1370:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1310:
1296:
1293:
1225:
1214:" (capital of
1138:
1135:
1091:Failaka Island
1029:dating to the
966:
963:
938:
864:
861:
816:
813:
803:
800:
764:
757:
756:
744:
737:
736:
735:
731:
730:
729:
728:
726:
723:
719:
718:
709:
702:
700:
687:
680:
677:
676:
675:
646:
643:
629:
607:
577:Ethiopian wolf
562:
561:
552:
551:
543:
542:
541:
537:
536:
535:
534:
532:
529:
517:
474:
464:, etc. In the
399:
396:
388:Eastern Arabia
384:Failaka Island
299:
298:
289:
288:
280:
279:
278:
274:
273:
272:
271:
269:
266:
261:. Munda is an
247:Michael Witzel
204:Aryan speaking
138:
135:
59:Sharkalisharri
52:
45:
44:
43:
38:
31:
30:
29:
21:
20:
19:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5783:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5728:
5726:
5698:
5697:
5693:
5689:
5688:
5684:
5682:
5681:
5677:
5675:
5674:
5673:Metamorphoses
5670:
5668:
5666:
5665:The Histories
5662:
5660:
5659:
5655:
5653:
5652:
5648:
5646:
5644:
5643:The Histories
5640:
5638:
5637:
5633:
5632:
5630:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5610:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5600:
5598:
5597:
5594:
5587:
5583:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5549:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5511:
5509:
5503:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5453:
5451:
5445:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5421:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5411:
5409:
5405:
5404:
5400:
5399:
5398:
5395:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5385:
5381:
5379:
5378:
5374:
5373:
5371:
5367:
5366:
5362:
5360:
5359:
5358:Marumaru Atua
5355:
5353:
5352:
5348:
5346:
5345:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5333:
5329:
5327:
5326:
5322:
5320:
5319:
5318:Samudra Raksa
5315:
5313:
5312:
5308:
5306:
5305:
5304:Te Au o Tonga
5301:
5299:
5298:
5294:
5292:
5291:
5287:
5286:
5285:
5282:
5278:
5277:
5273:
5269:
5267:
5266:
5262:
5261:
5260:
5257:
5256:
5254:
5248:
5242:
5239:
5238:
5236:
5232:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5210:
5208:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5188:
5184:
5182:
5181:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5164:Blackfriars I
5162:
5160:
5159:Arles Rhône 3
5157:
5155:
5154:
5150:
5149:
5147:
5143:
5140:
5139:
5137:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5124:
5122:
5118:
5117:
5113:
5111:
5110:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5095:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5084:
5081:
5080:
5079:
5076:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5063:
5062:
5059:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4990:
4988:
4986:
4980:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4963:Thalassocracy
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4948:Shell middens
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4903:
4901:
4899:
4898:Naval warfare
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4877:
4874:
4873:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4858:
4856:
4850:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4811:
4809:
4805:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4778:Lionel Casson
4776:
4774:
4771:
4770:
4768:
4764:
4761:
4757:
4753:
4746:
4742:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4689:
4686:
4679:
4675:
4654:
4651:
4650:
4649:
4646:
4642:
4639:
4638:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4621:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4609:Incense trade
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4561:
4558:
4554:
4548:
4544:
4519:
4516:
4515:
4514:
4513:South America
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4497:
4494:
4493:
4492:
4489:
4488:
4486:
4482:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4461:Sailing ships
4459:
4457:
4456:Oared vessels
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4438:
4435:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4378:Cape Hermaeum
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4300:
4297:
4296:
4294:
4292:
4288:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4263:
4261:
4259:
4255:
4252:
4248:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4216:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4196:
4194:
4192:
4189:Migration and
4186:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4149:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4092:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4074:
4071:
4069:
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4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4010:
4009:
4006:
4002:
3999:
3998:
3997:
3996:Ancient Egypt
3994:
3993:
3991:
3989:Civilizations
3987:
3981:
3978:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3965:
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3405:
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3389:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
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3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3364:Clinker built
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3349:Boat building
3347:
3346:
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3342:
3338:
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3329:
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3250:
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3141:
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3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3098:Navis lusoria
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3072:
3069:
3068:
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3025:
3021:
3017:
3012:
3008:
3004:
2997:
2992:
2990:
2985:
2983:
2978:
2977:
2974:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2939:
2935:
2933:9781576079072
2929:
2925:
2924:
2918:
2914:
2908:
2905:. Routledge.
