690:: The C-shaped body that holds the anvil and barrel in constant relation to each other. It is thick because it needs to minimize flexion, expansion, and contraction, which would distort the measurement.The frame is heavy and consequently has a high thermal mass, to prevent substantial heating up by the holding hand/fingers. It is often covered by insulating plastic plates which further reduce heat transference. Explanation: if one holds the frame long enough so that it heats up by 10 °C, then the increase in length of any 10 cm linear piece of steel is of magnitude 1/100 mm. For micrometers this is their typical accuracy range. Micrometers typically have a specified temperature at which the measurement is correct (often 20 °C , which is generally considered "
969:), and metrological equipment makes the chain of comparisons. Because the definition of the meter is now based on a light wavelength, the international prototype of the meter is not quite as indispensable as it once was. But such master gauges are still important for calibrating and certifying metrological equipment. Equipment described as "NIST traceable" means that its comparison against master gauges, and their comparison against others, can be traced back through a chain of documentation to equipment in the NIST labs. Maintaining this degree of traceability requires some expense, which is why NIST-traceable equipment is more expensive than non-NIST-traceable. But applications needing the highest degree of quality control mandate the cost.
510:) anvils. They may have one flat and one ball anvil, in which case they are used for measuring tube wall thickness, distance of a hole to an edge, and other distances where one anvil must be placed against a rounded surface. They differ in application from tube micrometers in that they may be used to measure against rounded surfaces which are not tubes, but the ball anvil may also not be able to fit into smaller tubes as easily as a tube micrometer. Ball micrometers with a pair of balls can be used when single-tangential-point contact is desired on both sides. The most common example is in measuring the pitch diameter of screw threads (which is also done
135:
45:
412:
565:
811:
785:
754:
425:
878:, rods, or similar standards whose lengths are precisely and accurately known. If the gauge block is known to be 0.75000 ± 0.00005 inch ("seven-fifty plus or minus fifty millionths", that is, "seven hundred fifty thou plus or minus half a tenth"), then the micrometer should measure it as 0.7500 inch. If the micrometer measures 0.7503 inch, then it is out of calibration. Cleanliness and
651:
53:
265:'s workshop micrometer were published. This was described as having a strong frame of cast iron, the opposite ends of which were two highly finished steel cylinders, which traversed longitudinally by action of screws. The ends of the cylinders where they met was of hemispherical shape. One screw was fitted with a wheel graduated to measure to the ten thousandth of an inch. His object was
247:
micrometer screw until both are in contact with the object, the distance between them being precisely recorded on the two dials. However, as the science museum notes, there is a possibility that this instrument was not made c.1776 by Watt, but 1876 when it was placed in that year's
Special Loan Exhibition of scientific instruments in South Kensington.
228:(μm) nor the micrometer (device) as we know them today existed at that time. However, the people of that time did have much need for, and interest in, the ability to measure small things and small differences. The word was no doubt coined in reference to this endeavor, even if it did not refer specifically to its present-day senses.
942:, and others) to calibrate micrometers and other gauges on a schedule (often annually), to affix a label to each gauge that gives it an ID number and a calibration expiration date, to keep a record of all the gauges by ID number, and to specify in inspection reports which gauge was used for a particular measurement.
841:
an ordinary inch reading micrometer is 0.001 inch; the vernier type has graduations down to 0.0001 inch (0.00254 mm). When using either a metric or inch micrometer, without a vernier, smaller readings than those graduated may of course be obtained by visual interpolation between graduations.
684:: The stationary round component with the linear scale on it, sometimes with vernier markings. In some instruments the scale is marked on a tight-fitting but movable cylindrical sleeve fitting over the internal fixed barrel. This allows zeroing to be done by slightly altering the position of the sleeve.
119:(opposing ends joined by a frame). The spindle is a very accurately machined screw and the object to be measured is placed between the spindle and the anvil. The spindle is moved by turning the ratchet knob or thimble until the object to be measured is lightly touched by both the spindle and the anvil.
