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woman. Downcast eyes symbolize a spiritual nature and it is through these small slits that a woman wearing the mask would look out of. The small mouth signifies the ideal woman's quiet and humble character. The markings on the cheeks are representative of the decorative scars girls receive as they step into womanhood. The scars are a symbol of her new, harder life. The neck rolls are an indication of the health of an ideal woman. They have also been called symbols of the pattern of concentric, circular ripples the Mende spirit makes when emerging from the water.
25:
92:
690:
521:
111:
826:
154:
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2183:
985:, and the people living in those camps were organized according to their home chiefdoms, making it possible for Tuchscherer to survey the entire Mende region (about half of Sierra Leone's territory) in a small space and a short period of time. He found that the Mende syllabary, far from being forgotten, was still being used by quite a few people, mostly elderly men.
876:. Both thickness and length are elements that are admired by the Mende. Thickness means the woman has more individual strands of hair and the length is proof of strength. It takes time, care and patience to grow a beautiful, full head of hair. Ideas about hair root women to nature, the way hair grows is compared to the way forests grow.
904:. The shock of this experience also tests a Mende woman's physical endurance. The shared pain of the clitoridectomy creates permanent bonds among the initiates. Vows that express a social bond are taken after the operation; these vows are a metaphor for the support the women will have during the pains of childbirth.
855:
White is the color of Sande. To the Mende, the pureness of white signifies the cleanliness and absence of imperfections. "It shows a 'harmlessness'; it is void of all things evil and is thus 'a positive and helpful color. White is symbolic of the spirit world and also of the secret parts of society
558:
The Poro prepares men for leadership in the community, so they might attain wisdom, accept responsibility, and gain power. It begins with the child's grade of discovery, followed by extensive training and service. During the seven-year initiation period, the young men converse with each other using
488:
Traditionally, Mende farming has been carried out by labour groups organised on a local basis and moving from farm to farm (NIIP, 1973). Work is divided by gender: men attend to the heavy work of clearing the land for planting rice, while women clean and pound rice, fish, and weed the planted crops.
305:
In their oral tradition, the Mende describe themselves as being a mixture of two peoples: their original members were hunters and fishers who sparsely populated the area in small peaceful settlements, and their leaders came later, in a recent historical period, bringing with them the arts of war, and
948:
man in Sierra Leone. During the 1920s and 1930s, he ran a school in southern Sierra Leone to teach 'Ki-ka-ku'. The syllabary became a popular method of keeping records and writing letters and achieved widespread use for a time. During the 1940s, the
British set up the Protectorate Literacy Bureau in
883:
Hairstyles are very important in Mende society. A Mende woman's hair must be well groomed, clean, and oiled. Hair must be tied down under strict control and shaped into intricate, elegant styles for the sake of beauty and sex appeal. Dirty, disheveled hair is a sign of insanity. A woman who does
879:
The vegetation on earth is the "hair" on the head of Mother Nature in the same way the hair on the head of a woman is her "foliage." (Boone) A woman with long, thick hair illustrates a life force, she may be blessed with a green thumb giving her the ability to have a promising farm and many healthy
859:
Objects and people who are marked with Hojo are under Sande protection and control. They are subject to the authority of Sande law and punishment. Initiates are colored with this white clay to show that they are the property of Sande. This signifies that they are under the protection of Sande and
816:
celebration; which is the last event of the Sande initiation that ndoli jowei appears at. At this time, the new initiates are brought into town for the first time since the initiation process began; accompanied by ndoli jowei. This is a happy occasion where dances are performed by both the maskers
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itself is a deity from the waters, and the neck rings represent the concentric waves that are formed on still water by Sowo's head breaking through the surface. The spirit comes from the water, and what the human eye sees on the necks of women "is human in form, but divine in essence", as portrayed
919:
The neck rings at the base of the mask are an exaggeration of actual neck creases. Mende people consider a beautiful neck to be one with rings as it shows adolescent girls becoming ready for childbearing by the increase in body fat. The rings indicate prosperity and wholesome living, and are given
566:
At the beginning, young men aged 20 are called into the society and are trained by the group above them, along with a few elders. There is much work to be done during the initiation process. Dancing the masks is part of this work, but not the most important part. Only through work does the dance
496:
The Mende are patrilineal, patrilocal, and polygamous. The household unit is represented by at least one man and perhaps several of his brothers, with all of their wives and children. One or more brothers and married sisters usually leave sooner or later and are incorporated into other residential
851:
that Mende women use to mark their territory. The clay comes from the water like many other aspects of Sande. Its smooth, shiny surface reflects light, making it eye-catching. Hojo is found in a scale of colors from beige to pure white. The pure white Hojo is rarer, found only deep beneath the
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At this time the ndoli jowei comes into town with a group of Sande women while the initiates stay in the bush recovering from their operations. The women come into town to tell men they have initiated people into Sande. They go through the town waving leaves and gathering food and other supplies
762:
Often girls are awoken in the middle of the night to practice the dance; sometimes they are forced to stay awake for nearly 48 hours dancing almost the entire time. By the end of their brutal training, the girls have transformed into young woman who are tough and confident even in the harshest of
618:
Sande leaders serve as models to women in the community. They exemplify the highest of Mende ideals, and they have the duty of enforcing positive social relationships and of removing any harm that might come to women in their community. "This is Sande; women together in their womanhood, in a free
1127:
MacCormack further notes, "There is a tendency in
