1899:). The object's air burst occurred at an altitude between 30 and 50 km (19 and 31 mi) above the ground, and about 1,500 people were injured, mainly by broken window glass shattered by the shock wave. Two were reported in serious condition; however, there were no fatalities. Initially some 3,000 buildings in six cities across the region were reported damaged due to the explosion's shock wave, a figure which rose to over 7,200 in the following weeks. The Chelyabinsk meteor was estimated to have caused over $ 30 million in damage. It is the largest recorded object to have encountered the Earth since the 1908 Tunguska event. The meteor is estimated to have an initial diameter of 17–20 metres and a mass of roughly 10,000 tonnes. On 16 October 2013, a team from Ural Federal University led by Victor Grokhovsky recovered a large fragment of the meteor from the bottom of Russia's Lake Chebarkul, about 80 km west of the city.
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2100:
309:
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225:
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1950:(ATLAS) and identified as having a small chance of impacting Earth later that day. As it was very dim, and only identified hours before its approach, no more than the initial 4 observations covering a 39-minute period were made of the object. It is unknown if it impacted Earth or not, but no fireball was detected in either infrared or infrasound, so if it did, it would have been very small, and likely near the eastern end of its potential impact area – in the western Pacific Ocean.
1129:, no impact craters in the deep ocean have been widely accepted by the scientific community. Impacts of projectiles as large as one km in diameter are generally thought to explode before reaching the sea floor, but it is unknown what would happen if a much larger impactor struck the deep ocean. The lack of a crater, however, does not mean that an ocean impact would not have dangerous implications for humanity. Some scholars have argued that an impact event in an
8375:
10788:
1500:
2093:, such as the ATLAS system. However, current telescopes only cover part of the Earth and even more importantly cannot detect asteroids on the day-side of the planet, which is why so few of the smaller asteroids that commonly impact Earth are detected during the few hours that they would be visible. So far only four impact events have been successfully predicted, all from innocuous 2–5 m diameter asteroids and detected a few hours in advance.
1657:
31:
1376:, there should have been 22,000 or more impact craters with diameters >20 km (12 mi), about 40 impact basins with diameters about 1,000 km (620 mi), and several impact basins with diameters about 5,000 km (3,100 mi). However, hundreds of millions of years of deformation at the Earth's crust pose significant challenges to conclusively identifying impacts from this period. Only two pieces of pristine
1008:
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1259:. What they reported as a circular feature later turned out to be a crater estimated to be 180 km (110 mi) in diameter. This convinced the vast majority of scientists that this extinction resulted from a point event that is most probably an extraterrestrial impact and not from increased volcanism and climate change (which would spread its main effect over a much longer time period).
11282:
398:. However, asteroids with a diameter of 20 m (66 ft), and which strike Earth approximately twice every century, produce more powerful airbursts. The 2013 Chelyabinsk meteor was estimated to be about 20 m in diameter with an airburst of around 500 kilotons, an explosion 30 times the Hiroshima bomb impact. Much larger objects may impact the solid earth and create a crater.
1729:, which fell in Czechoslovakia (now the Czech Republic) in 1959. In this case, two cameras used to photograph meteors captured images of the fireball. The images were used both to determine the location of the stones on the ground and, more significantly, to calculate for the first time an accurate orbit for a recovered meteorite.
2329:
vicinity and, consequently, to determine a reduction in the number of potentially dangerous objects for the Earth. Subsequent dynamic studies have shown that in reality the situation is more complex: the presence of
Jupiter, in fact, tends to reduce the frequency of impact on the Earth of objects coming from the
1971:. Further observations with ATLAS extended the observation arc from 1 hour to 4 hours and confirmed that the asteroid orbit indeed impacted Earth in southern Africa, fully closing the loop with the fireball report and making this the third natural object confirmed to impact Earth, and the second on land after
1776:, Peter Brown of the University of Western Ontario reported on his study of U.S. early warning satellite records for the preceding eight years. He identified 300 flashes caused by 1 to 10 m (3 to 33 ft) meteors in that time period and estimated the rate of Tunguska-sized events as once in 400 years.
2328:
In addition to the mass factor, its relative proximity to the inner solar system allows
Jupiter to influence the distribution of minor bodies there. For a long time it was believed that these characteristics led the gas giant to expel from the system or to attract most of the wandering objects in its
1740:
from 1963 to 1975 in the midwestern U.S. This program also observed a meteorite fall, the "Lost City" chondrite, allowing its recovery and a calculation of its orbit. Another program in Canada, the
Meteorite Observation and Recovery Project, ran from 1971 to 1985. It too recovered a single meteorite,
1391:
In 2021, evidence for a probable impact 3.46 billion-years ago at
Pilbara Craton has been found in the form of a 150 kilometres (93 mi) crater created by the impact of a 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) asteroid (named "The Apex Asteroid") into the sea at a depth of 2.5 kilometres (1.6 mi) (near
1239:
layer strongly support the impact theory. Chromium isotopic ratios are homogeneous within the earth, and therefore these isotopic anomalies exclude a volcanic origin, which has also been proposed as a cause for the iridium enrichment. Further, the chromium isotopic ratios measured in the K-T boundary
1626:
in
Alberta, Canada is estimated to be between 1,080 and 1,130 years old. The crater is approximately 36 m (118 ft) in diameter and 9 m (30 ft) deep, is heavily forested and was discovered in 2007 when a metal detector revealed fragments of meteoric iron scattered around the area.
339:
of the resulting crater's diameter, which is on average proportional to the diameter of the impactor. Asteroids with a 1 km (0.62 mi) diameter strike Earth every 500,000 years on average. Large collisions – with 5 km (3 mi) objects – happen approximately once every twenty million
2088:
have been measured, so any future impacts can be predicted long before they are on their final approach to Earth. Smaller objects are too faint to observe except when they come very close and so most cannot be observed before their final approach. Current mechanisms for detecting asteroids on final
1929:
to nearly twice the orbit of the Moon. It was estimated to be perturbed by the Moon onto a collision course with Earth on
November 13. With over a month of observations, as well as precovery observations found dating back to 2009, it was found to be far less dense than a natural asteroid should be,
1531:
reveals the presence of a 31 km wide impact crater dated at 58 million years of age, less than 10 million years after the
Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, scientists believe that the impactor was a metallic asteroid with a diameter in the order of 1.5 kilometres (0.9 mi). The impact
1050:
and the work of scientists such as
Shoemaker demonstrated that impact cratering was by far the most widespread geological process at work on the Solar System's solid bodies. Every surveyed solid body in the Solar System was found to be cratered, and there was no reason to believe that the Earth had
1993:
is estimated to have had a mass of roughly 1600 tons, and a diameter of 9 to 14 meters depending on its density, making it the third largest asteroid to impact Earth since 1900, after the
Chelyabinsk meteor and the Tunguska event. The fireball exploded in an airburst 25.6 kilometres (15.9 mi)
1764:
with an 8-millimeter color movie camera. In size range the object was roughly between a car and a house, and while it could have ended its life in a
Hiroshima-sized blast, there was never any explosion. Analysis of the trajectory indicated that it never came much lower than 58 km (36 mi)
355:
Impact conditions such as asteroid size and speed, but also density and impact angle determine the kinetic energy released in an impact event. The more energy is released, the more damage is likely to occur on the ground due to the environmental effects triggered by the impact. Such effects can be
164:
impact provided the first direct observation of an extraterrestrial collision of Solar System objects, when the comet broke apart and collided with Jupiter in July 1994. An extrasolar impact was observed in 2013, when a massive terrestrial planet impact was detected around the star ID8 in the star
7585:
Brown, P. G.; Assink, J. D.; Astiz, L.; Blaauw, R.; Boslough, M. B.; Borovička, J.; Brachet, N.; Brown, D.; Campbell-Brown, M.; Ceranna, L.; Cooke, W.; de Groot-Hedlin, C.; Drob, D. P.; Edwards, W.; Evers, L. G.; Garces, M.; Gill, J.; Hedlin, M.; Kingery, A.; Laske, G.; Le Pichon, A.; Mialle, P.;
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Impact craters provide evidence of past impacts on other planets in the Solar System, including possible interplanetary terrestrial impacts. Without carbon dating, other points of reference are used to estimate the timing of these impact events. Mars provides some significant evidence of possible
1211:
in the Earth's crust. Iridium is an element that is rare on Earth but relatively abundant in many meteorites. From the amount and distribution of iridium present in the 65-million-year-old "iridium layer", the Alvarez team later estimated that an asteroid of 10 to 14 km (6 to 9 mi) must
1066:
have determined that during the last 600 million years, the Earth has been struck by 60 objects of a diameter of 5 km (3 mi) or more. The smallest of these impactors would leave a crater almost 100 km (60 mi) across. Only three confirmed craters from that time period with that
2337:
0.5–1 km in diameter; impacts with smaller objects would occur more frequently. Another study estimated that comets 0.3 km (0.19 mi) in diameter impact the planet once in approximately 500 years and those 1.6 km (0.99 mi) in diameter do so just once in every 6,000 years.
2007:
In 2023, a small meteorite is believed to have crashed through the roof of a home in Trenton, New Jersey. The metallic rock was approximately 4 inches by 6 inches and weighed 4 pounds. The item was seized by police and tested for radioactivity. The object was later confirmed to be a meteorite by
1262:
Although there is now general agreement that there was a huge impact at the end of the Cretaceous that led to the iridium enrichment of the K-T boundary layer, remnants have been found of other, smaller impacts, some nearing half the size of the Chicxulub crater, which did not result in any mass
935:
occurs about once a year. Such events would seem to be spectacularly obvious, but they generally go unnoticed for a number of reasons: the majority of the Earth's surface is covered by water; a good portion of the land surface is uninhabited; and the explosions generally occur at relatively high
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The energy released by an impactor depends on diameter, density, velocity, and angle. The diameter of most near-Earth asteroids that have not been studied by radar or infrared can generally only be estimated within about a factor of two, by basing it on the asteroid's brightness. The density is
2469:
On March 19, 2013, an impact occurred on the Moon that was visible from Earth, when a boulder-sized 30 cm meteoroid slammed into the lunar surface at 90,000 km/h (25 km/s; 56,000 mph) creating a 20-meter crater. NASA has actively monitored lunar impacts since 2005, tracking
2422:
in close succession. The first of these was on June 1 and the second the next day. A video of this, followed by a dramatic ejection of solar gas (unrelated to the impacts), can be found at the NASA website. Both of these comets evaporated before coming into contact with the surface of the Sun.
1157:
The effect of impact events on the biosphere has been the subject of scientific debate. Several theories of impact-related mass extinction have been developed. In the past 500 million years there have been five generally accepted major mass extinctions that on average extinguished half of all
1356:
In the early history of the Earth (about four billion years ago), bolide impacts were almost certainly common since the Solar System contained far more discrete bodies than at present. Such impacts could have included strikes by asteroids hundreds of kilometers in diameter, with explosions so
939:
Although no human is known to have been killed directly by an impact, over 1000 people were injured by the Chelyabinsk meteor airburst event over Russia in 2013. In 2005 it was estimated that the chance of a single person born today dying due to an impact is around 1 in 200,000. The two to
2336:
For this reason Jupiter is the planet of the Solar System characterized by the highest frequency of impacts, which justifies its reputation as the "sweeper" or "cosmic vacuum cleaner" of the Solar System. 2009 studies suggest an impact frequency of one every 50–350 years, for an object of
3243:
Crater Analysis Techniques Working Group; Arvidson, R. E.; Boyce, J.; Chapman, C.; Cintala, M.; Fulchignoni, M.; Moore, H.; Neukum, G.; Schultz, P.; Soderblom, L.; Strom, R.; Woronow, A.; Young, R. (1979), "Standard Techniques for Presentation and Analysis of Crater Size-Frequency Data",
1388:(in contemporary Western Australia) to search within which may potentially reveal evidence in the form of physical craters. Other methods may be used to identify impacts from this period, for example, indirect gravitational or magnetic analysis of the mantle, but may prove inconclusive.
1022:
These modified views of Earth's history did not emerge until relatively recently, chiefly due to a lack of direct observations and the difficulty in recognizing the signs of an Earth impact because of erosion and weathering. Large-scale terrestrial impacts of the sort that produced the
1411:
was uncovered by scientists in 2014. They estimated the impact occurred at Kaapvaal Craton (South Africa) about 3.26 billion years ago and that the impactor was approximately 37–58 kilometers (23–36 miles) wide. The crater from this event, if it still exists, has not yet been found.
1648:, 45 m (148 ft) in diameter and 10 m (33 ft) deep, is thought to have been formed less than 3,500 years ago in a then-unpopulated region of western Egypt. It was found February 19, 2009 by V. de Michelle on a Google Earth image of the East Uweinat Desert, Egypt.
215:
demonstrated the deflection of an asteroid. It was the first such experiment to be carried out by humankind and was considered to be highly successful. The orbital period of the target body was changed by 32 minutes. The criterion for success was a change of more than 73 seconds.
2099:
1918:, and Ethiopia. Around roughly the time expected (2 January 3:06 UTC) an infrasound burst was detected near the center of the impact range, in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean. This marks the second time a natural object was identified prior to impacting earth after 2008 TC3.
1698:
estimated at 90,000 kg (200,000 lb). A more recent estimate by Tsvetkov (and others) puts the mass at around 100,000 kg (220,000 lb). It was an iron meteorite belonging to the chemical group IIAB and with a coarse octahedrite structure. More than 70
78:, there can be significant physical and biospheric consequences, as the impacting body is usually traveling at several kilometres a second (a minimum of 11.2 km/s (7.0 mi/s) for an Earth impacting body), though atmospheres mitigate many surface impacts through
2033:
and Earth, 30 days before impact. The diagram illustrates how orbit data can be used to predict impacts well in advance. Note that in this particular instance the asteroid's orbit was not known until a few hours before impact. The diagram was constructed afterwards for
1791:
at an altitude of about 26 km (16 mi), lighting up the night like day. The meteor that produced the fireball was estimated to be about 4.6 m (15 ft) in diameter, with a weight of 180 tonnes. This blast was also featured on the Science Channel series
324:
1611:
where a group of iron meteorites were found, estimated as dating to 4,000–5,000 years ago. It first came to attention of Spanish authorities in 1576; in 2015, police arrested four alleged smugglers trying to steal more than a ton of protected meteorites. The
3213:"Threats From Space: a Review of U.S. Government Efforts to Track and mitigate Asteroids and Meteors (Part I and Part II) – Hearing Before the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology House of Representatives One Hundred Thirteenth Congress First Session"
1859:
was tracked for 20 hours as it approached Earth and as it fell through the atmosphere and impacted in Sudan. This was the first time an object was detected before it reached the atmosphere and hundreds of pieces of the meteorite were recovered from the
1051:
somehow escaped bombardment from space. In the last few decades of the 20th century, a large number of highly modified impact craters began to be identified. The first direct observation of a major impact event occurred in 1994: the collision of the
1174:
period 250 million years ago and killed off 90 percent of all species; life on Earth took 30 million years to recover. The cause of the Permian-Triassic extinction is still a matter of debate; the age and origin of proposed impact craters, i.e. the
4914:
1419:, dated to around 3 billion years old (3 Ga), was once thought to be the result of an impact; however, follow-up studies have not confirmed its nature as an impact structure. The Maniitsoq structure is not recognised as an impact structure by the
5204:
Davis, Donald W. (January 23, 2008). "Sub-million-year age resolution of Precambrian igneous events by thermal extraction-thermal ionization mass spectrometer Pb dating of zircon: Application to crystallization of the Sudbury impact melt sheet".
2344:
was a comet that broke apart and collided with Jupiter, providing the first direct observation of an extraterrestrial collision of Solar System objects. The event served as a "wake-up call", and astronomers responded by starting programs such as
1187:
impact; this is the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event (also known as the K–T or K–Pg extinction event), which occurred 66 million years ago. There is no definitive evidence of impacts leading to the three other major mass extinctions.
2320:
in orbit around the Sun with a certain frequency. In general, these comets travel some revolutions around the planet following unstable orbits as highly elliptical and perturbable by solar gravity. While some of them eventually recover a
2473:
On 18 September 2021 an impact event on Mars formed a cluster of craters, the largest being 130m in diameter. On 24 December 2021 an impact created a 150m-wide crater. Debris was ejected up to 35 km (19 miles) from the impact site.
3151:"Asteroids and Adversaries: Challenging What NASA Knows About Space Rocks – Two years ago, NASA dismissed and mocked an amateur's criticisms of its asteroids database. Now Nathan Myhrvold is back, and his papers have passed peer review"
4915:
Pedro Waterton, William R. Hyde, Jonas Tusch, Julie A. Hollis, Christopher L. Kirkland, Carson Kinney, Chris Yakymchuk, Nicholas J. Gardiner, David Zakharov, Hugo K. H. Olierook, Peter C. Lightfoot, Kristoffer Szilas (2020).
278:
are the result of impact events on solid objects and, as the dominant landforms on many of the System's solid objects, present the most solid evidence of prehistoric events. Notable impact events include the hypothesized
356:
shock waves, heat radiation, the formation of craters with associated earthquakes, and tsunamis if bodies of water are hit. Human populations are vulnerable to these effects if they live within the affected zone. Large
198:
warned that America is unprepared for an asteroid impact event, and has developed and released the "National Near-Earth Object Preparedness Strategy Action Plan" to better prepare. According to expert testimony in the
1438:), dated at more than 2.2 billion years ago with the impactor estimated to be around 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) wide. It is believed that, at this time, the Earth was mostly or completely frozen, commonly called the
1934:
at 6:18 UTC (11:48 local time). The sky in the region was very overcast, so only an airborne observation team was able to successfully observe it falling above the clouds. It is now thought to be a remnant of the
2465:
provide compelling evidence of the largest impact observed to date on Mars in the form of fresh craters, the largest measuring 48.5 by 43.5 meters. It is estimated to be caused by an impactor 3 to 5 meters long.
2061:
continually scans the MPC catalog of known asteroids, analyzing their orbits for any possible future impacts. Currently none are predicted (the single highest probability impact currently listed is ~7 m asteroid
1496:, also believed to have been caused by an asteroid 10 km across about 300 million years ago, but further studies are needed to establish that this crustal anomaly was indeed the result of an impact event.
2375:
scientists confirmed that there was another impact event on Jupiter, probably involving a small undiscovered comet or other icy body. The impactor is estimated to have been about 200–500 meters in diameter.
2505:
In 2013, an impact between minor planets was detected around the star NGC 2547 ID 8 by Spitzer and confirmed by ground observations. Computer modelling suggests that the impact involved large asteroids or
4474:
Ohmoto, Hiroshi; Graham, Uschi; Liu, Zi-Kui; Tsukamoto, Yuya; Watanabe, Yumiko; Hamasaki, Hiroshi; Chorney, Andrew (2021-01-16), "Discovery of a 3.46 billion-year-old impact crater in Western Australia",
2936:
308:
2937:"Earth Will Be Hit by an Asteroid with 100 Percent Certainty, Says Space-Watching Group B612 – The group of scientists and former astronauts is devoted to defending the planet from a space apocalypse"
1741:"Innisfree", in 1977. Finally, observations by the European Fireball Network, a descendant of the original Czech program that recovered Příbram, led to the discovery and orbit calculations for the
148:) have been reported, with some occurrences causing deaths, injuries, property damage, or other significant localised consequences. One of the best-known recorded events in modern times was the
374:
Stony asteroids with a diameter of 4 meters (13 ft) enter Earth's atmosphere about once a year. Asteroids with a diameter of 7 meters enter the atmosphere about every 5 years with as much
1090:
Besides the direct effect of asteroid impacts on a planet's surface topography, global climate and life, recent studies have shown that several consecutive impacts might have an effect on the
1457:), caused the largest verified crater, a multi-ringed structure 160–300 km (100–200 mi) across, forming from an impactor approximately 10–15 km (6.2–9.3 mi) in diameter.
6688:"If We Blow Up an Asteroid, It Might Put Itself Back Together – Despite what Hollywood tells us, stopping an asteroid from creating an extinction-level event by blowing it up may not work"
1244:. Thus a probable candidate for the impactor is a carbonaceous asteroid, but a comet is also possible because comets are assumed to consist of material similar to carbonaceous chondrites.
160:
event is the only known such incident in modern times to result in numerous injuries. Its meteor is the largest recorded object to have encountered the Earth since the Tunguska event. The
4568:
Garde, Adam A.; McDonald, Iain; Dyck, Brendan; Keulen, Nynke (July 2012). "Searching for giant, ancient impact structures on Earth: The Mesoarchaean Maniitsoq structure, West Greenland".
6130:
1634:
with the deaths caused by a hail of "falling stones"; some astronomers hypothesize that this may describe an actual meteorite fall, although they find the number of deaths implausible.
6067:
3919:
Richards, Mark A.; Alvarez, Walter; Self, Stephen; Karlstrom, Leif; Renne, Paul R.; Manga, Michael; Sprain, Courtney J.; Smit, Jan; Vanderkluysen, Loÿc; Gibson, Sally A. (2015-11-01).
1671:, Russia, in 1908. This incident involved an explosion that was probably caused by the airburst of an asteroid or comet 5 to 10 km (3.1 to 6.2 mi) above the Earth's surface,
7314:
3034:
2153:
6217:
de la Fuente Marcos, C.; de la Fuente Marcos, R.; Mialle, P. (13 October 2016). "Homing in for New Year: impact parameters and pre-impact orbital evolution of meteoroid 2014 AA".
