Bee-eater - Knowledge

2274: 2213: 2037:, stealing prey collected by other colony members. The colony's daily routine is to emerge from the nesting holes or roosting branches soon after dawn, preen and sun themselves for an hour, then disperse to feed. Feeding territories are divided by clan, with each clan defending its territory from all others of the same species, including clans of the same colony. The clans return to the colony before dusk, and engage in more social behaviour before retiring for the night. Colonies are situated several hundred metres apart and have little to do with each other, although young individuals may disperse between colonies. As such, these species can be thought to have four tiers of social kinship: the individual pair, the family unit, the clan, and the colony as a whole. 2168: 2392: 1460: 2070: 1919: 1417: 1787: 49: 67: 2239:. In the case of the bee-eaters the nests are burrows dug into the ground, either into the sides of earth cliffs or directly into level soil. Both types of nesting site are vulnerable, those on level ground are vulnerable to trampling and small predators, whereas those in cliffs, which are often the banks of rivers, are vulnerable to flash floods, which can wipe out dozens or hundreds of nests. Many species will nest either on cliffs or on level ground but prefer cliffs, although 297: 1492: 2448: 4706: 2232:

the performance of the white-throated bee-eater. Their "butterfly display" involves both members of a pair performing a gliding display flight with shallow wing-beats; they then perch facing each other, raising and folding their wings while calling. Most members of the family engage in courtship feeding, where the male presents prey items to the female, and such feeding can account for much, if not all, of the energy females require for egg creation.

1985:. Another population of the same species breeds in South Africa and Namibia; these birds move northwards after breeding. In Australia the rainbow bee-eater is migratory in the southern areas of its range, migrating to Indonesia and New Guinea, but occurs year-round in northern Australia. Several species of bee-eater, are intra-African migrants; the white-throated bee-eater, for example, breeds on the southern edge of the 176: 4716: 1974:

vegetation type. A single species, the blue-headed bee-eater, is found inside closed rainforest where it forages close to the ground in poor light in the gaps between large trees. Six other species are also closely associated with rainforest, but occur in edge habitat such as along rivers, in tree-fall gaps, off trees overhanging ravines or on emergent tree crowns above the main canopy.

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is set up close to a bee-eater colony, a larger number of honey bees are eaten because they are more abundant. However, studies show the bee-eaters do not intentionally fly into the apiary, rather they feed on the insects caught on pastures and meadows within a radius of 12 km (7.5 mi) from

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Prey can be spotted from a distance; European bee-eaters are able to spot a bee 60 m (200 ft) away, and blue-cheeked bee-eaters have been observed flying out 100 m (330 ft) to catch large wasps. Prey is approached directly or from behind. Prey that lands on the ground or on plants

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is red in the males and brown-red in the females, and in species with tail-streamers these may be slightly longer in males. Both the European and red-bearded bee-eaters have sex-based differences in their plumage colour, and the female rainbow bee-eater has shorter tail streamers than the male, which

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Hackett, Shannon J.; Kimball, Rebecca T.; Reddy, Sushma; Bowie, Rauri C. K.; Braun, Edward L.; Braun, Michael J.; Chojnowski, Jena L.; Cox, W. Andrew; Han, Kin-Lan; Harshman, John; Huddleston, Christopher; Marks, Ben D; Miglia, Kathleen J.; Moore, William S.; Sheldon, Frederick H; Steadman, David W;

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A study of the southern carmine bee-eater in Zimbabwe showed that it was affected by deliberate interference and persecution and loss of woodlands, and that nesting sites are lost through poor water management leading to river bank damage, dam construction and panning for gold. Colonies are becoming

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deposits that do not crumble when excavated may be favoured by the larger bee-eaters. There may be several false starts where nests are dug partway before being abandoned; in solitary species this can give the impression of colonial living even when that is not the case. The process of nest building

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a fairly uniform group. They share many features with related Coraciiformes such as the kingfishers and rollers, being large-headed (although less so than their relatives), short-necked, brightly plumaged and short-legged. Their wings may be rounded or pointed, with the wing shape closely correlated

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during a nesting season, and in sedentary species, pairs may stay together for multiple years. Migratory bee-eaters may find new mates each breeding season. The courtship displays of the bee-eaters are rather unspectacular, with some calling and raising of throat and wing feathers. The exception is

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The bee-eaters are almost exclusively aerial hunters of insect prey. Prey is caught either on the wing or more commonly from an exposed perch from which the bee-eater watches for prey. Smaller, rounder-winged bee-eaters typically hunt from branches and twigs closer to the ground, whereas the larger

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Open country species, which comprise the majority of bee-eaters, have mostly expanded in range as more land is converted to agriculture, but some tropical forest species have suffered declines through loss of habitat, although no species or subspecies gives serious cause for concern. There is some

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starts soon after the first egg is laid, with both parents sharing this duty in the day, but only the female at night. The eggs hatch in about 20 days, and the newly hatched young are blind, pink and naked. For most species, the eggs do not all hatch at the same time, so if food is in short supply

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Bee-eaters may nest as single pairs, loose colonies or dense colonies. Smaller species tend to nest solitarily, while medium-sized bee-eaters have small colonies, and larger and migratory species nest in large colonies that can number in the thousands. In some instances, colonies may contain more

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tendencies. Shorter, rounder wings are found on species that are sedentary and make typically short foraging flights in denser forests and reed-beds. Those with more elongated wings are more migratory. All the bee-eaters are highly aerial; they take off strongly from perches, fly directly without

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studies have confirmed that the bee-eaters are more closely related to the rollers and ground rollers than they are to the todies, motmots and kingfishers. The relationship between the families is shown the cladogram below. The number of species in each family is taken from the list maintained by

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The social structures of the red-throated bee-eater and the white-fronted bee-eaters have been described as more complex than for any other bird species. The birds exist in colonies located on nesting cliffs, and have a stable structure all year round. These colonies typically contain five to 50

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Bee-eaters are fairly indiscriminate in their choice of habitat. Their requirements are simply an elevated perch from which to watch for prey and a suitable ground substrate in which to dig their breeding burrow. Because their prey is entirely caught on the wing they are not dependent on any

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can take as long as twenty days to complete, during which time the bill can be blunted and shortened. Nests are generally used only for a single season and are rarely used twice by the bee-eaters, but abandoned nests may be used by other birds, snakes and bats as shelter and breeding sites.

2029:, and their offspring. The helpers are male offspring from a previous year. Within the colony, the males alternate between guarding their mate and attempting to make forced copulations with other females. The females in turn attempt to lay eggs in their neighbour's nests, an example of 2090:

is usually not pursued. Small prey may be eaten on the wing, but larger items are returned to the perch where they are beaten until dead and then broken up. Insects with poisonous stings are first smacked on the branch, then, with the bird's eyes closed, rubbed to discharge the

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with which to snatch insects from the air and crush smaller prey. The short legs have weak feet, and when it is moving on the ground a bee-eater's gait is barely more than a shuffle. The feet have sharp claws used for perching on vertical surfaces and also for nest excavation.

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the colony, this maximum distance being reached only when there is a shortage of food. Observations show that the birds actually enter the apiary only in cold and rainy periods, when the bees do not leave the hive and other insect prey are harder for the bee-eaters to detect.

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Predation is more likely when the bees are queening or during the peak of migration, from late March till mid-April, and in mid-September. Hives close to or under trees or overhead cables are at increased risk as the birds pounce on flying insects from these perches.

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to kill the birds. Aristotle knew that bee-eaters nested at the end of tunnels up to 2 m (6.6 ft) long and the size of their clutch. He said that nesting adults were fed by their own young, based on the observed actual help at the nest by related birds.

257:, nesting in burrows tunnelled into vertical sandy banks, often at the side of a river or in flat ground. As they mostly live in colonies, large numbers of nest holes may be seen together. The eggs are white, with typically five to the clutch. Most species are 2151:

is a particularly commonly eaten species. These bees attempt to congregate in a mass defence against the bee-eaters. In Israel, a European bee-eater was documented attempting to eat a small bat that it had caught, which probably could not fit down its throat.