Western culture to define women as weak and needing protection, since they bear children. In West Africa the same biological facts are given a different cultural interpretation. The bearing of children demonstrates that women are strong and active
734:
When a girl becomes initiated into the Sande society, the village's master woodcarver creates a special mask just for her. Helmet masks are made from a section of tree trunk, often of the kpole (cotton) tree, and then carved and hollowed to fit over the wearer's head and face. The woodcarver must
705:
The bells on the necklaces are of the type believed capable of being heard by spirits, ringing in both worlds, that of the ancestors and the living. Mende hunters often wear a single bell that can be easily silenced when stealth is necessary. Women, on the other hand, often wear multiple bells,
306:
also building larger, more permanent villages. This is supported by analyses of their language and culture, which show signs of a layering of two different forms; they have both matrilineal and patrilineal inheritance, for instance. These leaders described in oral histories were almost certainly
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Ndoli jowei is the principal spirit for celebration, although she also appears on other occasions besides celebrations. In Sande initiation, there are three major events in which the ndoli jowei appear publicly. The first occurs 1–3 days after the initiates have been taken into the bush to be
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and physical beauty. They are unusual because the masks are worn by women. The bird on top of the head represents a woman's natural intuition that lets her see and know things that others can't. The high or broad forehead represents good luck or the sharp, contemplative mind of the ideal Mende
1123:
Although it is impossible to know the extent to which other Mende women rose to leadership positions comparable to Madam Yoko's, historians believe that perhaps fifteen to twenty percent of the local leaders with whom the
British negotiated at the time of colonial consolidation were women. The
614:
Sande is the guardian of women: their protector and guide through life. It is Sande that grants a woman with an identity and a personality. The Sande society is concerned with defining what it is to be human and with discovering the ways of promoting love, justice, and harmony. It is a moral
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or dance instructor, but rather than a harsh enforcer, she acts as the comic relief. Gonde becomes a friend to the initiates, amusing them to help them forget the hard ordeals they are going through. She coaches the slower dancers, encouraging them to work hard. "Gonde is a funny, lovable
714:
Masks are the collective Mind of Mende community; viewed as one body, they are the Spirit of the Mende people. The Mende masked figures are a reminder that human beings have a dual existence; they live in the concrete world of flesh and material things and the spirit world of dreams, faith,
726:
In the Mende culture, full-figured women are beautiful. The intricate hairstyles reveal the close ties within a community of women. The holes at the base of the mask are where the rest of the costume is attached. A woman who wears these masks must not expose any part of her body or a
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These masks appear not only in initiation rituals but also at important events such as funerals, arbitrations and the installation of chiefs. Examples of these masks appear in museums. Various Mende masks, specifically Sowei Masks, were the focus of a 2013 exhibition in the
655:. There are two grades within ligba; Ligba Wa (senior) and Ligba Wulo (junior). In any group there is only one Ligba Wa; she is an executive officer in Sande. Before a woman can take a leadership role in artistic activities she must be eligible at least as a Ligba Wulo.
639:
are the highest-ranking leaders of the group. It is their job to model to the Mende women the most important Mende social values. It is also their duty to enforce proper social relationships and to remove anything that might be harmful to the women in their community.
468:
of 70 to 250 residents, which are situated from 1.5 to 5 kilometers apart. There is little or no mechanization over the greater part of rural Mende country. Mende farmers use hoes and machetes, but few other tools. The Mende are generally known as growers of
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pattern continues to this day. According to MacCormack, "Contemporary women paramount chiefs are equally prominent, and their political influence now extends into national and international arenas. In 1988, thirteen of the 146 paramount chiefs were female."
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not groom and maintain her hair has neglected the community's standards of behavior. Only a woman in mourning can let her hair loose. The Mende find unarranged "wild" hair immoral and associate individuals who possess this trait with wild behavior.
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Ndoli jowei does not dance on this occasion because it is not yet time for celebration. She is there only as a reminder of the powerful medicine which has been summoned by the Sande session. This validates the unruly behavior of the Sande women.
643:
The sowie have control over certain sacred knowledge that is essential to the development of success and happiness in an individual, and also to the well-being of the community. They are the experts of the Sande women and have access to spirit
554:
During their training, the initiates learn everything that is essential for the survival of the community. The process is described as being reborn, transformed, and—during a masquerade—as being "regurgitated" into fully socialized adult men.
701:
and the Mende are probably the best-known and finely crafted in the region. The Mende also produce beautifully woven fabrics which are popular throughout western Africa, and gold and silver necklaces, bracelets, armlets, and earrings.
429:, Cynthia Schmidt, and Tazieff Koroma — located a Mende village in Sierra Leone where the same song is still sung today. The story of this Mende song, and its survival in both Africa and the US, is chronicled in the documentary film
622:
Sande groups conduct masked performances that embody the Sande guardian spirit, who is associated with water and rivers. Descriptions of the society and its masquerade events have been made by visitors since the seventeenth century.
284:
Like a majority of
African nations, Sierra Leone's political parties are often tied to specific ethnic groups and have been dominated by the Mende, on the one hand, and the Temne and their long-time political allies, the
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households, when they are the oldest living relatives of a large landholding descent group, or when they are heads of local Sande chapters. Mothers with many children are seen as strong, capable authority figures."
