1136:
355:
and
Katyayana's commentary that preceded Patanjali's work. The earliest epigraphic records of the indigenous rulers of India are written in the Prakrit language. Originally the epigraphic language of the whole of India was mainly Prakrit and Sanskrit is first noticed in the inscriptions of North
392:
The first three are commonly grouped together, as the Saṃhitās comprising the four Vedas: ṛg, atharvan, yajus, sāman, which together constitute the oldest texts in
Sanskrit and the canonical foundation both of the Vedic religion, and the later religion known as Hinduism.
783:
which could even change the meaning of the words, and was still in use in Pāṇini's time, as can be inferred by his use of devices to indicate its position. At some latter time, this was replaced by a stress accent limited to the second to fourth syllables from the end.
415:
must have been essentially complete by around the 12th century BCE. The pre-1200 BCE layers mark a gradual change in Vedic
Sanskrit, but there is disappearance of these archaic correspondences and linguistics in the post-Rigvedic period.
1113:
grammarians recognise the phonetic occurrence of diphthongs measuring more than three morae in duration, but classify them all as prolated (i.e. trimoraic) to preserve a strict tripartite division of vocalic length between
447:. These texts are largely derived from the Ṛg·veda, but have undergone certain changes, both by linguistic change and by reinterpretation. For example, the more ancient injunctive verb system is no longer in use.
1581:
Parpola, Asko (1999), "The formation of the Aryan branch of Indo-European", in Blench, Roger & Spriggs, Matthew, Archaeology and
Language, vol. III: Artefacts, languages and texts, London and New York:
1622:
Sanskrit
Computational Linguistics: First and Second International Symposia Rocquencourt, France, October 29–31, 2007 Providence, RI, USA, May 15–17, 2008, Revised Selected Papers
849:
gives accent rules for both the spoken language of his post-Vedic time as well as the differences of Vedic accent. However, no extant post-Vedic text with accents are found.
550:() as well as its breathy-voiced counterpart (), which are not found in classical Sanskrit; Macdonnell suggests these were allophones of the corresponding plosives
475:
In this layer of Vedic literature, the archaic Vedic
Sanskrit verb system has been abandoned, and a prototype of pre-Panini Vedic Sanskrit structure emerges. The
312:(BMAC). Parpola (1999) elaborates the model and has "Proto-Rigvedic" Indo-Aryans intrude the BMAC around 1700 BCE. He assumes early Indo-Aryan presence in the
327:
The early Vedic
Sanskrit language was far less homogeneous compared to the language described by Pāṇini, that is, Classic Sanskrit. The language in the early
356:
India from about the second half of the 1st century BCE. Sanskrit gradually ousted
Prakrit from the field of Indian epigraphy in all parts of the country.
2449:
331:
of
Hinduism and the late Vedic literature approaches Classical Sanskrit. The formalization of the late form of Vedic Sanskrit language into the
2825:
2679:
2029:
463:). New innovations in Vedic Sanskrit appear such as the development of periphrastic aorist forms. This must have occurred before the time of
2729:
309:
2379:
1650:
4671:
296:
is estimated, on linguistic grounds, to have occurred around or before 1800 BCE. The date of composition of the oldest hymns of the
489:
had been or were being innovated by this time, but parts of the Brāhmaṇa layers show the language is still close to Vedic
Sanskrit.
4686:
2744:
2734:
2724:
2712:
313:
2777:
2442:
2384:
2261:
2221:
2117:
2093:
1928:
1806:
1722:
1630:
1603:
1566:
1521:
1494:
1443:
479:
texts provide a probable link between Vedic Sanskrit, Classical Sanskrit and languages of the Epics. Complex meters such as
4666:
547:
523:. These texts elucidate the state of the language which formed the basis of Pāṇini's codification into Classical Sanskrit.
467:
because Panini makes a list of those from the northwestern region of India who knew these older rules of Vedic Sanskrit.
214:
2356:, an online collection of introductory videos to Ancient Indo-European languages produced by the University of Göttingen
320:
from about 1700 BCE. According to this model, Rigvedic within the larger Indo-Aryan group is the direct ancestor of the
2818:
4351:
2544:
2435:
2296:
2136:
2074:
2055:
1658:
579:
2739:
4681:
1670:
4676:
204:
3224:
2109:
Syntaktische Forschungen: III. Die Altindische Wortfolge aus dem Çatapathabrâhmaṇa, Dargestellt von B. Delbrück
2013:
1428:"Early Loanwords in Western Central Asia: Indicators of Substrate Populations, Migrations, and Trade Relations"
17:
265:
language has survived into the modern era, and this has been a major source of information for reconstructing
4661:
4003:
3041:
2811:
2674:
2366:
2342:
316:
horizon from about 1900 BCE, and "Proto-Rigvedic" (Proto-Dardic) intrusion to Punjab as corresponding to the
2377:
Melissa Frazier "Accent in Proto-Indo-European Athematic Nouns and Its Development in Vedic" (obsolete link)
177:
165:
3974:
3794:
3640:
2960:
2659:
747:
287:
266:
1235:
575:
571:
563:
555:
4537:
4505:
4361:
2772:
2498:
583:
270:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1164:, typically in cases of questioning and particularly where two options are being compared. For example:
4071:
2503:
1435:
839:
341:
4510:
4211:
4185:
3624:
3508:
2792:
2482:
2309:
Sanskrit Grammar: Including both the Classical Language, and the older Dialects, of Veda and Brahmana
1767:
1674:
701:
293:
4406:
3170:
2529:
2207:
2193:
1267:
308:(1998) place the locus of the division of Indo-Aryan from Iranian in the Bronze Age culture of the
787:
Since a small number of words in the late pronunciation of Vedic carry the so-called "independent
2328:
243:
107:
2185:
4614:
4483:
3759:
3553:
3380:
2908:
2689:
2664:
2561:
1894:
Jamison, S.; Beguš, G.; Beguš, G. (2016). "The Phonetics of the Independent Svarita in Vedic".