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always nests on level ground. The burrows are dug by both birds in the pair, sometimes assisted by helpers. The soil or sand is loosened with jabs of the sharp bill, then the feet are used to kick out the loose soil. It has been suggested that riverine

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found that males were more colourful than females in UV light. Their overall colour was also affected by body condition, suggesting that there was a signalling component to plumage colour. Juveniles are generally similar to adults, except for the two

2419:, or young taken for food. More generally problematic is the unintended destruction of nests. This can occur through cattle trampling, as with the blue-headed bee-eater in Kenya, or loss of forests, with massive conversion of native forest to 2200:, showed that the bee-eaters were not the main obstacle to bee foraging; in some cases, the foraging rate was higher in the presence of the birds than in their absence. The average bird meal consisted of 90.8% honey bees and 9.2% beetles. 1997:, which has a three-stage migration; after breeding in a band between Angola and Mozambique it moves south to Botswana, Namibia and South Africa before moving north to its main wintering grounds in northern Angola, Congo and Tanzania. 2048:

and water bathing. Sunning behaviour helps warm birds in the morning, reducing the need to use energy to raise their temperature. It also has a social aspect, as multiple birds adopt the same posture. Finally, it may help stimulate

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Prum, Richard O.; Berv, Jacob S.; Dornburg, Alex; Field, Daniel J.; Townsend, Jeffrey P.; Lemmon, Emily Moriarty; Lemmon, Alan R. (2015). "A comprehensive phylogeny of birds (Aves) using targeted next-generation DNA sequencing".

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and kingfishers). A 2009 book supported Fry's contention, but then a later study in 2015 suggested that the bee-eaters are sister to the rollers. The 2008 and 2015 papers both linked the kingfishers to the New World motmots.

2102:, as demonstrated by a juvenile bird in captivity, which performed the task when first presented with wild bees. This bird was stung on the first five tries, but by ten bees, it was as adept at handling bees as adult birds. 2499:

believed that bee-eaters had medical properties, prescribing the application of bee-eater fat to deter biting flies, and treating the eyes with the smoke from charred bee-eater legs to cure an unspecified female complaint.

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believe that the bee-eaters are the main obstacle causing worker bees not to forage, and instead stay inside the hives for much of the day between May and the end of August. However, a study carried out in a

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than one species of bee-eater. In species that nest gregariously, breeding pairs may be assisted by up to five helpers. These birds may alternate between breeding themselves and helping in successive years.

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Bee-eaters have calls that are characteristic for each species. Most sound simple to the human ear, but show significant variability when studied in detail, carrying significant information for the birds.

2407:(IUCN) assesses species vulnerability in terms of total population and the rate of any population decline. None of the bee-eaters meet the IUCN vulnerability criteria, and all are therefore evaluated as " 2147:

can comprise a large part of the diet, as much as 89% of the overall intake. The preference for bees and wasps may have arisen because of the numerical abundance of these suitably sized insects. The

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distribution, occurring from Europe to Australia. The centre of diversity of the family is Africa, although a number of species also occur in Asia. Single species occur in each of Europe, (the

359:. Opinions have varied as to the bee-eater's nearest relatives. In 2001, Fry considered the kingfishers to be the most likely, whereas a large study published in 2008 found that bee-eaters are 215:, containing three genera and thirty species. Most species are found in Africa and Asia, with a few in southern Europe, Australia, and New Guinea. They are characterised by richly coloured 3649: 2541:. Bee-eaters have been depicted on the postage stamps of at least 38 countries, the European and Carmine bee-eaters being the most common subjects, with 18 and 11 countries respectively. 2439:, an estimated 4,000–6,000 annually being killed in Cyprus alone, but with a global population of between 170,000 and 550,000 pairs even losses on that scale make little overall impact. 2354:. The hole-nesting lifestyle of bee-eaters means that they tend to carry a higher burden of external parasites than non-hole-nesting bird species. Bee-eaters may also be infected by 1759:

The Asian green bee-eater, African green bee-eater, and Arabian green bee-eater were previously considered to be a single species, and are still treated as such by some authorities.

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and the typical bee-eaters, having rounded wings and a "beard", but a smooth culmen and no nostril feathers. All the remaining species are normally retained in the single genus

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Species that breed in subtropical or temperate areas of Europe, Asia and Australia are all migratory. The European bee-eaters that breed in southern Europe and Asia migrate to

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bee-eaters have a black bar through the eye and many have differently coloured throats and faces. The extent of the green in these species varies from almost complete in the

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Depictions in classical art are rare for such striking birds. The only known Ancient Egyptian example is a relief, probably of a little green bee-eater, on a wall of Queen

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live in the nests of at least European bee-eaters, and feed on faeces and food remains. Their presence and cleaning activities appear to benefit the developing bee-eaters.

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Fry, Hilary C.; de Juana, Eduardo; Boesman, Peter; Kirwan, Guy M. (2013). del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi; Christie, David A.; de Juana, Eduardo (eds.).

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is removed by repeatedly hitting and rubbing the insect on a hard surface. During this process, pressure is applied to the insect's body, thereby discharging most of the

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is unsuitable for stopping or if they are crossing the sea. Bee-eaters are highly social, and pairs sitting or roosting together are often so close that they touch (an

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Krištofík, Ján; Darolová, Alžbeta; Hoi, Christine; Hoi, Herbert (2016). "Housekeeping by lodgers: the importance of bird nest fauna on offspring condition".

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in the feathers, making them easier to find and remove. Due to their hole-nesting lifestyle, bee-eaters accumulate a number of external parasites such as

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del Hoyo, Josep; Collar, Nigel; Kirwan, Guy M. (2013). del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi; Christie, David A.; de Juana, Eduardo (eds.).

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del Hoyo, Josep; Collar, Nigel; Kirwan, Guy M. (2013). del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi; Christie, David A.; de Juana, Eduardo (eds.).

2061:, keep the feathers and skin in good health. Bathing with water involves making shallow dives into a water body and then returning to a perch to preen. 3689: 3119: 343:, but ancestors of those families diverged from the bee-eaters at least forty million years ago, so any relationship is not close. The scarcity of 4197:

El-Ahmed, A.; Gamal, el-D. N.; Shobrak, M.; Dik, B. (2012). "First records of the chewing lice (Phthiraptera) associated with European bee eater (

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Emlen, S. T.; Wrege, P. H. (1996). "Forced copulations and intra-specific parasitism: two costs of social living in the white-fronted bee-eater".

4913: 3664: 4346: 2404: 2143:. In a survey of 20 studies, the proportion of the diet made up by bees and wasps varied from 20% to 96%, with the average being 70%. Of these 277: 4952: 2261:

in the nest, and their pellets are trodden underfoot, making the nest cavity very malodorous. The chicks are in the nest for about 30 days.

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No nesting material is used in the breeding cavity. One white egg is laid each day until the typical clutch of about five eggs is complete.

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of bee-eaters are curved, long and end in a sharp point. The bill can bite strongly, particularly at the tip, and it is used as a pair of

2338: 2578:. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. Vol. 222. New York: American Museum of Natural History. pp. 190, 252. 3627: 3403:

Fry, C. Hilary; Boesman, P. (2020). del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi; Christie, David A.; de Juana, Eduardo (eds.).

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species hunt from tree tops or telephone wires. One unusual technique often used by carmine bee-eaters is to ride on the backs of

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Kuhl, H.; Frankl-Vilches, C.; Bakker, A.; Mayr, G.; Nikolaus, G.; Boerno, S.T.; Klages, S.; Timmermann, B.; Gahr, M. (2021).

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Bee-eaters consume a wide range of insects; beyond a few distasteful butterflies they consume almost any insect from tiny

2303:. The young honeyguides kill the bee-eater's chicks and destroy any eggs. The begging call of the honeyguide sounds like 2171:

Bee-eater colony destroyed by bee-keepers. The entrances into the bee eater's nests were deliberately blocked with stones

320:, who created the bird subfamily Meropia for these birds in 1815. The name, now modernised as Meropidae, is derived from 2167: 2135:, true flies and moths. For many species, the dominant prey item are stinging members of the order Hymenoptera, namely 2099: 1850: 3514:

Hegner, Robert E.; Emlen, Stephen; Demong, Natalie J. (1982). "Spatial organization of the white-fronted bee-eater".