858:
is used to turn the sleeve relative to the barrel, so that its zero line is repositioned relative to the markings on the thimble. There is usually a small hole in the sleeve to accept the spanner's pin. This calibration procedure will cancel a zero error: the problem that the micrometer reads nonzero
840:
Note: 0.01 millimeter = 0.000393 inch, and 0.002 millimeter = 0.000078 inch (78 millionths) or alternatively, 0.0001 inch = 0.00254 millimeters. Therefore, metric micrometers provide smaller measuring increments than comparable inch unit micrometers—the smallest graduation of
744:
Micrometers are high precision instruments. Proper use of them requires not only understanding their operation itself but also the nature of the object and the dynamic between the instrument and the object as it is being measured. For simplicity's sake, in the figures and text below issues related to
246:
contains an exhibit "James Watt's end measuring instrument with micrometer screw, 1776" which the science museum claims is probably the first screw micrometer made. This instrument is intended to measure items very accurately by placing them between the two anvils and then advancing one using a fine
788:
Micrometer thimble with a reading of 5.779 ± 0.005 mm. (You must enlarge the image to be able to read the scale to its fullest precision.) The reading consists of exactly 5.5 mm from the main scale plus an estimated 0.279 mm from the secondary scale. Assuming no zero error,
771:
that each division represents), plus the number of that division on the thimble which coincides with the axial zero line on the sleeve. The result will be the diameter expressed in thousandths of an inch. As the numbers 1, 2, 3, etc., appear below every fourth sub-division on the sleeve, indicating
766:
has 40 threads per inch, so that one turn moves the spindle axially 0.025 inch (1 ÷ 40 = 0.025), equal to the distance between adjacent graduations on the sleeve. The 25 graduations on the thimble allow the 0.025 inch to be further divided, so that turning the thimble through one division
554:
are outside mics with a small V-block for an anvil. They are useful for measuring the diameter of a circle from three points evenly spaced around it (versus the two points of a standard outside micrometer). An example of when this is necessary is measuring the diameter of 3-flute endmills and twist
775:
Suppose the thimble were screwed out so that graduation 2, and three additional sub-divisions, were visible on the sleeve (as shown in the image), and that graduation 1 on the thimble coincided with the axial line on the sleeve. The reading would then be 0.2000 + 0.075 + 0.001, or 0.276 inch.
572:
Micrometers use the screw to transform small distances (that are too small to measure directly) into large rotations of the screw that are big enough to read from a scale. The accuracy of a micrometer derives from the accuracy of the thread-forms that are central to the core of its design. In some
499:
are micrometer heads that are mounted on the table of a manual milling machine, bedways of a lathe, or other machine tool, in place of simple stops. They help the operator to position the table or carriage precisely. Stops can also be used to actuate kickout mechanisms or limit switches to halt an
757:
Imperial unit micrometer thimble showing a reading of 0.2760 in. The main scale reads 0.275 in (exact) plus 0.0010 in (estimated) on the secondary scale (the last zero is an estimated tenth). The reading would be 0.2760 ± 0.0005 in, which includes plus/minus half the
906:
Calibration can also include the condition of the tips (flat and parallel), ratchet, and linearity of the scale. Flatness and parallelism are typically measured with a gauge called an optical flat, a disc of glass or plastic ground with extreme accuracy to have flat, parallel faces, which allows
797:
As shown in the image, suppose that the thimble were screwed out so that graduation 5, and one additional 0.5 subdivision were visible on the sleeve. The reading from the axial line on the sleeve almost reaches graduation 28 on the thimble. The best estimate is 27.9 graduations. The reading then
618:
For example, if the lead of a screw is 1 mm, but the major diameter (here, outer diameter) is 10 mm, then the circumference of the screw is 10π, or about 31.4 mm. Therefore, an axial movement of 1 mm is amplified (magnified) to a circumferential movement of 31.4 mm. This
977:
A micrometer that has been zeroed and tested and found to be off might be restored to accuracy by further adjustment. If the error originates from the parts of the micrometer being worn out of shape and size, then restoration of accuracy by this means is not possible; rather, repair (grinding,
793:
The spindle of an ordinary metric micrometer has 2 threads per millimetre, and thus one complete revolution moves the spindle through a distance of 0.5 millimeter. The longitudinal line on the sleeve is graduated with 1 millimetre divisions and 0.5 millimetre subdivisions. The thimble has 50
945:
Not all calibration is an affair for metrology labs. A micrometer can be calibrated on-site anytime, at least in the most basic and important way (if not comprehensively), by measuring a high-grade gauge block and adjusting to match. Even gauges that are calibrated annually and within their
882:
are especially important when calibrating—each tenth (that is, ten-thousandth of an inch), or hundredth of a millimetre, "counts"; each is important. A mere speck of dirt, or a mere bit too much squeeze, obscures the truth of whether the instrument can read correctly. The solution is simply
829:
Thus, the reading for metric micrometers of this type is the number of whole millimeters (if any) and the number of hundredths of a millimeter, as with an ordinary micrometer, and the number of thousandths of a millimeter given by the coinciding vernier line on the sleeve vernier scale.