1251:
1224:
1059:
519:
498:
317:
112:
1796:
1427:
4646:
4284:
4097:
3583:
3548:
3543:
3375:
2888:
1712:
1484:
703:
2376:
2147:
4572:
4547:
4416:
4386:
4243:
4023:
4013:
3823:
3402:
2834:
735:
685:
The Prātiśākhyas claim that the "dental" consonants were articulated from the teeth ridge (
239:
117:
2353:
2103:
8:
4619:
4426:
4147:
4132:
4064:
4038:
4028:
3953:
3670:
3460:
3387:
3370:
3115:
2945:
2684:
2651:
2239:
1513:
Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present
1212:
812:
743:
713:
76:
2179:
531:
Vedic differs from Classical Sanskrit to an extent comparable to the difference between
4656:
4431:
4344:
4309:
4081:
3599:
3337:
3027:
2955:
2950:
2787:
2782:
2669:
2283:
2023:
1899:
1246:
1097:
802:
724:
690:
251:
1211:
period of late Vedic Sanskrit (roughly 8th century BC), with some 40 instances in the
194:
4651:
4624:
4438:
4107:
4076:
4054:
4018:
3860:
3818:
3723:
3665:
3430:
3362:
3350:
3259:
3180:
3160:
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2924:
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2549:
2292:
2257:
2217:
2132:
2113:
2089:
2070:
2051:
2009:
1924:
1802:
1718:
1654:
1626:
1599:
1562:
1517:
1490:
1439:
835:
4468:
4454:
1903:
210:
4542:
4532:
4478:
4411:
4314:
4289:
4279:
4258:
4253:
4228:
4167:
4059:
4033:
3996:
3991:
3945:
3891:
3844:
3803:
3754:
3699:
3660:
3609:
3528:
3498:
3445:
3435:
3296:
3291:
3283:
3269:
3219:
3175:
3087:
2893:
2842:
2767:
2762:
2566:
2534:
2371:
831:
694:
567:
486:
481:
321:
2694:
411:
language, but these do not appear in post-Rigvedic Indian texts. The text of the
364:
Five chronologically distinct strata can be identified within the Vedic language:
4587:
4421:
4376:
4263:
4233:
4190:
4142:
4102:
4008:
3958:
3929:
3907:
3839:
3749:
3709:
3675:
3619:
3614:
3573:
3558:
3538:
3533:
3523:
3513:
3503:
3475:
3465:
3455:
3450:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3392:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3264:
3185:
3110:
3066:
3022:
3017:
3002:
2997:
2940:
2903:
2898:
2624:
2619:
2385:
Arthur Anthony Macdonell "A Vedic Grammar for Students: Appendix II: Vedic Metre"
2254:
Who we are and how we got here: ancient DNA and the new science of the human past
2235:
2211:
2107:
1918:
1620:
1593:
1556:
1511:
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later, whereas most other authorities including Pāṇini designate them as dentals.
536:
513:
502:
456:
99:
2272:
380:
4597:
4248:
4180:
4175:
4157:
4137:
3924:
3917:
3886:
3780:
3728:
3568:
3563:
3518:
3493:
3485:
3440:
3410:
3355:
3231:
3140:
3105:
3097:
3061:
3012:
2878:
2554:
2539:
2323:
2231:
2197:
1423:
1075:
255:
31:
2419:
2347:
374:
4640:
4582:
4238:
4152:
4127:
3912:
3254:
3155:
2629:
2607:
2585:
2472:
1293:
Today, the pitch accent can be heard only in the traditional Vedic chantings.
532:
305:
158:
2241:
Tracing the Vedic dialects, in Dialectes dans les litteratures Indo-Aryennes
1110:
846:
464:
336:
4577:
3345:
1595:
Theravada Buddhism: A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo
1537:
1480:
1261:
780:
774:
301:
2155:
2149:
1185:
1168:
1042:
1028:
1012:
998:
982:
969:
954:
941:
927:
915:
901:
889:
875:
863:
818:
must revert to a sequence of two syllables, the first of which carries an
676:
668:
638:
630:
622:
614:
149:
3655:
3470:
2976:
2634:
2602:
2508:
2406:— Keyboard Software for typing in the International Alphabet for Sanskrit
1256:
1161:
734:
Vedic often allowed two like vowels in certain cases to come together in
609:
582:) before the loss of voiced sibilants, which occurred after the split of
497:
This is the last stratum of Vedic literature, comprising the bulk of the
426:
351:
57:
2334:
2307:
3764:
3733:
3704:
2803:
2597:
2477:
566:); these units could also function metrically as a cluster, suggesting
507:
328:
53:
2410:
2397:
4554:
4463:
4443:
3135:
3130:
2862:
2338:
656:
598:
444:
346:
292:
The separation of Proto-Indo-Iranian language into Proto-Iranian and
187:
142:
1923:. School of Vedic Studies, Rabindra Bharati University. p. 16.
1618:
845:
Pitch accent was not restricted to Vedic. Early Sanskrit grammarian
386:
4592:
4334:
3685:
3150:
3145:
3125:
2883:
2458:
1208:
1079:
807:
439:
332:
262:
222:
65:
4526:
4397:
3870:
3604:
3120:
2337:
by Karen Thomson and Jonathan Slocum, free online lessons at the
1273:
1157:
826:
789:
728:
434:
408:
403:
297:
218:
1542:
In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Archaeology, and Myth
1135:
300:
is vague at best, generally estimated to roughly 1500 BCE. Both
3865:
3714:
3689:
3249:
3241:
3165:
3056:
2981:
820:
805:. Note however that in the metrically-restored versions of the
746:
still present in the Proto-Indo-Iranian stage of the language:
739:
666:, but they became correspondingly short in Classical Sanskrit:
460:
424:
This period includes both the mantra and prose language of the
644:. However, the diphthongal quality still resurfaces in sandhi.
3680:
3578:
2639:
2006:
Typische Merkmale von Fragesätzen und die altindische "Pluti"
1554:
247:
61:
49:
1896:
Proceedings of the 26th Annual UCLA Indo-European Conference
1109:
A diphthong is prolated by prolongation of its first vowel.
830:. Early Vedic was thus definitely not a tonal language like
542:
The following differences may be observed in the phonology:
4381:
3694:
2427:
1973:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1955:
455:
An important linguistic change is the disappearance of the
250:
and related literature compiled over the period of the mid-
1985:
1942:
1940:
742:, which has been reconstructed as the influence of an old
221:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
4473:
2372:
Frederik Kortlandt "Accent and ablaut in the Vedic verbs"
1866:
750:
407:
have cognates or direct correspondences with the ancient
1952:
258:, predating the advent of writing by several centuries.