2904:
2899:
2898:
2884:
2878:
2874:
2873:
2865:
2863:
2854:
2847:
2839:
2838:
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2811:
2805:
2801:
2800:
2792:
2784:
2777:
2769:
2762:
2755:
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2746:
2738:
2736:9780871138002
2732:
2728:
2723:
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2713:
2705:
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2697:
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2683:
2679:
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2643:
2635:
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2624:
2617:
2611:
2607:
2606:
2601:
2595:
2587:
2581:
2577:
2576:
2568:
2560:
2559:
2551:
2543:
2542:cdli.ucla.edu
2539:
2533:
2531:
2522:
2516:
2512:
2511:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2486:
2485:
2477:
2469:
2468:cdli.ucla.edu
2465:
2459:
2448:
2441:
2440:
2433:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2411:
2407:
2400:
2393:
2388:
2386:9781780235417
2382:
2378:
2371:
2364:
2360:
2359:Mathew (2017)
2355:
2348:
2343:
2337:
2333:
2332:
2324:
2316:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2301:
2293:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2273:
2266:
2264:9781780235417
2260:
2256:
2249:
2242:
2238:
2232:
2228:
2227:
2219:
2211:
2205:
2201:
2200:
2192:
2184:
2183:
2175:
2167:
2165:9780759101722
2161:
2157:
2156:
2147:
2139:
2137:9781136155314
2133:
2129:
2128:
2119:
2111:
2105:
2103:
2094:
2090:
2084:
2077:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2026:
2020:
2016:
2015:
2007:
1999:
1995:
1989:
1981:
1977:
1971:
1963:
1962:cdli.ucla.edu
1959:
1953:
1945:
1939:
1935:
1934:
1926:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1899:
1893:
1889:
1888:McIntosh 2008
1884:
1882:
1880:
1868:
1867:
1859:
1851:
1845:
1841:
1840:
1832:
1824:
1818:
1811:
1803:
1799:
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1785:
1776:
1772:
1766:
1758:
1752:
1743:
1728:
1727:
1722:
1716:
1708:
1706:9788185492025
1702:
1698:
1697:
1689:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1667:
1663:
1656:
1648:
1642:
1638:
1637:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1616:
1610:
1606:
1605:
1597:
1589:
1585:
1579:
1571:
1569:9780190226930
1565:
1561:
1560:
1552:
1545:
1544:McIntosh 2008
1540:
1531:
1524:
1511:on 2012-02-06
1507:
1503:
1496:
1492:
1486:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1463:
1456:
1450:
1444:, p. 46.
1443:
1442:McIntosh 2008
1438:
1430:
1428:9781614510352
1424:
1420:
1419:
1411:
1403:
1399:
1393:
1385:
1384:Louvre Museum
1381:
1375:
1371:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1308:
1304:
1303:
1299:
1298:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1223:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1200:
1196:(Egypt) and
1195:
1194:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1180:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1148:
1143:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1089:, India, and
1088:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1049:
1044:
1040:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1019:
1015:
1013:
1012:
1007:
1003:
999:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
962:
960:
956:
952:
948:
937:
936:had shown..."