798:
would be 5.00 (exact) + 0.5 (exact) + 0.279 (estimate) = 5.779 mm (estimate). As the last digit is an "estimated tenth", both 5.780 mm and 5.778 mm are also reasonably acceptable readings but the former cannot be written as 5.78 mm or, by the rules for
833:
For example, a measurement of 5.783 millimetres would be obtained by reading 5.5 millimetres on the sleeve, and then adding 0.28 millimetre as determined by the thimble. The vernier would then be used to read the 0.003 (as shown in the image).
894:
that the instrument seems to read essentially "-on" all along its range; no noticeable error is seen at any locale. In contrast, on a worn-out micrometer (or one that was poorly made to begin with), one can "chase the error up and down the range", that is,
794:
graduations, each being 0.01 millimetre (one-hundredth of a millimetre). Thus, the reading is given by the number of millimetre divisions visible on the scale of the sleeve plus the division on the thimble which coincides with the axial line on the sleeve.
802:, it is then taken to express ten times less precision than the instrument actually has! But note that the nature of the object being measured often requires one should round the result to fewer significant figures than which the instrument is capable.
871:", in machinist parlance). Both the measuring instrument and the object being measured should be at room temperature for an accurate measurement; dirt, operator skill issue, and misuse (or abuse) of the instrument are the main sources of error.
619:
amplification allows a small difference in the sizes of two similar measured objects to correlate to a larger difference in the position of a micrometer's thimble. In some micrometers, even greater accuracy is obtained by using a
1230:
825:
The additional digit of these micrometers is obtained by finding the line on the sleeve vernier scale which exactly coincides with one on the thimble. The number of this coinciding vernier line represents the additional digit.
447:
may also refer to a type of micrometer whose frame has modular components, allowing one micrometer to function as outside mic, depth mic, step mic, etc. (often known by the brand names Mul-T-Anvil and Uni-Mike).
767:
moves the spindle axially 0.001 inch (0.025 ÷ 25 = 0.001). Thus, the reading is given by the number of whole divisions that are visible on the scale of the sleeve, multiplied by 25 (the number of
1171:
Loo Kang, Wee; Hwee Tiang, Ning (2014), "Vernier caliper and micrometer computer models using Easy Java
Simulation and its pedagogical design feature-ideas to augment learning with real instruments",
978:
lapping, or replacing of parts) is required. For standard kinds of instruments, in practice it is easier and faster, and often no more expensive, to buy a new one rather than pursue refurbishment.
122:
Micrometers are also used in telescopes and microscopes to measure the apparent diameter of celestial bodies or microscopic objects. The micrometer used with a telescope was invented about 1638 by
308:
in 1867, allowing the penetration of the instrument's use into the average machine shop. Brown & Sharpe were inspired by several earlier devices, one of them being Palmer's design. In 1888,
822:
on the sleeve in addition to the regular graduations. These permit measurements within 0.001 millimetre to be made on metric micrometers, or 0.0001 inches on inch-system micrometers.
581:
The amount of rotation of an accurately made screw can be directly and precisely correlated to a certain amount of axial movement (and vice versa), through the constant known as the screw's
814:
Vernier micrometer reading 5.783 ± 0.001 mm, comprising 5.5 mm on main screw lead scale, 0.28 mm on screw rotation scale, and 0.003 mm added from vernier.
477:. The part being checked must pass through the first gap and must stop at the second gap in order to be within specification. The two gaps accurately reflect the top and bottom of the
432:
Each type of micrometer caliper can be fitted with specialized anvils and spindle tips for particular measuring tasks. For example, the anvil may be shaped in the form of a segment of
910:
Commercial machine shops, especially those that do certain categories of work (military or commercial aerospace, nuclear power industry, medical, and others), are required by various
630:
is often included, which allows the position to be read to a fraction of the smallest scale mark. In digital micrometers, an electronic readout displays the length digitally on an
1315:
267:
to furnish ordinary mechanics with an instrument which, while it afforded very accurate indications, was yet not very liable to be deranged by the rough handling of the workshop
1515:
ISO 3611: "Geometrical product specifications (GPS). Dimensional measuring equipment. Micrometers for external measurements. Design and metrological characteristics" (2010)
48:
Modern micrometer with a reading of 1.639 ± 0.005 mm. Assuming no zero error, this is also the measurement. (One may need to enlarge the image to read it.)