611:. The girls are taught to be hardworking and modest in their behavior, especially towards their elders. Sande influences every aspect of a Mende woman's life; it is present before birth and still present after.
1128:
agents in a society, capable of holding political office." Lynda Rose Day, another authority on Mende female chiefs, writes that "Women rise naturally to leadership positions when they are senior wives in large
1983:
570:
The Mende have always had a remarkable enthusiasm for secret societies. According to
Kenneth Little, writing in the 1960s, even the prevalence of Poro societies was far more widespread among Mende than Temne.
976:
in London during Sierra Leone's civil war, found that instead of impeding his research the war actually advanced it. Thousands of Mendes were taking shelter in huge refugee camps surrounding the cities of
389:, researchers have discovered that elements of African culture had long persistence. In some areas where there were large groups of enslaved Africans, they kept much of their heritage.
1022:
on April 27, 1961 was a prominent member of the Mende ethnic group. Other prominent Sierra
Leonean politicians from the Mende ethnic group include the country's second prime minister
1264:, Sierra Leone's minister of Justice and Attorney General from 1978 to 1985 and Sierra Leone's vice president from 1985 to 1987. Convicted of treason and subsequently executed.
759:, the expert in dancing, is in charge of teaching young Mende girls to dance. When girls make a mistake in the steps, they are whipped with a switch until they get it right.
1878:, African Script and Scripture: The History of the Kikakui (Mende) Writing System for Bible Translations," African Languages and Cultures, 8, 2 (1995), pp. 169–188. <
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wait until he has a dream that guides him to make the mask a certain way for the recipient. A mask must be kept hidden in a secret place when no one is wearing it.
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1816:
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to protect soil productivity. Coffee, cocoa, and ginger are grown as cash crops, whereas rice, pepper, groundnuts, beniseed (also known as sesame seeds), and
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in the country, is predominantly based among the Mende people. The SLPP gets most of its support in Mende- predominate south-east region of Sierra Leone.
2233:
1196:, Sierra Leone Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1996 to 1997 and Sierra Leone minister of social welfare Gender and Children Affairs from 2002 to 2007.
563:, known only to other Poro members. The member always knows and understands what is being said. This is part of the mystery of this secret society.
362:. Their efforts to return home were frustrated by the ship's remaining crew, who navigated up to the United States. The ship was intercepted off
319:
501:—the right to respect and obedience—over the family as a whole, especially with regard to the negotiation of debts, damages, and bride-wealth.
1029:, who was also the younger brother of Milton Margai; former commander of the Republic of Sierra Leone Armed Forces and former Sierra Leone's
425:
that had preserved an ancient song in the Mende language ("A waka"), passing it down for 200 years. In the 1990s three modern researchers –
1953:
662:. The word indicates that the Sande initiation makes a woman of a child, and every woman into a wife. An initiate in training is called
2349:
2081:
1202:, the first woman to be elected in the parliament of Sierra Leone and the first woman to be elected as cabinet minister of Sierra Leone.
1082:
551:. When inducted into this society, Mende boys are initiated into manhood. Many of their rituals parallel those of the Sande society.
2484:
1709:
Thomas-Houston, Marilyn M. “The
Language You Cry In: The Story of a Mende Song.” American Anthropologist 101.4 (1999): 826–828. Print.
1455:, born Sengbe Pieh, victim of the Atlantic slave trade and leader of the rebellion on ship The Amistad. Tried and freed in the trial
907:
This procedure is considered necessary to change Mende children, who are considered to be of neutral sex before the procedure, to
751:
Learning dance is a harsh discipline that every Mende girl must tackle. Girls practice for hours at a time until they drop from
697:
Much Mende art is in the form of jewelry and carvings. The masks associated with the fraternal and sorority associations of the
370:, by a U.S. Coastal brig. The Cubans merchants Ruiz and Montes denounced the Mende and asserted that they were their property.
2939:
2342:
2226:
1681:
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exchange of words and actions among sisters. Wherever two or three women are gathered together, there is the spirit of Sande."
335:
in 1839. They eventually won their freedom and were repatriated. This event involved fifty-two free Mende people, stolen by
257:
at 35.5% of the total population, which is slightly larger than the Mende at 31.2%. The Mende are predominantly found in the
2161:
1085:(PMDC). He is also the son of former prime minister Albert Margai and the nephew of Milton Margai; and former Sierra Leone's
2129:
2193:
1804:
2949:
1320:
1214:, former Sierra Leone minister of Finance and former Commissioner of the Sierra Leone National Revenue Authority (NRA.)
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surface of the water. Hojo and Sande are parallel in that they are both well hidden and secretive in its purest form.
1892:
670:. As a noun kpowa means "an ignoramus, stupid, retarded, a fool" as a verb it means "to become insane or deranged."
2944:
2219:
1999:
1860:
1781:
1752:
1488:
382:, affirmed that the captives were free, and resulted in the return of the thirty-six surviving Mende to their homes.
68:
46:
39:
2033:
1807:
at the
Newberger Museum of Art website, dated June 2, 2005, updated November 19, 2008, retrieved September 11, 2009
1150:, current leader of the Sierra Leone People's Party (SLPP) and Finance minister of Sierra Leone from 2002 to 2007.