4991: 4866: 3865:"Loess and Bee-Eaters II: The 'loess' of North Africa and the nesting behaviour of the Northern Carmine Bee-Eater ( 1849:

of the family is generally very bright and in most species is mainly or at least partially green, although the two

4957: 3120:"Molecular phylogenetics of the bee-eaters (Aves: Meropidae) based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequence data" 654:, have not been generally accepted for several decades since a 1969 paper united them in the current arrangement. 4879: 328:

for "bee-eater", and the English term "bee-eater" was first recorded in 1668, referring to the European species.

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and flies. Together with sunning, bouts of dust bathing (or water bathing where available), as well as rigorous

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Witt, Christopher C.; Yuri, Tamaki (2008). "A phylogenomic study of birds reveals their evolutionary history".

2507:, the shape of the bird in flight was thought to resemble a bow, with the long bill as an arrow. This led to a 2391: 4154:

Valera, F.; Casas-Crivillé, A.; Hoi, H. (2003). "Interspecific parasite exchange in a mixed colony of birds".

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Avery, M. T.; Krebs, J. R.; Houston, A. I. (1988). "Economics of courtship-feeding in the European bee-eater (

4939: 355:(from 11,700 years ago to present) specimens from Israel and Russia, but all have proved to be of the extant 317: 284:". Their conspicuous appearance means that they have been mentioned by ancient writers and incorporated into 4809: 4796: 3280: 3158: 2721: 2287:

Bee-eater nests may be raided by rats and snakes, and the adults are hunted by birds of prey such as the

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Valley. The well-studied European bee-eater is trapped and shot on migration in countries bordering the

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and medium to long wings, which may be pointed or round. Male and female plumages are usually similar.

66: 4996: 4676: 4606: 3184: 2635: 1718: 1601: 261:, and both parents care for their young, sometimes with assistance from related birds in the colony. 17: 2111:

flies to large beetles and dragonflies. At some point bee-eaters have been recorded eating beetles,

1774:, although the position of the purple-bearded bee-eater seems anomalous, in that it appears amongst 4611: 4586: 4581: 4532: 4456: 1862: 1682: 1565: 1556: 1477: 609: 157: 4237: 2839: 1950:, which has the majority of the species, occurs across the entirety of the family's distribution. 586:

The bee-eaters are generally similar in appearance, although they are normally divided into three

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terminate in a club-shape that he lacks. There may be instances where bee-eaters are sexually

1664: 1459: 4978: 4918: 4601: 4591: 4566: 4509: 2648: 2538: 2408: 2069: 1898: 1870: 1592: 1574: 1436: 601: 281: 268:; their nests are raided by rodents, weasels, martens and snakes, and they can carry various 4970: 2831: 4835: 4783: 4342: 3928: 3879: 3827: 3727: 3523: 3134: 2992: 2920:"An unbiased molecular approach using 3′-UTRs resolves the avian family-level tree of life" 2876: 2788: 2729:. Vol. 6: Mousebirds to Hornbills. Barcelona, Spain: Lynx Edicions. pp. 286–325. 2488:

was fatally struck by his father when he desecrated a ritual sacrifice of a ram to the god

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is restricted to Asia, ranging from India and southern China to the Indonesian islands of

8: 4774: 4631: 4449: 3812:"Loess and bee-eaters I: Ground properties affecting the nesting of European bee-eaters ( 3042: 2832: 2228: 2026: 2014: 1827: 1819: 393: 273: 258: 219:, slender bodies, and usually elongated central tail feathers. All have long down-turned 3932: 3883: 3831: 3731: 3527: 3138: 3015: 2996: 2980: 2880: 2792: 2492:

by tasting the victim's brains. The god took pity on him, turning him into a bee-eater.

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burrows, occasionally up to 200, and are composed of clans of two or three pairs, their

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McLaren, Sue; Svircev, Zorica; O'Hara-Dhand, Ken; Heneberg, Petr; Smalley, Ian (2014).

3792: 3743: 3539: 3492: 3426: 3374: 3301: 3253: 3205: 3101: 2956: 2919: 2900: 2812: 2292: 2288: 1935: 1709: 356: 61: 3663:. Mansoura Journal of Plant Protection and Pathology, 1(12): 1023–1030. Archived from 4965: 4822: 4666: 4425: 4403: 4378: 4218: 4171: 4136: 4085: 4060: 4028: 3962: 3810:

Smalley, Ian; O'Hara-Dhand, Ken; McLaren, Sue; Svircev, Zorica; Nugent, Hugh (2013).

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in the breeding season and some species are also highly gregarious when not nesting.

1939: 1918: 1881: 1771: 1767: 1700: 1416: 1377: 448: 300: 4328: 4270: 4183: 3796: 3747: 3543: 3378: 3077:. Vol. 5. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 229–238. 3072: 2558: 1865:. Three species, from equatorial Africa, have no green at all in their plumage, the 1786: 4646: 4556: 4476: 4316: 4256: 4210: 4163: 4126: 4118: 4003: 3940: 3936: 3895: 3887: 3843: 3835: 3774: 3735: 3624:"Prigonirea prigoriei. [Myths and truths about honey bees and bee eaters ]" 3578: 3531: 3488: 3418: 3382: 3364: 3293: 3245: 3197: 3142: 3097: 3010: 3000: 2951: 2941: 2931: 2884: 2816: 2796: 2579: 2034: 1811:

undulations, and are able to change direction quickly, although they rarely hover.

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Fry, C. Hilary (1969). "The evolution and systematics of bee-eaters (Meropidae)".

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The bee-eaters have been considered to be related to other families, such as the

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human persecution of bee-eaters, with nest holes being blocked, adults shot or

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of undigested material, typically 2 cm (0.8 in) long black oblongs.

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Bee-eaters spend around 10% of their day on comfort activities. These include

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as bee-eaters, because of the metaphorical poison they bore in their mouths.

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bee-eater chicks, ensuring a good supply of food from the adult bee-eaters.

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Siefferman, Lynn; Wang, Yuan-Jyun; Wang, Yi-Ping; Yuan, Hsiao-Wei (2007).

1491: 351:(2,588,000 to 11,700 years ago) have been found in Austria, and there are 4900: 4768: 2447: 2332: 2041: 2018: 1978: 1894: 1763: 544: 348: 254: 2888: 4500: 3739: 2527: 2516: 2327: 2258: 2217: 2189: 2184: 2128: 2107: 2006: 1990: 1424: 592: 464: 340: 332: 150: 31: 27:

Widespread group of insectivorous bird species in the family Meropidae

3900: 3862: 3848: 3046: 4848: 4402:. Oxford Classical Monographs. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 108. 4214: 3809: 3535: 2560:

Analyse de la nature: ou, Tableau de l'univers et des corps organisés

2470: 2462: 2451: 2280: 2236: 2045: 2009:, although a few species may migrate during the night if the terrain 1931: 1890: 528: 285: 78: 4905: 4892: 4730: 4436: 4238:"Louse (Insecta: Phthiraptera) infestations of European Bee-eaters ( 2583: 2291:. The little bee-eater and red-throated bee-eaters are hosts of the 313:

The bee-eaters were first named as a scientific group by the French

4853: 4753: 3369: 2508: 2504: 2420: 2416: 2355: 2144: 2116: 2058: 2050: 1967: 626:. There are close relationships within this genus, for example the 352: 314: 269: 98: 4107:"A stab in the dark: chick killing by brood parasitic honeyguides" 2537:

mural depicting blue-cheeked bee-eaters was found in the villa of

2563:(in French). Vol. 1815. Palermo: Self-published. p. 66. 2455: 2432: 2124: 2095: 2083: 1955: 1897:

part of the colour spectrum, which humans cannot see. A study of

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Casas-Crivillé, A.; Valera, F. (2005). "The European bee-eater (

3559:"The predator-prey interaction between blue-bearded bee eaters ( 2981:"Complexity of avian evolution revealed by family-level genomes" 238:, which are caught on the wing from an open perch. The insect's 175: 2512: 2489: 2485: 2466: 2221: 2176: 2132: 2120: 2112: 1986: 1959: 376: 344: 336: 280:'s vulnerability criteria, and all are therefore evaluated as " 227: 88: 3626:(in Romanian). Romanian Ornithological Society. Archived from 608:, feathered nostrils and a relatively sluggish lifestyle. The 4840: 3118:

Marks, Ben D.; Weckstein, Jason D.; Moyle, Robert G. (2007).