1937:
1776:, pp. 121–127 (see pp. 29–31 in the archived-url).
1690:, pp. 115–127 (see pp. 26–30 in the archived-url).
1141:
1058:"Pluti" redirects here. For other uses of "pluta", see
1489:. Southern Illinois University Press. pp. 51–52.
1202:
1127:
1121:
1101:
2312:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
1092:. Pluta vowels are usually noted with a numeral "3" (
1795:
Chadwick, H. Munro; Chadwick, Nora K. (2010-10-31).
1714:
The Supreme Wisdom of the Upaniṣads: An Introduction
1156:
Pluta vowels are recorded a total of 3 times in the
1115:
2354:
glottothèque – Ancient Indo-European Grammar online
2069:(1st Indian ed.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.
1404:
2291:(1st ed.). Providence: The Sanskrit Library.
1074:, is the term for the phenomenon of protracted or
27:Archaic language in the Vedas (2nd millennium BCE)
1893:
1619:Gérard Huet; Amba Kulkarni; Peter Scharf (2009).
4638:
2424:— dynamic online declension and conjugation tool
2102:
1794:
1717:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 24 with note 73.
1591:
1516:. Princeton University Press. pp. 363–368.
2680:Legendary creatures in Sanskrit Hindu mythology
2045:
1850:
1848:
1585:
655:were correspondingly realized in Vedic as long
2277:. Les Langues du Monde (in French). Lyon: IAC.
2230:
1773:
1687:
1486:An Introduction to the Indo-European Languages
1475:
1473:
1383:
1370:
2819:
2443:
2282:Scharf, Peter M.; Hymann, Malcolm D. (2011).
2181:Altindische Nominalbildung: Nach den Saṃhitâs
1710:
1647:L'Inde Classique, manuel des etudes indiennes
1207:attained the peak of their popularity in the
2398:"Keyswap – IAST Diacritics Windows Software"
2281:
1991:
1979:
1845:
2415:— sources results from Monier Williams etc.
2046:Brereton, Joel; Jamison, Stephanie (2020).
1916:
1801:. Cambridge University Press. p. 460.
1544:. London: Thames & Hudson. p. 38f.
1470:
1416:
1236:Sanskrit literature § Vedic literature
731:during middle Vedic, but disappeared again.
2826:
2812:
2773:Sanskrit academic institutes outside India
2450:
2436:
2028:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1503:
261:Extensive ancient literature in the Vedic
2350:. Swami Tadatmananda (Arsha Bodha Center)
2206:
2192:
2145:
2126:
1946:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1432:Contact And Exchange in the Ancient World
459:, subjunctive, optative, imperative (the
281:
2833:
2745:Sanskrit inscriptions in the Malay world
2713:Sanskrit mottos of universities in India
2106:; Windisch, Ernst Wilhelm Oskar (1878).
2083:
1872:
1838:
1836:
1555:J. P. Mallory; Douglas Q. Adams (1997).
1509:
1134:
811:almost all of the syllables carrying an
700:The Prātiśākhyas are inconsistent about
401:Many words in the Vedic Sanskrit of the
2305:
2177:
1967:
1536:
793:" on a short vowel, one can argue that
727:) vowels were on the verge of becoming
708:but generally claim that it was also a
310:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex
215:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
14:
4639:
2285:Linguistic Issues in Encoding Sanskrit
2064:
2003:
1693:
1422:
1410:
2807:
2431:
2270:
2251:
2131:(1st ed.). Motilal Banarsidass.
1917:Chakrabarti, Samiran Chandra (1996).
1833:
1561:. Taylor & Francis. p. 306.
1558:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture
1479:
824:and the second a so-called dependent
1758:
1325:, 'to know', cognate with Eng. 'wit'
548:voiced retroflex lateral approximant
1645:Louis Renou & Jean Filliozat.
24:
419:
25:
4698:
2317:
2256:. New York: First Vintage Books.
2184:(in German). Costenoble. p.
2154:'s Phonological Rules and Vedic:
2112:(in German). Adegi Graphics LLC.
1510:Beckwith, Christopher I. (2009).
1170:adháḥ svid āsî3d upári svid āsī3t
834:but a pitch accent language like
580:Indo-Aryan superstrate in Mitanni
492:
470:
430:(Paippalada and Shaunakiya), the
254:to mid-1st millennium BCE. It is
4672:2nd-millennium BC establishments
4529:(unknown further classification)
2324:Unicode signs for Vedic Sanskrit
2306:Whitney, William Dwight (1950).
1651:École française d'Extrême-Orient
1346:
443:Saṃhitā, and the mantras of the
238:, is an ancient language of the
4687:Languages written in Devanagari
2039:
1997:
1910:
1887:
1878:
1857:
1824:
1815:
1788:
1779:
1749:
1740:
1731:
1664:
1639:
1612:
1377:
1364:
1328:
1315:
1306:
1287:
1096:) indicating a length of three
838:, which was inherited from the
2778:Sanskrit universities in India
2360:
2348:Introduction to Vedic chanting
2274:Grammaire de la langue védique
2247:(in French), Paris: de Boccard
2167:Journal of Indological Studies
1575:
1548:
1530:
1461:
1452:
712:. According to Pāṇini it is a
246:family. It is attested in the
234:, also simply referred as the
13:
1:
2343:University of Texas at Austin
2127:Deshpande, Madhav M. (1993).
1920:Some Aspects of Vedic Studies
1598:. Routledge. pp. 24–25.
1398:
1229:
1177:"Was it above? Was it below?"
1086:vowels are themselves called
359:
86:
2457:
2411:"Online Sanskrit Dictionary"
2213:A Vedic Grammar for Students
1430:. In Mair, Victor H. (ed.).
1276:, a closely related language
526:
288:Substratum in Vedic Sanskrit
30:Not to be confused with the
7:
4667:Linguistic history of India
2499:Sanskritisation (sociology)
2339:Linguistics Research Center
2156:
2150:
1625:. Springer. pp. v–vi.