1765:
off the ground, and the conclusion was that it had grazed Earth's atmosphere for about 100 seconds, then skipped back out of the atmosphere to return to its orbit around the Sun.
1472:) from a bolide approximately 10–15 km (6.2–9.3 mi) in diameter approximately 1.849 billion years ago Debris from the event would have been scattered across the globe.
2146:, considered an asteroid collision to be the biggest threat to the planet. In June 2018, the US National Science and Technology Council warned that America is unprepared for an
1511:, 66 million years ago, believed to be the cause of the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, was caused by an asteroid estimated to be about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) wide.
2972:
1600:
in Argentina were produced approximately 10,000 years ago, at the beginning of the Holocene. If proved to be impact craters, they would be the first impact of the Holocene.
6641:
El Mir, Charles; Ramesh, KT; Richardson, Derek C. (15 March 2019). "A new hybrid framework for simulating hypervelocity asteroid impacts and gravitational reaccumulation".
3920:
2008:
scientists at The College of New Jersey, as well as meteorite expert Jerry Delaney, who previously worked at Rutgers University and the American Museum of Natural History.
1780:
estimated that an event of such magnitude occurs about once every 300 years, though more recent analyses have suggested he may have overestimated by an order of magnitude.
1714:. There a 4 kg (8.8 lb) stone chondrite crashed through a roof and hit Ann Hodges in her living room after it bounced off her radio. She was badly bruised by the
7444:
996:
have been credited with creative as well as destructive events; it has been proposed that impacting comets delivered the Earth's water, and some have suggested that the
7412:
5007:"Earth's Oldest Asteroid Impact Found in Australia – The cataclysm, which occurred roughly 2.2 billion years ago, might have catapulted the planet out of an ice age"
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2162:
would require at least five years of preparation to launch a mission to intercept an asteroid. The preferred method is to deflect rather than disrupt an asteroid.
1845:, leaving a water-filled hole and spewing gases across the surrounding area. Many residents became ill, apparently from the noxious gases shortly after the impact.
1582:
in India, approximately 52,000 years old (though a study published in 2010 gives a much greater age), which now has a flourishing semi-tropical jungle around it.
1336:
survey from April 21 to 26, 2010 found that 31 percent of Americans believed that an asteroid will collide with Earth by 2050. A majority (61 percent) disagreed.
2106:
1294:
have more recently verified the Raup and Sepkoski finding, but argue that it is not consistent with the characteristics expected of a Nemesis-style periodicity.
315:
4202:
Carter, Elizabeth; Pasek, Matthew; Smith, Tim; Kee, Terence; Hines, Peter; Howell, G. M. Edwards (August 2010). "Rapid Raman mapping of a fulgurite (Paywall)".
2946:
1963:(ZLAF9B2), a small 2–5 meter asteroid which further observations soon found had an 85% chance of impacting Earth. Soon after the impact, a fireball report from
1481:
340:
years. The last known impact of an object of 10 km (6 mi) or more in diameter was at the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event 66 million years ago.
335:
between the size of the object and the frequency of such events. The lunar cratering record shows that the frequency of impacts decreases as approximately the
2230:
is an example of a crater formed by an impact capable of, based on ratio of impact to size, severely deforming a planetary-mass object. Impact craters on the
10228:
9567:
9524:
1042:
It was not until 1903–1905 that the Barringer Crater was correctly identified as an impact crater, and it was not until as recently as 1963 that research by
5649:
Gritsevich, M.I. The Pribram, Lost City, Innisfree, and Neuschwanstein falls: An analysis of the atmospheric trajectories. Sol Syst Res 42, 372–390 (2008).
1910:
and observed over the next hour, and was soon found to be on a collision course with Earth. The exact location was uncertain, constrained to a line between
912:
and seldom make it to the ground to become meteorites. An estimated 500 meteorites reach the surface each year, but only 5 or 6 of these typically create a
9493:
5337:
4425:
1357:
powerful that they vaporized all the Earth's oceans. It was not until this heavy bombardment slackened that life appears to have begun to evolve on Earth.
5756:
Oberst, J.; Heinlein, D.; et al. (2004), "The multiple meteorite fall of Neuschwanstein: Circumstances of the event and meteorite search campaigns",
5461:
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8278:
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6405:
de la Fuente Marcos, C.; de la Fuente Marcos, R. (2019). "Waiting to make an impact: A probable excess of near-Earth asteroids in 2018 LA-like orbits".
6180:
Farnocchia, Davide; Chesley, Steven R.; Brown, Peter G.; Chodas, Paul W. (1 August 2016). "The trajectory and atmospheric impact of asteroid 2014 AA".
6101:
3003:
6714:
Kegerreis, J. A.; Teodoro, L. F. A.; Eke, V. R.; Massey, R. J.; Catling, D. C.; Fryer, C. L.; Korycansky, D. G.; Warren, M. S.; Zahnle, K. J. (2018).
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the size of Mars; such a theory is able to explain the size and composition of the Moon, something not done by other theories of lunar formation.
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5345:
4313:
2683:
Rumpf, Clemens M.; Lewis, Hugh G.; Atkinson, Peter M. (2017-04-19). "Asteroid impact effects and their immediate hazards for human populations".
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Following the Příbram fall, other nations established automated observing programs aimed at studying infalling meteorites. One of these was the
1179:
High structure, hypothesized to be associated with it are still controversial. The last such mass extinction led to the demise of the non-avian
10519:
7787:
5258:
1274:
have proposed that an excess of extinction events occurs roughly every 26 million years (though many are relatively minor). This led physicist
1035:: the Barringer Crater, for example, was ascribed to a prehistoric volcanic explosion (not an unreasonable hypothesis, given that the volcanic
7686:
6011:
4167:
Müller, R.D.; Goncharov, A.; Kristi, A. (2005). "Geophysical evaluation of the enigmatic Bedout basement high, offshore northwest Australia".
1690:, then chairman of the meteorite committee of the USSR Academy of Science, to estimate the meteoroid's orbit before it encountered the Earth.
38:. The object, just 50–80 metres (150–240 feet) across, exploded 6–10 km (4–6 miles) above the surface, shattering windows hundreds of km away.
9438:
9139:
2001:
1947:
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Campbell-Brown, M. D.; Hildebrand, A. (2005), "A new analysis of fireball data from the Meteorite Observation and Recovery Project (MORP)",
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4604:"Comment on "Searching for giant, ancient impact structures on Earth: The Mesoarchaean Maniitsoq structure, West Greenland" by Garde et al"
2202:
on Mars is speculated by some to be evidence for a planet-sized impact on the surface of Mars between 3.8 and 3.9 billion years ago, while
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3181:
10849:
9572:
9154:
8862:
8364:
8147:
7413:"NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) – Automated Lunar and Meteor Observatory (ALaMO) – Candidate lunar impact observation database"
7383:
7322:
5662:
McCrosky, R. E.; Posen, A.; Schwartz, G.; Shao, C. Y. (1971), "Lost City meteorite: Its recovery and a comparison with other fireballs",
4844:"Mesoarchean partial melting of mafic crust and tonalite production during high-T–low-P stagnant tectonism, Akia Terrane, West Greenland"
2591:
2354:
2192:
360:
arising from earthquakes and large-scale deposit of debris can also occur within minutes of impact, thousands of kilometres from impact.
98:
5422:
3427:
1503:
An animation modelling the impact, and subsequent crater formation of the Chicxulub impact (University of Arizona, Space Imagery Center)
9675:
8973:
8354:
8349:
8152:
7878:
5183:
3640:
6512:
6486:
5985:
5436:
3406:
2142:
1827:
379:
288:
190:
130:
4768:
10678:
10616:
9174:
7476:
5551:
1251:. This crater is centered on the Yucatán Peninsula of Mexico and was discovered by Tony Camargo and Glen Penfield while working as
1000:
may have been influenced by impacting objects by bringing organic chemicals or lifeforms to the Earth's surface, a theory known as
5856:
10862:
9351:
8329:
8271:
2498:, have been observed directly by space telescopes such as Hubble and Spitzer. However, collisions in planetary systems including
195:
3565:
French, B. M. (1998). Traces of catastrophe: A handbook of shock-metamorphic effects in terrestrial meteorite impact structures.
1348:
Artist's depiction of a collision between two planetary bodies. Such an impact between the Earth and a Mars-sized object likely
1039:
stand only 48 km or 30 mi to the west). Similarly, the craters on the surface of the Moon were ascribed to volcanism.
8339:
7509:
Alvarez, L. W.; Alvarez, W.; Asaro, F.; Michel, H. V. (1980), "Extraterrestrial Cause for the Cretaceous-Tertiary Extinction",
1985:
announced the detection of a large airburst that occurred on 18 December 2018 at 11:48 local time off the eastern coast of the
1939:
mission in 1998, and is the third time any previously unknown object – natural or artificial – was identified prior to impact.
7451:
3575:
Alvarez, L.W.; Alvarez, W.; Asaro, F.; Michel, H. V. (1980). "Extraterrestrial cause for the Cretaceous–Tertiary extinction".
9757:
9265:
9260:
8986:
7419:
5404:
2626:
1737:
1247:
Probably the most convincing evidence for a worldwide catastrophe was the discovery of the crater which has since been named
344:
generally assumed, because the diameter and mass, from which density can be calculated, are also generally estimated. Due to
5608:
5094:"Precise radiometric age establishes Yarrabubba, Western Australia, as Earth's oldest recognised meteorite impact structure"
5035:"Precise radiometric age establishes Yarrabubba, Western Australia, as Earth's oldest recognised meteorite impact structure"
1286:, leading to a large increase in the number of comets reaching the inner Solar System where they might hit Earth. Physicist
9695:
9325:
9194:
9149:
8978:
2346:
2262:
support a long-held hypothesis that this was caused by an oblique collision with a massive object twice the size of Earth.
1396:). The event caused global tsunamis. It is also coincidental to some of the earliest evidence of life on Earth, fossilized
7272:
6285:"On the Pre-impact Orbital Evolution of 2018 LA, Parent Body of the Bright Fireball Observed Over Botswana on 2018 June 2"
5840:
10250:
9690:
9589:
9214:
8344:
8324:
6844:
5828:
4401:
3819:
3070:
6581:
3519:
1578:
population to a significant meteorite impact and its aftermath. Significant examples of Pleistocene impacts include the
1480:
Two 10-kilometre sized asteroids are now believed to have struck Australia between 360 and 300 million years ago at the
10650:
9344:
8359:
8319:
8287:
8264:
7780:
7704:
Yau, Kevin; Weissman, Paul; Yeomans, Donald (1994). "Meteorite falls in China and some related human casualty events".
7576:
7151:
5758:
2895:
2446:'s Wide Field Camera 3 took images of an unusual X shape originated in the aftermath of the collision between asteroid
1200:
1095:
249:
9245:
1149:
2.5 Mya is thought to involve an object about 1 to 4 kilometres (0.62 to 2.49 mi) across but remains craterless.
9670:
9320:
8641:
3711:
2364:
happened on July 19 when a new black spot about the size of Earth was discovered in Jupiter's southern hemisphere by
1725:
have been observed with automated cameras and recovered following calculation of the impact point. The first was the
1718:. Several persons have since claimed to have been struck by "meteorites" but no verifiable meteorites have resulted.
1213:
1167:
7204:
4518:
184:
reported: "It's 100 percent certain we'll be hit , but we're not 100 percent certain when." Also in 2018, physicist
10235:
9931:
9038:
8184:
7894:
7586:
Moser, D. E.; Saffer, A.; Silber, E.; Smets, P.; Spalding, R. E.; Spurný, P.; Tagliaferri, E.; et al. (2013).
5006:
4918:"Geodynamic Implications of Synchronous Norite and TTG Formation in the 3 Ga Maniitsoq Norite Belt, West Greenland"
2379:
Later minor impacts were observed by amateur astronomers in 2010, 2012, 2016, and 2017; one impact was observed by
2210:
is the largest visible crater in the Solar System. The Moon provides similar evidence of massive impacts, with the
2047:
212:
6614:
5572:
4841:
1365:
The leading theory of the Moon's origin is the giant impact theory, which postulates that Earth was once hit by a
931:
estimated the rate of Earth impacts, concluding that an event about the size of the nuclear weapon that destroyed
10842:
10282:
9779:
9752:
9383:
8855:
6716:"Consequences of Giant Impacts on Early Uranus for Rotation, Internal Structure, Debris, and Atmospheric Erosion"
5899:
3545:
3493:
3150:
2586:
1768:
Many impact events occur without being observed by anyone on the ground. Between 1975 and 1992, American missile
928:
5149:
3974:
Dypvik, Henning; Burchell, Mark; Claeys, Philippe. "Impacts into Marine and Icy Environments: A Short Review in
3752:
1488:, creating a 400-kilometre impact zone. According to evidence found in 2015, it is the largest ever recorded. A
1087:
generated temperatures exceeding 2,370 °C, the highest known to have occurred on the surface of the Earth.
352:
with asteroid impacts averaging around 17 km/s on the Earth. The most probable impact angle is 45 degrees.
11338:
9640:
7172:
6219:
5465:
4245:
Shukolyukov, A.; Lugmair, G. W. (1998), "Isotopic Evidence for the Cretaceous-Tertiary Impactor and Its Type",
5479:
Yau, K.; Weissman, P.; Yeomans, D. (1994), "Meteorite Falls in China and Some Related Human Casualty Events",
4708:"Mesoarchean exhumation of the Akia terrane and a common Neoarchean tectonothermal history for West Greenland"
2309:, and because of its large mass it has a vast sphere of gravitational influence, the region of space where an
10030:
9936:
9388:
8809:
8545:
8540:
8445:
7932:
7773:
4769:
N. J. Gardiner, C. L. Kirkland, J. Hollis, K. Szilas, A. Steenfelt, C. Yakymchuk, H. Heide-Jørgensen (2019).
2815:
Hughes, Jonathan J.; Berv, Jacob S.; Chester, Stephen G. B.; Sargis, Eric J.; Field, Daniel J. (2021-10-11).
2749:
1489:
1393:
17:
7290:
6687:
4981:
3212:
11363:
11211:
10683:
10080:
9980:
9235:
9159:
8935:
8752:
8580:
8565:
8485:
8430:
8245:
7872:
7848:
7842:
7691:
2647:
2350:
2133:
reported "It's 100 per cent certain we’ll be hit , but we're not 100 per cent certain when." Also in 2018,
2109:
Ground based telescopes can only detect objects approaching on the night-side of the planet, away from the
1749:
263:
241:
110:
1083:
though only Chicxulub, the largest of the three, has been consistently considered. The impact that caused
224:
10946:
10814:
10563:
9762:
9712:
8701:
8600:
8425:
8410:
5159:
3731:
Hodych, J.P.; G.R.Dunning (1992). "Did the Manicouagan impact trigger end-of-Triassic mass extinction?".
3423:
2914:
2462:
2432:
2251:
2211:
2180:
1788:
1772:
picked up 136 major explosions in the upper atmosphere. In the November 21, 2002, edition of the journal
1279:
7110:
Roulston, M.S.; Ahrens, T (March 1997). "Impact Mechanics and Frequency of SL9-Type Events on Jupiter".
6271:
1263:
extinctions, and there is no clear linkage between an impact and any other incident of mass extinction.
1031:, east of Flagstaff, Arizona, are rare. Instead, it was widely thought that cratering was the result of
11373:
11353:
11260:
10835:
10223:
10075:
10050:
9460:
9204:
9179:
8848:
8804:
8595:
8590:
8550:
8510:
8200:
8113:
7927:
7899:
6543:
6407:
6045:
5799:
4705:
4010:
Gault, D. E.; Sonnet, C. P.; Wedekind, J. A. (1979). "Tsunami Generation by Pelagic Planetoid Impact".
2641: – Roughly circular ring or plateau, possibly discontinuous, surrounding an impact crater's center
2341:
2058:
2017:
1896:
1446:
229:
161:
7187:
2482:
1826:
County, Norway. Although initial witness reports stated that the resultant fireball was equivalent to
10693:
10626:
10469:
10201:
10196:
10070:
9900:
9742:
9529:
9255:
9080:
8951:
8871:
8585:
8420:
8205:
8131:
8125:
8119:
7921:
6350:
6289:
5876:
2817:"Ecological selectivity and the evolution of mammalian substrate preference across the K–Pg boundary"
2526:
2424:
2372:
2361:
2147:
2124:
1757:
1733:
1465:
1408:
300:
208:
7533:
7344:
3996:
3597:
1930:
suggesting that it was most likely an unidentified artificial satellite. As predicted, it fell over
1508:
981:
Impacts have had, during the history of the Earth, a significant geological and climatic influence.
126:
11358:
11348:
10799:
10688:
10583:
10509:
10336:
9965:
9665:
9367:
9199:
9017:
8774:
8525:
8395:
8107:
7916:
7696:
6610:
2617:
2564:
2558:
2510:
similar to the events believed to have led to the formation of terrestrial planets like the Earth.
2291:
2199:
2084:
across) as they are easily seen from a long distance. Over 95% of them are already known and their
1569:
1072:
267:
118:
7249:
6460:
4642:
4289:
1278:
to suggest that these extinctions could be due to a hypothetical companion star to the Sun called
10794:
10363:
10218:
9514:
8956:
8691:
8560:
8490:
8172:
7092:
1968:
1797:
1784:
1769:
1667:
One of the best-known recorded impacts in modern times was the Tunguska event, which occurred in
1141:, which can cause destruction both at sea and on land along the coast, but this is disputed. The
1062:
Based on crater formation rates determined from the Earth's closest celestial partner, the Moon,
989:
170:
8530:
7647:
Smit, J.; Hertogen, J. (1980), "An extraterrestrial event at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary",
4123:
Sahney, S.; Benton, M.J. (2008), "Recovery from the most profound mass extinction of all time",
3687:
1098:, and may have contributed to Mars' lack of current magnetic field. An impact event may cause a
137:, leading to their dominance and, in turn, setting in place conditions for the eventual rise of
11343:
10809:
10643:
10590:
10484:
10307:
10152:
9510:
9315:
8895:
8794:
8671:
8535:
8450:
8215:
7957:
7860:
7528:
6845:"Quasi-Hilda Comet 147P/Kushida-Muramatsu: Another long temporary satellite capture by Jupiter"
5930:
3592:
3220:
2575:
2443:
2403:
2297:
2279:
1819:
1726:
1691:
1679:
1620:
in Estonia (~2,700 years old) were apparently produced by objects that broke up before impact.
1373:
1344:
1241:
1115:
1052:
1043:
1011:
280:
200:
173:
and confirmed by ground observations. Impact events have been a plot and background element in
3182:"Asteroids and Adversaries: Challenging What NASA Knows About Space Rocks – Relevant Comments"
2887:
2881:
2073:, which is due to pass earth in September 2095 with only a 5% predicted chance of impacting).
10213:
10025:
9487:
9448:
9119:
8815:
8799:
8747:
8179:
8090:
7972:
7967:
7949:
7706:
7391:
6961:
5811:
5154:
5039:
4961:
4895:
4822:
4749:
4686:
4623:
3983:
2552:
2394:
2357:(LONEOS) and several others which have drastically increased the rate of asteroid discovery.
1990:
1838:
1831:
1715:
1420:
1076:
551:
349:
345:
318:
Frequency of small asteroids roughly 1 to 20 meters in diameter impacting Earth's atmosphere.
283:, which would have occurred early in the history of the Earth–Moon system, and the confirmed
237:
94:'s solid objects and present the strongest empirical evidence for their frequency and scale.
6873:
6829:
6430:
6242:
5771:
5727:
5390:
4660:
4577:
4452:
4180:
3832:
3242:
1686:, Soviet Union. It was during daytime hours and was witnessed by many people, which allowed
11368:
10917:
10578:
10375:
10277:
10142:
10104:
9854:
9658:
9552:
9240:
9103:
9033:
8465:
8014:
7977:
7715:
7658:
7601:
7520:
7121:
7057:
7000:
6933:
6869:
6825:
6794:
6737:
6652:
6426:
6369:
6308:
6238:
6191:
5767:
5723:
5671:
5633:
5584:
5488:
5440:
5293:
5214:
5105:
5048:
4929:
4855:
4842:
C. Yakymchuk, C. L. Kirkland, J. A. Hollis, J. Kendrick, N. J. Gardiner, K. Szilas (2020).
4782:
4719:
4656:
4573:
4484:
4460:
4448:
4348:
4254:
4176:
4071:
4034:
3932:
3867:
3828:
3740:
3655:
3584:
3454:
3403:
3253:
3118:
3008:
2828:
2781:
2745:
2702:
2602:
2532:
2371:. Thermal infrared analysis showed it was warm and spectroscopic methods detected ammonia.
2258:
form significant surface features. Models developed in 2018 to explain the unusual spin of
1485:
1332:
332:
255:
134:
102:
6582:"Update to Determine the Feasibility of Enhancing the Search and Characterization of NEOs"
5179:
8:
11322:
10827:
10719:
10499:
10370:
10292:
9890:
9836:
9784:
9747:
9737:
9443:
9144:
9110:
9023:
8400:
7866:
7754:
5092:
Erickson, T.M.; Kirkland, C.L.; Timms, N.E.; Cavosie, A.J.; Davison, T.M. (21 Jan 2020).