935:
931:
927:
922:
918:
914:
908:
906:
902:
898:
890:
889:Louvre Museum
886:
882:
878:
874:
869:
860:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
830:
826:
821:
812:
810:
798:
793:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
761:
752:
748:
741:
706:
701:
691:
684:
679:
678:
674:
672:
668:
663:
660:
656:
652:
642:
640:
635:
632:
623:
606:
604:
600:
594:
592:
588:
578:
574:
571:, could be a
570:
566:
556:
547:
538:"Meluhha dog"
531:"Meluhha dog"
528:
522:
516:
514:
510:
504:
502:
501:
495:
493:
489:
485:
473:
469:
467:
463:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
412:
408:
404:
395:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
349:
345:
341:
337:
327:
326:Louvre Museum
322:
316:
310:
306:
302:
293:
284:
265:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
207:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
168:Brahui people
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
144:
134:
132:
128:
124:
120:
115:
109:
102:
98:
96:
90:
88:
76:
75:Louvre Museum
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
49:
35:
5694:
5685:
5678:
5671:
5664:
5656:
5651:On the Ocean
5649:
5642:
5634:
5631:Literature:
5419:
5401:
5382:
5375:
5365:Aotearoa One
5363:
5356:
5349:
5342:
5330:
5323:
5316:
5309:
5302:
5295:
5288:
5275:
5271:
5263:
5250:Experimental
5218:Museum ships
5185:
5178:
5151:
5123:Phoenician:
5114:
5109:Leontophoros
5107:
5071:Butuan boats
5066:Pontian boat
5004:Dufuna canoe
4943:Shipbuilding
4854:and theories
4824:Boris Rankov
4618:
4578:
4551:Economy and
4451:Incendiaries
4298:
4085:Indus Valley
4053:Tarumanagara
3980:Ubaid period
3898:Wadi al-Jarf
3813:Ostia Antica
3417:Fore-and-aft
3384:Shipbuilding
3359:Carvel built
3341:Construction
3299:Steering oar
3180:Sailing ship
3103:Obelisk ship
3061:Dugout canoe
2942:
2922:
2902:
2894:Bibliography
2871:
2852:
2846:
2836:
2830:
2818:
2798:
2791:
2782:
2776:
2767:
2761:
2753:
2750:
2745:
2720:
2712:
2704:the original
2700:hindunet.org
2699:
2690:
2665:
2661:
2655:
2642:
2633:
2629:
2623:
2604:
2594:
2574:
2567:
2557:
2550:
2541:
2509:
2483:
2476:
2467:
2458:
2447:the original
2438:
2432:
2405:
2399:
2390:
2376:
2370:
2354:
2345:
2330:
2323:
2299:
2292:
2272:
2254:
2248:
2240:
2225:
2218:
2198:
2191:
2181:
2174:
2154:
2146:
2126:
2118:
2092:
2083:
2056:
2052:
2013:
2006:
1997:
1988:
1979:
1970:
1961:
1952:
1932:
1925:
1908:
1904:
1898:
1865:
1858:
1838:
1831:
1810:
1801:
1774:
1765:
1742:
1730:. Retrieved
1724:
1715:
1696:M. A. Nayeem
1695:
1688:
1661:
1655:
1635:
1603:
1596:
1587:
1578:
1558:
1551:
1539:
1529:
1523:
1513:, retrieved
1506:the original
1501:
1485:
1476:
1472:
1462:
1454:
1449:
1437:
1417:
1410:
1401:
1392:
1383:
1374:
1300:
1271:
1269:
1264:
1246:
1232:Ashurbanipal
1197:
1192:
1183:
1177:
1174:Ashurbanipal
1165:
1164:
1152:
1103:lapis lazuli
1076:
1065:
1060:
1053:Assurbanipal
1046:
1043:Indus valley
1036:
1009:
1001:
997:
990:
986:
983:Simo Parpola
970:
968:
945:
910:
894:
847:in northern
837:lapis lazuli
834:
825:Mohenjo-daro
805:
795:
771:
664:
648:
636:
614:
596:
584:
526:
520:
512:
508:
506:
498:
496:
488:lapis lazuli
481:
471:
424:
398:Inscriptions
392:Persian Gulf
376:civilization
373:Persian Gulf
351:
304:
258:
245:). However,
242:
238:
226:
218:
208:
183:
179:
163:
148:Asko Parpola
146:
92:
84:
83:
67:Indus Valley
5658:Argonautica
5645:(Herodotus)
5608:Flood myths
5505:Museums and
5449:conferences
5414:Vital Alsar
5252:archaeology
5061:Austronesia
5054:Hjortspring
5049:Rochelongue
4999:Pesse canoe
4953:Ship burial
4938:Sea Peoples
4871:Lighthouses
4866:Grave goods
4814:George Bass
4594:Spice trade
4191:exploration
4013:Philippines
4008:Austronesia
4001:Old Kingdom
3878:Trincomalee
3828:Prosphorion
3773:Myos Hormos
3617:Micronesian
3608:By region:
3580:Lighthouses
3388:By region:
3153:Quinquereme
3078:Kunlun ship
3071:Penteconter
3056:Dragon boat
953:, Meluhha,
853:Ras al-Jinz
849:Afghanistan
823:Model of a
747:Meskalamdug
490:and bright
215:Mesopotamia
188:Balochistan
150:identifies
125:during the
5725:Categories
5667:(Polybius)
5311:Hawaiʻiloa
5193:Nemi ships
5078:Black Sea
5024:Khufu ship
4985:and relics
4883:Marine art
4876:Alexandria
4783:Fik Meijer
4766:Historians
4653:Indo-Roman
4466:Greek navy
4368:Salamis II
4358:Hellespont
4318:Artemisium
4308:Nile Delta
4271:Achaemenid
4164:Achaemenid
4033:Langkasuka
4028:Micronesia
3946:Prehistory
3873:Sounagoura
3701:Chittagong
3676:Barbarikon
3655:Alexandria
3597:Pilot boat
3547:Navigation
3379:Sewn-plank
3374:Lashed-lug
3252:Figurehead
3225:Components
3194:Propulsion
3148:Quadrireme
3129:Polyremes
3108:Outriggers
2751:Expedition
2725:. p.
2636:: 205–238.
2415:3805309570
2361:, p.
2279:, p.
2059:: 454–471.
1890:, p.
1515:2018-12-11
1366:References
1285:Achaemenid
1263:in Egypt (
1208:Esarhaddon
1190:, king of
915:, king of
913:Abalgamash
883:, king of
881:Abalgamash
845:Badakhshan
484:cylinder B
334:See also:
255:para-Munda
211:sesame oil
141:See also:
5680:Geography
5618:Gilgamesh
5507:memorials
5431:Viracocha
5344:Faʻafaite
5297:Sarimanok
5203:Yassi Ada
5116:Syracusia
5039:Canaanite
5014:Moor Sand
4484:By region
4446:Grappling
4418:Naulochus
4408:Myonessus
4363:Echinades
4348:Arginusae
4343:Cynossema
4328:Naupactus
4323:Eurymedon
4157:Classical
4132:Phoenicia
4127:Mycenaean
4090:Tamilakam
4073:Polynesia
4063:Srivijaya
3858:Satingpra
3818:Palembang
3802:Cattigara
3744:(Kadaram)
3727:Jambukola
3721:Guangzhou
3662:(Podouke)
3660:Arikamedu
3622:Polynesia
3555:Celestial
3468:Armaments
3454:Spritsail
3412:Crab claw
3354:Careening
3321:Sternpost
3175:Reed boat
3118:Catamaran
3093:Multihull
2951:875303686
2696:"urseals"
2682:140709175
2424:925200287
1479:: 205–238
1226:Meluhha (
1111:carnelian
995:Dravidian
991:Me-lah-ha
985:identify
917:Parahshum
841:Shortugai
725:Artifacts
492:carnelian
462:carnelian
439:Naram-Sin
321:Me-luḫ-ḫa
309:cuneiform
154:with the
137:Etymology
117:) is the
114:Me-luḫ-ḫa
95:Melukhkha
5696:Tākitimu
5599:Legend:
5557:Roskilde
5436:Tangaroa
5377:Olympias
5351:Gaualofa
5290:Hōkūleʻa
5265:Kon-Tiki
5098:Ashkelon
5034:Uluburun
4993:Earliest
4759:Scholars
4641:shipping
4441:Boarding
4353:Mytilene
4338:Syracuse
4303:Alashiya
4266:Egyptian
4250:Military
4241:Timeline
4219:Sardinia
4142:Carthage
4058:Kalingga
4018:Sa Huỳnh
3953:Timeline
3903:Zanzibar
3853:Sarapion
3848:Rhacotis
3778:Martaban
3723:(Canton)
3716:Godavaya
3711:Giao Chỉ
3681:Barygaza
3671:Avalites
3592:Piloting
3480:Catapult
3475:Ballista
3449:Mast-aft
3262:Planking
3201:Paddling
3158:Hexareme
3123:Trimaran
3088:Longship
3036:Balangay
2602:(2002),
1917:23294921
1911:(1): 4.