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is associated with forests, where it forages in edge habitats

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As their name suggests, bee-eaters predominantly eat flying

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10.1645/0022-3395(2003)089[0245:IPEIAM]2.0.CO;2

3780:

10.1650/0010-5422(2002)104[0240:CAATEO]2.0.CO;2

2136: 2054: 1834: 596:

comprises two large species with long throat feathers, the

372: 272:. Some species are adversely affected by human activity or 235: 220: 205: 108: 2311: 2140: 231: 3181: 2777: 2235:

Like almost all Coraciiformes the bee-eaters are cavity

4306: 4236:

Karáth, Kata; Fuisz, Tibor István; Vas, Zoltán (2013).

4196: 4153: 3984:"Competition and coexistence of the European Bee-eater 2423:

plantations in Malaysia being particularly concerning.

1946:, also found on mainland Africa). Of the three genera, 1906:

species, in which the young have mainly green plumage.

1884:

in most of the family, although in several species the

4059:. Poyser Monograph. London: Poyser. pp. 231–235. 3350: 2399:

is adversely affected by persecution and habitat loss.

4104: 4079: 3690:"Bee-eater is not to blame for decline in honey bees" 3600:"Ambitious bee-eater attempts to swallow a bat whole" 2865: 2725:. In del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J. (eds.). 2461:

Bee-eaters were mentioned by ancient writers such as

1877:. Many species have elongated central tail feathers. 1398:

The bee-eater family contains the following species.

3914: 3277: 3229: 3037: 2627: 2576:

History and Nomenclature of Avian Family-Group Names

2310:

Bee-eaters may be infested by several blood-feeding

4105:Spottiswoode, Claire N.; Koorevaar, Jeroen (2011). 3117: 4471: 4023:Fry, C. Hilary; Fry, Kathie; Harris, Alan (1992). 3919:) as an ecosystem engineer in arid environments". 3404: 3279: 3231: 3183: 2720: 2628: 4080:Christie, David A.; Ferguson-Lees, James (2010). 3713: 3513: 3453:Animal migration: remarkable journeys in the wild 3444: 2754:. Poyser Monograph. London: Poyser. p. 195. 1806:with the species' preferred foraging habitat and 1388:were not included in the study. The placement of 5011: 4284:Mohammad, Mohammad K.; AlNeaim, Taha M. (2000). 3961:. Poyser Monograph. London: Poyser. p. 19. 3556: 3330:. Poyser Monograph. London: Poyser. p. 29. 2257:only the older chicks survive. Adults and young 4283: 4203:Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology 3952: 3950: 3455:. University of California Press. p. 148. 4235: 2405:International Union for Conservation of Nature 278:International Union for Conservation of Nature 4457: 4050: 4048: 4046: 4044: 3563:Jardine and Selby 1830) and giant honeybees ( 2515:'s bow" and an association with archer gods. 2454:advised the killing of bee-eaters to protect 657: 604:, both of which have rounded wings, a ridged 4022: 3947: 3319: 2743: 2714: 2712: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2702: 2700: 2698: 2696: 2694: 2692: 2690: 2688: 2686: 2684: 2682: 2680: 2678: 2600:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names 1993:. The most unusual migration is that of the 5025:Taxa named by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque 4377:. London: Jonathan Cape. pp. 322–323. 4290:Bulletin of the Iraq Natural History Museum 4286:"Blood parasites of two bee-eaters in Iraq" 3981: 3271: 2676: 2674: 2672: 2670: 2668: 2666: 2664: 2662: 2660: 2658: 1913: 1380:(maximum parsimony) based on a 2007 study. 4464: 4450: 4041: 3557:Kastberger, Gerald; Sharma, D. K. (2000). 3550: 3478: 3402: 3074:Check-list of Birds of the World. Volume 5 2556: 2268: 2196:in Libya, 80 km (50 mi) east of 2162: 174: 47: 4368: 4366: 4364: 4335: 4260: 4130: 4007: 3908: 3899: 3847: 3778: 3582: 3368: 3175: 3014: 3004: 2955: 2945: 2935: 2773: 2771: 2155:Like kingfishers, bee-eaters regurgitate 1853:are primarily rose-coloured. Most of the 1822:, the outermost being very small, and 13 1797:usually have a black bar through the eye. 638:, but formerly suggested genera, such as 347:is unhelpful. Bee-eater fossils from the 4073: 4027:. London: Christopher Helm. p. 19. 3982:Kossenko, S. M.; Fry, C. Hilary (1998). 3803: 3760: 3687: 3474: 3472: 3415:Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive 3290:Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive 3242:Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive 3223: 3194:Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive 3113: 3111: 2655: 2446: 2390: 2272: 2211: 2166: 2077:presents his mate with a captured insect 2068: 1989:and winters further south in equatorial 1917: 1785: 295: 4242:Linnaeus, 1758) at Albertirsa, Hungary" 4229: 3597: 3396: 2978: 2596: 2557:Rafinesque, Constantine Samuel (1815). 14: 5012: 4397: 4391: 4372: 4361: 4300: 4147: 3856: 3067: 3061: 2861: 2859: 2768: 2033:. Some individuals also specialise in 398:International Ornithological Committee 318:Constantine Samuel Rafinesque-Schmaltz 4735: 4734: 4445: 4432:Meropidae, Bird families of the World 4190: 3754: 3469: 3450: 3127:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 3108: 3081: 3049:. International Ornithologists' Union 30:For the family of scorpionflies, see 4880:c164363d-bcd7-437b-add0-874aee163460 4715: 4277: 4098: 4025:Kingfishers, Bee-eaters, and Rollers 3975: 3647: 3344: 2829: 2649:participating institution membership 2603:. London: Christopher Helm. p. 2573: 2192:forest in the Alaluas region in the 4084:. London: Bloomsbury. p. 530. 4054: 4016: 3956: 3720:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 3707: 3681: 3507: 3325: 3087: 3031: 2856: 2823: 2749: 2718: 2567: 2550: 2064: 1966:has a single species restricted to 396:and David Donsker on behalf of the 24: 4009:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1998.tb04535.x 3493:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1986.tb00566.x 3102:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1969.tb02567.x 3047:"IOC World Bird List Version 14.1" 2727:Handbook of the Birds of the World 2621: 2590: 191:bee-eater species regularly breed 25: 5036: 4419: 2979:Stiller, J.; et al. (2024). 189: Approximate area in which 4714: 4705: 4704: 4398:Irving, P. M. C. Forbes (1990). 2838:. Heidelberg: Springer. p. 1490: 1458: 1415: 616:, which is intermediate between 65: 4428:on the Internet Bird Collection 3988:and the Blue-cheeked Bee-eater 3641: 3616: 3591: 2972: 2924:Molecular Biology and Evolution 2911: 2722:"Family Meropidae (Bee-eaters)" 3941:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2004.03.012 3688:Carabott, Sarah (2015-10-26). 1781: 56:Six common African bee-eaters 13: 1: 4437:Meropidae on Tree of Life Web 3761:Eberhard, Jessica R. (2002). 3654:on the behavior of honey bee 3650:"The impact of the Bee-eater 3598:Sarchet, Penny (2015-07-01). 2544: 2442: 2358:blood parasites of the genus 451:– ground rollers (5 species) 4400:Metamorphosis in Greek Myths 3921:Journal of Arid Environments 3892:10.1016/j.quaint.2014.01.040 3840:10.1016/j.quaint.2012.09.005 3417:. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. 3292:. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. 3244:. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. 3196:. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. 2000: 1882:difference between the sexes 547:– kingfishers (118 species) 264:Bee-eaters may be killed by 7: 3147:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.07.004 2216:Bee-eater nesting cliff in 2207: 2017:of zero). Many species are 1861:to barely any green in the 665:Evolutionary relationships 291: 10: 5041: 4692:Southern carmine bee-eater 4687:Northern carmine bee-eater 4637:Cinnamon-chested bee-eater 3816:L.1758) in loess deposits" 3406:"White-throated-Bee-eater( 3281:"African Green Bee-eater ( 3233:"Arabian Green Bee-eater ( 3006:10.1038/s41586-024-07323-1 2397:southern carmine bee-eater 2326:. Other parasites include 1995:southern carmine bee-eater 1770:study produced a possible 1746:Southern carmine bee-eater 1737:Northern carmine bee-eater 1638:Cinnamon-chested bee-eater 658:Species in taxonomic order 428:– bee-eaters (31 species) 29: 4743: 4700: 4677:Chestnut-headed bee-eater 4607:Blue-moustached bee-eater 4545: 4523: 4498: 4484: 4321:10.1007/s10336-016-1384-9 2947:21.11116/0000-0007-B72A-C 2636:Oxford English Dictionary 2597:Jobling, James A (2010). 2386: 2129:crickets and grasshoppers 1719:Chestnut-headed bee-eater 1602:Blue-moustached bee-eater 1430:Jardine & Selby, 1830 1259: 1244: 1237: 1213: 1198: 1191: 1184: 1169: 1162: 1129: 1114: 1107: 1092: 1085: 1078: 1063: 1056: 1041: 1034: 1019: 1012: 988: 981: 974: 967: 916: 901: 894: 879: 872: 857: 850: 826: 811: 804: 797: 773: 758: 751: 744: 720: 705: 698: 691: 676: 542: 526: 519: 503: 496: 462: 446: 439: 423: 416: 409: 182: 173: 146: 141: 62:Scientific classification 60: 55: 46: 41: 4612:Rufous-crowned bee-eater 4587:Swallow-tailed bee-eater 4582:White-throated bee-eater 4533:Purple-bearded bee-eater 4055:Fry, C. Hilary (2010) . 3957:Fry, C. Hilary (2010) . 3876:Quaternary International 3820:Quaternary International 3326:Fry, C. Hilary (2010) . 3185:"Asian Green Bee-eater ( 3045:, eds. (December 2023). 2750:Fry, C. Hilary (2010) . 2574:Bock, Walter J. (1994). 