1300:
1240:
1203:
1186:
1169:
1128:
1122:
1116:
1102:
1043:
1029:
1013:
999:
983:
970:
955:
942:
928:
916:
902:
890:
876:
864:
677:
669:
639:
631:
623:
615:
612:in later Sanskrit, such as
396:
10:
4703:
2504:Sanskritisation (language)
2146:Kobayashi, Masato (2006).
1992:Scharf & Hymann (2011)
1980:Scharf & Hymann (2011)
1436:University of Hawaii Press
1312:'compiled', 'put together'
1233:
1222:
1218:
1194:"Is this larger? Or this?"
1057:
840:Proto-Indo-European accent
772:
597:were realized in Vedic as
450:
285:
276:
29:
4606:
4563:
4519:
4496:
4452:
4395:
4369:
4360:
4327:
4302:
4272:
4221:
4210:
4203:
4166:
4120:
4090:
4047:
3984:
3973:
3938:
3900:
3879:
3853:
3832:
3811:
3802:
3793:
3773:
3742:
3648:
3639:
3592:
3484:
3401:
3336:
3329:
3282:
3240:
3212:
3205:
3198:
3096:
3075:
3049:
3040:
2990:
2969:
2933:
2917:
2871:
2850:
2841:
2793:World Sanskrit Conference
2755:
2703:
2650:
2575:
2517:
2491:
2465:
2420:"The Sanskrit Grammarian"
2208:Macdonell, Arthur Anthony
2194:Macdonell, Arthur Anthony
2086:Indo-European Linguistics
1653:, 1953, reprinted 2000.
1592:Richard Gombrich (2006).
1384:
1371:
768:
201:
185:
172:
156:
140:
135:
96:
82:
71:
44:
39:
4407:Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit
2530:Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit
2390:
2084:Clackson, James (2007).
1821:Macdonell, 1916, §15.2d.
1798:The Growth of Literature
1280:
1268:A Vedic Word Concordance
852:
4682:Indo-European languages
2675:Historic Sanskrit texts
2640:Suyat family of scripts
2483:Mandala political model
2335:Ancient Sanskrit Online
2216:. Motilal Banarsidass.
2178:Lindner, Bruno (1878).
1458:Macdonell (1916), §1.2.
1356:Brahmic transliteration
752:
4677:Indo-Iranian languages
4615:Indo-Iranian languages
2004:Strunk, Klaus (1983).
1711:Klaus G. Witz (1998).
1252:Vedic Sanskrit grammar
1225:Vedic Sanskrit grammar
1153:
1132:(prolated, 3+ morae).
738:without merger during
318:Gandhara grave culture
282:Prehistoric derivation
244:Indo-European language
203:This article contains
4285:Maharashtrian Konkani
2380:Internet Archive copy
2271:Renou, Louis (1952).
2252:Reich, David (2019).
2067:The Sanskrit language
1138:
520:Maitrāyaṇiya Upaniṣad
286:Further information:
4662:Indo-Aryan languages
4573:Andaman Creole Hindi
4004:Bishnupriya Manipuri
3824:Caribbean Hindustani
2835:Indo-Aryan languages
2329:index of Vedic texts
2129:Sanskrit and Prakrit
2048:The Rigveda, A Guide
1187:idáṃ bhûyā3 idâ3miti
1160:and 15 times in the
1126:(long, 2 morae) and
335:form is credited to
4620:Nuristani languages
4352:Mitanni superstrate
2961:Wotapuri-Katarqalai
2660:Buddhist literature
2065:Burrow, T. (2001).
1774:Michael Witzel 1989
1688:Michael Witzel 1989
1649:, vol.II pp.86–90,
1213:Shatapatha Brahmana
859:
714:retroflex consonant
693:), but they became
267:Proto-Indo-European
77:Indian subcontinent
4506:Proto-Indo-Iranian
4387:Early Ardhamagadhi
2788:World Sanskrit Day
2783:Sanskrit Knowledge
2594:Later development
2104:Delbrück, Berthold
1854:Deshpande, p. 138.
1247:Classical Sanskrit
1197:Atharvaveda 9.6.18
1154:
1082:; the overlong or
857:
608:, but they became
584:Proto-Indo-Iranian
570:pronunciations of
333:Classical Sanskrit
271:Proto-Indo-Iranian
4634:
4633:
4625:Iranian languages
4492:
4491:
4412:Dramatic Prakrits
4323:
4322:
4298:
4297:
4199:
4198:
4116:
4115:
4072:Rajbanshi (Nepal)
3969:
3968:
3789:
3788:
3635:
3634:
3625:list of languages
3325:
3324:
3278:
3277:
3194:
3193:
3036:
3035:
2801:
2800:
2263:978-1-101-87346-5
2223:978-81-208-1052-5
2119:978-0-543-94034-6
2095:978-0-521-65313-8
1970:, pp. 27–28.
1930:978-81-86938-04-1
1842:Macdonnell, §4.b.
1808:978-1-108-01615-5
1764:J&B, pp. 1–2.
1724:978-81-208-1573-5
1632:978-3-642-00154-3
1605:978-1-134-90352-8
1568:978-1-884964-98-5
1523:978-0-691-13589-2
1496:978-0-8093-1091-3
1445:978-0-8248-2884-4
1395:
1394:
1180:Rigveda 10.129.5d
1120:(short, 1 mora),
1056:
1055:
229:
228:
211:rendering support
207:phonetic symbols.
16:(Redirected from
4694:
4511:Proto-Indo-Aryan
4367:
4366:
4290:Canarese Konkani
4219:
4218:
4208:
4207:
3982:
3981:
3809:
3808:
3800:
3799:
3646:
3645:
3334:
3333:
3210:
3209:
3203:
3202:
3047:
3046:
2848:
2847:
2828:
2821:
2814:
2805:
2804:
2768:Sanskrit studies
2763:Sanskrit revival
2616:Spread of usage
2452:
2445:
2438:
2429:
2428:
2423:
2414:
2405:
2404:. 9 August 2018.
2313:
2302:
2290:
2278:
2267:
2248:
2246:
2227:
2203:
2189:
2174:
2164:
2159:
2153:
2142:
2123:
2099:
2080:
2061:
2034:
2033:
2027:
2019:
2001:
1995:
1989:
1983:
1977:
1971:
1965:
1950:
1947:Kobayashi (2006)
1944:
1935:
1934:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1891:
1885:
1882:
1876:
1875:, p. 58-59.