626:
In classic-style analog micrometers, the position of the thimble is read directly from scale markings on the thimble and sleeve (for names of parts see next section). A
890:
Calibration typically checks the error at 3 to 5 points along the range. Only one can be adjusted to zero. If the micrometer is in good condition, then they are all
2261:
887:—cleaning, patience, due care and attention, and repeated measurements (good repeatability assures the calibrator that their technique is working correctly).
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277:
1620:
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expiration timeframe should be checked this way every month or two if they are used daily. They usually will check out OK as needing no adjustment.
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of the world. These master standards have extreme-accuracy regional copies (kept in the national laboratories of various countries, such as
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1990:
2013:
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714:: The knurled component (or lever) that one can tighten to hold the spindle stationary, such as when momentarily holding a measurement.
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light bands to be counted when the micrometer's anvil and spindle are against it, revealing their amount of geometric inaccuracy.
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width of the smallest ruling as the error. Here it has been assumed that there is no zero point error (often untrue in practice).
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1613:
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17:
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The accuracy of the gauge blocks themselves is traceable through a chain of comparisons back to a master standard such as the
1509:
919:
568:
Animation of a micrometer in use. The object being measured is in black. The measurement is 4.140 ± 0.005 mm.
220:, the word was loaned to English from French, with its first known appearance in English writing being in 1670. Neither the
1337:
950:
324:
2531:
1680:
1545:
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1606:
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239:; it was used in a telescope to measure angular distances between stars and the relative sizes of celestial objects.
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A standard one-inch micrometer has readout divisions of 0.001 inch and a rated accuracy of ±0.0001 inch ("
962:
935:
939:
312:
added to the precision of micrometric measurements and proved their accuracy in a complex series of experiments.
511:
443:
come with interchangeable anvils, such as flat, spherical, spline, disk, blade, point, and knife-edge. The term
2596:
https://edu-physics.com/2022/08/02/what-is-zero-positive-and-negative-error-in-a-screw-gauge-physics-practical/
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have a cylindrical anvil positioned perpendicularly to a spindle and is used to measure the thickness of tubes.
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deformation or definition of the length being measured are assumed to be negligible unless otherwise stated.
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123:
1124:"Whitworth's workshop micrometer", The Practical Mechanic and Engineer's magazine Vol IV, Nov 1844, pp43-44"
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are around half a micrometre (20 millionths of an inch, "a fifth of a tenth" in machinist jargon) and whose
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without some knowledge of the science of metrology, as well as the sciences of chemistry and physics (for
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are the type that uses an encoder to detect the distance and displays the result on a digital screen.
730:. It is inside the barrel. This references the fact that the usual name for the device in German is
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1036:
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With an appropriate lead and major diameter of the screw, a given amount of axial movement will be
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1408:
BS EN ISO 3650: "Geometrical product specifications (GPS). Length standards. Gauge blocks" (1999)
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it up or down to any of various locales along the range, by adjusting the sleeve, but one cannot
38:
1546:
Simulator to practice reading and interpreting one-thousandth of a millimeter outside micrometer
884:
487:, typically a three-anvil head on a micrometer base used to accurately measure inside diameters.
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have a matching set of narrow tips (blades). They allow, for example, the measuring of a narrow
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467:) have a matching set of thread-shaped tips for measuring the pitch diameter of screw threads.
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nicknamed "the Lord
Chancellor" among his staff because it was the final judge on measurement
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Print files including lessons and quizzes for teachers and students of the subject matter.
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678:: Device on end of handle that limits applied pressure by slipping at a calibrated torque.
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adjuster to move the thimble in much smaller increments than a single thread would allow.
8:
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ITTC – Recommended
Procedures : Sample Work Instructions Calibration of Micrometers.
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304:.) The micrometer caliper was introduced to the mass market in anglophone countries by
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BS 959: "Specification for internal micrometers (including stick micrometers)" (2008)
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on the instrument. There also exist mechanical-digit versions, like the style of car
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1260:"Micrometer Heads Series 110-Differential Screw Translator(extra-Fine Feeding) Type"
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672:: The shiny cylindrical component that the thimble causes to move toward the anvil.