4523:
4386:
3812:"Antipodal Hotspots and Bipolar Catastrophes: Were Oceanic Large-body Impacts the Cause?"
3811:
2977:
2543:
2407:
2050:
1986:
1954:
1907:
1439:
1416:
1349:
1327:
1313:
1309:
1303:
1192:
1126:
1036:
259:
106:
51:
7719:
7662:
7605:
7524:
7484:
7125:
7061:
7004:
6937:
6798:
6741:
6656:
6373:
6312:
6195:
5852:
5675:
5637:
5588:
5514:
5492:
5297:
5218:
5109:
5052:
4933:
4859:
4786:
4723:
4488:
4352:
4258:
4075:
4038:
3936:
3871:
3744:
3659:
3588:
3458:
3257:
3122:
2832:
2785:
2706:
2158:
to better prepare. According to expert testimony in the United States Congress in 2013,
1925:
was detected orbiting Earth on a highly eccentric orbit, taking it from well within the
1546:
11310:
11298:
10422:
10417:
10395:
10380:
10272:
10060:
10040:
9990:
9953:
9943:
9794:
9631:
8711:
8616:
7944:
7727:
7674:
7635:
7554:
7270:
Hubble finds that a bizarre X-shaped intruder is linked to an unseen asteroid collision
7217:
7073:
7047:
7016:
6990:
6949:
6923:
6885:
6859:
6763:
6727:
6692:
6668:
6442:
6416:
6387:
6359:
6326:
6298:
6254:
6228:
6135:
5780:
5739:
5697:
5500:
5377:
Antón, Susan C.; Swisher, Iii, Carl C. (2004). "Early Dispersals of Homo from Africa".
5359:
5314:
5281:
5126:
5093:
5069:
5034:
5011:
4883:
4810:
4737:
4674:
4500:
4366:
4338:
4227:
4145:
4087:
3956:
3896:
3855:
3679:
3618:
3470:
3279:
3186:
3155:
2857:
2816:
2726:
2692:
2638:
2499:
2322:
2187:
data provides evidence of a massive impact event on the Moon some 4.3 billion years ago
1892:
1711:
1597:
577:
157:
71:
8515:
8475:
6813:
2793:
2428:
1867:
1125:
While numerous impact craters have been confirmed on land or in the shallow seas over
673:
Based on density of 2600 kg/m, speed of 17 km/s, and an impact angle of 45°
194:
that an asteroid collision was the biggest threat to the planet. In June 2018, the US
11226:
10936:
10870:
10655:
10556:
10351:
10159:
10124:
10085:
10035:
9926:
9910:
9653:
9616:
9594:
9579:
9562:
9480:
9130:
9010:
8966:
8930:
8910:
8764:
8570:
8520:
8505:
8405:
8240:
8220:
8008:
7987:
7830:
7824:
7731:
7627:
7588:"A 500-kiloton airburst over Chelyabinsk and an enhanced hazard from small impactors"
7572:
7566:
7546:
7511:
7362:
6782:
6755:
6672:
6446:
6391:
6330:
6258:
6162:
5743:
5701:
5319:
5131:
5074:
4887:
4814:
4771:"Building Mesoarchaean crust upon Eoarchaean roots: the Akia Terrane, West Greenland"
4741:
4678:
4504:
4419:
4361:
4307:
4270:
4219:
4150:
4056:
3948:
3901:
3883:
3856:"Anomalous K-Pg–aged seafloor attributed to impact-induced mid-ocean ridge magmatism"
3671:
3610:
3301:
3283:
3265:
2891:
2862:
2844:
2797:
2718:
2611:
2381:
2365:
2243:
2039:
1623:
1579:
1519:
1435:
1427:
1275:
1103:
1080:
1047:
710:
79:
8500:
7558:
7035:
6911:
6889:
6767:
5091:
4868:
4843:
4732:
4707:
4231:
4091:
3622:
3323:
3302:"The Frequency and Consequences of Cosmic Impacts Since the Demise of the Dinosaurs"
2730:
1523:
The Hiawatha impact crater in Greenland is buried under more than a kilometre of ice
11274:
11158:
11152:
10954:
10858:
10804:
10739:
10568:
10546:
10390:
10358:
10346:
10322:
9948:
9895:
9885:
9844:
9774:
9769:
9498:
9406:
8905:
8789:
8661:
8495:
8440:
8435:
8167:
7998:
7938:
7723:
7678:
7666:
7649:
7639:
7617:
7609:
7592:
7538:
7129:
7112:
7077:
7065:
7020:
7008:
6953:
6941:
6877:
6814:"Temporary Satellite Capture and Orbital Evolution of Comet P/Helin-Roman-Crockett"
6745:
6660:
6643:
6434:
6377:
6316:
6246:
6199:
6182:
5775:
5731:
5687:
5679:
5496:
5386:
5309:
5301:
5222:
5121:
5113:
5064:
5056:
4947:
4937:
4873:
4863:
4800:
4790:
4727:
4664:
4611:
4601:
4581:
4492:
4456:
4370:
4356:
4327:
Adrian L. Melott & Richard K. Bambach; Bambach (2010), "Nemesis Reconsidered",
4262:
4211:
4184:
4140:
4132:
4079:
3960:
3940:
3891:
3875:
3836:
3796:
3748:
3683:
3663:
3602:
3474:
3462:
3269:
3261:
3126:
3109:
2852:
2836:
2789:
2710:
2596:
2569:
2520:
2310:
2215:
2038:
In the late 20th and early 21st century scientists put in place measures to detect
1936:
1926:
1777:
1551:
1528:
1493:
1248:
1091:
1084:
1068:
1024:
993:
924:
589:
369:
284:
275:
233:
87:
55:
7542:
7343:
Kramer, Miriam; May 22, Space com Staff Writer |; ET, 2013 12:09pm (22 May 2013).
7147:
6881:
6438:
5526:
3606:
2080:
years before they are due to impact. This works well for larger asteroids (> 1
11057:
10633:
10474:
10045:
9905:
9821:
9809:
9789:
9685:
9475:
9455:
9378:
9281:
9230:
8961:
8769:
8757:
8646:
8480:
8162:
8157:
7757:
Estimates crater size and other effects of a specified body colliding with Earth.
7345:"Moon Crash Scene Investigation Tonight: See Telescope Views of Meteorite Impact"
7276:
6664:
6203:
5860:
5612:
5605:
4382:
4266:
4057:"Impacts, volcanism and mass extinction: random coincidence or cause and effect?"
3768:"The Hottest Known Temperature On Earth Was Caused By An Ancient Asteroid Strike"
3410:
3131:
3104:
3100:
2581:
2537:
2431:, the latest impactor to actually make contact with the Sun was the "supercomet"
2231:
2207:
2203:
2137:
2130:
1809:
1753:
1613:
1604:
1450:
1381:
1111:
1107:
997:
271:
185:
181:
174:
122:
10775:
4706:
C. L. Kirkland, C. Yakymchuk, J. Hollis, H. Heide-Jørgensen, M. Danišík (2018).
4326:
3071:"America Isn't Ready to Handle a Catastrophic Asteroid Impact, New Report Warns"
2283:
2004:
a few hours before it impacted the Caribbean Sea near Puerto Rico in June 2019.
1830:, scientific analysis places the force of the blast at anywhere from 100 to 500
54:
causing measurable effects. Impact events have been found to regularly occur in
11010:
10926:
10611:
10551:
10536:
10489:
10385:
10331:
10191:
9849:
9826:
9799:
9717:
9707:
9609:
9604:
9470:
9421:
9074:
9028:
8716:
8676:
8651:
8636:
8455:
8415:
7854:
7836:
7818:
7269:
6750:
6715:
6382:
6345:
6321:
6284:
5117:
5060:
4615:
4585:
4188:
3840:
3414:
3041:
2973:"Stephen Hawking feared race of 'superhumans' able to manipulate their own DNA"
2368:
2235:
1742:
1722:
1687:
1683:
1661:
1631:
1608:
1431:
1426:
In 2020, scientists discovered the world's oldest confirmed impact crater, the
1385:
1320:
1217:
1196:
1142:
734:
690:
592:
463:
412:
375:
336:
149:
35:
8470:
7069:
7012:
6945:
6893:
6537:
6250:
5793:
5735:
4942:
4917:
4795:
4770:
4496:
4215:
4116:
4083:
2614: – Small Solar System body with an orbit that can bring it close to Earth
2605: – Small Solar System body with an orbit that can bring it close to Earth
11332:
11221:
11019:
10754:
10638:
10595:
10541:
10529:
10514:
10504:
10427:
10341:
10317:
10312:
10186:
10181:
10176:
10092:
9680:
9621:
9584:
9536:
9299:
9047:
8915:
8779:
8656:
8575:
8298:
8225:
7735:
6759:
6166:
6131:"Size of Blast and Number of Injuries Are Seen as Rare for a Rock From Space"
6106:
4603:
4551:"Scientists reconstruct ancient impact that dwarfs dinosaur-extinction blast"
4105:
3952:
3887:
3523:
3498:
3440:
3404:
A seismically induced onshore surge deposit at the KPg boundary, North Dakota
3324:"Existential Risks: Analyzing Human Extinction Scenarios and Related Hazards"
2848:
2722:
2495:
2247:
2219:
1888:
1861:
1842:
1461:
1287:
1271:
1267:
1146:
1028:
913:
696:
83:
9336:
9066:
8827:
8256:
7749:
6981:
Horner, J.; Jones, B.W. (2008). "Jupiter: Friend or foe? I: the asteroids".
6513:"Experts: Metallic object that crashed into New Jersey home was a meteorite"
6216:
5692:
5683:
5650:
3641:"Origin of the Moon in a giant impact near the end of the Earth's formation"
3360:
3274:
2399:
2275:
1710:
A case of a human injured by a space rock occurred on November 30, 1954, in
11286:
11138:
11133:
10966:
10931:
10879:
10780:
10714:
10446:
10432:
10287:
10097:
10055:
9958:
9804:
9702:
9648:
9557:
9416:
9286:
9169:
9086:
8991:
8784:
8706:
8696:
7631:
7550:
7133:
6157:
Beatty, J. Kelly (February–March 2014). "Russian Fireball Fragment Found".
5323:
5305:
5135:
5078:
4643:
Wolf U. Reimold, Ludovic Ferrière, Alex Deutsch, Christian Koeberl (2014).
4223:
4154:
4136:
3905:
3879:
3716:
3675:
3614:
3520:"The First Discovered Asteroid of 2014 Collides With The Earth – An Update"
3319:
2866:
2801:
2659:
2502:, while long speculated, have only recently begun to be observed directly.
2457:
Around March 27, 2012, based on evidence, there were signs of an impact on
2306:
2255:
1641:
1637:
1617:
1574:
1454:
1397:
1366:
1252:
1236:
1232:
at levels tens of thousands times normal levels were found with the above.
1119:
1099:
1063:
917:
637:
91:
5952:
5160:
Planetary and Space Science Centre University of New Brunswick Fredericton
4274:
2333:, while it increases it in the case of asteroids and short period comets.
1871:
Trail left by the exploding Chelyabinsk meteor as it passed over the city.
1308:
An impact event is commonly seen as a scenario that would bring about the
11231:
11117:
11050:
11029:
11024:
10902:
10759:
10302:
10297:
10134:
10119:
9995:
9970:
9599:
9519:
9426:
9411:
8555:
8460:
8374:
7760:
5624:
Ceplecha, Z. (1961), "Multiple fall of Příbram meteorites photographed",
4025:
Melosh, H. J. (2003). "Impact-generated tsunamis: An over-rated hazard".
3636:
3004:"Stephen Hawking left us bold predictions on AI, superhumans, and aliens"
2808:
2714:
2507:
2239:
2046:
impacting Earth, along with the locations at which they will impact. The
1884:
1561:
1541:
1377:
1224:
explosions, has also been found in the same layer at more than 30 sites.
1221:
1138:
727:
476:
456:
395:
357:
10441:
7613:
6068:"Meteorite-caused emergency situation regime over in Chelyabinsk region"
3358:
3105:"An empirical examination of WISE/NEOWISE asteroid analysis and results"
1675:
an estimated 80 million trees over 2,150 km (830 sq mi).
936:
altitude, resulting in a huge flash and thunderclap but no real damage.
10912:
10709:
10524:
10494:
10479:
10267:
10255:
10015:
9877:
9503:
9250:
9209:
9189:
9184:
9092:
8721:
8621:
7765:
7622:
6346:"Pre-airburst Orbital Evolution of Earth's Impactor 2018 LA: An Update"
6344:
de la Fuente Marcos, Carlos; de la Fuente Marcos, Raúl (26 July 2018).
6283:
de la Fuente Marcos, Carlos; de la Fuente Marcos, Raúl (18 June 2018).
5829:
Satellite Study Establishes Frequency of Megaton-sized Asteroid Impacts
5592:
5282:"A large impact crater beneath Hiawatha Glacier in northwest Greenland"
4952:
4878:
4805:
4669:
4644:
2653:
2632:
2523: – Orbital insertion of an asteroid around a larger planetary body
2330:
2223:
2090:
2053:(MPC) is the global clearing house for information on asteroid orbits.
1915:
1815:
1704:
1283:
1046:
conclusively proved this hypothesis. The findings of late 20th-century
1001:
909:
493:
391:
114:
6404:
6343:
6282:
5226:
4645:"Impact controversies: Impact recognition criteria and related issues"
2840:
1499:
973:
are the only known objects to be detected before impacting the Earth.
144:
Throughout recorded history, hundreds of Earth impacts (and exploding
11241:
11236:
11184:
11099:
11094:
11089:
10892:
10887:
10451:
10240:
10169:
10114:
10109:
9975:
9816:
9722:
9465:
9291:
9060:
8925:
8920:
8686:
8681:
8666:
8235:
8230:
7670:
6555:
5904:
5513:
USGS Meteoritical Society, Bulletin database, Gebel Kamil Crater ...
4519:"Giant space rock made Earth's ocean boil but also helped early life"
3944:
3667:
3466:
2941:
2447:
2436:
2411:
2134:
2081:
2077:
2064:
2043:
1931:
1756:
from the U.S. Southwest to Canada. It was filmed by a tourist at the
1695:
1184:
1032:
1015:
932:
743:
472:
444:
387:
109:. Impact events also appear to have played a significant role in the
67:
47:
8840:
3921:"Triggering of the largest Deccan eruptions by the Chicxulub impact"
3443:"Impacts on the Earth by asteroids and comets: assessing the hazard"
3442:
3384:"New evidence comet or asteroid impact was last straw for dinosaurs"
2572: – Effects of astronomic impacts on crusts of moons and planets
2410:
clearly shows the slow evolution of the debris coming from asteroid
1656:
1220:(coesite), which is normally associated with large impact events or
1216:
has been found worldwide at 100 different sites. Multidirectionally
1110:
of the impact. The Chicxulub impact may have increased volcanism at
908:
Objects with a diameter less than 1 m (3.3 ft) are called
129:, 66 million years ago, is believed to not only be the cause of the
113:. Impacts may have helped deliver the building blocks for life (the
30:
11191:
11179:
11084:
10984:
10744:
10729:
10260:
10245:
10147:
9985:
9433:
9053:
8885:
8063:
8052:
8041:
8030:
8019:
7904:
6732:
6619:
6615:"Asteroids are stronger, harder to destroy than previously thought"
6421:
6364:
6303:
6233:
6075:
3441:
Clark R. Chapman & David Morrison; Morrison (January 6, 1994),
2697:
2487:
2451:
1964:
1850:
1630:
A Chinese record states that 10,000 people were killed in the 1490
1591:
1565:
1404:
1180:
1007:
966:
942:
166:
117:
theory relies on this premise). Impacts have been suggested as the
101:
since its formation. Major impact events have significantly shaped
59:
8380:
7052:
6995:
6928:
6864:
5405:"Four arrested in Argentina smuggling more than ton of meteorites"
4343:
2175:
1229:
11174:
11148:
11109:
11045:
10976:
10897:
10724:
10573:
10410:
10400:
10208:
10020:
9732:
9727:
9097:
8731:
8726:
8631:
8626:
8099:
8003:
7992:
7982:
7962:
6516:
6490:
3793:"Multiple Asteroid Strikes May Have Killed Mars's Magnetic Field"
3075:
2915:"Smash! Aftermath of Colossal Impact Spotted Around Sunlike Star"
2662: – Measure for the hazard from asteroids and comets, 0 to 10
2325:, others crash on the planet or, more rarely, on its satellites.
2302:
2227:
2222:
is another example of a crater formed by a massive impact event.
2030:
1997:
1959:
1943:
1922:
1903:
1875:
On 15 February 2013, an asteroid entered Earth's atmosphere over
1814:
On 7 June 2006, a meteor was observed striking a location in the
1761:
1678:
In February 1947, another large bolide impacted the Earth in the
1672:
1668:
1555:
1208:
1204:
1199:; and nuclear chemists Frank Asaro and Helen V. Michael from the
1171:
1159:
1056:
970:
962:
958:
953:
895:
680:
Stony asteroids that impact sedimentary rock and create a crater
518:
383:
153:
2022:
10734:
10660:
9164:
8890:
8210:
7568:
When Life Nearly Died: The Greatest Mass Extinction of All Time
6909:
5962:
2259:
2184:
1911:
1880:
1876:
1469:
1176:
390:
is reduced to just 5 kilotons. These ordinarily explode in the
145:
6487:"Possible meteorite crashes into New Jersey home, no injuries"
6461:"Breakthrough: UH team successfully locates incoming asteroid"
4467:
3035:"National Near-Earth Object Preparedness Strategy Action Plan"
2113:. Roughly half of impacts occur on the day-side of the planet.
920:
large enough to be recovered and be made known to scientists.
97:
Impact events appear to have played a significant role in the
11005:
10959:
10405:
10164:
2317:
2085:
2026:
1848:
On 7 October 2008, an approximately 4 meter asteroid labeled
1823:
1700:
1645:
1256:
1130:
899:
723:
566:
452:
138:
75:
63:
6179:
5259:"Potential asteroid impact identified in western Queensland"
4602:
Wolf U. Reimold, Roger L. Gibson, Christian Koeberl (2013).
3918:
3224:(Hearings held 19 March 2013 and 10 April 2013). p. 147
2486:
Asteroid collision led to the building of planets near star
2154:
National Near-Earth Object Preparedness Strategy Action Plan
1607:("Field of Heaven") refers to an area bordering Argentina's
1407:), in South Africa near a geological formation known as the
11142:
10749:
8084:
3753:
10.1130/0091-7613(1992)020<0051:DTMITE>2.3.CO;2
3052:
2458:
2414:, assumed to be due to a collision with a smaller asteroid.
2159:
2054:
1982:
1834:
TNT equivalent, around three percent of Hiroshima's yield.
1225:
1163:
985:
747:
204:
11281:
10857:
6783:"Gravitational Spheres of the Major Planets, Moon and Sun"
5552:"In Siberia in 1908, a huge explosion came out of nowhere"
2656: – Efforts to study asteroids that might impact Earth
7508:
6713:
6038:"Meteorite explodes over Russia, more than 1,000 injured"
6012:"Exploding Meteorite Injures A Thousand People In Russia"
5661:
4330:
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Letters
3712:"Russia's Popigai Meteor Crash Linked to Mass Extinction"
3574:
2419:
2170:
2110:
1323:
with an impact event listed as the most likely to occur.
1134:
540:
331:
Small objects frequently collide with Earth. There is an
323:
7315:"NASA Announces Brightest Lunar Explosion Ever Recorded"
6609:
5713:
4473:
1752:
was witnessed by many people as it moved north over the
207:
would require at least five years of preparation before
4567:
4439:
Canup, Robin M. (2004). "Dynamics of Lunar Formation".
4125:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
3206:
3204:
2814:
2643:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
2622:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
2607:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
2548:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1748:
On August 10, 1972, a meteor which became known as the
1492:
was also identified in 2015 to the north, on the upper
1235:
Anomalies in chromium isotopic ratios found within the
1162:. One of the largest mass extinctions to have affected
1079:, and all three have been suspected of being linked to
7584:
6640:
4122:
2418:
In 1998, two comets were observed plunging toward the
287:
66 million years ago, believed to be the cause of the
11258:
9568:
Self-indication assumption doomsday argument rebuttal
6912:"Jupiter – friend or foe? III: the Oort cloud comets"
6707:
6589:
Near-Earth Object Science Definition Team Report 2017
5954:Метеоритный дождь над Уралом: пострадали 1200 человек
5515:
http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meteor/metbull.php?code=52031
4166:
3359:
Robert Marcus; H. Jay Melosh; Gareth Collins (2010).
1240:
are similar to the chromium isotopic ratios found in
9494:
Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments
6574:
5898:
Arutunyan, Anna; Bennetts, Marc (15 February 2013).
5755:
5241:"World's largest asteroid impact found in Australia"
5033:
Erikson, Timmons M.; et al. (21 January 2020).
3854:
Byrnes, Joseph S.; Karlstrom, Leif (February 2018).