2892:
2416:
258:
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and shipped to another Cuban plantation. On the way, they escaped their bondage and were led in a rebellion by
265:. The Mende are mostly farmers and hunters. Some of the major cities with significant Mende populations include
1116:(1849–1906), was the leader of the vast Kpa Mende Confederacy. She was formally recognized by the British as a
998:
290:
262:
2477:
2365:
2187:
1252:, Sierra Leonean politician and leader of the People's Movement for Democratic Change (PMDC) political party.
254:
246:
1457:
911:, gendered adults. Traditional female circumcision is thought to remove the female's residue of maleness.
200:
1242:, second prime minister of Sierra Leone from 1964 to 1967; the brother of Sir Milton Margai and father of
2406:
2376:
286:
1108:
in which, at least historically, women took more political leadership positions relative to men. In the
2391:
2020:
The Female Chiefs of the Mende, 1885–1977: Tracing the
Evolution of an Indigenous Political Institution
1436:
1169:
1829:
1156:, former Vice-President of Sierra Leone from 2002 to 2007 and former Sierra Leone's Attorney General.
897:
406:
325:
Regional warfare throughout the 19th century led to the capture and sale of many Mende-speakers into
2470:
1178:, former Sierra Leone minister of finance, former member of parliament and former minister of trade.
2242:
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character who lightens the gloom and reminds everyone that Sande is not always so deadly serious."
489:
This routine is followed during ten months of every year, with a couple of months left around the
294:
33:
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may take possession of her. Women often cover their bodies with masses of raffia or black cloth.
493:, when they can spend more time in the village engaging in domestic pursuits like house building.
2537:
2258:
1008:
Most of the country's top government positions have been held by the Mende. Sierra Leone's first
2666:
2253:
1957:
1105:
379:
50:
1769:
1230:, Sierra Leonean politician and currently a member of Parliament representing Kenema District.
2934:
2819:
1276:, vice chairman of the NPRC, a military government that ruled Sierra Leone from 1992 to 1996.
1187:
375:
1499:
National
Institute of Industrial Psychology (Great Britain). Occupational Psychology (1973).
1925:, ed. by Joshua A. Fishman and Ofelia GarcĂa, pp. 23–32. New York: Oxford University Press.
1446:
1283:
1221:
1147:
1089:
1070:
982:
962:
937:
607:. The goals of this secret society are to teach young Mende women the responsibilities of
422:
270:
2105:
8:
1988:
1936:
1464:
1295:
1279:
1086:
1062:
1058:
1921:
Unseth, Peter. 2011. Invention of Scripts in West Africa for Ethnic Revitalization. In
1875:
1532:
1524:
1289:
1236:, former Head of State of Sierra Leone, convicted of treason and subsequently executed.
1159:
969:
414:
2910:
2676:
1995:
1856:
1777:
1748:
1536:
1484:
1483:. Ed. and transl. by Marijke Gijswijt-Hofstra. Leiden, African Studies Centre, 2014.
1199:
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684:
347:, where they were sold to Cuban sugar plantation owners, José Ruiz and Pedro Montes.
141:
1689:
900:. This surgery is supposed to foreshadow the pain a Mende woman experiences during
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1614:
1516:
1345:
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1181:
1044:
1040:
978:
950:
410:
367:
266:
176:
133:
129:
91:
2493:
2159:
Appeals Chamber Upholds Sentences for Convicted Revolutionary United Front Leaders
2158:
1452:
1092:, who is currently the National Leader of the Sierra Leone People's Party (SLPP).
812:. At this occasion, an announcement is made to inform people of the date for the
2852:
2829:
2824:
2799:
2783:
2777:
2661:
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2542:
2165:
1719:
1205:
1193:
1117:
1066:
1002:
954:
728:
498:
449:, who inhabit the Gola forest between Kenema and Pujehun districts into Liberia;
402:
137:
125:
2334:
2146:
2064:
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referring to concepts of community, since the bells ring harmoniously together.
2789:
2753:
2747:
2689:
2633:
2605:
2451:
2431:
2401:
1770:"Voluntary Associations in Urban Life: A Case Study in Differential Adaptation"
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340:
172:
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1520:
1053:
Former Sierra Leone's vice president minister of Justice and Attorney General
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conditions. They are in great physical shape and have endurance and stamina.
2928:
2876:
2765:
2718:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2565:
2560:
2532:
2509:
2293:
2263:
1937:"N4167: Revised proposal for encoding the Mende script in the SMP of the UCS"
1408:
1388:
1382:
1261:
1255:
1239:
1233:
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in 1894, ruling an area that was eventually divided into fourteen chiefdoms.
1054:
1036:
1030:
1026:
1015:
941:
829:
689:
603:
590:
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are grown for local consumption. Rice cooperatives have been formed in some
474:
386:
225:
180:
1569:"Sierra Leone 2015 Population and Housing Census National Analytical Report"
1496:
Olson, James S. The Peoples of Africa: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary (1996).
1481:
Among the Mende in Sierra Leone. The letters from Sjoerd Hofstra (1934–1936)
457:, who are also in Liberia and the Pujehun district of Sierra Leone; and the
2863:
2794:
2771:
2695:
2628:
2623:
2600:
2575:
2519:
2441:
2381:
2298:
2288:
2278:
2211:
1900:
1414:
1396:
1332:
1307:
1301:
1273:
1165:
1109:
958:
908:
864:, the judge of women, wears white to represent clear thinking and justice.