1914:Distribution and habitat 1880:There is little visible 1863:white-throated bee-eater 1818:of the wing comprise 10 1683:Rufous-crowned bee-eater 1566:Swallow-tailed bee-eater 1557:White-throated bee-eater 1478:Purple-bearded bee-eater 610:purple-bearded bee-eater 4657:Blue-throated bee-eater 4627:Blue-breasted bee-eater 4622:White-fronted bee-eater 4577:Arabian green bee-eater 4572:African green bee-eater 4537:Blue-breasted bee-eater 4156:Journal of Parasitology 2801:10.1126/science.1157704 2641:Oxford University Press 2351:Echidnophaga gallinacea 2269:Predators and parasites 2163:Predation of honey bees 2075:blue-throated bee-eater 1930:The bee-eaters have an 1795:white-fronted bee-eater 1674:Blue-throated bee-eater 1629:Blue-breasted bee-eater 1620:White-fronted bee-eater 1548:Arabian green bee-eater 1539:African green bee-eater 632:white-fronted bee-eater 531:– motmots (14 species) 467:– rollers (13 species) 4642:Black-headed bee-eater 4617:Red-throated bee-eater 4562:Blue-cheeked bee-eater 4515:Blue-bearded bee-eater 4309:Journal of Ornithology 4262:10.2478/orhu-2014-0003 4123:10.1098/rsbl.2011.0739 3423:10.2173/bow.wtbeat1.01 3298:10.2173/bow.grbeat1.01 3250:10.2173/bow.grbeat1.01 3202:10.2173/bow.grbeat1.01 2937:10.1093/molbev/msaa191 2834:Paleogene Fossil Birds 2458: 2427:concentrated into the 2400: 2323:Ornithophila metallica 2284: 2283:to keep down parasites 2278:Asian green bee-eaters 2224: 2172: 2078: 1942:) and Madagascar (the 1927: 1924:blue-bearded bee-eater 1798: 1647:Black-headed bee-eater 1611:Red-throated bee-eater 1521:Blue-cheeked bee-eater 1446:Blue-bearded bee-eater 628:red-throated bee-eater 612:is the sole member of 598:blue-bearded bee-eater 385:molecular phylogenetic 310: 4979:Paleobiology Database 4602:Blue-headed bee-eater 4592:Blue-tailed bee-eater 4567:Asian green bee-eater 4510:Red-bearded bee-eater 4373:Cocker, Mark (2013). 3584:10.1051/apido:2000157 2830:Mayr, Gerald (2009). 2450: 2409:Least-concern species 2394: 2320:, and the biting fly 2276: 2215: 2170: 2072: 1921: 1899:blue-tailed bee-eater 1871:blue-headed bee-eater 1789: 1593:Blue-headed bee-eater 1575:Blue-tailed bee-eater 1530:Asian green bee-eater 1437:Red-bearded bee-eater 602:red-bearded bee-eater 508:– todies (5 species) 299: 4875:Fauna Europaea (new) 4201:) in Saudi Arabia". 4082:Raptors of the World 3878:. 334–335: 112–118. 2719:Fry, Hilary (2001). 2098:. This behaviour is 1793:species such as the 1696:Merops superciliosus 1450:Nyctyornis athertoni 1382:Nyctyornis athertoni 276:, but none meet the 249:Most bee-eaters are 4632:Ethiopian bee-eater 3933:2005JArEn..60..227C 3884:2014QuInt.334..112M 3832:2013QuInt.296..220S 3732:1988BEcoS..23...61A 3658:L. during foraging" 3561:Nyctornis athertoni 3528:1982Natur.298..264H 3451:Hoare, Ben (2009). 3283:Merops viridissimus 3139:2007MolPE..45...23M 2997:2024Natur.629..851S 2889:10.1038/nature15697 2881:2015Natur.526..569P 2793:2008Sci...320.1763H 2787:(5884): 1763–1768. 2639:(Online ed.). 2519:were thought to be 2469:, who both advised 2015:individual distance 2005:The bee-eaters are 1826:, and there are 12 1801:The bee-eaters are 1723:Merops leschenaulti 1624:Merops bullockoides 1543:Merops viridissimus 708:Merops bullockoides 394:Pamela C. Rasmussen 4672:European bee-eater 3740:10.1007/BF00299888 3041:; Donsker, David; 2459: 2401: 2293:greater honeyguide 2289:Levant sparrowhawk 2285: 2225: 2173: 2079: 2042:sunning themselves 1938:), Australia (the 1936:European bee-eater 1928: 1851:carmine bee-eaters 1799: 1710:European bee-eater 1579:Merops philippinus 1570:Merops hirundineus 1482:Meropogon forsteni 1441:Nyctyornis amictus 761:Meropogon forsteni 357:European bee-eater 311: 301:Rainbow bee-eaters 5007: 5006: 4966:Open Tree of Life 4737:Taxon identifiers 4728: 4727: 4667:Rainbow bee-eater 4409:978-0-19-814730-5 4384:978-0-224-08174-0 4091:978-0-7136-8026-3 4066:978-1-4081-3686-7 4034:978-0-7136-8028-7 3968:978-1-4081-3686-7 3522:(5871): 264–266. 3462:978-0-520-25823-5 3408:Merops albicollis 3337:978-1-4081-3686-7 3235:Merops cyanophrys 3187:Merops orientalis 3069:Peters, James Lee 3043:Rasmussen, Pamela 2991:(8013): 851–860. 2875:(7574): 563–573. 2849:978-3-540-89627-2 2761:978-1-4081-3686-7 2736:978-84-87334-30-6 2647:(Subscription or 2614:978-1-4081-2501-4 2497:Ancient Egyptians 2297:lesser honeyguide 1940:rainbow bee-eater 1772:phylogenetic tree 1768:mitochondrial DNA 1757: 1756: 1750:Merops nubicoides 1732:Merops malimbicus 1701:Rainbow bee-eater 1687:Merops americanus 1633:Merops variegatus 1561:Merops albicollis 1552:Merops cyanophyrs 1534:Merops orientalis 1396: 1395: 1378:Phylogenetic tree 1371: 1370: 1362: 1361: 1353: 1352: 1344: 1343: 1335: 1334: 1326: 1325: 1317: 1316: 1308: 1307: 1299: 1298: 1290: 1289: 1281: 1280: 1272: 1271: 1226: 1225: 1151: 1150: 1142: 1141: 1001: 1000: 956: 955: 947: 946: 938: 937: 929: 928: 839: 838: 786: 785: 733: 732: 583: 582: 574: 573: 565: 564: 556: 555: 485: 484: 476: 475: 449:Brachypteraciidae 198: 197: 137: 16:(Redirected from 5032: 5000: 4999: 4987: 4986: 4974: 4973: 4961: 4960: 4948: 4947: 4945:NBNSYS0000160405 4935: 4934: 4922: 4921: 4909: 4908: 4896: 4895: 4883: 4882: 4870: 4869: 4857: 4856: 4844: 4843: 4831: 4830: 4818: 4817: 4805: 4804: 4792: 4791: 4779: 4778: 4777: 4764: 4763: 4762: 4732: 4731: 4718: 4717: 4708: 4707: 4652:Böhm's bee-eater 4647:Somali bee-eater 4557:Little bee-eater 4466: 4459: 4452: 4443: 4442: 4426:Bee-eater videos 4414: 4413: 4395: 4389: 4388: 4375:Birds and People 4370: 4359: 4358: 4356: 4354: 4339: 4333: 4332: 4304: 4298: 4297: 4281: 4275: 4274: 4264: 4246: 4233: 4227: 4226: 4215:10.12816/0006338 4194: 4188: 4187: 4151: 4145: 4144: 4134: 4102: 4096: 4095: 4077: 4071: 4070: 4052: 4039: 4038: 4020: 4014: 4013: 4011: 3979: 3973: 3972: 3954: 3945: 3944: 3912: 3906: 3905: 3903: 3873: 3860: 3854: 3853: 3851: 3807: 3801: 3800: 3782: 3758: 3752: 3751: 3711: 3705: 3704: 3702: 3701: 3685: 3679: 3678: 3676: 3675: 3669: 3662: 3645: 3639: 3638: 3636: 3635: 3620: 3614: 3613: 3611: 3610: 3595: 3589: 3588: 3586: 3567:Fabricius 1798)" 3554: 3548: 3547: 3536:10.1038/298264a0 3511: 3505: 3504: 3476: 3467: 3466: 3448: 3442: 3441: 3439: 3437: 3412: 3400: 3394: 3393: 3391: 3390: 3381:. Archived from 3372: 3348: 3342: 3341: 3323: 3317: 3316: 3314: 3312: 3287: 3275: 3269: 3268: 3266: 3264: 3239: 3227: 3221: 3220: 3218: 3216: 3191: 3179: 3173: 3172: 3170: 3169: 3163: 3157:. Archived from 3124: 3115: 3106: 3105: 3085: 3079: 3078: 3065: 3059: 3058: 3056: 3054: 3035: 3029: 3028: 3018: 3008: 2976: 2970: 2969: 2959: 2949: 2939: 2915: 2909: 2908: 2863: 2854: 2853: 2837: 2827: 2821: 2820: 2775: 2766: 2765: 2747: 2741: 2740: 2724: 2716: 2653: 2652: 2644: 2632: 2625: 2619: 2618: 2594: 2588: 2587: 2571: 2565: 2564: 2554: 2241:Böhm's bee-eater 2065:Diet and feeding 2035:kleptoparasitism 2031:brood parasitism 1665:Böhm's bee-eater 1656:Somali bee-eater 1642:Merops oreobates 1512:Little bee-eater 1506: 1494: 1472: 1462: 1431: 1419: 1401: 1400: 1262:M. superciliosus 1240: 1239: 1194: 1193: 1187: 1186: 1165: 1164: 1110: 1109: 1088: 1087: 1081: 1080: 1059: 1058: 1037: 1036: 1015: 1014: 984: 983: 977: 976: 970: 969: 897: 896: 875: 874: 853: 852: 807: 806: 800: 799: 754: 753: 747: 746: 701: 700: 694: 693: 672: 671: 662: 661: 522: 521: 499: 498: 442: 441: 419: 418: 412: 411: 404: 403: 192: 188: 178: 132: 70: 69: 51: 39: 38: 21: 5040: 5039: 5035: 5034: 5033: 5031: 5030: 5029: 5010: 5009: 5008: 5003: 4995: 4990: 4982: 4977: 4969: 4964: 4956: 4951: 4943: 4938: 4930: 4925: 4917: 4912: 4904: 4899: 4891: 4886: 4878: 4873: 4865: 4860: 4852: 4847: 4839: 4834: 4826: 4821: 4813: 4808: 4800: 4795: 4787: 4782: 4773: 4772: 4767: 4758: 4757: 4752: 4739: 4729: 4724: 4696: 4662:Olive bee-eater 4597:Black bee-eater 4541: 4519: 4494: 4480: 4470: 4422: 4417: 4410: 4396: 4392: 4385: 4371: 4362: 4352: 4350: 4341: 4340: 4336: 4305: 4301: 4282: 4278: 4249:Ornis Hungarica 4244: 4240:Merops