1680:47140175
1493:(1999),
1314:See also
1302:(..)ibra
1289:Seleucid
1280:Elamites
1228:𒈨𒈛𒄩𒆠
1006:Sanskrit
998:mel akam
939:—
897:Akkadian
885:Marhashi
843:(modern
713:𒈨𒈛𒄩𒆠
695:𒈨𒈛𒄩𒆠
608:—
587:Ibbi-Sin
569:Marhashi
565:Ibbi-Sin
518:—
475:—
443:(..)ibra
353:Sumerian
259:jar-tila
231:Akkadian
223:Sumerian
172:Pakistan
160:Sumerian
119:Sumerian
101:Sumerian
25:𒈨𒈛𒄩𒆠
5636:Odyssey
5613:Genesis
5410:Others
5209:Lists:
5198:Marausa
5148:Roman:
5138:Punic:
5103:Kyrenia
5094:Greek:
5090:Marsala
5083:Sinop D
4958:Tacking
4692:History
4579:Meluhha
4569:Fishing
4564:Whaling
4471:Ramming
4393:Aegates
4388:Drepana
4383:Ecnomus
4313:Salamis
4301:
4291:Battles
4169:Nabatea
4152:Archaic
4122:Nuragic
4112:Somalia
3963:Oceania
3958:Britain
3935:History
3868:Socotra
3838:Qandala
3823:Piraeus
3793:Muziris
3763:Madurai
3758:Manthai
3696:Canopus
3666:Arsinoe
3638:harbors
3587:History
3575:Coastal
3505:Sambuca
3490:Dolphin
3404:Rigging
3216:Poling
3206:Sailing
3143:Trireme
3083:Liburna
3046:Coracle
3016:Vessels
1732:21 July
1272:Meluhha
1247:In the
1234:in the
1188:Taharqa
1184:Meluhha
1166:Meluhha
1160:Gutians
1131:bitumen
1087:Gujarat
1068:Harappa
1061:Meluhha
1057:Assyria
1011:mleccha
1002:Meluhha
987:Meluhha
971:Meluhha
891:AO5476.
879:, over
782:Babylon
599:Marḫaši
591:Marhasi
390:in the
380:Bahrain
196:Mleccha
87:Meluḫḫa
22:Meluhha
5687:Aeneid
5403:Viking
5384:Regina
5153:Alkedo
5009:Abydos
4983:Wrecks
4852:Topics
4682:Piracy
4636:Greece
4496:Odisha
4428:Actium
4423:Mycale
4258:Navies
4147:Greece
4137:Olmecs
4105:Pandya
4080:Minoan
4043:Champa
4023:Lapita
3968:Remote
3888:Tyndis
3843:Quilon
3788:Muscat
3753:Lothal
3748:Korkai
3732:Jeddah
3706:Essina
3650:Adulis
3560:Charts
3495:Harpax
3485:Corvus
3459:Square
3427:Settee
3422:Lateen
3331:Tiller
3326:Strake
3294:Rudder
3284:Paddle
3232:Anchor
3211:Towing
3133:Bireme
3066:Galley
3041:Bangka
2949:
2930:
2909:
2879:
2806:
2733:
2680:
2612:
2582:
2517:
2422:
2412:
2392:knows.