3413:– Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences –
3201:
2529: – Methods to prevent destructive asteroid hits
1297:
1282:
periodically disrupting the orbits of comets in the
1212:
have collided with Earth. This iridium layer at the
7205:
Amateur astronomer spots Earth-size scar on Jupiter
7173:"Mystery impact leaves Earth-sized mark on Jupiter"
5342:
The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program
5032:
4201:
4009:
3095:
3093:
2076:Currently prediction is mainly based on cataloging
1094:at a planet's core responsible for maintaining the
70:and have minimal effect. When large objects impact
7703:
5478:
4244:
3759:
2682:
2546: – Large impact craters with uplifted centres
7033:
6980:
5897:
5376:
3730:
2767:
2765:
2678:
2676:
1902:On 1 January 2014, a 3-meter (10 foot) asteroid,
1796:, with several witness reports from residents in
1783:In the dark morning hours of January 18, 2000, a
1403:Evidence of a massive impact, (named S2; "S" for
402:Stony asteroid impacts that generate an airburst
11330:
10622:List of apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction
7477:"Nasa space probes document big impacts on Mars"
7291:"NASA Mars Weathercam Helps Find Big New Crater"
4424:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
4402:"Public sees a future full of promise and peril"
3973:
3175:
3173:
3090:
2540: – Planetary defense nonprofit organization
2165:
2000:, an approximately 4m asteroid, was detected by
7148:"Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 Collision with Jupiter"
6173:
5927:"Meteor falls in Russia, 700 injured by blasts"
5900:"Meteor in central Russia injures at least 500"
5853:First-Ever Asteroid Tracked From Space to Earth
4438:
4238:
4027:Lunar and Planetary Science Conference Abstract
4012:Lunar and Planetary Science Conference Abstract
3853:
3799:on December 30, 2013 – via www.wired.com.
3372:(solution using 2600kg/m^3, 17km/s, 45 degrees)
3354:
3352:
3350:
3348:
3346:
3344:
3342:
3340:
3144:
3142:
3064:
3062:
2561: – Hypothetical global-scale disaster risk
1694:is a massive fall with the overall size of the
1449:, which occurred around 2 billion years ago in
10520:List of dates predicted for apocalyptic events
7342:
7109:
7090:
6910:Horner, J.; Jones, B.W.; Chambers, J. (2010).
6634:
6603:
6465:Institute for Astronomy – University of Hawaii
5527:"Tunguska event | Summary, Cause, & Facts"
5172:
3381:
3236:
3028:
3026:
2970:
2930:
2928:
2762:
2673:
2650: – Hazardous near-Earth asteroid or comet
2555: – Database of impact structures on Earth
254:Major impact events have significantly shaped
10843:
9525:Existential risk from artificial intelligence
9366:
9352:
8856:
8832:
8286:
8272:
7781:
7188:"All Eyepieces on Jupiter After a Big Impact"
6679:
6128:
6035:
5983:
4441:Annual Review of Astronomy & Astrophysics
3803:
3363:. Imperial College London / Purdue University
3295:
3293:
3170:
2997:
2995:
2966:
2964:
2282:'s scar on Jupiter (dark area near Jupiter's
2011:
1948:Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System
211:could be launched. On 26 September 2022, the
7646:
6966:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
6337:
6276:
6102:"Asteroid impacts – How to avert Armageddon"
5280:Kjær, Kurt H.; et al. (November 2018).
5273:
4998:
4966:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4900:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4827:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4754:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4691:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4628:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3635:
3337:
3210:
3139:
3059:
2746:"Terrestrial Impact Craters, Second Edition"
1203:discovered unusually high concentrations of
121:. They have also been implicated in several
9573:Self-referencing doomsday argument rebuttal
7367:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
7036:"Jupiter – friend or foe? II: the Centaurs"
6210:
6060:
5945:
5026:
4510:
4312:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
4288:Penfield, December 2019 Glen (2019-12-01).
4003:
3976:Cratering in Marine Environments and on Ice
3299:
3023:
2925:
2908:
2906:
2743:
2635: – Multi-telescope astronomical survey
2592:List of possible impact structures on Earth
2355:Lowell Observatory Near-Earth Object Search
2313:can take place under favorable conditions.
2193:List of largest craters in the Solar System
1839:meteor crashed near the village of Carancas
244:hover over a structure to show its details)
10850:
10836:
9676:Climate change and civilizational collapse
9359:
9345:
8863:
8849:
8279:
8265:
7788:
7774:
7279:, www.spacetelescope.org October 13, 2010.
6780:
5184:Hartebeesthoek Radio Astronomy Observatory
4561:
4407:. Archived from the original on 2011-02-04
4383:"Twenty ways the world could end suddenly"
4160:
3522:. NASA/JPL. 3 January 2014. Archived from
3290:
3068:
2992:
2961:
2118:
976:
7621:
7532:
7288:
7140:
7051:
6994:
6927:
6863:
6749:
6731:
6539:How Does NASA Spot a Near-Earth Asteroid?
6420:
6381:
6363:
6320:
6302:
6232:
5779:
5691:
5651:https://doi.org/10.1134/S003809460805002X
5423:"Henbury Meteorites Conservation Reserve"
5313:
5125:
5068:
4951:
4941:
4877:
4867:
4804:
4794:
4775:Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology
4731:
4668:
4516:
4360:
4342:
4195:
4144:
4054:
4050:
4048:
3895:
3629:
3596:
3273:
3130:
3001:
2971:Stanley-Becker, Isaac (15 October 2018).
2856:
2696:
2599: – Atmospheric explosion of a meteor
2089:approach rely on wide-field ground based
1475:
969:, and the suspected artificial satellite
10679:Centre for the Study of Existential Risk
10617:Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction
7795:
7084:
6811:
5623:
5085:
4287:
4018:
3809:
3099:
2903:
2886:, Helix Books (Addison-Wesley), p.
2772:Becker, Luann (2002). "Repeated Blows".
2744:Koeberl, Christian; Sharpton, Virgil L.
2481:
2398:
2274:
2174:
2021:
1866:
1655:
1545:
1518:
1498:
1343:
1114:and has been proposed to have triggered
1006:
322:
223:
219:
29:
7761:Exploring North American Impact Craters
7185:
6842:
6685:
6398:
5570:
5391:10.1146/annurev.anthro.33.070203.144024
5338:"Handaxe and Tektites from Bose, China"
3765:
3375:
3318:
3306:Bioastronomy 2002: Life Among the Stars
2578: – Hypothesized astronomical event
1803:
1651:
1430:, caused by an impact that occurred in
1319:published a list of 20 possible sudden
988:'s existence is widely attributed to a
196:National Science and Technology Council
14:
11331:
7564:
6686:Andrews, Robin George (8 March 2019).
6156:
5986:"Meteorite Hits Russia, Causing Panic"
5865:
5841:Norway Impact Gentler Than Atomic Bomb
5564:
5004:
4461:10.1146/annurev.astro.41.082201.113457
4204:Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry
4045:
4024:
3300:Paine, Michael; Peiser, Benny (2002).
2771:
2629: – Logarithmic scale in astronomy
2620: – Space-based infrared telescope
2171:Evidence of massive past impact events
1921:Nearly two years later, on October 3,
1707:) of material survived the collision.
1380:are believed to remain from this era:
90:are dominant landforms on many of the
10831:
9340:
9266:Planetary Defense Coordination Office
9261:Space Situational Awareness Programme
8870:
8844:
8831:
8260:
7769:
7684:
7381:
7040:International Journal of Astrobiology
6983:International Journal of Astrobiology
6916:International Journal of Astrobiology
5549:
5203:
5197:
5005:Kornel, Katherine (21 January 2020).
4597:
4595:
4531:from the original on 19 December 2023
3397:
3312:
3179:
3148:
3032:
3002:Haldevang, Max de (14 October 2018).
2934:
2879:
2627:Palermo Technical Impact Hazard Scale
2477:
2150:, and has developed and released the
2042:, and predict the dates and times of
1738:Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory
1152:
327:A bolide undergoing atmospheric entry
294:
289:Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event
131:Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event
27:Collision of two astronomical objects
9696:Tipping points in the climate system
7474:
7442:
7319:National Geographic Society Newsroom
5812:"Collisions with Near Earth Objects"
5360:"Asia's oldest axe tools discovered"
5279:
4618:– via Elsevier Science Direct.
4517:Achenbach, Joel (19 December 2023).
4064:Australian Journal of Earth Sciences
3790:
3069:Mandelbaum, Ryan F. (21 June 2018).
2912:
2347:Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research
2206:is the largest confirmed impact and
1616:in Australia (~5,000 years old) and
990:huge impact early in Earth's history
902:= 17 km/s; and an angle of 45°
380:the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima
9691:Extinction risk from climate change
9590:New World Order (conspiracy theory)
8148:Predicted asteroid impacts on Earth
5843:(Sky & Telescope June 16, 2006)
5759:Meteoritics & Planetary Science
4608:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
4570:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
4169:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
3820:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
3428:Supplementary published information
3382:Robert Sanders (February 7, 2013).
3328:Journal of Evolution and Technology
1837:On 15 September 2007, a chondritic
1384:(in contemporary South Africa) and
58:, though the most frequent involve
24:
10651:List of fictional doomsday devices
8153:Asteroid close approaches to Earth
7728:10.1111/j.1945-5100.1994.tb01101.x
7502:
7475:Amos, Jonathan (27 October 2022).
7152:National Space Science Data Center
6129:Kenneth Chang (15 February 2013).
6036:Andrey Kuzmin (16 February 2013).
5929:. Associated Press. Archived from
5781:10.1111/j.1945-5100.2004.tb00062.x
5626:Bull. Astron. Inst. Czechoslovakia
5501:10.1111/j.1945-5100.1994.tb01101.x
5261:. Geoscience Australia. 2015-03-17
5180:"Deep Impact – The Vredefort Dome"
5142:
4974:
4908:
4835:
4762:
4699:
4636:
4592:
2442:In 2010, between January and May,
2305:is the most massive planet in the
2265:
2143:Brief Answers to the Big Questions
1201:University of California, Berkeley
394:and most or all of the solids are
260:formation of the Earth–Moon system
250:List of impact structures on Earth
209:a mission to intercept an asteroid
191:Brief Answers to the Big Questions
107:formation of the Earth–Moon system
105:, and have been implicated in the
25:
11385:
9671:Cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis
7743:
7242:"A SOHO and Sungrazing Comet FAQ"
7186:Overbye, Dennis (July 22, 2009).
6556:"Sentry: Earth Impact Monitoring"
6009:
4649:Meteoritics and Planetary Science
2794:10.1038/scientificamerican0302-76
1298:Sociological and cultural effects
1067:size or greater have been found:
348:, the minimum impact velocity is
11316:
11304:
11292:
11280:
11268:
10787:
10786:
10774:
9932:Decline in amphibian populations
8379:
8373:
8185:Asteroids crossing Earth's orbit
7895:2002 Eastern Mediterranean event
7468:
7436:
7405:
7375:
7336:
7307:
7282:
7263:
7234:
7210:
7198:
7179:
7165:
7103:
7093:"Jupiter: Our Cosmic Protector?"
7034:Horner, J.; Jones, B.W. (2009).
7027:
6974:
6903:
6836:
6805:
6774:
6548:
6531:
6505:
6479:
6453:
6265:
6150:
6122:
6094:
6029:
6003:
4362:10.1111/j.1745-3933.2010.00913.x
2494:Collisions between galaxies, or
2388:
2098:
2048:International Astronomical Union
1339:
1018:impacts have affected the Earth.
307:
258:, having been implicated in the
213:Double Asteroid Redirection Test
10283:Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse
9780:Land surface effects on climate
9753:Human impact on the environment
9384:Future of an expanding universe
7571:, New York: Thames and Hudson,
7295:NASA's Mars Exploration Program
5977:
5919:
5891:
5846:
5834:
5822:
5804:
5787:
5749:
5707:
5655:
5643:
5617:
5599:
5543:
5519:
5507:
5472:
5454:
5429:
5415:
5397:
5370:
5352:
5330:
5251:
5233:
4869:10.1016/j.precamres.2020.105615
4733:10.1016/j.precamres.2018.06.004
4543:
4432:
4394:
4376:
4320:
4281:
4098:
3967:
3912:
3847:
3784:
3724:
3704:
3568:
3559:
3538:
3512:
3506:
3486:
3480:
3434:
3180:Chang, Kenneth (14 June 2018).
3149:Chang, Kenneth (14 June 2018).
2587:List of impact craters on Earth
2198:interplanetary collisions. The
1942:On 22 January 2018, an object,
1887:during its passage through the
1883:and exploded above the city of
1828:the Hiroshima nuclear explosion
1532:would have had global effects.
1372:According to the theory of the
992:. Impact events earlier in the
7443:Marshall, Spaceflight Center.
6220:Astrophysics and Space Science
6159:Australian Sky & Telescope
6078:. 5 March 2013. Archived from
5571:Gallant, Roy (February 1996).
3810:Hagstrum, Jonathan T. (2005).
3766:Dvorsky, George (2017-09-17).
3502:. 25 October 2005. p. 56.
3361:"Earth Impact Effects Program"
2935:Homer, Aaron (28 April 2018).
2913:Wall, Mike (August 28, 2014).
2873:
2737:
2470:hundreds of candidate events.
2435:on August 30, 1979. (See also
2423:According to a theory by NASA
2234:such as Engelier and Gerin on
1914:, the central Atlantic Ocean,
1535:
1360:
523:31.9 km (105,000 ft)
501:36.3 km (119,000 ft)
34:Damage to trees caused by the
13:
1:
10229:Interpretations of Revelation
10031:Cosmological phase transition
9937:Decline in insect populations
9389:Ultimate fate of the universe
8810:Lunar and Planetary Institute
8642:Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary
7933:2012 United Kingdom meteoroid
7543:10.1126/science.208.4448.1095
7445:"List of lunar impact events"
5379:Annual Review of Anthropology
3607:10.1126/science.208.4448.1095
2750:Lunar and Planetary Institute
2667:
2166:Elsewhere in the Solar System
1394:Marble Bar, Western Australia
1214:Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary
600:16.5 km (54,000 ft)
571:22.4 km (73,000 ft)
545:26.4 km (87,000 ft)
188:considered in his final book
99:evolution of the Solar System
11212:Potentially hazardous object
10684:Future of Humanity Institute
10081:Potentially hazardous object
9981:Interplanetary contamination
9236:Japan Spaceguard Association
8979:Earth-crossing minor planets
8936:Potentially hazardous object
8246:Potentially hazardous object
7755:Earth Impact Effects Program
7692:National Geographic Magazine
7321:. 2013-05-17. Archived from
6852:Astronomy & Astrophysics
6665:10.1016/j.icarus.2018.12.032
6204:10.1016/j.icarus.2016.02.056
5984:Marson, James; Gautam Naik.
5831:(SpaceRef November 20, 2002)
4267:10.1126/science.282.5390.927
3546:"Small-Body Database Lookup"
3266:10.1016/0019-1035(79)90009-5
3211:U.S.Congress (Spring 2013).
3132:10.1016/j.icarus.2018.05.004
2685:Geophysical Research Letters
2648:Potentially hazardous object
2351:Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking
1750:1972 Great Daylight Fireball
1514:
1255:for the Mexican oil company
1207:in a specific layer of rock
1096:magnetic field of the planet
877:1,000 m (3,300 ft)
662:0.58 km (1,900 ft)
642:3.6 km (12,000 ft)
620:8.7 km (29,000 ft)
363:
264:evolutionary history of life
156:, Russia, in 1908. The 2013
111:evolutionary history of life
7:
10564:Nemesis (hypothetical star)
9713:Global terrestrial stilling
9326:Fiction about impact events
8702:Planar deformation features
7565:Benton, Michael J. (2003),
6882:10.1051/0004-6361:200810321
6843:Ohtsuka, Katsuhito (2008).
6439:10.1051/0004-6361/201834313
6072:Russia Beyond The Headlines
2513:
2463:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
2316:Jupiter is able to capture
1789:Whitehorse, Yukon Territory
1585:
1183:and coincided with a large
940:four-meter-sized asteroids
10:
11390:
10076:Asteroid impact prediction
10051:Heat death of the universe
9461:Mutual assured destruction
8805:Impact Field Studies Group
8201:Asteroid impact prediction
7900:2007 Carancas impact event
6818:Astronomy and Astrophysics
6408:Astronomy and Astrophysics
5118:10.1038/s41467-019-13985-7
5061:10.1038/s41467-019-13985-7
4922:Frontiers in Earth Science
4616:10.1016/j.epsl.2013.04.014
4586:10.1016/j.epsl.2012.04.026
4189:10.1016/j.epsl.2005.06.014
3841:10.1016/j.epsl.2005.02.020
2827:(21). Wiley: 14540–14554.
2392:
2295:
2289:
2270:
2190:
2122:
2018:Asteroid impact prediction
2015:
2012:Asteroid impact prediction
1841:in southeastern Peru near
1807:
1787:exploded over the city of
1660:Trees knocked over by the
1589:
1568:from the 803,000-year-old
1539:
1301:
886:13.6 km (8.5 mi)
860:700 m (2,300 ft)
843:400 m (1,300 ft)
367:
298:
247:
230:equirectangular projection
11204:
11167:
11126:
11108:
11077:
11070:
11038:
11004:
10997:
10975:
10945:
10911:
10878:
10869:
10768:
10702:
10694:Nuclear Threat Initiative
10671:
10627:List of apocalyptic films
10604:
10470:2011 end times prediction
10462:
10202:Prophecy of Seventy Weeks
10197:Abomination of desolation
10133:
10071:Asteroid impact avoidance
10008:
9919:
9901:List of extinction events
9876:
9869:
9835:
9743:Environmental degradation
9639:
9630:
9545:
9530:Technological singularity
9399:
9374:
9368:Global catastrophic risks
9308:
9274:
9256:The Spaceguard Foundation
9223:
9129:
9002:
8974:Asteroid close approaches
8952:Asteroid impact avoidance
8944:
8878:
8838:
8833:Links to related articles
8740:
8609:
8388:
8371:
8312:
8294:
8288:Impact cratering on Earth
8206:Asteroid impact avoidance
8193:
8140:
8097:
8082:
7922:2009 Sulawesi superbolide
7887:
7810:
7803:
7685:Stone, R. (August 2008),
7382:Mohon, Lee (2017-02-13).
7207:, Guardian, July 21, 2009
7070:10.1017/S1473550408004357
7013:10.1017/S1473550408004187
6946:10.1017/S1473550409990346
6781:Chebotarev, G.A. (1964).
6720:The Astrophysical Journal
6560:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
6351:Research Notes of the AAS
6290:Research Notes of the AAS
6251:10.1007/s10509-016-2945-3
5736:10.1007/s11038-005-0664-9
4943:10.3389/feart.2020.562062
4796:10.1007/s00410-019-1554-x
4497:10.1002/essoar.10505838.1
4216:10.1007/s00216-010-3593-z
4084:10.1080/08120090500170393
3420:, published 1 April 2019.
3386:. UC Berkeley News Center
2527:Asteroid impact avoidance
2425:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
2179:Topographical map of the
2125:Asteroid impact avoidance
1927:Geocentric satellite ring
1758:Grand Teton National Park
1734:Prairie Meteorite Network
1409:Barberton Greenstone Belt
893:
835:4.6 km (2.9 mi)
818:3.8 km (2.4 mi)
784:2.4 km (1.5 mi)
702:
695:
689:
684:
672:
429:
422:
417:
411:
406:
301:Asteroid impact avoidance
10689:Future of Life Institute
10591:Resurrection of the dead
10584:Post-tribulation rapture
9966:Colony collapse disorder
9321:Fiction about meteoroids
9200:Sentinel Space Telescope
8775:William Kenneth Hartmann
8441:Clearwater East and West
8389:Confirmed≥20 km diameter
8108:Impact events on Jupiter
6751:10.3847/1538-4357/aac725
6611:Johns Hopkins University
6383:10.3847/2515-5172/aad551
6322:10.3847/2515-5172/aacc71
5953:
5855:, Wired, March 25, 2009
5795:Grand Teton Meteor Video
5716:Earth, Moon, and Planets
5611:August 31, 2009, at the
5573:"Sikhote-Alin Revisited"
4477:Ess Open Archive ePrints
3494:"The word: Torino scale"
2618:Near-Earth Object Camera
2565:Impact events in fiction
2559:Global catastrophic risk
2292:Impact events on Jupiter
1946:, was discovered by the
1770:early warning satellites
1570:Australasian strewnfield
1014:was first to prove that
869:10 km (6.2 mi)
826:300 m (980 ft)
809:250 m (820 ft)
792:200 m (660 ft)
775:150 m (490 ft)
758:130 m (430 ft)
268:origin of water on Earth
240:as of November 2017 (in
133:but acceleration of the
119:origin of water on Earth
9515:Artificial intelligence
8957:Asteroid laser ablation
8692:Ordovician meteor event
7879:Earth-grazing meteoroid
7873:Great Daylight Fireball
7843:Great Meteor Procession
7222:sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov
7091:Dennis Overbye (2009).
6874:2008A&A...489.1355O
6830:1990A&A...239..375T
6431:2019A&A...621A.137D
6243:2016Ap&SS.361..358D
5859:March 21, 2014, at the
5772:2004M&PS...39.1627O
5728:2004EM&P...95..489C
5684:10.1029/JB076i017p04090
5531:Encyclopedia Britannica
4982:"Earth Impact Database"
4661:2014M&PS...49..723R
4578:2012E&PSL.337..197G
4453:2004ARA&A..42..441C
4181:2005E&PSL.237..264M
3833:2005E&PSL.236...13H
2880:Lewis, John S. (1996),
2212:South Pole–Aitken basin
2181:South Pole–Aitken basin
2119:Current response status
1994:above Earth's surface.