1870:
1864:
1861:
1855:
1852:
1843:
1840:
1831:
1830:Macdonnell, §15.
1828:
1822:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1792:
1786:
1783:
1777:
1771:
1765:
1762:
1756:
1753:
1747:
1744:
1738:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1708:
1691:
1685:
1672:
1668:
1662:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1589:
1583:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1477:
1468:
1465:
1459:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1420:
1414:
1408:
1388:
1387:
1386:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1373:
1368:
1352:
1351:
1338:
1332:
1326:
1319:
1313:
1310:
1294:
1291:
1206:
1189:
1172:
1149:) rendered with
1148:
1131:
1125:
1119:
1105:
1095:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1008:
1006:
1002:
992:
990:
986:
977:
973:
964:
962:
958:
949:
945:
935:
931:
923:
919:
909:
905:
897:
893:
883:
879:
871:
867:
860:
856:
759:
707:
680:
672:
642:
634:
626:
618:
577:
573:
568:Proto-Indo-Aryan
565:
557:
487:Sanskrit prosody
322:Dardic languages
294:Proto-Indo-Aryan
256:orally preserved
242:subgroup of the
197:
180:
168:
152:
145:
102:
91:
88:
37:
36:
21:
4702:
4701:
4697:
4696:
4695:
4693:
4692:
4691:
4637:
4636:
4635:
4630:
4629:
4602:
4565:
4559:
4515:
4498:
4488:
4448:
4391:
4377:Ashokan Prakrit
4356:
4319:
4294:
4268:
4213:
4195:
4162:
4112:
4086:
4043:
3976:
3965:
3934:
3896:
3875:
3849:
3828:
3785:
3769:
3738:
3710:Hyderabadi Urdu
3631:
3588:
3480:
3397:
3321:
3274:
3265:Pahari-Pothwari
3236:
3190:
3171:Pahari Kinnauri
3092:
3071:
3032:
2998:Indus Kohistani
2991:Hazara Division
2986:
2965:
2929:
2913:
2867:
2837:
2832:
2802:
2797:
2751:
2699:
2646:
2625:Gujarati script
2571:
2513:
2487:
2461:
2456:
2418:
2409:
2396:
2393:
2363:
2320:
2299:
2288:
2264:
2244:
2236:Colette Caillat
2224:
2162:
2139:
2120:
2096:
2077:
2058:
2042:
2037:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2002:
1998:
1990:
1986:
1978:
1974:
1966:
1953:
1945:
1938:
1931:
1915:
1911:
1892:
1888:
1883:
1879:
1871:
1867:
1862:
1858:
1853:
1846:
1841:
1834:
1829:
1825:
1820:
1816:
1809:
1793:
1789:
1784:
1780:
1772:
1768:
1763:
1759:
1754:
1750:
1745:
1741:
1737:Burrow, pp. 43.
1736:
1732:
1725:
1709:
1694:
1686:
1675:
1669:
1665:
1644:
1640:
1633:
1617:
1613:
1606:
1590:
1586:
1580:
1576:
1569:
1553:
1549:
1535:
1531:
1524:
1508:
1504:
1497:
1478:
1471:
1466:
1462:
1457:
1453:
1446:
1438:. p. 160.
1424:Witzel, Michael
1421:
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1303:
1298:
1297:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1243:
1238:
1232:
1227:
1221:
1146:
1093:
1076:overlong vowels
1063:
1048:
1041:
1034:
1027:
1018:
1011:
1004:
997:
988:
981:
975:
960:
953:
947:
933:
921:
907:
895:
881:
869:
855:
777:
771:
537:Classical Greek
529:
495:
473:
453:
422:
420:Mantra language
399:
362:
290:
284:
279:
209:Without proper
193:
176:
164:
161:
148:
141:
131:
103:
100:Language family
98:
89:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4700:
4690:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4632:
4631:
4628:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4608:
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4595:
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4561:
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4535:
4530:
4523:
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4517:
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4508:
4502:
4500:
4494:
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4486:
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4471:
4466:
4460:
4458:
4450:
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4429:
4424:
4419:
4409:
4403:
4401:
4393:
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4384:
4379:
4373:
4371:
4364:
4358:
4357:
4355:
4354:
4349:
4348:
4347:
4342:
4331:
4329:
4325:
4324:
4321:
4320:
4318:
4317:
4312:
4306:
4304:
4300:
4299:
4296:
4295:
4293:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4276:
4274:
4270:
4269:
4267:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4225:
4223:
4216:
4205:
4201:
4200:
4197:
4196:
4194:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4172:
4170:
4164:
4163:
4161:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4124:
4122:
4118:
4117:
4114:
4113:
4111:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4094:
4092:
4088:
4087:
4085:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
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4067:
4062:
4051:
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4044:
4042:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
4000:
3999:
3988:
3986:
3979:
3971:
3970:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3963:
3962:
3961:
3956:
3948:
3942:
3940:
3936:
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3933:
3932:
3927:
3922:
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3915:
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3902:
3898:
3897:
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3889:
3883:
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3857:
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3851:
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3827:
3826:
3821:
3815:
3813:
3806:
3797:
3791:
3790:
3787:
3786:
3784:
3783:
3777:
3775:
3771:
3770:
3768:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3746:
3744:
3740:
3739:
3737:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3720:
3719:
3718:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3692:
3683:
3678:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3652:
3650:
3643:
3637:
3636:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3629:
3628:
3627:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3596:
3594:
3590:
3589:
3587:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3490:
3488:
3482:
3481:
3479:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3407:
3405:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3384:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3365:
3360:
3359:
3358:
3356:Lisan ud-Dawat
3348:
3342:
3340:
3331:
3327:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3288:
3286:
3280:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3246:
3244:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3234:
3229:
3228:
3227:
3216:
3214:
3207:
3200:
3196:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
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3094:
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2994:
2992:
2988:
2987:
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2973:
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2896:
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2775:
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2765:
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2757:
2753:
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2750:
2749:
2748:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2715:
2707:
2705:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2697:
2692:
2690:Sanskrit poets
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2656:
2654:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2644:
2643:
2642:
2637:
2632:
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2622:
2613:
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2611:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2591:
2590:
2589:
2588:
2579:
2577:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2558:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2532:
2527:
2525:Vedic Sanskrit
2521:
2519:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2495:
2493:
2492:Mode of spread
2489:
2488:
2486:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2469:
2467:
2466:Influence zone
2463:
2462:
2455:
2454:
2447:
2440:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2416:
2407:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2387:
2382:
2374:
2369:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2357:
2351:
2345:
2332:
2326:
2319:
2318:External links
2316:
2315:
2314:
2303:
2297:
2279:
2268:
2262:
2249:
2232:Michael Witzel
2228:
2222:
2204:
2190:
2175:
2143:
2137:
2124:
2118:
2100:
2094:
2081:
2075:
2062:
2056:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2035:
2014:
1996:
1984:
1982:, p. 154.