698:
426:
344:
250:
196:
145:
116:
2205:
Among the Mende in Sierra Leone. The letters from Sjoerd Hofstra (1934–36)
1208:, Sierra Leone minister of Information and Communication from 2002 to 2007
520:
2886:
2871:
2759:
2723:
2682:
2671:
2552:
2527:
2436:
2411:
2386:
2313:
2308:
2283:
2273:
1402:
1368:
1351:
1326:
1211:
1175:
1112:
era, the Mende had female chiefs and war leaders. One such female chief,
1101:
482:
363:
355:
307:
233:
229:
221:
121:
2041:
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was invented in 1917 by Muhamad Turay and popularized by his son-in-law
2843:
2728:
2713:
2570:
2446:
2426:
2396:
2323:
2303:
2268:
1879:
1376:
1129:
1113:
901:
873:
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philosophy that focuses on the perpetual refinement of the individual.
539:
a Mende man can commit is to give away the secrets of their tribe. The
351:
331:
213:
1747:. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc. pp. 88–91.
1528:
1081:, who is the leader of one of the country's main opposition party the
1923:
The Success-Failure Continuum in Language and Ethnic Identity Efforts
1504:
1267:
1033:
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of Sierra Leone have traditionally been dominated by the Mende. The
645:
632:
608:
560:
311:
2082:"34 years after the execution of Mohamed Sorie Fornah and 14 others"
2203:
1074:
994:
719:
490:
478:
465:
336:
274:
1855:. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc. p. 92.
1597:"Liberia - World Directory of Minorities & Indigenous Peoples"
1162:, member of parliament of Sierra Leone representing Kono District.
401:(also called Boumpe, Hulo, Kossa, or Kosso), which belongs to the
2839:
2811:
2705:
598:
585:
326:
278:
159:
2462:
2106:"Former Vice President Convicted Of Treason, Sentenced To Death"
1853:
The Visual Arts of Africa: Gender, Power, and Life Cycle Rituals
1745:
The Visual Arts of Africa: Gender, Power, and Life Cycle Rituals
2648:
2182:
1819:, Treasures of Derby, Derby.gov.uk (cached), accessed July 2011
1477:
Fage, John D. History of Africa. Routledge; 4th edition (2001).
1304:, former Sierra Leone Minister of Tourism and Cultural Affairs.
1095:
693:
A Mende woman in the village of Njama quee in Moyamba District.
445:
e, who are predominantly in the Moyamba district to the south;
418:
359:
350:
After working the plantation, they were placed on the schooner
315:
217:
318:
in the 16th century. They conquered and mixed with the native
2615:
2501:
1994:(Reprint. ed.). Stanford, Calif.: Stanford Univ. Press.
1658:"Mende Language – Structure, Writing & Alphabet – MustGo"
804:
The next time ndoli jowei appears is at a minor feast called
289:, on the other. The Mende are known to typically support the
192:
923:
The rings also indicate a relationship with the divine: the
293:(SLPP), while the Temnes and Limbas are associated with the
2738:
848:
718:
The features of a Mende mask convey Mende ideals of female
541:
536:
525:
515:
470:
310:
who descended into the coastal lowlands from the area near
1505:"A Reconsideration of the Mane Invasions of Sierra Leone"
1023:
1012:
1493:
Kenneth Little, The Mende of Sierra Leone. London, 1967.
1292:, current Sierra Leone ambassador to the United Nations.
1258:, Sierra Leone's first prime minister from 1961 to 1964.
832:
initiates marked with white clay and animal fat, called
1954:"Applauding SLPP's John O. Benjamin: Sierra Leone News"
2022:. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Wisconsin-Madison.
1986:(1974). Michele Z. Rosaldo and Louise Lamphere (ed.).
1774:
Social Organization: Essays Presented to Raymond Firth
1638:
2207:. Leiden, African Studies Centre, 2014 (Open Access)
1935:
Everson, Michael; Tuchscherer, Konrad (2012-01-24).
1987:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1934:
920:by God to show his affection for a fortunate few.
2364:
461:, who are a dominant tribe in Kailahun district.
2926:
1850:
1742:
1310:, current mayor and Council Chairman of Moyamba.
1971:
1942:. Working Group Document, ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2.
1018:, who led the country to independence from the
436:
1767:
2478:
2350:
2227:
1100:The Mende are a well-documented example of a
972:, while researching his Ph.D. thesis for the
2241:
1682:"The Language You Cry In | Folkstreams"
1563:
1561:
1096:Women's political influence in Mende society
856:where people aim for the highest standards.
524:Boys returning from their initiation in the
329:. Most notable were those found aboard the
2013:
2011:
1631:Little, pp 25, 28. He cites F.W.H Midgeod,
1043:; former Sierra Leone's vice president and
441:The Mende are divided into five clans: the
2485:
2471:
2357:
2343:
2234:
2220:
1982:
1851:Perani and Smith, Judith and Fred (1998).
1743:Perani and Smith, Judith and Fred (1998).
965:has been described as a "failed script".
953:to teach the Mende to read and write with
339:slavers in 1839, who were shipped via the
90:
2909:Ethnic groups whose languages are in the
1558:
892:A key element of Sande initiation is the
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
2079:
2008:
1371:, former Sierra Leonean football player.
1359:, former Sierra Leonean football player.
1184:, former vice-president of Sierra Leone.