2383:
2338:
2311:
2261:
2233:
2206:
2162:
2134:
2021:
1940:
1915:
1846:
1726:UNESCO
1703:
1678:
1668:
1643:
1611:
1566:
1425:
1330:Dilmun
1295:Rulers
1186:, and
1127:Copper
1119:silver
1115:pearls
1095:Kuwait
1083:Lothal
959:Amurru
901:Rimush
873:Rimush
690:Shulgi
671:Dilmun
667:Ur III
659:Ur III
451:Lagash
435:Dilmun
419:𒈨𒈛𒄩
361:Dilmun
346:, and
313:𒈨𒈛𒄩
106:𒈨𒈛𒄩
5731:Sumer
5623:Greek
5426:Abora
5420:Ivlia
5332:Saina
5276:Ra II
5234:Sites
5019:Dokos
4631:Egypt
4553:trade
4518:Rafts
4503:Japan
4491:India
4403:Chios
4373:Mylae
4333:Olpae
4281:Roman
4276:Greek
4174:Aksum
4100:Chera
4095:Chola
4068:Sunda
4048:Kutai
4038:Kedah
3883:Tulum
3863:Sidon
3808:Opone
3798:Óc Eo
3768:Malao
3742:Kedah
3686:Basra
3634:Ports
3612:Inuit
3432:Tanja
3392:Egypt
3242:Cabin
3185:Tomol
3028:Types
2678:S2CID
2450:(PDF)
2443:(PDF)
2347:land.
1913:JSTOR
1870:(PDF)
1509:(PDF)
1498:(PDF)
1240:Meroe
1216:Nubia
1212:Meroe
1193:Musur
1179:Magan
1156:Media
1147:Meroe
1099:ivory
1008:word
951:Magan
947:Gudea
934:Enlil
899:king
651:Girsu
639:dhole
603:Nanna
573:dhole
447:Gudea
431:Magan
411:Magan
357:Magan
251:Munda
200:Vedic
123:Sumer
5552:Oslo
5274:and
5180:Isis
5127:Gozo
4648:Rome
4626:Maya
4508:Rome
4413:Nile
4179:Rome
4117:Maya
3973:Near
3893:Tyre
3645:Aden
3444:Junk
3316:Stem
3304:Sail
3289:Rope
3274:Mast
3269:Keel
3257:Hull
3247:Deck
3170:Raft
3051:Dhow
2947:OCLC
2928:ISBN
2907:ISBN
2877:ISBN
2804:ISBN
2731:ISBN
2610:ISBN
2580:ISBN
2515:ISBN
2420:OCLC
2410:ISBN
2381:ISBN
2336:ISBN
2309:ISBN
2259:ISBN
2231:ISBN
2204:ISBN
2160:ISBN
2132:ISBN
2057:17/2
2019:ISBN
1938:ISBN
1844:ISBN
1734:2013
1701:ISBN
1676:OCLC
1666:ISBN
1641:ISBN
1609:ISBN
1564:ISBN
1423:ISBN
1287:and
1199:Kûsu
1182:and
1107:gold
1039:Elam
1021:The
981:and
979:Asko
957:and
955:Elam
930:Susa
928:and
926:Awan
921:Elam
905:Elam
809:Susa
786:Kish
784:and
433:and
415:𒈣𒃶
369:Oman
367:and
243:eḷḷu
239:eḷḷ
227:eḷḷu
225:and
198:, a
184:akam
4589:Tin
3636:and
3500:Ram
3279:Oar
3237:Bow
2670:doi
2305:p.x
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1892:187
1267:).
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