1972:
1968:Whitney (1950)
1951:
1936:
1929:
1909:
1886:
1884:Burrow, §3.24.
1877:
1865:
1856:
1844:
1832:
1823:
1814:
1807:
1787:
1778:
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1757:
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1692:
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1611:
1604:
1584:
1574:
1567:
1547:
1529:
1522:
1502:
1495:
1469:
1467:Reich, p. 122.
1460:
1451:
1444:
1415:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1393:
1392:
1390:
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1376:
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1242:
1239:
1234:Main article:
1231:
1228:
1223:Main article:
1220:
1217:
1199:
1198:
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1191:
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1182:
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1178:
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911:
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886:
885:
873:
854:
851:
803:tonal language
773:Main article:
770:
767:
766:
765:
732:
717:
698:
683:
645:
587:
528:
525:
514:Kaṭha Upaniṣad
511:s such as the
494:
493:Sūtra language
491:
472:
471:Brāhmaṇa prose
469:
452:
449:
421:
418:
398:
395:
390:
389:
384:
378:
372:
369:
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283:
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236:Vedic language
232:Vedic Sanskrit
227:
226:
213:, you may see
199:
198:
191:
183:
182:
174:
170:
169:
162:
157:
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153:
146:
138:
137:
136:Language codes
133:
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130:
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127:
126:
125:
123:Vedic Sanskrit
106:
104:
97:
94:
93:
84:
80:
79:
73:
69:
68:
46:
45:Native to
42:
41:
40:Vedic Sanskrit
32:Vedda language
26:
18:Vedic sanskrit
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4699:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
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4653:
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4648:
4645:
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4613:
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4609:
4605:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4583:Haflong Hindi
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4570:
4568:
4562:
4556:
4553:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4540:
4539:
4538:Chinali–Lahul
4536:
4534:
4531:
4528:
4525:
4524:
4522:
4518:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4503:
4501:
4495:
4485:
4484:Khasa Prakrit
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4451:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4414:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4394:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4374:
4372:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4359:
4353:
4350:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4337:
4336:
4333:
4332:
4330:
4326:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4307:
4305:
4301:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4277:
4275:
4271:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4226:
4224:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4209:
4206:
4202:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4173:
4171:
4169:
4165:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4125:
4123:
4119:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4095:
4093:
4089:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4057:
4056:
4053:
4052:
4050:
4046:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
3998:
3995:
3994:
3993:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3972:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3951:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3943:
3941:
3937:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3910:
3909:
3906:
3905:
3903:
3899:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3884:
3882:
3878:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3858:
3856:
3852:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3837:
3835:
3831:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3816:
3814:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3792:
3782:
3779:
3778:
3776:
3772:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3760:Chhattisgarhi
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3747:
3745:
3741:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3697:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3673:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3653:
3651:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3638:
3626:
3623:
3622:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3597:
3595:
3591:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3554:Rathwi Bareli
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3487:
3483:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3408:
3406:
3404:
3400:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3339:
3335:
3332:
3328:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3285:
3281:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3243:
3239:
3233:
3230:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3221:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3211:
3208:
3204:
3201:
3197:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3156:Mahasu Pahari
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3095:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3078:
3074:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3039:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2989:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2968:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2932:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2916:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2870:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2829:
2824:
2822:
2817:
2815:
2810:
2809:
2806:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2756:Modern status
2754:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2719:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2704:Current usage
2702:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2649:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2620:Bangla script
2618:
2617:
2615:
2614:
2609:
2608:Nagari script
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2592:
2587:
2586:Brahmi script
2584:
2583:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2574:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2562:Vedic grammar
2560:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2516:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2490:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2473:Greater India
2471:
2470:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2453:
2448:
2446:
2441:
2439:
2434:
2433:
2430:
2421:
2417:
2412:
2408:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2394:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2367:Vedic Accents
2365:
2364:
2355:
2352:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2311:
2310:
2304:
2300:
2298:9788120835399
2294:
2287:
2286:
2280:
2276:
2275:
2269:
2265:
2259:
2255:
2250:
2243:
2242:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2219:
2215:
2214:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2200:
2199:Vedic Grammar
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2182:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2161:
2158:
2152:
2144:
2140:
2138:81-208-1136-4
2134:
2130:
2125:
2121:
2115:
2111:
2110:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2091:
2088:. Cambridge.
2087:
2082:
2078:
2076:9788120817678
2072:
2068:
2063:
2059:
2057:9780190633363
2053:
2049:
2044:
2043:
2031:
2025:
2017:
2011:
2007:
2000:
1994:, p. 72.
1993:
1988:
1981:
1976:
1969:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1949:, p. 13.
1948:
1943:
1941:
1932:
1926:
1922:
1921:
1913:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1890:
1881:
1874:
1873:Clackson 2007
1869:
1863:Whitney, §52.
1860:
1851:
1849:
1839:
1837:
1827:
1818:
1810:
1804:
1800:
1799:
1791:
1785:Burrow, pp44.
1782:
1775:
1770:
1761:
1752:
1746:MWW, p. 1123.
1743:
1734:
1726:
1720:
1716:
1715:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1689:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1671:
1667:
1660:
1659:2-85539-903-3
1656:
1652:
1648:
1642:
1634:
1628:
1624:
1623:
1615:
1607:
1601:
1597:
1596:
1588:
1578:
1570:
1564:
1560:
1559:
1551:
1543:
1539:
1538:Mallory, J.P.
1533:
1525:
1519:
1515:
1514:
1506:
1498:
1492:
1488:
1487:
1482:
1481:Baldi, Philip
1476:
1474:
1464:
1455:
1447:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1419:
1413:, p. 43.