1969:American Meteor Society
1798:Atlin, British Columbia
1242:carbonaceous chondrites
977:Geological significance
852:6 km (3.7 mi)
801:3 km (1.9 mi)
767:2 km (1.2 mi)
653:85 m (279 ft)
631:70 m (230 ft)
611:50 m (160 ft)
346:Earth's escape velocity
171:Spitzer Space Telescope
10644:List of disaster films
10485:Apocalyptic literature
9585:Malthusian catastrophe
9511:Synthetic intelligence
8896:Earth-grazing fireball
8795:Eugene Merle Shoemaker
8672:Late Heavy Bombardment
8216:Earth-grazing fireball
8114:Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9
7134:10.1006/icar.1996.5636
6074:. Rossiyskaya Gazeta.
5875:. NASA. Archived from
5306:10.1126/sciadv.aar8173
4137:10.1098/rspb.2007.1370
3991:Cite journal requires
3880:10.1126/sciadv.aao2994
3639:; Asphaug, E. (2001).
3221:United States Congress
3033:Staff (21 June 2018).
2576:Late Heavy Bombardment
2491:
2490:-ID8 (artist concept).
2415:
2342:Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9
2298:List of Jupiter events
2287:
2280:Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9
2188:
2035:
1906:was discovered by the
1872:
1820:Nordreisa Municipality
1680:Sikhote-Alin Mountains
1664:
1558:
1524:
1504:
1490:third, possible impact
1476:Paleozoic and Mesozoic
1447:Vredefort impact event
1374:Late Heavy Bombardment
1353:
1116:flood basalt volcanism
1053:comet Shoemaker-Levy 9
1044:Eugene Merle Shoemaker
1019:
1012:Eugene Merle Shoemaker
929:U.S. Geological Survey
586:30 m (98 ft)
560:20 m (66 ft)
534:15 m (49 ft)
512:10 m (33 ft)
328:
281:Late Heavy Bombardment
245:
201:United States Congress
162:Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9
39:
11339:Earth Impact Database
10026:Coronal mass ejection
9488:Electromagnetic pulse
9449:Kinetic energy weapon
8816:Traces of Catastrophe
8800:Earth Impact Database
8748:Ralph Belknap Baldwin
8091:Impact events on Mars
7973:2015 Kerala meteoroid
7968:2014 Ontario fireball
7950:Chelyabinsk meteorite
7917:Buzzard Coulee meteor
7750:Earth Impact Database
7175:. CNN. July 21, 2009.
6812:Tancredi, G. (1990).
5245:Australian Geographic
5155:Earth Impact Database
5098:Nature Communications
5040:Nature Communications
2821:Ecology and Evolution
2553:Earth Impact Database
2485:
2433:Howard-Koomen-Michels
2402:
2395:Impact events on Mars
2278:
2178:
2148:asteroid impact event
2025:
1991:Kamchatka superbolide
1889:Ural Mountains region
1870:
1659:
1590:Further information:
1572:event in Asia link a
1549:
1540:Further information:
1522:
1502:
1486:East Warburton Basins
1421:Earth Impact Database
1347:
1195:; his son, geologist
1010:
490:7 m (23 ft)
368:Further information:
326:
238:Earth Impact Database
227:
220:Impacts and the Earth
33:
10428:War of Gog and Magog
10105:Near-Earth supernova
9855:Human overpopulation
9659:Mass mortality event
9553:Anthropogenic hazard
9241:Meteoritical Society
7978:2015 Thailand bolide
7928:Sutter's Mill meteor
7797:Modern impact events
7325:on November 27, 2018
6989:(3&4): 251–261.
6227:(11): 358 (33 pp.).
5816:www.aerospaceweb.org
5550:Hogenboom, Melissa.
4848:Precambrian Research
4712:Precambrian Research
4610:. 369–370: 333–335.
4572:. 337–338: 197–210.
3931:(11–12): 1507–1520.
2883:Rain of Iron and Ice
2715:10.1002/2017gl073191
2603:Near-Earth asteroids
2533:Asteroids in fiction
2140:, in his final book
1953:On 2 June 2018, the
1804:21st-century impacts
1652:20th-century impacts
1462:Sudbury impact event
333:inverse relationship
152:, which occurred in
135:evolution of mammals
52:astronomical objects
11364:Astronomical events
10500:Blood moon prophecy
10293:Number of the Beast
9891:Holocene extinction
9837:Earth Overshoot Day
9785:Ocean acidification
9748:Habitat destruction
9738:Ecological collapse
9444:Kinetic bombardment
9379:Future of the Earth
9145:Catalina Sky Survey
7958:Braunschweig meteor
7861:Sikhote-Alin meteor
7720:1994Metic..29..864Y
7663:1980Natur.285..198S
7614:10.1038/nature12741
7606:2013Natur.503..238B
7525:1980Sci...208.1095A
7519:(4448): 1095–1108,
7126:1997Icar..126..138R
7062:2009IJAsB...8...75H
7005:2008IJAsB...7..251H
6938:2010IJAsB...9....1H
6799:1964SvA.....7..618C
6742:2018ApJ...861...52K
6657:2019Icar..321.1013E
6374:2018RNAAS...2..131D
6313:2018RNAAS...2...57D
6196:2016Icar..274..327F
5990:Wall Street Journal
5933:on 18 February 2013
5879:on 18 February 2013
5676:1971JGR....76.4090M
5638:1961BAICz..12...21C
5606:Meteorite Hits Page
5589:1996Met.....2....8G
5493:1994Metic..29..864Y
5348:on October 8, 2014.
5298:2018SciA....4.8173K
5219:2008Geo....36..383D
5110:2020NatCo..11..300E
5053:2020NatCo..11..300E
4934:2020FrEaS...8..406W
4860:2020PreR..33905615Y
4787:2019CoMP..174...20G
4724:2018PreR..314..129K
4524:The Washington Post
4489:2021esoar.10505838O
4353:2010MNRAS.407L..99M
4259:1998Sci...282..927S
4076:2005AuJES..52..725K
4039:2003LPI....34.2013M
3937:2015GSAB..127.1507R
3872:2018SciA....4.2994B
3745:1992Geo....20...51H
3660:2001Natur.412..708C
3589:1980Sci...208.1095A
3583:(4448): 1095–1108.
3526:on 11 February 2017
3459:1994Natur.367...33C
3258:1979Icar...37..467C
3123:2018Icar..314...64M
2978:The Washington Post
2833:2021EcoEv..1114540H
2786:2002SciAm.286c..76B
2774:Scientific American
2707:2017GeoRL..44.3433R
2544:Central-peak crater
2408:Wide Field Camera 3
2214:being the biggest.
2129:In April 2018, the
2051:Minor Planet Center
1987:Kamchatka Peninsula
1955:Mount Lemmon Survey
1908:Mount Lemmon Survey
1745:meteorite in 2002.
1466:Nuna supercontinent
1440:Huronian glaciation
1417:Maniitsoq structure
1328:Pew Research Center
1310:end of civilization
1304:End of civilization
1290:and paleontologist
1191:In 1980, physicist
1127:continental shelves
1037:San Francisco Peaks
1027:, locally known as
681:
403:
180:In April 2018, the
72:terrestrial planets
10863:list by death toll
10815:Doomsday scenarios
10381:Beast of the Earth
10273:Book of Revelation
10061:Virtual black hole
10041:False vacuum decay
9991:Pollinator decline
9954:Biological warfare
9944:Biotechnology risk
9795:Resource depletion
9309:Related categories
8712:Shock metamorphism
8617:Alvarez hypothesis
7945:Chelyabinsk meteor
7487:on 28 October 2022
7275:2020-11-27 at the
7246:home.earthlink.net
7097:The New York Times
6693:The New York Times
6136:The New York Times
6110:. 15 February 2013
5965:. 15 February 2013
5577:Meteorite Magazine
5012:The New York Times
4670:10.1111/maps.12284
4055:Keller G. (2005).
3548:. Ssd.jpl.nasa.gov
3409:2019-04-04 at the
3187:The New York Times
3156:The New York Times
2949:on 24 January 2020
2639:Peak ring (crater)
2500:stellar collisions
2492:
2478:Extrasolar impacts
2461:. Images from the
2416:
2366:amateur astronomer
2323:heliocentric orbit
2288:
2189:
2040:Near Earth objects
2036:
1873:
1736:, operated by the
1721:A small number of
1712:Sylacauga, Alabama
1665:
1640:, discovered from
1598:Rio Cuarto craters
1559:
1525:
1505:
1354:
1321:doomsday scenarios
1170:, which ended the
1153:Biospheric effects
1020:
898:= 2600 kg/m;
679:
430:Recorded fireballs
401:
382:(approximately 16
329:
295:Frequency and risk
246:
158:Chelyabinsk meteor
125:. The prehistoric
40:
11374:Natural disasters
11354:Planetary science
11256:
11255:
11250:
11249:
11227:Geomagnetic storm
11200:
11199:
11066:
11065:
10993:
10992:
10937:Soil liquefaction
10859:Natural disasters
10825:
10824:
10656:Zombie apocalypse
10557:Postmillennialism
10352:Great Tribulation
10125:Stellar collision
10086:Near-Earth object
10036:Geomagnetic storm
10004:
10003:
9927:Biodiversity loss
9911:Genetic pollution
9865:
9864:
9654:Biodiversity loss
9617:Societal collapse
9595:Nuclear holocaust
9580:Economic collapse
9563:Doomsday argument
9481:Antimatter weapon
9334:
9333:
9275:Potential threats
8967:Ion-beam shepherd
8931:Near-Earth object
8911:Meteor procession
8872:Planetary defense
8825:
8824:
8765:Edward C. T. Chao
8254:
8253:
8241:Near-Earth object
8221:Meteor procession
8168:Meteor air bursts
8078:
8077:
8015:Winchcombe meteor
8009:2020 China bolide
7988:2017 China bolide
7657:(5762): 198–200,
7600:(7475): 238–241.
5766:(10): 1627–1641,
5670:(17): 4090–4108,
5462:"Whitecourt Star"
5247:. March 24, 2015.
5227:10.1130/G24502A.1
4290:"Unlikely Impact"
4253:(5390): 927–930,
4131:(1636): 759–765,
3654:(6848): 708–712.
3053:National Archives
2841:10.1002/ece3.8114
2612:Near-Earth object
2362:2009 impact event
2200:North Polar Basin
2029:and positions of
1981:On 8 March 2019,
1727:Příbram meteorite
1624:Whitecourt crater
1580:Lonar crater lake
1482:Western Warburton
1436:Western Australia
1428:Yarrabubba crater
1276:Richard A. Muller
1081:extinction events
1048:space exploration
916:signature with a
906:
905:
677:
676:
386:of TNT), but the
276:Impact structures
234:impact structures
80:atmospheric entry
56:planetary systems
16:(Redirected from
11381:
11321:
11320:
11319:
11309:
11308:
11307:
11297:
11296:
11295:
11285:
11284:
11273:
11272:
11271:
11264:
11159:Tropical cyclone
11153:Tornado outbreak
11075:
11074:
11002:
11001:
10955:Pyroclastic flow
10947:Volcano eruption
10876:
10875:
10852:
10845:
10838:
10829:
10828:
10790:
10789:
10781:World portal
10779:
10778:
10740:Financial crisis
10569:Nibiru cataclysm
10547:Premillennialism
10391:Dhul-Suwayqatayn
10359:Son of perdition
10347:Olivet Discourse
10323:Whore of Babylon
9949:Biological agent
9896:Human extinction
9886:Extinction event
9874:
9873:
9845:Overexploitation
9775:Land consumption
9770:Land degradation
9637:
9636:
9499:Micro black hole
9407:Chemical warfare
9361:
9354:
9347:
9338:
9337:
8906:Meteor air burst
8865:
8858:
8851:
8842:
8841:
8829:
8828:
8790:Peter H. Schultz
8753:Daniel Barringer
8662:Impact structure
8383:
8377:
8281:
8274:
8267:
8258:
8257:
8069:
8058:
8047:
8036:
8025:
7999:Kamchatka meteor
7910:
7867:Murchison meteor
7808:
7807:
7790:
7783:
7776:
7767:
7766:
7739:
7700:
7699:on July 18, 2008
7695:, archived from
7681:
7671:10.1038/285198a0
7643:
7625:
7581:
7561:
7536:
7497:
7496:
7494:
7492:
7483:. Archived from
7472:
7466:
7465:
7463:
7462:
7456:
7450:. Archived from
7449:
7440:
7434:
7433:
7431:
7430:
7424:
7418:. Archived from
7417:
7409:
7403:
7402:
7400:
7399:
7390:. Archived from
7379:
7373:
7372:
7366:
7358:
7356:
7355:
7340:
7334:
7333:
7331:
7330:
7311:
7305:
7304:
7302:
7301:
7286:
7280:
7267:
7261:
7260:
7258:
7257:
7248:. Archived from
7238:
7232:
7231:
7229:
7228:
7214:
7208:
7202:
7196:
7195:
7183:
7177:
7176:
7169:
7163:
7162:
7160:
7159:
7144:
7138:
7137:
7107:
7101:
7100:
7088:
7082:
7081:
7055:
7031:
7025:
7024:
6998:
6978:
6972:
6971:
6965:
6957:
6931:
6907:
6901:
6900:
6898:
6892:. Archived from
6867:
6849:
6840:
6834:
6833:
6824:(1–2): 375–380.
6809:
6803:
6802:
6787:Soviet Astronomy
6778:
6772:
6771:
6753:
6735:
6711:
6705:
6704:
6702:
6700:
6683:
6677:
6676:
6638:
6632:
6631:
6629:
6627:
6613:(4 March 2019).
6607:
6601:
6600:
6598:
6596:
6586:
6578:
6572:
6571:
6569:
6567:
6552:
6546:
6540:
6535:
6529:
6528:
6526:
6524:
6509:
6503:
6502:
6500:
6498:
6483:
6477:
6476:
6474:
6472:
6457:
6451:
6450:
6424:
6402:
6396:
6395:
6385:
6367:
6341:
6335:
6334:
6324:
6306:
6280:
6274:
6269:
6263:
6262:
6236:
6214:
6208:
6207:
6177:
6171:
6170:
6154:
6148:
6147:
6145:
6143:
6126:
6120:
6119:
6117:
6115:
6098:
6092:
6091:
6089:
6087:
6064:
6058:
6057:
6055:
6053:
6044:. Archived from
6033:
6027:
6026:
6024:
6022:
6007:
6001:
6000:
5998:
5996:
5981:
5975:
5974:
5972:
5970:
5949:
5943:
5942:
5940:
5938:
5923:
5917:
5916:
5914:
5912:
5895:
5889:
5888:
5886:
5884:
5873:"Russian Meteor"
5869:
5863:
5850:
5844:
5838:
5832:
5826:
5820:
5819:
5808:
5802:
5796:
5791:
5785:
5784:
5783:
5753:
5747:
5746:
5722:(1–4): 489–499,
5711:
5705:
5704:
5695:
5693:2060/19710010847
5664:J. Geophys. Res.
5659:
5653:
5647:
5641:
5640:
5621:
5615:
5603:
5597:
5596:
5591:. Archived from
5568:
5562:
5561:
5559:
5558:
5547:
5541:
5540:
5538:
5537:
5523:
5517:
5511:
5505:
5504:
5476:
5470:
5469:
5464:. Archived from
5458:
5452:
5451:
5449:
5448:
5439:. Archived from
5433:
5427:
5426:
5419:
5413:
5412:
5401:
5395:
5394:
5374:
5368:
5367:
5366:. March 3, 2000.
5356:
5350:
5349:
5344:. Archived from
5334:
5328:
5327:
5317:
5292:(11): eaar8173.
5286:Science Advances
5277:
5271:
5270:
5268:
5266:
5255:
5249:
5248:
5237:
5231:
5230:
5201:
5195:
5194:
5192:
5191:
5176:
5170:
5169:
5167:
5166:
5146:
5140:
5139:
5129:
5089:
5083:
5082:
5072:
5030:
5024:
5023:
5021:
5019:
5002:
4996:
4995:
4993:
4992:
4978:
4972:
4971:
4965:
4957:
4955:
4945:
4912:
4906:
4905:
4899:
4891:
4881:
4871:
4839:
4833:
4832:
4826:
4818:
4808:
4798:
4766:
4760:
4759:
4753:
4745:
4735:
4703:
4697:
4696:
4690:
4682:
4672:
4640:
4634:
4633:
4627:
4619:
4599:
4590:
4589:
4565:
4559:
4558:
4547:
4541:
4540:
4538:
4536:
4514:
4508:
4507:
4471:
4465:
4464:
4436:
4430:
4429:
4423:
4415:
4413:
4412:
4406:
4398:
4392:
4380:
4374:
4373:
4364:
4346:
4324:
4318:
4317:
4311:
4303:
4301:
4300:
4285:
4279:
4278:
4242:
4236:
4235:
4210:(7): 2647–2658.
4199:
4193:
4192:
4175:(1–2): 265–284.
4164:
4158:
4157:
4148:
4120:
4114:
4113:
4102:
4096:
4095:
4070:(4–5): 725–757.
4061:
4052:
4043:
4042:
4022:
4016:
4015:
4007:
4001:
4000:
3994:
3989:
3987:
3979:
3971:
3965:
3964:
3945:10.1130/B31167.1
3916:
3910:
3909:
3899:
3860:Science Advances
3851:
3845:
3844:
3816:
3807:
3801:
3800:
3795:. Archived from
3791:Grossman, Lisa.
3788:
3782:
3781:
3779:
3778:
3763:
3757:
3756:
3728:
3722:
3721:
3720:. June 13, 2014.
3708:
3702:
3701:
3699:
3698:
3693:on July 30, 2010
3692:
3686:. Archived from
3668:10.1038/35089010
3645:
3633:
3627:
3626:
3600:
3572:
3566:
3563:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3553:
3542:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3531:
3516:
3510:
3504:
3503:
3490:
3484:
3478:
3477:
3467:10.1038/367033a0
3438:
3432:
3401:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3391:
3379:
3373:
3371:
3369:
3368:
3356:
3335:
3334:
3316:
3310:
3309:
3297:
3288:
3287:
3277:
3275:2060/19780014063
3240:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3229:
3217:
3208:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3194:
3177:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3163:
3146:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3101:Myhrvold, Nathan
3097:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3083:
3066:
3057:
3056:
3050:
3048:
3039:
3030:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3016:
2999:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2968:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2954:
2945:. Archived from
2932:
2923:
2922:
2910:
2901:
2900:
2877:
2871:
2870:
2860:
2812:
2806:
2805:
2769:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2756:
2741:
2735:
2734:
2700:
2691:(8): 3433–3440.
2680:
2644:
2623:
2608:
2597:Meteor air burst
2570:Impact gardening
2549:
2521:Asteroid capture
2311:asteroid capture
2102:
2072:
2070:
2069:
1977:
1962:
1937:Lunar Prospector
1858:
1856:
1855:
1794:Killer Asteroids
1778:Eugene Shoemaker
1644:image review in
1552:Barringer Crater
1529:Hiawatha Glacier
1527:Analysis of the
1509:Chicxulub impact
1507:The prehistoric
1494:Diamantina River
1464:occurred on the
1266:Paleontologists
1249:Chicxulub Crater
1168:Permian-Triassic
1112:mid-ocean ridges
1092:dynamo mechanism
1085:Mistastin crater
1025:Barringer Crater
994:history of Earth
956:
950:
948:
947:
925:Eugene Shoemaker
682:
678:
404:
400:
392:upper atmosphere
370:Meteor air burst
311:
285:Chicxulub impact
272:mass extinctions
127:Chicxulub impact
123:mass extinctions
21:
11389:
11388:
11384:
11383:
11382:
11380:
11379:
11378:
11359:Cosmic doomsday
11349:Climate forcing
11329:
11328:
11327:
11317:
11315:
11305:
11303:
11293:
11291:
11279:
11269:
11267:
11259:
11257:
11252:
11251:
11246:
11196:
11163:
11127:Cyclonic storms
11122:
11104:
11062:
11058:Limnic eruption
11034:
11008:
10989:
10977:Natural erosion
10971:
10941:
10915:
10907:
10865:
10856:
10826:
10821:
10800:Future problems
10773:
10764:
10698:
10667:
10634:Climate fiction
10600:
10475:2012 phenomenon
10458:
10364:Sheep and Goats
10251:2 Thessalonians
10129:
10046:Gamma-ray burst
10000:
9915:
9906:Genetic erosion
9861:
9831:
9822:Water pollution
9790:Ozone depletion
9686:Desertification
9626:
9541:
9476:Doomsday device
9456:Nuclear warfare
9395:
9370:
9365:
9335:
9330:
9304:
9295:
9270:
9231:B612 Foundation
9219:
9125:
8998:
8962:Gravity tractor
8940:
8874:
8869:
8834:
8826:
8821:
8770:Robert S. Dietz
8758:Barringer Medal
8736:
8647:Cryptoexplosion
8605:
8536:Puchezh-Katunki
8516:Nördlinger Ries
8384:
8378:
8369:
8335:Asia and Russia
8308:
8290:
8285:
8255:
8250:
8189:
8173:Meteorite falls
8136:
8093:
8074:
8068:
8064:
8057:
8053:
8046:
8042:
8035:
8031:
8024:
8020:
7909:
7905:
7883:
7799:
7794:
7746:
7579:
7534:10.1.1.126.8496
7505:
7503:Further reading
7500:
7490:
7488:
7473:
7469:
7460:
7458:
7454:
7447:
7441:
7437:
7428:
7426:
7422:
7415:
7411:
7410:
7406:
7397:
7395:
7384:"Lunar Impacts"
7380:
7376:
7360:
7359:
7353:
7351:
7341:
7337:
7328:
7326:
7313:
7312:
7308:
7299:
7297:
7289:mars.nasa.gov.