824:
688:
584:
519:
453:, who settled along the Sewa River; the
32:This article includes a list of general
2194:Pictures and detailed description of a
2060:
2058:
1083:People's Movement for Democratic Change
1039:; former Sierra Leone's vice president
358:. They told the crew to return them to
2927:
2168:Sierra Express Media, October 26, 2009
2134:www.americanradioworks.publicradio.org
2098:
2080:Vanguard, The Patriotic (2009-07-21).
1644:
1502:
1001:(SLPP), which is one of the two major
974:School of Oriental and African Studies
887:
635:a number of positions all around. The
601:begin the initiation process into the
2466:
2338:
2215:
2152:
2140:
1810:
1635:, (1926) on the Mende racial mixture.
789:circumcised. This event is known as
658:An ordinary member is referred to as
545:is the male equivalent to the female
2055:
1880:https://www.jstor.org/stable/1771691
1830:"Sowei Mask: Spirit of Sierra Leone"
1799:
1797:
1795:
1793:
931:
766:
631:The Sande society is organized by a
473:and several other crops, practicing
102:Regions with significant populations
18:
2065:"Jail for S Leone self-defence duo"
2017:
504:
13:
1405:, Sierra Leonean football player.
961:, and Kikakui's use declined. The
743:, exploring the Sowei traditions.
626:
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
2961:
2492:
2175:
2147:S Leone trio guilty of war crimes
1790:
1399:, Sierra Leonean football player.
1391:, Sierra Leonean football player.
1385:, Sierra Leonean football player.
1379:, Sierra Leonean football player.
1365:, Sierra Leonean football player.
1348:, Sierra Leonean football player.
1339:
1298:, paramount chief of Bo District.
1136:
673:
2181:
597:All Mende women when they reach
574:
464:The Mende traditionally live in
385:In the Americas, especially the
152:
109:
23:
2122:
2073:
2026:
1946:
1928:
1915:
1885:
1869:
1844:
1822:
1761:
1736:
1411:, Sierra Leone football player.
1314:
567:of the mask become meaningful.
509:
2200:at the Neuberger Museum of Art
1712:
1703:
1674:
1650:
1625:
1607:
1589:
1509:The Journal of African History
1141:
783:
709:
1:
2940:Ethnic groups in Sierra Leone
2366:Ethnic groups in Sierra Leone
1471:
1077:). Sierra Leonean politician
914:
820:
771:The traditional character of
715:aspirations and imagination.
247:ethnic groups in Sierra Leone
1458:United States v. The Amistad
1282:, founder and leader of the
1190:, Sierra Leonean Archbishop.
872:A woman's hair is a sign of
860:should not be fooled with.
497:units. The senior male has
437:Traditional social structure
16:Ethnic group in Sierra Leone
7:
1990:Woman, culture, and society
1720:"The Mende People, a story"
1224:and convicted war criminal.
999:Sierra Leone People's Party
988:
407:Niger-Congo language family
397:The Mende people speak the
392:
291:Sierra Leone People's Party
245:are one of the two largest
10:
2966:
2130:"Sierra Leone trial cases"
1449:and convicted war criminal
1445:, former commander of the
1439:and convicted war criminal
1437:Revolutionary United Front
1417:, American football player
1323:, Sierra Leonean musician.
1286:, indicted for war crimes.
1220:, former commander of the
1170:Revolutionary United Front
746:
682:
589:Mende women with a masked
578:
513:
300:
2950:Female genital mutilation
2907:
2862:
2838:
2810:
2737:
2704:
2647:
2614:
2551:
2518:
2500:
2372:
2249:
2149:BBC New, 25 February 2009
1805:"HELMET MASK/Ndoli Jowei"
1724:African American Registry
1521:10.1017/S0021853700007039
1426:
1329:, Sierra Leonean actress.
1270:, current mayor of Koidu.
1065:and former leader of the
1061:, who was Sierra Leone's
898:female genital mutilation
253:, constitute the largest
212:
207:
191:
186:
171:
166:
106:
101:
89:
2945:Ethnic groups in Liberia
2243:Ethnic groups in Liberia
2164:October 4, 2011, at the
2018:Day, Lynda Rose (1988).
1619:U.S. Department of State
1551:
1172:indicted for war crimes.
651:The rank below sowie is
249:; their neighbours, the
1768:Kenneth Little (1967).
1576:Statistics Sierra Leone
1503:Rodney, Walter (1967).
1435:, former leader of the
1321:Emmerson Amidu Bockarie
1168:, former leader of the
1073:(commonly known as the
867:
678:
431:The Language You Cry In
96:Mende musicians in 1936
53:more precise citations.
2913:group of Mandé are in
2086:The Patriotic Vanguard
1633:A View of Sierra Leone
1250:Charles Francis Margai
1106:pre-industrial society
841:
694:
648:and forces of nature.
594:
559:a secret language and
532:
380:New Haven, Connecticut
1893:"Sierra Leone Heroes"
1601:Minority Rights Group
1467:, rugby union player.
1335:, actor and director.
828:
692:
588:
579:Further information:
523:
514:Further information:
403:Mande language branch
295:All People's Congress
208:Related ethnic groups
2190:at Wikimedia Commons
1984:MacCormack, Carol P.