1412:
1407:
1403:
1380:
1367:
1363:
1361:
1360:
1354:
1353:
1347:Brahmic notes
1344:
1336:
1331:
1324:
1318:
1309:
1305:
1290:
1286:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1237:
1226:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1183:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1166:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1152:
1144:
1143:
1139:The syllable
1137:
1133:
1130:
1124:
1118:
1112:
1107:
1104:
1099:
1091:
1090:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1068:
1061:
1045:
1040:
1031:
1026:
1025:
1015:
1010:
1001:
996:
995:
985:
980:
972:
968:
967:
957:
952:
944:
940:
939:
930:
926:
918:
914:
913:
904:
900:
892:
888:
887:
878:
874:
866:
862:
861:
850:
848:
843:
841:
837:
833:
829:
828:
823:
822:
817:
816:
810:
809:
804:
800:
796:
792:
791:
785:
782:
776:
763:
758:
756:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
730:
726:
722:
718:
715:
711:
705:
699:
696:
692:
688:
684:
681:
679:
673:
671:
665:
661:
658:
654:
650:
646:
643:
641:
635:
633:
627:
625:
619:
617:
611:
607:
603:
600:
596:
592:
588:
585:
581:
569:
561:
553:
549:
545:
544:
543:
540:
538:
534:
533:Homeric Greek
524:
522:
521:
516:
515:
510:
509:
504:
500:
490:
488:
485:and rules of
484:
483:
478:
468:
466:
462:
458:
448:
446:
442:
441:
436:
433:
429:
428:
417:
414:
410:
406:
405:
394:
388:
385:
382:
379:
376:
373:
370:
367:
366:
365:
357:
354:
353:
348:
345:, along with
344:
343:
338:
334:
330:
325:
323:
319:
315:
314:Late Harappan
311:
307:
306:J. P. Mallory
303:
299:
295:
289:
274:
272:
268:
264:
259:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
206:
200:
196:
192:
190:
189:
184:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
160:
159:Linguist List
155:
151:
147:
144:
139:
134:
124:
121:
120:
119:
116:
115:
114:
111:
110:
109:
108:Indo-European
105:
101:
95:
85:
81:
78:
75:Northwestern
74:
70:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
38:
33:
19:
4647:Vedic period
4578:Bombay Hindi
4520:Unclassified
4417:Ardhamagadhi
4339:
4244:Berar Deccan
4098:Chittagonian
4091:Chittagonian
3584:Vaagri Booli
3549:Pauri Bareli
3544:Palya Bareli
3509:Dhodia–Kukna
3199:Northwestern
2889:Kundal Shahi
2524:
2401:
2308:
2284:
2273:
2253:
2240:
2212:
2198:
2180:
2170:
2166:
2128:
2108:
2085:
2066:
2047:
2040:Bibliography
2005:
1999:
1987:
1975:
1919:
1912:
1895:
1889:
1880:
1868:
1859:
1826:
1817:
1797:
1790:
1781:
1769:
1760:
1751:
1742:
1733:
1713:
1666:
1646:
1641:
1621:
1614:
1594:
1587:
1577:
1557:
1550:
1541:
1532:
1512:
1505:
1485:
1463:
1454:
1431:
1418:
1406:
1379:
1366:
1342:
1334:
1330:
1322:
1317:
1308:
1289:
1266:
1262:Vedic period
1200:
1155:
1150:
1140:
1108:
1088:
1087:
1083:
1071:
1066:
1065:
1064:
844:
825:
819:
814:
813:independent
806:
798:
794:
788:
786:
781:pitch accent
779:Vedic had a
778:
775:Vedic accent
761:
754:
729:phonemicized
720:
709:
686:
675:
667:
663:
659:
652:
648:
637:
629:
621:
613:
610:monophthongs
605:
601:
594:
590:
559:
551:
546:Vedic had a
541:
530:
518:
512:
506:
499:Śrautasūtras
496:
480:
476:
474:
454:
438:
431:
425:
423:
412:
402:
400:
391:
363:
350:
340:
326:
302:Asko Parpola
291:
260:
235:
231:
230:
202:
186:
122:
113:Indo-Iranian
48:Present-day
4566:and creoles
4548:Lahul Lohar
4427:Maharashtri
4024:Mal Paharia
4014:Kharia Thar
3656:Braj Bhasha
2635:Odia script
2630:Kawi script
2603:Nandinagari
2509:Sanskritism
2008:. München.
1755:MWW, p.963.
1411:Burrow 2001
1257:Vedic metre
1162:Atharvaveda
710:dantamūlīya
687:dantamūlīya
647:The vowels
589:The vowels
503:Gṛhyasūtras
477:Yajñagāthās
427:Atharvaveda
304:(1988) and
217:instead of
90: 1500
58:Afghanistan
4641:Categories
4469:Apabhraṃśa
4455:Apabhraṃśa
4432:Shauraseni
4148:Bodo Parja
4133:Sambalpuri
4065:Goalpariya
4039:Tanchangya
4029:Noakhailla
3954:Bote-Darai
3765:Fiji Hindi
3734:Sadhukkadi
3705:Judeo-Urdu
3671:Hindustani
3461:Shekhawati
3403:Rajasthani
3388:Saurashtra
3116:Bhadarwahi
2946:Gawar-Bati
2735:Indonesian
2721:Loanwords
2685:Literature
2652:Literature
2598:Devanagari
2478:Indosphere
2402:YesVedanta
2157:Aṣṭādhyāyī
2050:. Oxford.
2015:3769615271
1582:Routledge.
1399:References
1230:Literature
799:marginally
797:Vedic was
657:diphthongs
599:diphthongs
457:injunctive
360:Chronology
352:Mahabhasya
342:Aṣṭādhyāyī
329:Upanishads
240:Indo-Aryan
118:Indo-Aryan
54:Bangladesh
4657:Vyakarana
4555:Sheikhgal
4499:languages
4464:Abahattha
4444:Paishachi
4345:Classical
4310:Maldivian
4082:Surjapuri
4048:Kamarupic
3950:Kuswaric
3812:Bhojpuric
3600:Khandeshi
3136:Chambeali
3131:Bilaspuri
3028:Mankiyali
2956:Shumashti
2951:Nangalami
2863:Kishtwari
2695:Vyākaraṇa
2550:Compounds
2361:Phonology
2024:cite book
1072:prolation
1044:ḹ3
1014:ṝ3
744:laryngeal
725:trimoraic
527:Phonology
505:and some
445:Yajurveda
347:Patanjali
273:history.