7287:
7283:
7277:Wayback Machine
7268:
7264:
7255:
7253:
7240:
7239:
7235:
7226:
7224:
7218:"SOHO Hotshots"
7216:
7215:
7211:
7203:
7199:
7184:
7180:
7171:
7170:
7166:
7157:
7155:
7154:. February 2005
7146:
7145:
7141:
7108:
7104:
7089:
7085:
7032:
7028:
6979:
6975:
6959:
6958:
6908:
6904:
6896:
6847:
6841:
6837:
6810:
6806:
6779:
6775:
6712:
6708:
6698:
6696:
6684:
6680:
6639:
6635:
6625:
6623:
6608:
6604:
6594:
6592:
6584:
6580:
6579:
6575:
6565:
6563:
6554:
6553:
6549:
6538:
6536:
6532:
6522:
6520:
6511:
6510:
6506:
6496:
6494:
6485:
6484:
6480:
6470:
6468:
6459:
6458:
6454:
6403:
6399:
6342:
6338:
6281:
6277:
6270:
6266:
6215:
6211:
6178:
6174:
6155:
6151:
6141:
6139:
6127:
6123:
6113:
6111:
6100:
6099:
6095:
6085:
6083:
6082:on 23 June 2013
6066:
6065:
6061:
6051:
6049:
6048:on 6 March 2016
6034:
6030:
6020:
6018:
6008:
6004:
5994:
5992:
5982:
5978:
5968:
5966:
5955:
5951:
5950:
5946:
5936:
5934:
5925:
5924:
5920:
5910:
5908:
5896:
5892:
5882:
5880:
5871:
5870:
5866:
5861:Wayback Machine
5851:
5847:
5839:
5835:
5827:
5823:
5810:
5809:
5805:
5794:
5792:
5788:
5754:
5750:
5712:
5708:
5660:
5656:
5648:
5644:
5622:
5618:
5613:Wayback Machine
5604:
5600:
5569:
5565:
5556:
5554:
5548:
5544:
5535:
5533:
5525:
5524:
5520:
5512:
5508:
5477:
5473:
5460:
5459:
5455:
5446:
5444:
5435:
5434:
5430:
5421:
5420:
5416:
5403:
5402:
5398:
5375:
5371:
5358:
5357:
5353:
5336:
5335:
5331:
5278:
5274:
5264:
5262:
5257:
5256:
5252:
5239:
5238:
5234:
5202:
5198:
5189:
5187:
5178:
5177:
5173:
5164:
5162:
5148:
5147:
5143:
5090:
5086:
5031:
5027:
5017:
5015:
5003:
4999:
4990:
4988:
4980:
4979:
4975:
4959:
4958:
4913:
4909:
4893:
4892:
4840:
4836:
4820:
4819:
4767:
4763:
4747:
4746:
4704:
4700:
4684:
4683:
4641:
4637:
4621:
4620:
4600:
4593:
4566:
4562:
4549:
4548:
4544:
4534:
4532:
4515:
4511:
4472:
4468:
4437:
4433:
4417:
4416:
4410:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4399:
4395:
4381:
4377:
4337:(1): L99–L102,
4325:
4321:
4305:
4304:
4298:
4296:
4286:
4282:
4243:
4239:
4200:
4196:
4165:
4161:
4121:
4117:
4104:
4103:
4099:
4059:
4053:
4046:
4023:
4019:
4008:
4004:
3992:
3990:
3981:
3980:
3972:
3968:
3917:
3913:
3866:(2): eaao2994.
3852:
3848:
3814:
3808:
3804:
3789:
3785:
3776:
3774:
3764:
3760:
3729:
3725:
3710:
3709:
3705:
3696:
3694:
3690:
3643:
3634:
3630:
3598:10.1.1.126.8496
3573:
3569:
3564:
3560:
3551:
3549:
3544:
3543:
3539:
3529:
3527:
3518:
3517:
3513:
3507:
3492:
3491:
3487:
3481:
3453:(6458): 33–40,
3439:
3435:
3424:PDF direct link
3411:Wayback Machine
3402:
3398:
3389:
3387:
3380:
3376:
3366:
3364:
3357:
3338:
3317:
3313:
3298:
3291:
3241:
3237:
3227:
3225:
3215:
3209:
3202:
3192:
3190:
3178:
3171:
3161:
3159:
3147:
3140:
3103:(22 May 2018).
3098:
3091:
3081:
3079:
3067:
3060:
3046:
3044:
3037:
3031:
3024:
3014:
3012:
3000:
2993:
2983:
2981:
2969:
2962:
2952:
2950:
2933:
2926:
2911:
2904:
2898:
2878:
2874:
2813:
2809:
2770:
2763:
2754:
2752:
2742:
2738:
2681:
2674:
2670:
2665:
2642:
2621:
2606:
2582:List of bolides
2547:
2538:B612 Foundation
2516:
2480:
2450:with a smaller
2429:Zdeněk Sekanina
2397:
2391:
2300:
2294:
2273:
2268:
2266:Observed events
2232:moons of Saturn
2208:Hellas Planitia
2204:Utopia Planitia
2195:
2173:
2168:
2138:Stephen Hawking
2131:B612 Foundation
2127:
2121:
2116:
2115:
2114:
2108:
2103:
2067:
2066:
2063:
2020:
2014:
1976:
1972:
1967:arrived to the
1958:
1853:
1852:
1849:
1812:
1810:List of bolides
1806:
1754:Rocky Mountains
1723:meteorite falls
1654:
1614:Henbury craters
1605:Campo del Cielo
1594:
1588:
1564:recovered with
1550:Aerial view of
1544:
1538:
1517:
1478:
1451:Kaapvaal Craton
1382:Kaapvaal Craton
1363:
1350:formed the Moon
1342:
1306:
1300:
1292:Richard Bambach
1155:
1108:antipodal point
1064:astrogeologists
998:origins of life
979:
952:
945:
944:
941:
712:
704:
699:
686:
440:
433:
431:
426:
424:
419:
408:
372:
366:
321:
320:
319:
317:
312:
303:
297:
256:Earth's history
252:
222:
186:Stephen Hawking
182:B612 Foundation
175:science fiction
103:Earth's history
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
11387:
11377:
11376:
11371:
11366:
11361:
11356:
11351:
11346:
11341:
11326:
11325:
11313:
11301:
11289:
11277:
11254:
11253:
11248:
11247:
11245:
11244:
11239:
11234:
11229:
11224:
11219:
11214:
11208:
11206:
11202:
11201:
11198:
11197:
11195:
11194:
11189:
11188:
11187:
11177:
11171:
11169:
11165:
11164:
11162:
11161:
11156:
11146:
11136:
11130:
11128:
11124:
11123:
11121:
11120:
11114:
11112:
11106:
11105:
11103:
11102:
11097:
11092:
11087:
11081:
11079:
11072:
11071:Meteorological
11068:
11067:
11064:
11063:
11061:
11060:
11055:
11054:
11053:
11042:
11040:
11036:
11035:
11033:
11032:
11027:
11022:
11016:
11014:
10999:
10995:
10994:
10991:
10990:
10988:
10987:
10981:
10979:
10973:
10972:
10970:
10969:
10964:
10963:
10962:
10951:
10949:
10943:
10942:
10940:
10939:
10934:
10929:
10927:Seismic hazard
10923:
10921:
10909:
10908:
10906:
10905:
10900:
10895:
10890:
10884:
10882:
10873:
10867:
10866:
10855:
10854:
10847:
10840:
10832:
10823:
10822:
10820:
10819:
10818:
10817:
10812:
10807:
10802:
10797:
10795:Apocalypticism
10784:
10769:
10766:
10765:
10763:
10762:
10757:
10752:
10747:
10742:
10737:
10732:
10727:
10722:
10717:
10712:
10706:
10704:
10700:
10699:
10697:
10696:
10691:
10686:
10681:
10675:
10673:
10669:
10668:
10666:
10665:
10664:
10663:
10653:
10648:
10647:
10646:
10639:Disaster films
10636:
10631:
10630:
10629:
10624:
10614:
10612:Alien invasion
10608:
10606:
10602:
10601:
10599:
10598:
10593:
10588:
10587:
10586:
10581:
10571:
10566:
10561:
10560:
10559:
10554:
10552:Amillennialism
10549:
10539:
10537:Millenarianism
10534:
10533:
10532:
10522:
10517:
10512:
10507:
10502:
10497:
10492:
10490:Apocalypticism
10487:
10482:
10477:
10472:
10466:
10464:
10460:
10459:
10457:
10456:
10455:
10454:
10444:
10439:
10438:
10437:
10436:
10435:
10430:
10425:
10415:
10414:
10413:
10408:
10403:
10398:
10393:
10388:
10386:Dhu al-Qarnayn
10383:
10378:
10368:
10367:
10366:
10361:
10356:
10355:
10354:
10344:
10339:
10334:
10332:Great Apostasy
10329:
10328:
10327:
10326:
10325:
10320:
10315:
10310:
10305:
10300:
10295:
10290:
10285:
10270:
10265:
10264:
10263:
10258:
10248:
10243:
10238:
10233:
10232:
10231:
10221:
10211:
10206:
10205:
10204:
10199:
10189:
10179:
10177:Last Judgement
10174:
10173:
10172:
10167:
10157:
10156:
10155:
10150:
10139:
10137:
10135:Eschatological
10131:
10130:
10128:
10127:
10122:
10117:
10112:
10107:
10102:
10101:
10100:
10095:
10090:
10089:
10088:
10078:
10073:
10063:
10058:
10053:
10048:
10043:
10038:
10033:
10028:
10023:
10018:
10012:
10010:
10006:
10005:
10002:
10001:
9999:
9998:
9993:
9988:
9983:
9978:
9973:
9968:
9963:
9962:
9961:
9956:
9951:
9941:
9940:
9939:
9934:
9923:
9921:
9917:
9916:
9914:
9913:
9908:
9903:
9898:
9893:
9888:
9882:
9880:
9871:
9867:
9866:
9863:
9862:
9860:
9859:
9858:
9857:
9850:Overpopulation
9847:
9841:
9839:
9833:
9832:
9830:
9829:
9827:Water scarcity
9824:
9819:
9814:
9813:
9812:
9802:
9800:Sea level rise
9797:
9792:
9787:
9782:
9777:
9772:
9767:
9766:
9765:
9763:on marine life
9760:
9750:
9745:
9740:
9735:
9730:
9725:
9720:
9718:Global warming
9715:
9710:
9708:Global dimming
9705:
9700:
9699:
9698:
9688:
9683:
9678:
9673:
9668:
9666:Cascade effect
9663:
9662:
9661:
9651:
9645:
9643:
9641:Climate change
9634:
9628:
9627:
9625:
9624:
9619:
9614:
9613:
9612:
9607:
9602:
9592:
9587:
9582:
9577:
9576:
9575:
9570:
9560:
9555:
9549:
9547:
9543:
9542:
9540:
9539:
9534:
9533:
9532:
9527:
9522:
9508:
9507:
9506:
9501:
9491:
9485:
9484:
9483:
9478:
9473:
9471:Doomsday Clock
9468:
9463:
9453:
9452:
9451:
9441:
9436:
9431:
9430:
9429:
9424:
9422:Cyberterrorism
9419:
9409:
9403:
9401:
9397:
9396:
9394:
9393:
9392:
9391:
9381:
9375:
9372:
9371:
9364:
9363:
9356:
9349:
9341:
9332:
9331:
9329:
9328:
9323:
9318:
9312:
9310:
9306:
9305:
9303:
9302:
9297:
9293:
9289:
9284:
9278:
9276:
9272:
9271:
9269:
9268:
9263:
9258:
9253:
9248:
9243:
9238:
9233:
9227:
9225:
9221:
9220:
9218:
9217:
9212:
9207:
9202:
9197:
9192:
9187:
9182:
9177:
9172:
9167:
9162:
9157:
9152:
9147:
9142:
9136:
9134:
9127:
9126:
9124:
9123:
9116:
9115:
9114:
9100:
9095:
9090:
9083:
9078:
9075:NEAR Shoemaker
9071:
9070:
9069:
9057:
9050:
9045:
9044:
9043:
9036:
9026:
9021:
9014:
9006:
9004:
9000:
8999:
8997:
8996:
8995:
8994:
8989:
8983:Damage scales
8981:
8976:
8971:
8970:
8969:
8964:
8959:
8948:
8946:
8942:
8941:
8939:
8938:
8933:
8928:
8923:
8918:
8913:
8908:
8903:
8898:
8893:
8888:
8882:
8880:
8876:
8875:
8868:
8867:
8860:
8853:
8845:
8839:
8836:
8835:
8823:
8822:
8820:
8819:
8812:
8807:
8802:
8797:
8792:
8787:
8782:
8777:
8772:
8767:
8762:
8761:
8760:
8750:
8744:
8742:
8738:
8737:
8735:
8734:
8729:
8724:
8719:
8717:Shocked quartz
8714:
8709:
8704:
8699:
8694:
8689:
8684:
8679:
8677:Lechatelierite
8674:
8669:
8664:
8659:
8654:
8652:Ejecta blanket
8649:
8644:
8639:
8637:Complex crater
8634:
8629:
8624:
8619:
8613:
8611:
8607:
8606:
8604:
8603:
8598:
8593:
8588:
8583:
8578:
8573:
8568:
8563:
8558:
8553:
8548:
8543:
8538:
8533:
8528:
8523:
8518:
8513:
8508:
8503:
8498:
8493:
8488:
8483:
8478:
8473:
8468:
8463:
8458:
8453:
8448:
8443:
8438:
8433:
8431:Chesapeake Bay
8428:
8423:
8418:
8413:
8408:
8403:
8398:
8392:
8390:
8386:
8385:
8372:
8370:
8368:
8367:
8362:
8357:
8352:
8347:
8342:
8337:
8332:
8327:
8322:
8316:
8314:
8310:
8309:
8307:
8306:
8301:
8295:
8292:
8291:
8284:
8283:
8276:
8269:
8261:
8252:
8251:
8249:
8248:
8243:
8238:
8233:
8228:
8223:
8218:
8213:
8208:
8203:
8197:
8195:
8191:
8190:
8188:
8187:
8182:
8177:
8176:
8175:
8170:
8160:
8155:
8150:
8144:
8142:
8138:
8137:
8135:
8134:
8132:Jupiter impact
8128:
8126:Jupiter impact
8122:
8120:Jupiter impact
8116:
8110:
8104:
8102:
8095:
8094:
8089:
8087:
8080:
8079:
8076:
8075:
8073:
8072:
8066:
8061:
8055:
8050:
8044:
8039:
8033:
8028:
8022:
8017:
8011:
8006:
8004:2019 MO impact
8001:
7995:
7993:2018 LA impact
7990:
7985:
7983:WT1190F impact
7980:
7975:
7970:
7965:
7963:2014 AA impact
7960:
7954:
7953:
7952:
7941:
7935:
7930:
7924:
7919:
7913:
7907:
7902:
7897:
7891:
7889:
7885:
7884:
7882:
7881:
7875:
7869:
7863:
7857:
7855:Chicora meteor
7851:
7845:
7839:
7833:
7827:
7821:
7814:
7812:
7805:
7801:
7800:
7793:
7792:
7785:
7778:
7770:
7764:
7763:
7758:
7752:
7745:
7744:External links
7742:
7741:
7740:
7714:(6): 864–871.
7701:
7687:"Target earth"
7682:
7644:
7582:
7578:978-0500051160
7577:
7562:
7504:
7501:
7499:
7498:
7467:
7435:
7404:
7374:
7335:
7306:
7281:
7262:
7233:
7209:
7197:
7192:New York Times
7178:
7164:
7139:
7120:(1): 138–147.
7102:
7099:. p. WK7.
7083:
7026:
6973:
6902:
6899:on 2013-02-26.
6835:
6804:
6773:
6706:
6678:
6633:
6602:
6573:
6547:
6530:
6519:. May 11, 2023
6504:
6478:
6467:. 25 June 2019
6452:
6397:
6336:
6275:
6272:Bill Gray MPML
6264:
6209:
6172:
6161:. p. 12.
6149:
6121:
6093:
6059:
6028:
6010:Ewait, David.
6002:
5976:
5961:(in Russian).
5944:
5918:
5890:
5864:
5845:
5833:
5821:
5803:
5786:
5748:
5706:
5654:
5642:
5616:
5598:
5595:on 2010-06-12.
5563:
5542:
5518:
5506:
5487:(6): 864–871,
5471:
5468:on 2016-03-05.
5453:
5428:
5414:
5409:news.yahoo.com
5396:
5369:
5351:
5329:
5272:
5250:
5232:
5213:(5): 383–386.
5196:
5171:
5141:
5084:
5025:
4997:
4973:
4907:
4834:
4761:
4698:
4655:(5): 723–731.
4635:
4591:
4560:
4542:
4509:
4466:
4447:(1): 441–475.
4431:
4393:
4375:
4319:
4280:
4237:
4194:
4159:
4115:
4097:
4044:
4017:
4002:
3993:|journal=
3966:
3911:
3846:
3827:(1–2): 13–27.