apiaster 4234: 4230: 4199:Merops apiaster 4195: 4191: 4152: 4148: 4111:Biology Letters 4103: 4099: 4092: 4078: 4074: 4067: 4053: 4042: 4035: 4021: 4017: 3990:Merops persicus 3986:Merops apiaster 3980: 3976: 3969: 3955: 3948: 3917:Merops apiaster 3913: 3909: 3871: 3861: 3857: 3814:Merops apiaster 3808: 3804: 3759: 3755: 3716:Merops apiaster 3712: 3708: 3699: 3697: 3686: 3682: 3673: 3671: 3667: 3660: 3652:Merops apiaster 3648:Alfallah, H.M. 3646: 3642: 3633: 3631: 3622: 3621: 3617: 3608: 3606: 3596: 3592: 3555: 3551: 3512: 3508: 3477: 3470: 3463: 3449: 3445: 3435: 3433: 3401: 3397: 3388: 3386: 3349: 3345: 3338: 3324: 3320: 3310: 3308: 3276: 3272: 3262: 3260: 3228: 3224: 3214: 3212: 3180: 3176: 3167: 3165: 3161: 3122: 3116: 3109: 3086: 3082: 3066: 3062: 3052: 3050: 3036: 3032: 2977: 2973: 2916: 2912: 2864: 2857: 2850: 2828: 2824: 2776: 2769: 2762: 2748: 2744: 2737: 2717: 2656: 2646: 2626: 2622: 2615: 2595: 2591: 2572: 2568: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2533:, and an early 2531:mortuary temple 2479:Greek mythology 2445: 2389: 2301:brood parasites 2271: 2227:Bee-eaters are 2210: 2194:Murqub District 2165: 2067: 2003: 1983:southern Africa 1944:olive bee-eater 1916: 1867:black bee-eater 1859:green bee-eater 1816:flight feathers 1803:morphologically 1784: 1714:Merops apiaster 1692:Olive bee-eater 1660:Merops revoilii 1606:Merops mentalis 1597:Merops muelleri 1584:Black bee-eater 1525:Merops persicus 1516:Merops pusillus 1504: 1471:Bonaparte, 1850 1470: 1429: 1410:Living Species 1386:Merops revoilii 1372: 1363: 1354: 1345: 1336: 1327: 1318: 1309: 1300: 1291: 1282: 1273: 1227: 1152: 1143: 1117:M. leschenaulti 1002: 957: 948: 939: 930: 840: 787: 734: 660: 584: 575: 566: 557: 486: 477: 294: 204:are a group of 194: 193: 190: 186: 185: 131: 64: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5038: 5028: 5027: 5022: 5005: 5004: 5002: 5001: 4988: 4975: 4962: 4949: 4936: 4923: 4910: 4897: 4884: 4871: 4862:Fauna Europaea 4858: 4845: 4832: 4819: 4806: 4793: 4780: 4765: 4749: 4747: 4741: 4740: 4726: 4725: 4723: 4722: 4712: 4701: 4698: 4697: 4695: 4694: 4689: 4684: 4682:Rosy bee-eater 4679: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4634: 4629: 4624: 4619: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4553: 4551: 4543: 4542: 4540: 4539: 4529: 4527: 4521: 4520: 4518: 4517: 4512: 4506: 4504: 4496: 4495: 4490: 4488: 4482: 4481: 4469: 4468: 4461: 4454: 4446: 4440: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4421: 4420:External links 4418: 4416: 4415: 4408: 4390: 4383: 4360: 4334: 4299: 4276: 4228: 4209:(3): 525–533. 4189: 4162:(2): 245–250. 4146: 4097: 4090: 4072: 4065: 4057:The Bee-Eaters 4040: 4033: 4015: 3974: 3967: 3959:The Bee-Eaters 3946: 3927:(2): 227–238. 3907: 3867:Merops nubicus 3855: 3802: 3773:(2): 240–247. 3753: 3706: 3694:Times of Malta 3680: 3656:Apis mellifera 3640: 3615: 3590: 3577:(6): 727–736. 3549: 3506: 3468: 3461: 3443: 3395: 3370:10.1650/8201.1 3363:(3): 577–584. 3343: 3336: 3328:The Bee-Eaters 3318: 3270: 3222: 3174: 3107: 3096:(4): 557–592. 3080: 3071:, ed. (1945). 3060: 3030: 2971: 2930:(1): 108–127. 2910: 2855: 2848: 2822: 2767: 2760: 2752:The Bee-Eaters 2742: 2735: 2654: 2620: 2613: 2589: 2566: 2548: 2546: 2543: 2517:Scandalmongers 2511:name meaning " 2444: 2441: 2429:national parks 2388: 2385: 2330:of the genera 2270: 2267: 2209: 2206: 2164: 2161: 2149:giant honeybee 2066: 2063: 2002: 1999: 1970:in Indonesia. 1915: 1912: 1875:rosy bee-eater 1783: 1780: 1755: 1754: 1753: 1752: 1743: 1741:Merops nubicus 1734: 1728:Rosy bee-eater 1725: 1716: 1707: 1705:Merops ornatus 1698: 1689: 1680: 1678:Merops viridis 1671: 1662: 1653: 1651:Merops breweri 1644: 1635: 1626: 1617: 1615:Merops bulocki 1608: 1599: 1590: 1588:Merops gularis 1581: 1572: 1563: 1554: 1545: 1536: 1527: 1518: 1507: 1505:Linnaeus, 1758 1495: 1487: 1486: 1485: 1484: 1473: 1463: 1455: 1454: 1453: 1452: 1443: 1432: 1420: 1412: 1411: 1408: 1405: 1394: 1393: 1374: 1373: 1369: 1368: 1365: 1364: 1360: 1359: 1356: 1355: 1351: 1350: 1347: 1346: 1342: 1341: 1338: 1337: 1333: 1332: 1329: 1328: 1324: 1323: 1320: 1319: 1315: 1314: 1311: 1310: 1306: 1305: 1302: 1301: 1297: 1296: 1293: 1292: 1288: 1287: 1284: 1283: 1279: 1278: 1275: 1274: 1270: 1269: 1266: 1265: 1258: 1255: 1254: 1251: 1250: 1243: 1238: 1236: 1233: 1232: 1229: 1228: 1224: 1223: 1220: 1219: 1212: 1209: 1208: 1205: 1204: 1197: 1192: 1190: 1185: 1183: 1180: 1179: 1176: 1175: 1172:M. philippinus 1168: 1163: 1161: 1158: 1157: 1154: 1153: 1149: 1148: 1145: 1144: 1140: 1139: 1136: 1135: 1128: 1125: 1124: 1121: 1120: 1113: 1108: 1106: 1103: 1102: 1099: 1098: 1091: 1086: 1084: 1079: 1077: 1074: 1073: 1070: 1069: 1062: 1057: 1055: 1052: 1051: 1048: 1047: 1040: 1035: 1033: 1030: 1029: 1026: 1025: 1018: 1013: 1011: 1008: 1007: 1004: 1003: 999: 998: 995: 994: 987: 982: 980: 975: 973: 968: 966: 963: 962: 959: 958: 954: 953: 950: 949: 945: 944: 941: 940: 936: 935: 932: 931: 927: 926: 923: 922: 915: 912: 911: 908: 907: 900: 895: 893: 890: 889: 886: 885: 878: 873: 871: 868: 867: 864: 863: 860:M. hirundineus 856: 851: 849: 846: 845: 842: 841: 837: 836: 833: 832: 825: 822: 821: 818: 817: 810: 805: 803: 798: 796: 793: 792: 789: 788: 784: 783: 780: 779: 776:Merops breweri 772: 769: 768: 765: 764: 757: 752: 750: 745: 743: 740: 739: 736: 735: 731: 730: 727: 726: 719: 716: 715: 712: 711: 704: 699: 697: 692: 690: 687: 686: 683: 682: 675: 670: 667: 666: 659: 656: 581: 580: 577: 576: 572: 571: 568: 567: 563: 562: 559: 558: 554: 553: 550: 549: 541: 538: 537: 534: 533: 525: 520: 518: 515: 514: 511: 510: 502: 497: 495: 492: 491: 488: 487: 483: 482: 479: 478: 474: 473: 470: 469: 461: 458: 457: 454: 453: 445: 440: 438: 435: 434: 431: 430: 422: 417: 415: 410: 408: 407:Coraciiformes 402: 369:ground rollers 293: 290: 196: 195: 184: 183: 180: 179: 171: 170: 169: 168: 161: 154: 144: 143: 139: 138: 126: 122: 121: 116: 112: 111: 106: 102: 101: 96: 92: 91: 86: 82: 81: 76: 72: 71: 58: 57: 53: 52: 44: 43: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5037: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5017: 5015: 4998: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4785: 4781: 4776: 4770: 4766: 4761: 4755: 4751: 4750: 4748: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4733: 4721: 4713: 4711: 4703: 4702: 4699: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4554: 4552: 4550: 4549: 4544: 4538: 4534: 4531: 4530: 4528: 4526: 4522: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4507: 4505: 4503: 4502: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4487: 4483: 4478: 4474: 4467: 4462: 4460: 4455: 4453: 4448: 4447: 4444: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4427: 4424: 4423: 4411: 4405: 4401: 4394: 4386: 4380: 4376: 4369: 4367: 4365: 4348: 4344: 4338: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4303: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4280: 4272: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4243: 4241: 4232: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4193: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4150: 4142: 4138: 4133: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4101: 4093: 4087: 4083: 4076: 4068: 4062: 4058: 4051: 4049: 4047: 4045: 4036: 4030: 4026: 4019: 4010: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3991: 3987: 3978: 3970: 3964: 3960: 3953: 3951: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3911: 3902: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3870: 3869:Gmelin 1788)" 3868: 3859: 3850: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3815: 3806: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3781: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3757: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3710: 3695: 