188:Glottolog
143:ISO 639-3
92:– 600 BCE
4652:Sanskrit
4611:See also
4593:Nefamese
4588:Nagamese
4479:Kamarupi
4439:Gāndhārī
4396:Middle (
4335:Sanskrit
4273:Konkanic
4222:Marathic
4212:Marathi–
4204:Southern
4108:Rohingya
4077:Rangpuri
4055:Assamese
4019:Kurmukar
3997:dialects
3977:Kamarupa
3861:Maithili
3854:Maithili
3819:Bhojpuri
3724:Kannauji
3686:Hinglish
3666:Haryanvi
3431:Dhundari
3381:Wadiyara
3363:Jandavra
3351:Gujarati
3338:Gujarati
3260:Khetrani
3225:dialects
3181:Sirmauri
3161:Jaunsari
3151:Mandeali
3146:Pangwali
3126:Bhateali
3083:Garhwali
3042:Northern
3008:Chilisso
2884:Brokskat
2858:Kashmiri
2851:Kashmiri
2545:Pronouns
2518:Language
2459:Sanskrit
2234:(1989),
2210:(1916).
2196:(1910).
1904:17589517
1898:: 1–12.
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1483:(1983).
1426:(2006).
1301:Glossary
1241:See also
1209:Brahmana
1111:Pāṇinian
1103:trimātra
1084:prolated
1080:Sanskrit
971:a3u (o3)
943:a3i (e3)
836:Japanese
808:Rig Veda
691:alveolar
508:Upaniṣad
482:Anuṣṭubh
440:Samaveda
397:Ṛg-vedic
381:Brāhmaṇa
368:Ṛg-vedic
263:Sanskrit
223:Help:IPA
195:vedi1234
181:Rigvedic
66:Pakistan
4564:Pidgins
4543:Chinali
4533:Bazigar
4527:Badeshi
4422:Magadhi
4398:Prakrit
4315:Sinhala
4303:Insular
4280:Konkani
4259:Katkari
4254:Phudagi
4234:Varhadi
4229:Marathi
4214:Konkani
4186:Bhunjia
4060:Kamrupi
4034:Sylheti
3992:Bengali
3985:Bengali
3946:Kumhali
3913:Kochila
3901:Tharuic
3892:Kurmali
3880:Sadanic
3871:Bajjika
3845:Khortha
3795:Eastern
3755:Bagheli
3743:Eastern
3700:Deccani
3676:Kauravi
3661:Bundeli
3649:Western
3641:Central
3610:Dawoodi
3605:Lambadi
3529:Bhilori
3499:Bhilali
3446:Marwari
3436:Harauti
3376:Parkari
3330:Western
3297:Kholosi
3292:Jadgali
3270:Saraiki
3220:Punjabi
3213:Eastern
3206:Punjabi
3176:Hinduri
3121:Churahi
3098:Western
3088:Kumaoni
3076:Central
3050:Eastern
2977:Kalasha
2970:Chitral
2925:Pashayi
2918:Pashayi
2894:Kalkoti
2740:Tagalog
2725:English
2582:Origin
2576:Scripts
2567:Prosody
2535:Grammar
2341:at the
2331:(TITUS)
2238:(ed.),
1274:Avestan
1219:Grammar
1215:alone.
1158:Rigveda
832:Chinese
827:svarita
815:svarita
790:svarita
762:va·ata-
695:dentals
451:Sanhitā
435:Khilani
432:Ṛg·veda
413:Ṛg·veda
409:Avestan
404:Ṛg·veda
375:Saṃhitā
298:Rigveda
277:History
219:Unicode
4497:Proto-
4453:Late (
4362:Middle
4264:Kadodi
4191:Nahari
4168:Halbic
4143:Bhatri
4103:Chakma
4009:Hajong
3975:Gauda–
3959:Danwar
3939:Others
3930:Musasa
3866:Angika
3840:Magahi
3833:Magahi
3804:Bihari
3774:Others
3750:Awadhi
3715:Rekhta
3690:Urdish
3620:Romani
3615:Domari
3593:Others
3574:Vasavi
3559:Pardhi
3539:Magari
3534:Mawchi
3524:Bauria
3514:Dhanki
3504:Chodri
3476:Nimadi
3466:Dhatki
3456:Mewari
3451:Mewati
3426:Gujari
3421:Loarki
3416:Goaria
3393:Vaghri
3317:Sindhi
3312:Memoni
3307:Luwati
3302:Kutchi
3284:Sindhi
3250:Hindko
3242:Lahnda
3186:Sarazi
3166:Kullui
3111:Kangri
3067:Nepali
3057:Doteli
3023:Tirahi
3018:Kalami
3003:Bateri
2982:Khowar
2941:Dameli
2904:Palula
2899:Ushoji
2843:Dardic
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2151:Pāṇini
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769:Accent
740:sandhi
736:hiatus
670:dyā́us
616:daivá-
558:) and
465:Pāṇini
461:aorist
437:, the
387:Sūtras
371:Mantra
337:Pāṇini
173:
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4598:Vedda
4370:Early
4340:Vedic
4249:Varli
4181:Kamar
4176:Halbi
4158:Kupia
4138:Desia
3925:Majhi
3918:Buksa
3908:Tharu
3887:Sadri
3781:Parya
3729:Sansi
3681:Hindi
3579:Wagdi
3569:Kalto
3564:Gamit
3519:Dubli
3494:Bhili
3441:Malvi
3411:Bagri
3371:Kachi
3367:Koli
3232:Sansi
3141:Gaddi
3106:Dogri
3062:Jumli
3013:Gowro
2934:Kunar
2879:Shina
2872:Shina
2730:Hindi
2670:Epics
2665:Drama
2555:Verbs
2540:Nouns
2391:Other
2289:(PDF)
2245:(PDF)
2163:(PDF)
2160:8.2*"
1900:S2CID
1321:from
1281:Notes
1204:pluti
1151:pluta
1129:pluta
1098:morae
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1070:, or
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4121:Odia
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2133:ISBN
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