3802:
3783:
3758:
3723:
3703:
3628:
3567:
3558:
3537:
3511:
3505:
3485:
3479:
3433:
3415:Robert DePalma
3396:
3374:
3336:
3322:(March 2002),
3311:
3289:
3252:(2): 467–474,
3235:
3200:
3169:
3138:
3089:
3058:
3042:whitehouse.gov
3022:
2991:
2960:
2924:
2902:
2897:978-0201489507
2896:
2872:
2807:
2761:
2736:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2663:
2657:
2651:
2645:
2636:
2630:
2624:
2615:
2609:
2600:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2573:
2567:
2562:
2556:
2550:
2541:
2535:
2530:
2524:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2496:galaxy mergers
2479:
2476:
2390:
2387:
2369:Anthony Wesley
2340:In July 1994,
2290:Main article:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2191:Main article:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2123:Main article:
2120:
2117:
2105:
2104:
2097:
2096:
2095:
2016:Main article:
2013:
2010:
1974:
1808:Main article:
1805:
1802:
1743:Neuschwanstein
1688:V. G. Fesenkov
1662:Tunguska blast
1653:
1650:
1632:Qingyang event
1609:Chaco Province
1587:
1584:
1537:
1534:
1516:
1513:
1477:
1474:
1432:Yilgarn Craton
1386:Pilbara Craton
1362:
1359:
1341:
1338:
1299:
1296:
1218:shocked quartz
1197:Walter Alvarez
1154:
1151:
1143:Eltanin impact
978:
975:
904:
903:
891:
890:
887:
884:
881:
878:
874:
873:
870:
867:
864:
861:
857:
856:
853:
850:
847:
844:
840:
839:
836:
833:
830:
827:
823:
822:
819:
816:
813:
810:
806:
805:
802:
799:
796:
793:
789:
788:
785:
782:
779:
776:
772:
771:
768:
765:
762:
759:
755:
754:
751:
740:
737:
731:
719:
718:
715:
707:
706:
701:
694:
691:Kinetic energy
688:
675:
674:
670:
669:
666:
663:
660:
657:
654:
650:
649:
646:
643:
640:
635:
632:
628:
627:
624:
621:
618:
615:
612:
608:
607:
604:
601:
598:
595:
587:
583:
582:
575:
572:
569:
564:
561:
557:
556:
549:
546:
543:
538:
535:
531:
530:
527:
524:
521:
516:
513:
509:
508:
505:
502:
499:
496:
491:
487:
486:
483:
480:
475:(139,000
469:
466:
460:
448:
447:
442:
436:
435:
428:
421:
416:
413:Kinetic energy
410:
376:kinetic energy
365:
362:
314:
313:
306:
305:
304:
299:Main article:
296:
293:
270:, and several
221:
218:
150:Tunguska event
84:Impact craters
36:Tunguska event
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11386:
11375:
11372:
11370:
11367:
11365:
11362:
11360:
11357:
11355:
11352:
11350:
11347:
11345:
11344:Impact events
11342:
11340:
11337:
11336:
11334:
11324:
11314:
11312:
11302:
11300:
11290:
11288:
11283:
11278:
11276:
11266:
11265:
11262:
11243:
11240:
11238:
11235:
11233:
11230:
11228:
11225:
11223:
11222:Meteor shower
11220:
11218:
11215:
11213:
11210:
11209:
11207:
11203:
11193:
11190:
11186:
11183:
11182:
11181:
11178:
11176:
11173:
11172:
11170:
11166:
11160:
11157:
11154:
11150:
11147:
11144:
11140:
11137:
11135:
11132:
11131:
11129:
11125:
11119:
11116:
11115:
11113:
11111:
11107:
11101:
11098:
11096:
11093:
11091:
11088:
11086:
11083:
11082:
11080:
11076:
11073:
11069:
11059:
11056:
11052:
11049:
11048:
11047:
11044:
11043:
11041:
11037:
11031:
11028:
11026:
11023:
11021:
11020:Coastal flood
11018:
11017:
11015:
11012:
11007:
11003:
11000:
10996:
10986:
10983:
10982:
10980:
10978:
10974:
10968:
10965:
10961:
10958:
10957:
10956:
10953:
10952:
10950:
10948:
10944:
10938:
10935:
10933:
10930:
10928:
10925:
10924:
10922:
10919:
10914:
10910:
10904:
10901:
10899:
10896:
10894:
10891:
10889:
10886:
10885:
10883:
10881:
10877:
10874:
10872:
10868:
10864:
10860:
10853:
10848:
10846:
10841:
10839:
10834:
10833:
10830:
10816:
10813:
10811:
10810:Risk analysis
10808:
10806:
10803:
10801:
10798:
10796:
10793:
10792:
10785:
10783:
10782:
10777:
10771:
10770:
10767:
10761:
10758:
10756:
10755:Social crisis
10753:
10751:
10748:
10746:
10743:
10741:
10738:
10736:
10733:
10731:
10728:
10726:
10723:
10721:
10718:
10716:
10713:
10711:
10708:
10707:
10705:
10701:
10695:
10692:
10690:
10687:
10685:
10682:
10680:
10677:
10676:
10674:
10672:Organizations
10670:
10662:
10659:
10658:
10657:
10654:
10652:
10649:
10645:
10642:
10641:
10640:
10637:
10635:
10632:
10628:
10625:
10623:
10620:
10619:
10618:
10615:
10613:
10610:
10609:
10607:
10603:
10597:
10596:World to come
10594:
10592:
10589:
10585:
10582:
10580:
10577:
10576:
10575:
10572:
10570:
10567:
10565:
10562:
10558:
10555:
10553:
10550:
10548:
10545:
10544:
10543:
10542:Millennialism
10540:
10538:
10535:
10531:
10530:Messianic Age
10528:
10527:
10526:
10523:
10521:
10518:
10516:
10515:Gog and Magog
10513:
10511:
10508:
10506:
10505:Earth Changes
10503:
10501:
10498:
10496:
10493:
10491:
10488:
10486:
10483:
10481:
10478:
10476:
10473:
10471:
10468:
10467:
10465:
10461:
10453:
10450:
10449:
10448:
10445:
10443:
10440:
10434:
10431:
10429:
10426:
10424:
10421:
10420:
10419:
10416:
10412:
10409:
10407:
10404:
10402:
10399:
10397:
10394:
10392:
10389:
10387:
10384:
10382:
10379:
10377:
10374:
10373:
10372:
10369:
10365:
10362:
10360:
10357:
10353:
10350:
10349:
10348:
10345:
10343:
10342:New Jerusalem
10340:
10338:
10335:
10333:
10330:
10324:
10321:
10319:
10318:War in Heaven
10316:
10314:
10313:Two witnesses
10311:
10309:
10306:
10304:
10301:
10299:
10296:
10294:
10291:
10289:
10286:
10284:
10281:
10280:
10279:
10276:
10275:
10274:
10271:
10269:
10266:
10262:
10259:
10257:
10254:
10253:
10252:
10249:
10247:
10244:
10242:
10239:
10237:
10234:
10230:
10227:
10226:
10225:
10222:
10220:
10217:
10216:
10215:
10212:
10210:
10207:
10203:
10200:
10198:
10195:
10194:
10193:
10190:
10188:
10185:
10184:
10183:
10182:Second Coming
10180:
10178:
10175:
10171:
10168:
10166:
10163:
10162:
10161:
10158:
10154:
10151:
10149:
10146:
10145:
10144:
10141:
10140:
10138:
10136:
10132:
10126:
10123:
10121:
10118:
10116:
10113:
10111:
10108:
10106:
10103:
10099:
10096:
10094:
10091:
10087:
10084:
10083:
10082:
10079:
10077:
10074:
10072:
10069:
10068:
10067:
10064:
10062:
10059:
10057:
10054:
10052:
10049:
10047:
10044:
10042:
10039:
10037:
10034:
10032:
10029:
10027:
10024:
10022:
10019:
10017:
10014:
10013:
10011:
10007:
9997:
9994:
9992:
9989:
9987:
9984:
9982:
9979:
9977:
9974:
9972:
9969:
9967:
9964:
9960:
9957:
9955:
9952:
9950:
9947:
9946:
9945:
9942:
9938:
9935:
9933:
9930:
9929:
9928:
9925:
9924:
9922:
9918:
9912:
9909:
9907:
9904:
9902:
9899:
9897:
9894:
9892:
9889:
9887:
9884:
9883:
9881:
9879:
9875:
9872:
9868:
9856:
9853:
9852:
9851:
9848:
9846:
9843:
9842:
9840:
9838:
9834:
9828:
9825:
9823:
9820:
9818:
9815:
9811:
9808:
9807:
9806:
9803:
9801:
9798:
9796:
9793:
9791:
9788:
9786:
9783:
9781:
9778:
9776:
9773:
9771:
9768:
9764:
9761:
9759:
9756:
9755:
9754:
9751:
9749:
9746:
9744:
9741:
9739:
9736:
9734:
9731:
9729:
9726:
9724:
9721:
9719:
9716:
9714:
9711:
9709:
9706:
9704:
9701:
9697:
9694:
9693:
9692:
9689:
9687:
9684:
9682:
9681:Deforestation
9679:
9677:
9674:
9672:
9669:
9667:
9664:
9660:
9657:
9656:
9655:
9652:
9650:
9647:
9646:
9644:
9642:
9638:
9635:
9633:
9629:
9623:
9622:World War III
9620:
9618:
9615:
9611:
9608:
9606:
9603:
9601:
9598:
9597:
9596:
9593:
9591:
9588:
9586:
9583:
9581:
9578:
9574:
9571:
9569:
9566:
9565:
9564:
9561:
9559:
9556:
9554:
9551:
9550:
9548:
9544:
9538:
9537:Transhumanism
9535:
9531:
9528:
9526:
9523:
9521:
9518:
9517:
9516:
9512:
9509:
9505:
9502:
9500:
9497:
9496:
9495:
9492:
9489:
9486:
9482:
9479:
9477:
9474:
9472:
9469:
9467:
9464:
9462:
9459:
9458:
9457:
9454:
9450:
9447:
9446:
9445:
9442:
9440:
9437:
9435:
9432:
9428:
9425:
9423:
9420:
9418:
9415:
9414:
9413:
9410:
9408:
9405:
9404:
9402:
9400:Technological
9398:
9390:
9387:
9386:
9385:
9382:
9380:
9377:
9376:
9373:
9369:
9362:
9357:
9355:
9350:
9348:
9343:
9342:
9339:
9327:
9324:
9322:
9319:
9317:
9316:Impact events
9314:
9313:
9311:
9307:
9301:
9300:99942 Apophis
9298:
9296:
9290:
9288:
9285:
9283:
9280:
9279:
9277:
9273:
9267:
9264:
9262:
9259:
9257:
9254:
9252:
9249:
9247:
9244:
9242:
9239:
9237:
9234:
9232:
9229:
9228:
9226:
9224:Organizations
9222:
9216:
9213:
9211:
9208:
9206:
9203:
9201:
9198:
9196:
9193:
9191:
9188:
9186:
9183:
9181:
9180:OGS Telescope
9178:
9176:
9173:
9171:
9168:
9166:
9163:
9161:
9158:
9156:
9153:
9151:
9148:
9146:
9143:
9141:
9138:
9137:
9135:
9132:
9128:
9122:
9121:
9117:
9113:
9112:
9108:
9107:
9106:
9105:
9101:
9099:
9096:
9094:
9091:
9089:
9088:
9084:
9082:
9079:
9077:
9076:
9072:
9068:
9065:
9064:
9063:
9062:
9058:
9056:
9055:
9051:
9049:
9048:Halley Armada
9046:
9042:
9041:
9037:
9035:
9032:
9031:
9030:
9027:
9025:
9022:
9020:
9019:
9015:
9013:
9012:
9008:
9007:
9005:
9001:
8993:
8990:
8988:
8987:Palermo scale
8985:
8984:
8982:
8980:
8977:
8975:
8972:
8968:
8965:
8963:
8960:
8958:
8955:
8954:
8953:
8950:
8949:
8947:
8943:
8937:
8934:
8932:
8929:
8927:
8924:
8922:
8919:
8917:
8916:Meteor shower
8914:
8912:
8909:
8907:
8904:
8902:
8899:
8897:
8894:
8892:
8889:
8887:
8884:
8883:
8881:
8877:
8873:
8866:
8861:
8859:
8854:
8852:
8847:
8846:
8843:
8837:
8830:
8818:
8817:
8813:
8811:
8808:
8806:
8803:
8801:
8798:
8796:
8793:
8791:
8788:
8786:
8783:
8781:
8780:H. Jay Melosh
8778:
8776:
8773:
8771:
8768:
8766:
8763:
8759:
8756:
8755:
8754:
8751:
8749:
8746:
8745:
8743:
8739:
8733:
8730:
8728:
8725:
8723:
8720:
8718:
8715:
8713:
8710:
8708:
8705:
8703:
8700:
8698:
8695:
8693:
8690:
8688:
8685:
8683:
8680:
8678:
8675:
8673:
8670:
8668:
8665:
8663:
8660:
8658:
8657:Impact crater
8655:
8653:
8650:
8648:
8645:
8643:
8640:
8638:
8635:
8633:
8630:
8628:
8625:
8623:
8620:
8618:
8615:
8614:
8612:
8608:
8602:
8599:
8597:
8594:
8592:
8589:
8587:
8584:
8582:
8579:
8577:
8574:
8572:
8569:
8567:
8564:
8562:
8561:Slate Islands
8559:
8557:
8554:
8552:
8549:
8547:
8544:
8542:
8539:
8537:
8534:
8532:
8529:
8527:
8524:
8522:
8519:
8517:
8514:
8512:
8509:
8507:
8504:
8502:
8499:
8497:
8494:
8492:
8489:
8487:
8484:
8482:
8479:
8477:
8474:
8472:
8469:
8467:
8464:
8462:
8459:
8457:
8454:
8452:
8449:
8447:
8444:
8442:
8439:
8437:
8434:
8432:
8429:
8427:
8424:
8422:
8419:
8417:
8414:
8412:
8409:
8407:
8404:
8402:
8399:
8397:
8394:
8393:
8391:
8387:
8382:
8376:
8366:
8363:
8361:
8358:
8356:
8355:South America
8353:
8351:
8350:North America
8348:
8346:
8343:
8341:
8338:
8336:
8333:
8331:
8328:
8326:
8323:
8321:
8318:
8317:
8315:
8311:
8305:
8302:
8300:
8299:Impact crater
8297:
8296:
8293:
8289:
8282:
8277:
8275:
8270:
8268:
8263:
8262:
8259:
8247:
8244:
8242:
8239:
8237:
8234:
8232:
8229:
8227:
8226:Meteor shower
8224:
8222:
8219:
8217:
8214:
8212:
8209:
8207:
8204:
8202:
8199:
8198:
8196:
8192:
8186:
8183:
8181:
8180:Minor planets
8178:
8174:
8171:
8169:
8166:
8165:
8164:
8161:
8159:
8156:
8154:
8151:
8149:
8146:
8145:
8143:
8139:
8133:
8129:
8127:
8123:
8121:
8117:
8115:
8111:
8109:
8106:
8105:
8103:
8101:
8096:
8092:
8088:
8086:
8081:
8071:
8062:
8060:
8051:
8049:
8040:
8038:
8029:
8027:
8018:
8016:
8012:
8010:
8007:
8005:
8002:
8000:
7996:
7994:
7991:
7989:
7986:
7984:
7981:
7979:
7976:
7974:
7971:
7969:
7966:
7964:
7961:
7959:
7955:
7951:
7948:
7947:
7946:
7942:
7940:
7939:Novato meteor
7936:
7934:
7931:
7929:
7925:
7923:
7920:
7918:
7914:
7912:
7903:
7901:
7898:
7896:
7893:
7892:
7890:
7886:
7880:
7876:
7874:
7870:
7868:
7864:
7862:
7858:
7856:
7852:
7850:
7846:
7844:
7840:
7838:
7834:
7832:
7828:
7826:
7822:
7820:
7816:
7815:
7813:
7809:
7806:
7802:
7798:
7791:
7786:
7784:
7779:
7777:
7772:
7771:
7768:
7762:
7759:
7756:
7753:
7751:
7748:
7747:
7737:
7733:
7729:
7725:
7721:
7717:
7713:
7709:
7708:
7702:
7698:
7694:
7693:
7688:
7683:
7680:
7676:
7672:
7668:
7664:
7660:
7656:
7652:
7651:
7645:
7641:
7637:
7633:
7629:
7624:
7619:
7615:
7611:
7607:
7603:
7599:
7595:
7594:
7589:
7583:
7580:
7574:
7570:
7569:
7563:
7560:
7556:
7552:
7548:
7544:
7540:
7535:
7530:
7526:
7522:
7518:
7514:
7513:
7507:
7506:
7486:
7482:
7478:
7471:
7457:on 2020-08-01
7453:
7446:
7439:
7425:on 2013-04-06
7421:
7414:
7408:
7394:on 2018-12-23
7393:
7389:
7385:
7378:
7370:
7364:
7350:
7346:
7339:
7324:
7320:
7316:
7310:
7296:
7292:
7285:
7278:
7274:
7271:
7266:
7252:on 2012-08-05
7251:
7247:
7243:
7237:
7223:
7219:
7213:
7206:
7201:
7193:
7189:
7182:
7174:
7168:
7153:
7149:
7143:
7135:
7131:
7127:
7123:
7119:
7115:
7114:
7106:
7098:
7094:
7087:
7079:
7075:
7071:
7067:
7063:
7059:
7054:
7049:
7045:
7041:
7037:
7030:
7022:
7018:
7014:
7010:
7006:
7002:
6997:
6992:
6988:
6984:
6977:
6969:
6963:
6955:
6951:
6947:
6943:
6939:
6935:
6930:
6925:
6921:
6917:
6913:
6906:
6895:
6891:
6887:
6883:
6879:
6875:
6871:
6866:
6861:
6857:
6853:
6846:
6839:
6831:
6827:
6823:
6819:
6815:
6808:
6800:
6796:
6792:
6788:
6784:
6777:
6769:
6765:
6761:
6757:
6752:
6747:
6743:
6739:
6734:
6729:
6725:
6721:
6717:
6710:
6695:
6694:
6689:
6682:
6674:
6670:
6666:
6662:
6658:
6654:
6651:: 1013–1025.
6650:
6646:
6645:
6637:
6622:
6621:
6616:
6612:
6606:
6590:
6583:
6577:
6561:
6557:
6551:
6545:
6541:
6534:
6518:
6514:
6508:
6493:. May 9, 2023
6492:
6488:
6482:
6466:
6462:
6456:
6448:
6444:
6440:
6436:
6432:
6428:
6423:
6418:
6414:
6410:
6409:
6401:
6393:
6389:
6384:
6379:
6375:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6357:
6353:
6352:
6347:
6340:
6332:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6314:
6310:
6305:
6300:
6296:
6292:
6291:
6286:
6279:
6273:
6268:
6260:
6256:
6252:
6248:
6244:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6226:
6222:
6221:
6213:
6205:
6201:
6197:
6193:
6189:
6185:
6184:
6176:
6168:
6164:
6160:
6153:
6138:
6137:
6132:
6125:
6109:
6108:
6107:The Economist
6103:
6097:
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5443:on 2017-07-18
5442:
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5425:. 2018-12-17.
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4294:AAPG Explorer
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3499:New Scientist
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3320:Bostrom, Nick
3315:
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2396:
2389:Other impacts
2386:
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2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2238:, Mamaldi on
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2220:Caloris Basin
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2194:
2186:
2182:
2177:
2163:
2161:
2157:
2155:
2149:
2145:
2144:
2139:
2136:
2132:
2126:
2112:
2107:
2101:
2094:
2092:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2074:
2071:
2060:
2059:Sentry System
2056:
2052:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2034:illustration.
2032:
2028:
2024:
2019:
2009:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1979:
1970:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1940:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1924:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1869:
1865:
1863:
1862:Nubian Desert
1857:
1846:
1844:
1843:Lake Titicaca
1840:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1811:
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1658:
1649:
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1628:
1625:
1621:
1619:
1618:Kaali craters
1615:
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1593:
1583:
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1497:
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1471:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1456:
1453:(what is now
1452:
1448:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1434:(what is now
1433:
1429:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1399:
1398:Stromatolites
1395:
1389:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1370:
1368:
1358:
1351:
1346:
1340:Earth impacts
1337:
1335:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1316:
1311:
1305:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1288:Adrian Melott
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1272:Jack Sepkoski
1269:
1268:David M. Raup
1264:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1253:geophysicists
1250:
1245:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
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1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
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1189:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1164:life on Earth
1161:
1150:
1148:
1147:Pacific Ocean
1144:
1140:
1137:may create a
1136:
1132:
1128:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1088:
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1074:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1029:Meteor Crater
1026:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
982:
974:
972:
968:
964:
960:
955:
949:
937:
934:
930:
926:
921:
919:
915:
914:weather radar
911:
901:
897:
892:
888:
885:
882:
879:
876:
875:
871:
868:
865:
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859:
858:
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811:
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797:
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769:
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741:
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729:
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692:
683:
671:
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664:
661:
658:
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633:
630:
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622:
619:
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613:
610:
609:
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594:
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489:
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414:
405:
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389:
385:
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371:
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353:
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341:
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316:
310:
302:
292:
290:
286:
282:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
251:
243:
242:the SVG file,
239:
235:
231:
228:World map in
226:
217:
214:
210:
206:
202:
197:
193:
192:
187:
183:
178:
176:
172:
168:
163:
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140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
95:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
37:
32:
19:
18:Meteor impact
11323:Solar System
11217:Impact event
11216:
11205:Astronomical
11139:Thunderstorm
11134:Bomb cyclone
10998:Hydrological
10967:Volcanic ash
10932:Seismic risk
10880:Mass wasting
10772:
10715:Cyberwarfare
10433:Third Temple
10288:Lake of fire
10098:Rogue planet
10066:Impact event
10065:
10056:Proton decay
10009:Astronomical
9959:Bioterrorism
9805:Supervolcano
9703:Flood basalt
9649:Anoxic event
9558:Collapsology
9546:Sociological
9417:Cyberwarfare
9287:101955 Bennu
9170:NEO Surveyor
9118:
9109:
9102:
9087:New Horizons
9085:
9073:
9059:
9052:
9039:
9016:
9009:
9003:Space probes
8992:Torino scale
8901:Impact event
8900:
8814:
8785:Graham Ryder
8707:Shatter cone
8697:Philippinite
8546:Saint Martin
8541:Rochechouart
8446:Gosses Bluff
8401:Amelia Creek
8304:Impact event
8303:
7849:Curuçá River
7831:Great Meteor
7825:Great Meteor
7796:
7711:
7705:
7697:the original
7690:
7654:
7648:
7597:
7591:
7567:
7516:
7510:
7489:. Retrieved
7485:the original
7480:
7470:
7459:. Retrieved
7452:the original
7438:
7427:. Retrieved
7420:the original
7407:
7396:. Retrieved
7392:the original
7387:
7377:
7352:. Retrieved
7348:
7338:
7327:. Retrieved
7323:the original
7318:
7309:
7298:. Retrieved
7294:
7284:
7265:
7254:. Retrieved
7250:the original
7245:
7236:
7225:. Retrieved
7221:
7212:
7200:
7191:
7181:
7167:
7156:. Retrieved
7142:
7117:
7111:
7105:
7096:
7086:
7046:(2): 75–80.
7043:
7039:
7029:
6986:
6982:
6976:
6962:cite journal
6919:
6915:
6905:
6894:the original
6855:
6851:
6838:
6821:
6817:
6807:
6790:
6786:
6776:
6723:
6719:
6709:
6697:. Retrieved
6691:
6681:
6648:
6642:
6636:
6624:. Retrieved
6618:
6605:
6593:. Retrieved
6588:
6576:
6564:. Retrieved
6559:
6550:
6533:
6521:. Retrieved
6507:
6495:. Retrieved
6481:
6469:. Retrieved
6464:
6455:
6412:
6406:
6400:
6355:
6349:
6339:
6294:
6288:
6278:
6267:
6224:
6218:
6212:
6187:
6181:
6175:
6158:
6152:
6140:. Retrieved
6134:
6124:
6112:. Retrieved
6105:
6096:
6084:. Retrieved
6080:the original
6071:
6062:
6050:. Retrieved
6046:the original
6041:
6031:
6019:. Retrieved
6015:
6005:
5993:. Retrieved
5989:
5979:
5967:. Retrieved
5958:
5947:
5935:. Retrieved
5931:the original
5921:
5909:. Retrieved
5903:
5893:
5881:. Retrieved
5877:the original
5867:
5848:
5836:
5824:
5815:
5806:
5789:
5763:
5757:
5751:
5719:
5715:
5709:
5667:
5663:
5657:
5645:
5629:
5625:
5619:
5601:
5593:the original
5580:
5576:
5566:
5555:. Retrieved
5545:
5534:. Retrieved
5530:
5521:
5509:
5484:
5480:
5474:
5466:the original
5456:
5445:. Retrieved
5441:the original
5437:"Whitecourt"
5431:
5417:
5408:
5399:
5382:
5378:
5372:
5363:
5354:
5346:the original
5341:
5332:
5289:
5285:
5275:
5263:. Retrieved
5253:
5244:
5235:
5210:
5206:
5199:
5188:. Retrieved
5186:. 2006-08-01
5174:
5163:. Retrieved
5153:
5144:
5104:(300): 300.