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666:: The shiny part that the spindle moves toward, and that the sample rests against.
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Diagram of a micrometer showing a measurement of 7.145 mm ± 0.005 mm
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Tool for the precise measurement of a component's length, width, and/or depth
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514:, the latter of which uses similar geometry as the pair-of-balls approach).
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Encyclopedia
Americana (1988) "Micrometer" Encyclopedia Americana 19: 500
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is around a quarter micrometre ("a tenth of a tenth"). An example is the
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M.M. Lanz & Betancourt, translated from the original French (1817).
1228:, McArthur, Duncan, "Micrometer Calipers", issued 1880-02-08
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375:. Beginning in the early 20th century, one could no longer truly master
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This article is about the measuring device. For the unit of length, see
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Outside, inside, and depth micrometers. The outside micrometer has a
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is the distance it moves forward axially with one complete turn (360
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577:. The basic operating principles of a micrometer are as follows:
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The accuracy of micrometers is checked by using them to measure
726:: (Not visible) The heart of the micrometer, as explained under
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1029:"What is a Micrometer & How was it Developed Historically?"
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The first documented development of handheld micrometer-screw
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1892:
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296:("Palmer caliper") in Italian. (Those languages also use the
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436:, in the form of a v-block, or in the form of a large disc.
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built a bench micrometer in the early 19th century that was
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1248:. London: R. Ackermann. pp. 14–15, 181 Plate 1 fig D3.
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68:
2601:
https://edu-physics.com/2020/08/06/screw-gauge-numericals/
1504:); and by Lindsay Publications, Inc., Bradley, Illinois, (
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hundreds of thousandths, the reading can easily be taken.
347:, and continued through leaders such as Maudslay, Palmer,
115:. Micrometers are usually, but not always, in the form of
631:
1291:"Micrometer with adjustable barrel sleeve. US 3131482 A"
1518:
BS 870: "Specification for external micrometers" (2008)
1496:. Reprinted by McGraw-Hill, New York and London, 1926 (
1457:
961:
headquarters in France, which is one of the principal
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have two anvils and two spindles, and are used like a
1524:
BS 6468: "Specification for depth micrometers" (2008)
844:
1399:
MICROMETER ACCURACY: Drunken
Threads and Slip-sticks
99:
as well as most mechanical trades, along with other
957:, is maintained under controlled conditions at the
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are the type with mechanical digits that roll over.
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1487:, New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press,
231:The first ever micrometric screw was invented by
2607:
1246:Analytical essay on the construction of machines
837:Inch micrometers are read in a similar fashion.
879:
762:The spindle of a micrometer graduated for the
284:in 1848; the device is therefore often called
235:in the 17th century, as an enhancement of the
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764:Imperial and US customary measurement systems
2616:Length, distance, or range measuring devices
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959:International Bureau of Weights and Measures
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1021:
319:accuracy and precision, which started with
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614:in the resulting circumferential movement.
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367:to become an important part of combining
83:, is a device incorporating a calibrated
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512:with conical anvils or the 3-wire method
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261:in the firm's work. In 1844, details of
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955:international prototype of the kilogram
720:: The component that one's thumb turns.
607:refer to essentially the same concept.)
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14:
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1628:
1448:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1384:"Micrometer Accuracy - Mahr Metrology"
1367:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
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1536:micrometer simulator with zero error.
818:Some micrometers are provided with a
217:Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary
1551:How to read a micrometer screw gauge
951:international prototype of the meter
712:Lock nut, lock-ring, or thimble lock
419:
214:'measure'. According to the
138:Gascoigne's Micrometer, as drawn by
1480:
24:
1484:English and American Tool Builders
963:measurement standards laboratories
845:Calibration: testing and adjusting
702:are generally kept at 20 °C .
302:micromètre, micrómetro, micrometro
71:measurements etched onto the frame
25:
2627:
1529:
1266:. Mitutoyo, U.S.A. Archived from
1102:. HarperCollins. pp. 75–77.
292:("Palmer screw") in Spanish, and
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1464:ASME B89.1.13 - 2013 Micrometers
1316:"Precision Measuring and Gaging"
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428:Another large micrometer in use
1373:GENERAL MICROMETER INFORMATION
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1116:
1091:
1078:"Watt's end measuring machine"
1070:
1063:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
1050:
1005:
953:. This bar of metal, like the
734:, literally "measuring screw".