1832:. The British Museum
1447:Civil Defense Forces
1284:Civil Defence Forces
1222:Civil Defence Forces
1154:Solomon Ekuma Berewa
1148:John Oponjo Benjamin
1090:John Oponjo Benjamin
1071:Civil Defense Forces
938:Mende Kikakui script
806:Kpete gbula yombo le
1686:www.folkstreams.net
1465:Justin Mensah-Coker
1296:Bindi Hindowa Samba
1280:Samuel Hinga Norman
1087:minister of finance
1063:minister of Defense
1059:Samuel Hinga Norman
968:American historian
888:Female Circumcision
817:and the initiates.
666:. A non-member is
322:to form the Mende.
86:
1876:Konrad Tuchscherer
1290:Joe Robert Pemagbi
1160:Augustine Bockarie
970:Konrad Tuchscherer
944:(c. 1890–1962), a
842:
695:
595:
533:
421:family in coastal
415:Lorenzo Dow Turner
84:
2922:
2921:
2460:
2459:
2332:
2331:
2186:Media related to
1647:, pp. 236–7.
1200:Ella Koblo Gulama
1003:political parties
932:Kikakui syllabary
810:Sowo mba yili gbi
767:The role of Gonde
685:Mende masquerades
528:, 1936. Photo by
259:Southern Province
239:
238:
142:Kailahun District
79:
78:
71:
2957:
2487:
2480:
2473:
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2096:
2095:
2093:
2092:
2077:
2071:
2062:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2049:
2040:. Archived from
2030:
2024:
2023:
2015:
2006:
2005:
1993:
1980:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1965:
1956:. Archived from
1950:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1932:
1926:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1899:. Archived from
1889:
1883:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1826:
1820:
1814:
1808:
1803:Web page titled
1801:
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1740:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1730:
1716:
1710:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1697:
1688:. Archived from
1678:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1668:
1654:
1648:
1642:
1636:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1603:. June 19, 2015.
1593:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1573:
1565:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1346:Patrick Bantamoi
1228:Bernadette Lahai
1182:Albert Joe Demby
1045:attorney general
1041:Albert Joe Demby
797:that they need.
505:Secret societies
411:African-American
405:of the proposed
372:The ensuing case
263:Eastern Province
158:
156:
155:
134:Pujehun District
130:Moyamba District
115:
113:
112:
94:
87:
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63:
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49:this article by
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2893:Mandingo people
2858:
2853:Mandinka people
2834:
2830:Shangawa people
2806:
2733:
2700:
2657:Jakhanke people
2643:
2610:
2547:
2514:
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1397:Gibrilla Woobay
1342:
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1206:Septimus Kaikai
1194:Shirley Gbujama
1176:Joseph B. Dauda
1144:
1139:
1118:Paramount Chief
1098:
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729:vengeful spirit
712:
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627:Sande hierarchy
583:
577:
518:
512:
507:
499:moral authority
447:the Golah-Mende
439:
409:. In the 1930s
395:
303:
162:
153:
151:
149:
138:Kenema District
126:Bonthe District
119:
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45:Please help to
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2889:
2884:
2882:Kuranko people
2879:
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2866:
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2848:
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2808:
2807:
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2803:
2802:
2800:Wangara people
2797:
2790:Soninke people
2787:
2784:Malinke people
2780:
2775:
2768:
2763:
2756:
2751:
2748:Bambara people
2743:
2741:
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2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2710:
2708:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2698:
2693:
2690:Yalunka people
2686:
2679:
2677:Mogofin people
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2653:
2651:
2645:
2644:
2642:
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2639:Wangara people
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2176:External links
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2121:
2097:
2072:
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2034:"Sam Bockarie"
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2007:
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1433:Augustine Gbao
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1421:Winston Ceesay
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1363:Mohamed Kallon
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1357:Kemokai Kallon
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1340:Football stars
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1244:Charles Margai
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1218:Allieu Kondewa
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1137:Notable people
1135:
1097:
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1079:Charles Margai
1048:Solomon Berewa
1020:United Kingdom
1010:Prime minister
990:
987:
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930:
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894:clitoridectomy
889:
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741:British Museum
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674:Female culture
672:
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530:Sjoerd Hofstra