5101:
5097:
5087:
5047:(300): 300.
5044:
5038:
5028:
5016:. Retrieved
5010:
5000:
4989:. Retrieved
4985:
4976:
4962:cite journal
4925:
4921:
4910:
4896:cite journal
4851:
4847:
4837:
4823:cite journal
4778:
4774:
4764:
4750:cite journal
4715:
4711:
4701:
4687:cite journal
4652:
4648:
4638:
4624:cite journal
4607:
4569:
4563:
4555:AGU Newsroom
4554:
4545:
4533:. Retrieved
4522:
4512:
4480:
4476:
4469:
4444:
4440:
4434:
4409:. Retrieved
4396:
4387:
4378:
4334:
4328:
4322:
4297:. Retrieved
4293:
4283:
4250:
4246:
4240:
4207:
4203:
4197:
4172:
4168:
4162:
4128:
4124:
4118:
4110:math.ucr.edu
4109:
4106:"extinction"
4100:
4067:
4063:
4030:
4026:
4020:
4011:
4005:
3984:cite journal
3975:
3969:
3928:
3925:GSA Bulletin
3924:
3914:
3863:
3859:
3849:
3824:
3818:
3805:
3797:the original
3786:
3775:. Retrieved
3771:
3761:
3739:(1): 51.54.
3736:
3732:
3726:
3717:Live Science
3715:
3706:
3695:. Retrieved
3688:the original
3651:
3647:
3631:
3580:
3576:
3570:
3561:
3550:. Retrieved
3540:
3528:. Retrieved
3524:the original
3514:
3508:
3497:
3488:
3482:
3450:
3446:
3436:
3421:
3417:
3399:
3388:. Retrieved
3377:
3365:. Retrieved
3331:
3327:
3314:
3305:
3249:
3245:
3238:
3226:. Retrieved
3219:
3191:. Retrieved
3185:
3160:. Retrieved
3154:
3114:
3108:
3080:. Retrieved
3074:
3051:– via
3045:. Retrieved
3013:. Retrieved
3007:
2982:. Retrieved
2976:
2951:. Retrieved
2947:the original
2940:
2918:
2882:
2875:
2824:
2820:
2810:
2780:(3): 76–83.
2777:
2773:
2753:. Retrieved
2739:
2688:
2684:
2660:Torino scale
2508:protoplanets
2504:
2493:
2472:
2468:
2456:
2441:
2417:
2380:
2378:
2359:
2339:
2335:
2327:
2315:
2307:Solar System
2301:
2196:
2151:
2141:
2128:
2075:
2037:
2006:
1996:
1980:
1952:
1941:
1920:
1901:
1874:
1847:
1836:
1813:
1793:
1782:
1773:
1767:
1747:
1731:
1720:
1709:
1692:Sikhote-Alin
1677:
1666:
1642:Google Earth
1638:Kamil Crater
1636:
1629:
1622:
1602:
1595:
1575:Homo erectus
1573:
1560:
1526:
1506:
1479:
1459:
1455:South Africa
1444:
1425:
1414:
1402:
1392:the site of
1390:
1371:
1364:
1355:
1331:
1325:
1314:
1307:
1265:
1261:
1246:
1237:K-T boundary
1234:
1193:Luis Alvarez
1190:
1156:
1124:
1120:Deccan Traps
1100:mantle plume
1089:
1061:
1041:
1021:
983:
980:
938:
922:
918:strewn field
907:
578:
552:
434:(1988–2018)
373:
358:seiche waves
354:
342:
330:
253:
189:
179:
143:
96:
92:Solar System
74:such as the
44:impact event
43:
41:
11369:Megatsunami
11311:Outer space
11299:Spaceflight
11232:Solar flare
11118:Megadrought
11078:Temperature
11051:Megatsunami
11030:Storm surge
11025:Flash flood
10903:Debris flow
10791:Categories
10760:Survivalism
10447:Zoroastrian
10303:Seven seals
10298:Seven bowls
10224:Historicism
10120:Solar flare
9996:Overfishing
9971:Defaunation
9758:coral reefs
9520:AI takeover
9439:Nanoweapons
9427:Cybergeddon
9412:Cyberattack
9018:Deep Impact
8879:Main topics
8581:Tookoonooka
8566:Steen River
8556:Siljan Ring
8486:Manicouagan
8471:Keurusselkä
7707:Meteoritics
7623:10125/33201
6922:(1): 1–10.
6858:(3): 1355.
6190:: 327–333.
6142:16 February
6114:16 February
6052:16 February
6021:15 February
5995:15 February
5969:15 February
5937:15 February
5911:15 February
5883:15 February
5481:Meteoritics
5385:: 271–296.
5150:"Vredefort"
4953:10023/20744
4879:10023/19439
4806:10023/18486
4718:: 129–144.
4535:19 December
3015:26 November
2984:26 November
1885:Chelyabinsk
1705:metric tons
1542:Pleistocene
1536:Pleistocene
1378:lithosphere
1361:Precambrian
1333:Smithsonian
1312:. In 2000,
1222:atomic bomb
1139:megatsunami
1077:Manicouagan
746:(0.75
711:atmospheric
439:atmospheric
11333:Categories
10913:Earthquake
10871:Geological
10720:Depression
10710:Ransomware
10525:Messianism
10495:Armageddon
10480:Apocalypse
10268:Antichrist
10256:Man of sin
10153:Three Ages
10016:Big Crunch
9878:Extinction
9870:Biological
9632:Ecological
9504:Strangelet
9251:Spaceguard
9210:Spacewatch
9190:Pan-STARRS
9185:Orbit@home
9093:OSIRIS-REx
8722:Stishovite
8622:Australite
8601:Yarrabubba
8571:Strangways
8531:Presqu'île
8506:Montagnais
8476:Lappajärvi
8426:Charlevoix
8411:Beaverhead
8406:Araguainha
8360:By country
8330:Antarctica
7491:28 October
7461:2019-01-23
7429:2013-05-27
7398:2019-01-23
7354:2019-01-23
7329:2019-01-23
7300:2019-01-23
7256:2019-01-23
7227:2019-01-23
7158:2008-08-26
6733:1803.07083
6422:1811.11845
6365:1807.08322
6358:(3): 131.
6304:1806.05164
6234:1610.01055
5557:2017-03-30
5536:2021-09-25
5447:2017-07-28
5190:2007-09-19
5165:2008-12-30
5018:22 January
4991:2020-09-30
4928:: 562062.
4854:: 105615.
4411:2014-07-11
4299:2020-08-17
3777:2017-09-17
3697:2011-12-10
3552:2022-03-16
3530:11 January
3390:2013-02-11
3367:2013-02-04
2755:2024-01-27
2698:1703.07592
2668:References
2654:Spaceguard
2633:Pan-STARRS
2427:scientist
2393:See also:
2349:(LINEAR),
2331:Oort cloud
2296:See also:
2224:Rheasilvia
2091:telescopes
1916:The Gambia
1818:valley in
1816:Reisadalen
1302:See also:
1284:Oort cloud
1002:exogenesis
910:meteoroids
726:(330
471:42.5
248:See also:
169:by NASA's
115:panspermia
88:structures
68:meteoroids
11275:Astronomy
11242:Hypernova
11237:Supernova
11185:Firestorm
11100:Heat wave
11095:Ice storm
11090:Cold wave
10893:Avalanche
10888:Landslide
10605:Fictional
10452:Saoshyant
10337:New Earth
10308:The Beast
10241:Preterism
10214:Christian
10170:Kali Yuga
10115:Micronova
10110:Hypernova
9976:Dysgenics
9817:Verneshot
9723:Hypercane
9466:Dead Hand
9246:NEOShield
9081:NEA Scout
9061:Hayabusa2
8926:Meteoroid
8921:Meteorite
8687:Moldavite
8682:Meteorite
8667:Impactite
8596:Woodleigh
8591:Vredefort
8551:Shoemaker
8511:Morokweng
8496:Mistastin
8436:Chicxulub
8340:Australia
8320:Worldwide
8236:Meteoroid
8231:Meteorite
7888:Post-2000
7736:0026-1114
7529:CiteSeerX
7349:Space.com
7053:0903.3305
6996:0806.2795
6929:0911.4381
6865:0808.2277
6760:1538-4357
6726:(1): 52.
6673:127119234
6566:25 August
6447:119538516
6392:119208392
6331:119325928
6297:(2): 57.
6259:119251345
6167:1832-0457
5905:USA Today
5744:121255827
5702:140675097
5632:: 21–46,
4888:213973363
4815:134027320
4781:(3): 20.
4742:135213870
4679:128625029
4505:234265636
4483:, Wiley,
4344:1007.0437
3953:0016-7606
3888:2375-2548
3637:Canup, R.
3593:CiteSeerX
3284:118171810
3117:: 64–97.
2942:Inquisitr
2919:Space.com
2849:2045-7758
2723:0094-8276
2448:P/2010 A2
2437:sungrazer
2412:P/2010 A2
2385:in 2020.
2183:based on
2135:physicist
2078:asteroids
2044:asteroids
1957:detected
1932:Sri Lanka
1891:at 09:13
1716:fragments
1696:meteoroid
1562:Artifacts
1515:Paleogene
1367:planetoid
1185:meteorite
1181:dinosaurs
1145:into the
1106:) at the
1104:volcanism
1069:Chicxulub
1033:volcanism
1016:meteorite
933:Hiroshima
923:The late
894:Based on
742:1.2
722:100
703:Frequency
455:(13
425:frequency
396:vaporized
388:air burst
364:Airbursts
203:in 2013,
60:asteroids
48:collision
11192:ARkStorm
11180:Wildfire
11085:Blizzard
10985:Sinkhole
10745:Pandemic
10730:Epidemic
10725:Droughts
10579:Prewrath
10510:End time
10376:Al-Qa'im
10261:Katechon
10246:2 Esdras
10236:Idealism
10219:Futurism
10148:Maitreya
10143:Buddhist
9986:Pandemic
9434:Gray goo
9133:tracking
9120:Stardust
9054:Hayabusa
8886:Asteroid
8741:Research
8586:Tunnunik
8481:Logancha
8451:Haughton
8421:Carswell
8365:Possible
8194:See also
7837:Tunguska
7819:Qingyang
7811:Pre-2000
7804:On Earth
7632:24196713
7559:16017767
7551:17783054
7481:BBC News
7363:cite web
7273:Archived
6890:14201751
6768:54498331
6620:Phys.org
6471:12 March
6415:: A137.
6076:Interfax
5857:Archived
5609:Archived
5364:BBC News
5324:30443592
5136:31964860
5079:31964860
4529:Archived
4420:cite web
4388:Discover
4308:cite web
4232:23476732
4224:20229006
4155:18198148
4092:39063747
4033:: 2013.
3906:29441360
3676:11507633
3623:16017767
3615:17783054
3407:Archived
2953:28 April
2867:34765124
2802:11857903
2731:34867206
2514:See also
2488:NGC 2547
2452:asteroid
2353:(NEAT),
2252:Herschel
2244:Odysseus
1965:Botswana
1881:fireball
1785:fireball
1684:Primorye
1592:Holocene
1586:Holocene
1566:tektites
1405:Spherule
1326:A joint
1317:magazine
1315:Discover
1166:was the
967:2022 EB5
889:440,000
883:46300 Mt
880:47000 Mt
872:190,000
866:15700 Mt
863:16100 Mt
855:100,000
705:(years)
700:diameter
687:diameter
685:Impactor
445:airburst
420:altitude
418:Airburst
409:diameter
407:Impactor
384:kilotons
167:NGC 2547
165:cluster
50:between
11261:Portals
11175:Derecho
11149:Tornado
11110:Drought
11046:Tsunami
10898:Mudflow
10805:Hazards
10703:General
10574:Rapture
10423:Messiah
10411:Sufyani
10401:Israfil
10371:Islamic
10209:Messiah
10187:1 Enoch
10021:Big Rip
9733:Ecocide
9728:Ice age
9292:2010 RF
9282:1950 DA
9175:NEOSSat
9104:Rosetta
9098:PROCYON
8945:Defense
8732:Tektite
8727:Suevite
8632:Coesite
8627:Breccia
8576:Sudbury
8526:Popigai
8521:Obolon'
8501:Mjølnir
8466:Karakul
8456:Kamensk
8416:Boltysh
8396:Acraman
8163:Bolides
8100:Jupiter
8065:2024 RW
8054:2024 BX
8043:2023 CX
8032:2022 WJ
8021:2022 EB
7906:2008 TC
7716:Bibcode
7679:4339429
7659:Bibcode
7640:4450349
7602:Bibcode
7521:Bibcode
7512:Science
7122:Bibcode
7078:8032181
7058:Bibcode
7021:8870726
7001:Bibcode
6954:1103987
6934:Bibcode
6870:Bibcode
6826:Bibcode
6795:Bibcode
6793:: 620.
6738:Bibcode
6699:9 March
6653:Bibcode
6626:4 March
6544:YouTube
6523:May 14,
6517:AP News
6497:May 10,
6491:AP News
6427:Bibcode
6370:Bibcode
6309:Bibcode
6239:Bibcode
6192:Bibcode
6086:6 March
6042:Reuters
5800:YouTube
5768:Bibcode
5724:Bibcode
5672:Bibcode
5634:Bibcode
5585:Bibcode
5489:Bibcode
5315:6235527
5294:Bibcode
5265:26 June
5215:Bibcode
5207:Geology
5127:6974607
5106:Bibcode
5070:6974607
5049:Bibcode
4930:Bibcode
4856:Bibcode
4783:Bibcode
4720:Bibcode
4657:Bibcode
4574:Bibcode
4485:Bibcode
4449:Bibcode
4371:7911150
4349:Bibcode
4275:9794759
4255:Bibcode
4247:Science
4177:Bibcode
4146:2596898
4072:Bibcode
4035:Bibcode
3961:3463018
3933:Bibcode
3897:5810608
3868:Bibcode
3829:Bibcode
3772:Gizmodo
3741:Bibcode
3733:Geology
3684:4413525
3656:Bibcode
3585:Bibcode
3577:Science
3475:4305299
3455:Bibcode
3254:Bibcode
3193:22 June
3162:22 June
3119:Bibcode
3082:22 June
3076:Gizmodo
3047:22 June
2858:8571592
2829:Bibcode
2782:Bibcode
2703:Bibcode
2303:Jupiter
2271:Jupiter
2236:Iapetus
2216:Mercury
2065:2010 RF
2031:2018 LA
1998:2019 MO
1973:2008 TC
1960:2018 LA
1944:A106fgF
1923:WT1190F
1904:2014 AA
1895:(03:13
1851:2008 TC
1762:Wyoming
1673:felling
1669:Siberia
1556:Arizona
1280:Nemesis
1205:iridium
1172:Permian
1160:species
1118:at the
1073:Popigai
1057:Jupiter
971:WT1190F
963:2019 MO
959:2018 LA
954:2014 AA
943:2008 TC
927:of the
849:2800 Mt
846:3010 Mt
838:73,000
832:1110 Mt
829:1270 Mt
821:59,000
804:36,000
787:16,000
781:71.5 Mt
770:11,000
764:31.4 Mt
717:impact
638:15.2 Mt
468:0.75 kt
451:4
432:(CNEOS)
427:(years)
423:Average
350:11 km/s
236:on the
232:of the
154:Siberia
146:bolides
10735:Famine
10661:Zombie
10463:Others
10418:Jewish
10396:Dajjal
10278:Events
10192:Daniel
10093:winter
9920:Others
9810:winter
9610:winter
9605:famine
9600:cobalt
9205:Sentry
9165:NEODyS
9155:LONEOS
9150:LINEAR
9111:Philae
9067:MASCOT
9024:HAMMER
8891:Bolide
8610:Topics
8491:Manson
8345:Europe
8325:Africa
8211:Bolide
8158:Comets
8070:impact
8059:impact
8048:impact
8037:impact
8026:impact
7911:impact
7734:
7677:
7650:Nature
7638:
7630:
7593:Nature
7575:
7557:
7549:
7531:
7113:Icarus
7076:
7019:
6952:
6888:
6766:
6758:
6671:
6644:Icarus
6595:7 July
6591:. NASA
6562:. NASA
6445:
6390:
6329:
6257:
6183:Icarus
6165:
6016:Forbes
5742:
5700:
5322:
5312:
5134:
5124:
5077:
5067:
4886:
4813:
4740:
4677:
4503:
4369:
4273:
4230:
4222:
4153:
4143:
4090:
3959:
3951:
3904:
3894:
3886:
3682:
3674:
3648:Nature
3621:
3613:
3595:
3473:
3447:Nature
3418:et al.
3282:
3246:Icarus
3110:Icarus
3009:Quartz
2894:
2865:
2855:
2847:
2800:
2729:
2721:
2444:Hubble
2404:Hubble
2318:comets
2260:Uranus
2248:Tethys
2185:Kaguya
2086:orbits
1989:. The
1912:Panama
1877:Russia
1832:tonnes
1774:Nature
1701:tonnes
1470:Canada
1209:strata
1177:Bedout
1075:, and
815:598 Mt
812:734 Mt
798:261 Mt
795:376 Mt
778:159 Mt
761:103 Mt
753:5,200
739:3.4 Mt
697:Crater
617:5.2 Mt
614:5.9 Mt
597:930 kt
567:230 kt
563:376 kt
537:159 kt
441:entry
266:, the
262:, the
139:humans
64:comets
11287:Stars
11168:Other
11039:Other
11006:Flood
10960:Lahar
10750:Riots
10442:Norse
10406:Mahdi
10165:Kalki
10160:Hindu
9490:(EMP)
9140:ATLAS
8313:Lists
8141:Lists
8130:2016
8124:2010
8118:2009
8112:1994
8013:2021
7997:2018
7956:2013
7943:2013
7937:2012
7926:2012
7915:2008
7877:1990
7871:1972
7865:1969
7859:1947
7853:1938
7847:1930
7841:1913
7835:1908
7829:1860
7823:1783
7817:1490
7675:S2CID
7636:S2CID
7555:S2CID
7455:(PDF)
7448:(PDF)
7423:(PDF)
7416:(PDF)
7074:S2CID
7048:arXiv
7017:S2CID
6991:arXiv
6950:S2CID
6924:arXiv
6897:(PDF)
6886:S2CID
6860:arXiv
6848:(PDF)
6764:S2CID
6728:arXiv
6669:S2CID
6585:(PDF)
6443:S2CID
6417:arXiv
6388:S2CID
6360:arXiv
6327:S2CID
6299:arXiv
6255:S2CID
6229:arXiv
5959:Vesti
5740:S2CID
5698:S2CID
5583:: 8.
4884:S2CID
4811:S2CID
4738:S2CID
4675:S2CID
4501:S2CID
4405:(PDF)
4367:S2CID
4339:arXiv
4228:S2CID
4088:S2CID
4060:(PDF)
3957:S2CID
3815:(PDF)
3691:(PDF)
3680:S2CID
3644:(PDF)
3619:S2CID
3471:S2CID
3280:S2CID
3228:3 May
3216:(PDF)
3038:(PDF)
2727:S2CID
2693:arXiv
2256:Mimas
2228:Vesta
2027:Orbit
2002:ATLAS
1879:as a
1824:Troms
1646:Egypt
1468:(now
1257:PEMEX
1131:ocean
1055:with
713:entry
665:3,300
659:28 Mt
656:29 Mt
645:1,900
634:16 Mt
541:82 kt
519:19 kt
515:47 kt
494:16 kt
76:Earth
46:is a
11143:Hail
11011:List
10918:List
9215:WISE
9195:SCAP
9160:NEAT
9040:DART
9034:Hera
9029:AIDA
9011:Dawn
8461:Kara
8085:Mars
7732:ISSN
7628:PMID
7573:ISBN
7547:PMID
7493:2022
7388:NASA
7369:link
6968:link
6756:ISSN
6701:2019
6628:2019
6597:2018
6568:2018
6525:2023
6499:2023
6473:2023
6163:ISSN
6144:2013
6116:2013
6088:2013
6054:2013
6023:2013
5997:2013
5971:2013
5939:2013
5913:2013
5885:2013
5320:PMID
5267:2016
5132:PMID
5075:PMID
5020:2020
4968:link
4902:link
4829:link
4756:link
4693:link
4630:link
4537:2023
4426:link
4314:link
4271:PMID
4220:PMID
4151:PMID
3997:help
3949:ISSN
3902:PMID
3884:ISSN
3672:PMID
3611:PMID
3532:2014
3230:2014
3195:2018
3164:2018
3084:2018
3049:2018
3017:2018
2986:2018
2955:2018
2892:ISBN
2863:PMID
2845:ISSN
2798:PMID
2719:ISSN
2459:Mars
2382:Juno
2360:The
2284:limb
2250:and
2242:and
2240:Rhea
2160:NASA
2055:NASA
1983:NASA
1893:YEKT
1603:The
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