708:: Rotating graduated markings.
415:Large micrometer caliper, 1908
363:, and others, grew during the
13:
1:
998:
972:
903:it from all locales at once.
854:On most micrometers, a small
789:this is also the measurement.
658:A micrometer is composed of:
143:
91:measurement of components in
2313:Coordinate-measuring machine
1481:Roe, Joseph Wickham (1916),
1289:Waitelet, Ermand L. (1964).
7:
981:
880:low (but consistent) torque
203:
176:
10:
2632:
1966:Magnetic switchable device
1205:10.1088/0031-9120/49/5/493
1098:Winchester, Simon (2018).
862:
859:when its jaws are closed.
849:
739:
461:Pitch-diameter micrometers
129:
36:
29:
2516:
2278:
2184:
2127:
1989:
1916:
1818:
1767:
1679:
1636:
1598:
1224:
749:Customary/Imperial system
441:Universal micrometer sets
192:
165:
126:, an English astronomer.
2557:Machine and metalworking
1556:How its made, micrometer
682:Sleeve, barrel, or stock
645:
406:
37:Not to be confused with
2567:Measuring and alignment
2024:Engineer's spirit level
912:standards organizations
640:the numbers "roll over"
79:, sometimes known as a
39:Rangefinding micrometer
1739:Oxy-fuel cutting torch
1159:Roe 1916:210-213, 215.
815:
790:
769:thousandths of an inch
759:
728:"Operating principles"
655:
599:). (In most threads ,
569:
536:Supermicrometer brand.
526:accuracy and precision
500:automatic feed system.
429:
416:
259:accuracy and precision
149:
93:mechanical engineering
81:micrometer screw gauge
72:
49:
18:Micrometer screw gauge
2224:Tools and terminology
1991:Measuring instruments
813:
787:
756:
653:
567:
427:
414:
244:London Science Museum
137:
55:
47:
2532:Cutting and abrasive
2368:Laser measuring tool
1226:US patent 343478
560:Operating principles
445:universal micrometer
187:'small' and
158:neoclassical coinage
103:instruments such as
2273:and alignment tools
1270:on November 9, 2011
1197:2014PhyEd..49..493W
806:Vernier micrometers
800:significant figures
534:Pratt & Whitney
377:tool and die making
323:pioneers including
278:Jean Laurent Palmer
2478:Thread pitch gauge
2303:Combination square
2114:Thread pitch gauge
2079:Optical comparator
1833:Combination square
1630:Metalworking tools
1326:on 28 August 2016.
1320:www.waybuilder.net
1066:. Merriam-Webster.
816:
791:
760:
656:
621:differential screw
575:differential screw
570:
506:have ball-shaped (
430:
417:
321:interchangeability
306:Brown & Sharpe
290:tornillo de Palmer
150:
73:
50:
2591:
2590:
2283:Architect's scale
2237:
2236:
2180:
2179:
1510:978-0-917914-73-7
1174:Physics Education
940:the U.S. military
885:conscientiousness
694:" in a room with
518:Bench micrometers
451:Blade micrometers
420:Specialized types
351:, Brown, Sharpe,
233:William Gascoigne
213:
201:
186:
174:
124:William Gascoigne
16:(Redirected from
2623:
2363:Laser line level
2328:Engineer's scale
2323:Drafting machine
2264:
2257:
2250:
2241:
2240:
2054:Machinist square
1863:Needlegun scaler
1858:Machinist square
1671:Water jet cutter
1638:Cutting machines
1623:
1616:
1609:
1600:
1599:
1585:
1578:
1571:
1562:
1561:
1495:
1467:
1461:
1455:
1453:
1447:
1439:
1437:
1436:
1430:
1424:. Archived from
1423:
1415:
1409:
1406:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1395:
1386:. Archived from
1380:
1374:
1372:
1366:
1358:
1356:
1355:
1349:
1343:. Archived from
1342:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1322:. Archived from
1312:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1241:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1222:
1216:
1215:
1190:
1167:
1161:
1156:
1150:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1136:
1135:
1128:google.com/books
1120:
1114:
1113:
1095:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1045:
1044:
1035:. Archived from
1033:SGMicrometer.com
1025:
1019:
1009:
988:Filar micrometer
692:room temperature
590:
504:Ball micrometers
497:Micrometer stops
491:Tube micrometers
310:Edward W. Morley
208:
206:
196:
194:
181:
179:
169:
167:
148:
145:
113:digital calipers
87:widely used for
21:
2631:
2630:
2626:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2621:
2620:
2606:
2605:
2592:
2587:
2586:
2512:
2428:Sliding T bevel
2274:
2268:
2238:
2233:
2176:
2123:
2019:Engineer's blue
1985:
1918:Machine tooling
1912:
1814:
1790:Hydraulic press
1763:
1675:
1632:
1627:
1594:
1589:
1532:
1527:
1476:
1471:
1470:
1462:
1458:
1441:
1440:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1421:
1419:"Archived copy"
1417:
1416:
1412:
1407:
1403:
1393:
1391:
1382:
1381:
1377:
1360:
1359:
1353:
1351:
1347:
1340:
1338:"Archived copy"
1336:
1335:
1331:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1299:
1297:
1287:
1283:
1273:
1271:
1264:Product Catalog
1258:
1257:
1253:
1242:
1238:
1231:
1223:
1219:
1168:
1164:
1157:
1153:
1146:
1142:
1133:
1131:
1122:
1121:
1117:
1110:
1096:
1092:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1056:
1055:
1051:
1042:
1040:
1027:
1026:
1022:
1010:
1006:
1001:
984:
975:
892:so near to zero
865:
852:
847:
808:
782:
751:
742:
737:
648:
562:
485:Bore micrometer
422:
409:
369:applied science
315:The culture of
146:
132:
58:unit conversion
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2629:
2619:
2618:
2604:
2603:
2598:
2589:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2522:Types of tools
2518:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2510:
2508:Winding sticks
2505:
2500:
2498:Weighing scale
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2348:Gunter's chain
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2318:Diagonal scale
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2279:
2276:
2275:
2267:
2266:
2259:
2252:
2244:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2133:
2131:
2129:Smithing tools
2125:
2124:
2122:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2044:Go/no go gauge
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2014:Dial indicator
2011:
2006:
2001:
1995:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1922:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1824:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1812:
1810:Stamping press
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1729:Milling cutter
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1685:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1642:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1626:
1625:
1618:
1611:
1603:
1596:
1595:
1588:
1587:
1580:
1573:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1531:
1530:External links
1528:
1526:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1456:
1410:
1401:
1375:
1329:
1307:
1295:Google patents
1281:
1251:
1236:
1217:
1162:
1151:
1140:
1115:
1108:
1090:
1069:
1049:
1020:
1003:
1002:
1000:
997:
996:
995:
990:
983:
980:
974:
971:
864:
861:
851:
848:
846:
843:
807:
804:
781:
778:
750:
747:
741:
738:
736:
735:
721:
715:
709:
703:
685:
679:
673:
667:
660:
647:
644:
616:
615:
608:
573:cases it is a
561:
558:
557:
556:
549:
543:
537:
520:are tools for
515:
501:
494:
488:
482:
468:
458:
448:
421:
418:
408:
405:
294:calibro Palmer
251:Henry Maudslay
131:
128:
60:chart between
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2628:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2515:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2488:Vernier scale
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2383:Measuring rod
2381:
2379:
2378:Marking gauge
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2277:
2272:
2265:
2260:
2258:
2253:
2251:
2246:
2245:
2242:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2183:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2126:
2120:
2119:Vernier scale
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2104:Surface plate
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2064:Marking gauge
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1961:Machine taper
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1946:Indexing head
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1915:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1817:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1795:Machine press
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1785:English wheel
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1768:Forming tools
1766:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1681:Cutting tools
1678:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1624:
1619:
1617:
1612:
1610:
1605:
1604:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1586:
1581:
1579:
1574:
1572:
1567:
1566:
1563:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1485:
1479:
1478:
1465:
1460:
1451:
1445:
1431:on 2011-10-05
1427:
1420:
1414:
1405:
1390:on 2011-07-19
1389:
1385:
1379:
1370:
1364:
1350:on 2011-07-16
1346:
1339:
1333:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1311:
1296:
1292:
1285:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1255:
1247:
1240:
1227:
1221:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1175:
1166:
1160:
1155:
1149:
1148:Roe 1916:212.