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399:Mende language
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341:Middle Passage
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2662:Kakabe people
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1234:David Lansana
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1027:Albert Margai
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575:Sande society
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535:The greatest
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2935:Mende people
2914:
2899:Mende people
2898:
2891:
2864:Sierra Leone
2851:
2795:Marka people
2782:
2772:Dyula people
2770:
2758:
2754:Banka people
2746:
2696:Zialo people
2688:
2681:
2634:Ligbi people
2629:Dyula people
2624:Bissa people
2606:Yaure people
2520:Burkina Faso
2421:
2318:
2204:
2195:
2188:Mende people
2154:
2142:
2133:
2124:
2113:. Retrieved
2109:
2100:
2089:. Retrieved
2085:
2075:
2067:
2046:. Retrieved
2042:the original
2037:
2028:
2019:
1989:
1962:. Retrieved
1958:the original
1948:
1930:
1922:
1917:
1905:. Retrieved
1901:the original
1897:Sierra Leone
1896:
1887:
1871:
1852:
1846:
1834:. Retrieved
1824:
1812:
1773:
1763:
1744:
1738:
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1723:
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1690:the original
1685:
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1661:
1652:
1640:
1632:
1627:
1618:
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1600:
1591:
1579:. Retrieved
1575:
1540:. Retrieved
1512:
1508:
1480:
1456:
1415:Tejan Koroma
1333:Sahr Ngaujah
1315:Entertainers
1308:David Woobay
1302:Hindolo Trye
1274:Solomon Musa
1188:Joseph Ganda
1166:Sam Bockarie
1126:
1122:
1110:pre-colonial
1099:
1052:
1007:
992:
967:
963:Mende script
959:Latin script
949:the city of
935:
924:
922:
918:
909:heterosexual
906:
891:
882:
878:
871:
861:
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650:
642:
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630:
621:
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613:
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569:
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557:
553:
546:
542:Poro society
540:
534:
510:Poro society
495:
487:
463:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
440:
430:
427:Joseph Opala
396:
384:
349:
345:Havana, Cuba
330:
324:
304:
283:
255:ethnic group
251:Temne people
242:
240:
197:Christianity
146:Western Area
117:Sierra Leone
81:Ethnic group
65:
56:
37:
2887:Loko people
2872:Kono people
2820:Busa people
2766:Duun people
2760:Bozo people
2724:Mano people
2683:Susu people
2672:Loma people
2667:Lele people
2596:Tura people
2591:Mwan people
2586:Jeri people
2581:Guro people
2566:Gban people
2561:Beng people
2553:Ivory Coast
2538:Samo people
2533:Kpee people
2528:Bobo people
2510:Boko people
2196:Ndoli Jowei
1645:Rodney 1967
1403:Osman Yunis
1369:Musa Kallon
1352:Issa Kallon
1327:Isata Mahoi
1212:John Karimu
1142:Politicians
1102:non-western
955:an alphabet
847:is a white
791:yaya gbegbi
784:Ndoli jowei
777:Ndoli jowei
757:Ndoli jowei
710:Mende masks
483:rural areas
374:, heard in
364:Long Island
356:Sengbe Pieh
308:Mane people
234:Loma people
201:Traditional
122:Bo District
51:introducing
2929:Categories
2729:Vai people
2714:Dan people
2601:Wan people
2576:Goo people
2571:Dan people
2198:Mende mask
2115:2018-07-09
2091:2018-07-13
2048:2022-05-10
1964:2009-10-28
1817:Mende Mask
1729:2022-12-03
1696:2021-05-20
1667:2022-12-03
1662:MustGo.com
1472:References
1377:Sahr Lahai
1130:polygynous
1114:Madam Yoko
1069:group the
915:Neck rings
902:childbirth
880:children.
874:femininity
821:White clay
775:is also a
753:exhaustion
683:See also:
451:Sewa-Mende
337:Portuguese
107:2,108,232
34:references
1537:163011504
1268:Mary Musa
1034:Brigadier
646:ancestors
633:hierarchy
609:adulthood
561:passwords
459:Koh-Mende
455:Vai-Mende
413:linguist
312:Moussadou
167:Languages
59:July 2014
2417:Mandingo
2162:Archived
2068:BBC News
1836:27 April
1581:28 March
1075:Kamajors
1067:militant
995:politics
989:Politics
720:morality
664:mbogdoni
491:New Year
479:palm oil
466:villages
443:Kpa-Mend
417:found a
393:Language
376:Hartford
368:New York
275:Kailahun
261:and the
187:Religion
2911:Manding
2840:Senegal
2812:Nigeria
2706:Liberia
2452:Yalunka
2432:Sherbro
2402:Kuranko
2110:AP News
1907:20 July
1776:: 163.
1542:16 July
946:Kuranko
747:Dancing
599:puberty
593:leader.
423:Georgia
352:Amistad
332:Amistad
327:slavery
301:History
279:Moyamba
177:English
160:Liberia
47:improve
2844:Gambia
2649:Guinea
2294:Kpelle
2264:Gbandi
1998:
1859:
1780:
1751:
1535:
1529:179481
1527:
1487:
1427:Others
983:Kenema
419:Gullah
360:Africa
316:Guinea
277:, and
271:Kenema
232:, and
226:Kpelle
218:Gbandi
199:30% •
195:68% •
157:
150:46,413
114:
36:, but
2616:Ghana
2502:Benin
2442:Temne
2422:Mende
2407:Limba
2382:Kissi
2319:Mende
2299:Krahn
2289:Kissi
2279:Grebo
2259:Congo
2254:Bassa
1940:(PDF)
1572:(PDF)
1552:Notes
1533:S2CID
1525:JSTOR
896:, or
862:Sowei
838:Wojeh
773:Gonde
699:Marka
668:kpowa
660:nyaha
653:ligba
637:sowie
287:Limba
243:Mende
193:Islam
173:Mende
85:Mende
2915:Bold
2739:Mali
2437:Susu
2412:Loko
2392:Krio
2387:Kono
2377:Fula
2314:Mano
2309:Loma
2284:Jabo
2274:Gola
1996:ISBN
1909:2023
1882:>
1857:ISBN
1838:2013
1778:ISBN
1749:ISBN
1583:2020
1544:2023
1485:ISBN
1057:and
993:The
981:and
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925:Sowo
868:Hair
849:clay
845:Hojo
834:Hojo
814:gani
679:Arts
537:sins
526:Poro
516:Poro
471:rice
378:and
241:The
230:Loko
222:Gola
181:Krio
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2427:Oku
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