3691: 3684: 3670:on 2018-06-27 3666: 3659: 3657: 3653: 3644: 3630:on 2018-06-27 3629: 3625: 3619: 3605: 3604:New Scientist 3601: 3594: 3585: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3566: 3562: 3553: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3510: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3475: 3473: 3464: 3458: 3454: 3447: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3411: 3409: 3399: 3385:on 2023-01-18 3384: 3380: 3376: 3371: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3347: 3339: 3333: 3329: 3322: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3286: 3284: 3274: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3238: 3236: 3226: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3190: 3188: 3178: 3164:on 2016-08-12 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3121: 3114: 3112: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3084: 3076: 3075: 3070: 3064: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3034: 3026: 3022: 3017: 3012: 3007: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2975: 2967: 2963: 2958: 2953: 2948: 2943: 2938: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2914: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2862: 2860: 2851: 2845: 2841: 2836: 2835: 2826: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2774: 2772: 2763: 2757: 2753: 2746: 2738: 2732: 2728: 2723: 2715: 2713: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2703: 2701: 2699: 2697: 2695: 2693: 2691: 2689: 2687: 2685: 2683: 2681: 2679: 2677: 2675: 2673: 2671: 2669: 2667: 2665: 2663: 2661: 2659: 2650: 2642: 2638: 2637: 2631: 2624: 2616: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2601: 2593: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2570: 2562: 2561: 2553: 2549: 2542: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2529: 2524: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2501: 2498: 2493: 2491: 2487: 2484: 2480: 2475: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2440: 2438: 2437:Mediterranean 2434: 2430: 2424: 2422: 2418: 2412: 2410: 2406: 2398: 2393: 2384: 2382: 2381: 2377:of the genus 2376: 2371: 2369: 2368: 2363: 2362: 2357: 2353: 2352: 2347: 2346: 2341: 2340: 2335: 2334: 2329: 2325: 2324: 2319: 2318: 2314:of the genus 2313: 2308: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2282: 2279: 2275: 2266: 2262: 2260: 2255: 2250: 2247: 2242: 2238: 2233: 2230: 2223: 2219: 2214: 2205: 2201: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2186: 2181: 2178: 2169: 2160: 2158: 2153: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2109: 2103: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2087: 2085: 2076: 2071: 2062: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2047: 2043: 2038: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2022: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 1998: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1975: 1971: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1925: 1920: 1911: 1907: 1905: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1887: 1883: 1878: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1843: 1840: 1836: 1831: 1829: 1828:tail feathers 1825: 1821: 1817: 1812: 1809: 1804: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1779: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1760: 1751: 1747: 1744: 1742: 1738: 1735: 1733: 1729: 1726: 1724: 1720: 1717: 1715: 1711: 1708: 1706: 1702: 1699: 1697: 1693: 1690: 1688: 1684: 1681: 1679: 1675: 1672: 1670: 1669:Merops boehmi 1666: 1663: 1661: 1657: 1654: 1652: 1648: 1645: 1643: 1639: 1636: 1634: 1630: 1627: 1625: 1621: 1618: 1616: 1612: 1609: 1607: 1603: 1600: 1598: 1594: 1591: 1589: 1585: 1582: 1580: 1576: 1573: 1571: 1567: 1564: 1562: 1558: 1555: 1553: 1549: 1546: 1544: 1540: 1537: 1535: 1531: 1528: 1526: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1513: 1510: 1509: 1508: 1503: 1502: 1501: 1496: 1493: 1489: 1488: 1483: 1479: 1476: 1475: 1474: 1469: 1468: 1464: 1461: 1457: 1456: 1451: 1447: 1444: 1442: 1438: 1435: 1434: 1433: 1428: 1427: 1426: 1421: 1418: 1414: 1413: 1409: 1406: 1403: 1402: 1399: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1376: 1375: 1367: 1366: 1358: 1357: 1349: 1348: 1340: 1339: 1331: 1330: 1322: 1321: 1313: 1312: 1304: 1303: 1295: 1294: 1286: 1285: 1277: 1276: 1268: 1267: 1264: 1263: 1257: 1256: 1253: 1252: 1249: 1248: 1242: 1241: 1235: 1234: 1231: 1230: 1222: 1221: 1218: 1217: 1211: 1210: 1207: 1206: 1203: 1202: 1196: 1195: 1189: 1188: 1182: 1181: 1178: 1177: 1174: 1173: 1167: 1166: 1160: 1159: 1156: 1155: 1147: 1146: 1138: 1137: 1134: 1133: 1127: 1126: 1123: 1122: 1119: 1118: 1112: 1111: 1105: 1104: 1101: 1100: 1097: 1096: 1095:M. orientalis 1090: 1089: 1083: 1082: 1076: 1075: 1072: 1071: 1068: 1067: 1066:M. malimbicus 1061: 1060: 1054: 1053: 1050: 1049: 1046: 1045: 1039: 1038: 1032: 1031: 1028: 1027: 1024: 1023: 1022:M. albicollis 1017: 1016: 1010: 1009: 1006: 1005: 997: 996: 993: 992: 986: 985: 979: 978: 972: 971: 965: 964: 961: 960: 952: 951: 943: 942: 934: 933: 925: 924: 921: 920: 919:M. variegatus 914: 913: 910: 909: 906: 905: 899: 898: 892: 891: 888: 887: 884: 883: 877: 876: 870: 869: 866: 865: 862: 861: 855: 854: 848: 847: 844: 843: 835: 834: 831: 830: 824: 823: 820: 819: 816: 815: 809: 808: 802: 801: 795: 794: 791: 790: 782: 781: 778: 777: 771: 770: 767: 766: 763: 762: 756: 755: 749: 748: 742: 741: 738: 737: 729: 728: 725: 724: 718: 717: 714: 713: 710: 709: 703: 702: 696: 695: 689: 688: 685: 684: 681: 680: 674: 673: 669: 668: 664: 663: 655: 653: 649: 645: 644:Melittophagus 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 624: 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 599: 595: 594: 589: 579: 578: 570: 569: 561: 560: 552: 551: 548: 546: 540: 539: 536: 535: 532: 530: 524: 523: 517: 516: 513: 512: 509: 507: 501: 500: 494: 493: 490: 489: 481: 480: 472: 471: 468: 466: 460: 459: 456: 455: 452: 450: 444: 443: 437: 436: 433: 432: 429: 427: 421: 420: 414: 413: 406: 405: 401: 399: 395: 391: 386: 381: 378: 374: 370: 366: 365:Coraciiformes 363:to all other 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 329: 327: 326:Ancient Greek 323: 319: 316: 308: 307: 302: 298: 289: 287: 283: 282:least concern 279: 275: 271: 267: 262: 260: 256: 252: 247: 245: 241: 237: 233: 230:, especially 229: 224: 222: 218: 214: 211: 207: 203: 181: 177: 172: 167: 166: 162: 160: 159: 155: 153: 152: 148: 147: 145: 140: 135: 130: 127: 124: 123: 120: 119:Coraciiformes 117: 114: 113: 110: 107: 104: 103: 100: 97: 94: 93: 90: 87: 84: 83: 80: 77: 74: 73: 68: 63: 59: 54: 50: 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 4744: 4546: 4524: 4499: 4491: 4485: 4479:: Meropidae) 4472: 4399: 4393: 4374: 4351:. Retrieved 4343:"Bee-eaters" 4337: 4312: 4308: 4302: 4293: 4289: 4279: 4255:(2): 33–37. 4252: 4248: 4239: 4231: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4192: 4159: 4155: 4149: 4114: 4110: 4100: 4081: 4075: 4056: 4024: 4018: 3999: 3995: 3989: 3985: 3977: 3958: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3910: 3875: 3866: 3858: 3823: 3819: 3813: 3805: 3770: 3766: 3756: 3726:(2): 61–67. 3723: 3719: 3715: 3709: 3698:. Retrieved 3693: 3683: 3672:. Retrieved 3665:the original 3655: 3651: 3643: 3632:. Retrieved 3628:the original 3618: 3607:. Retrieved 3603: 3593: 3574: 3570: 3565:Apis dorsata 3564: 3560: 3552: 3519: 3515: 3509: 3484: 3480: 3452: 3446: 3434:. Retrieved 3414: 3407: 3398: 3387:. Retrieved 3383:the original 3360: 3356: 3346: 3327: 3321: 3309:. Retrieved 3289: 3282: 3273: 3261:. Retrieved 3241: 3234: 3225: 3213:. Retrieved 3193: 3186: 3177: 3166:. Retrieved 3159:the original 3133:(1): 23–32. 3130: 3126: 3093: 3089: 3083: 3073: 3063: 3051:. 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