1144:
1129:
1125:
1119:
1111:
1109:9780062652553
1105:
1101:
1094:
1079:
1073:
1065:
1064:
1059:
1053:
1039:on 2018-02-15
1038:
1034:
1030:
1024:
1018:
1017:0-7172-0119-8
1014:
1008:
1004:
994:
993:Vernier scale
991:
989:
986:
985:
979:
970:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
947:
943:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
908:
904:
902:
898:
893:
888:
886:
881:
877:
872:
870:
860:
857:
842:
838:
835:
831:
827:
823:
821:
820:vernier scale
812:
803:
801:
795:
786:
780:Metric system
777:
773:
770:
765:
755:
746:
733:
729:
725:
722:
719:
716:
713:
710:
707:
706:Thimble scale
704:
701:
697:
693:
689:
686:
683:
680:
677:
674:
671:
668:
665:
662:
661:
659:
652:
643:
641:
637:
633:
629:
628:vernier scale
624:
622:
613:
609:
606:
602:
598:
594:
591:). A screw's
586:
585:
580:
579:
578:
576:
566:
553:
550:
547:
544:
541:
538:
535:
531:
530:repeatability
527:
523:
519:
516:
513:
509:
505:
502:
498:
495:
492:
489:
486:
483:
480:
476:
472:
469:
466:
462:
459:
456:
455:o-ring groove
452:
449:
446:
442:
439:
438:
437:
435:
426:
413:
404:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
383:building, or
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
313:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
270:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
245:
240:
238:
234:
229:
227:
223:
219:
218:
211:
205:
199:
190:
184:
178:
172:
163:
159:
155:
141:
136:
127:
125:
120:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
70:
67:
63:
59:
54:
46:
40:
33:
19:
2468:Tape measure
2453:Straightedge
2443:Steel square
2438:Spirit level
2433:Speed square
2408:Radius gauge
2392:
2373:Lesbian rule
2343:French curve
2333:Feeler gauge
2288:Beam compass
2162:Steam hammer
2109:Tape measure
2099:Straightedge
2084:Radius gauge
2073:
2059:Marking blue
2049:Height gauge
2029:Feeler gauge
2009:Center gauge
1976:Rotary table
1956:Lathe center
1868:Piercing saw
1853:Hand scraper
1724:Hand scraper
1592:Metalworking
1483:
1474:Bibliography
1459:
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1426:the original
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1058:"micrometer"
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2582:Woodworking
2358:Laser level
2338:Flat spline
2194:Fabrication
2172:Trip hammer
2167:Swage block
2152:Hardy tools
2069:Marking out
2039:Gauge block
1926:Angle plate
1888:Tap and die
1805:Screw press
1800:Punch press
1754:Tipped tool
1709:Countersink
1704:Counterbore
856:pin spanner
465:thread mics
385:engineering
365:Machine Age
288:in French,
147: 1668
2483:Try square
2473:Theodolite
2418:Set square
2403:Protractor
2393:Micrometer
2388:Meterstick
2298:Chalk line
2214:Metallurgy
2074:Micrometer
1999:Bore gauge
1820:Hand tools
1435:2011-08-04
1394:2009-06-12
1354:2010-01-19
1181:(5): 493,
1134:2024-04-09
1043:2017-11-09
999:References
973:Adjustment
540:Digit mics
524:use whose
522:inspection
475:snap gauge
471:Limit mics
393:kinematics
389:metallurgy
373:technology
325:Gribeauval
300:cognates:
298:micrometer
226:micrometre
154:micrometer
77:micrometer
62:fractional
32:Micrometre
2398:Plumb-bob
2271:Measuring
2209:Machining
2204:Jewellery
1903:Workbench
1838:Drift pin
1661:Miter saw
1300:26 August
1213:119243007
1188:1408.3803
914:(such as
901:eliminate
869:one tenth
700:Toolrooms
636:odometers
612:amplified
508:spherical
479:tolerance
349:Whitworth
263:Whitworth
255:jocularly
198:romanized
171:romanized
152:The word
97:machining
2610:Category
2537:Forestry
2527:Cleaning
2463:T-square
2293:Calipers
2219:Smithing
2157:Pritchel
2094:Sine bar
1759:Tool bit
1714:End mill
1651:Cold saw
1502:27-24075
1493:16011753
1444:cite web
1363:cite web
982:See also
397:dynamics
317:toolroom
274:calipers
224:nor the
117:calipers
89:accurate
2562:Masonry
2552:Kitchen
2503:Wiggler
2448:Stencil
2423:Skirret
2308:Compass
2229:Welding
2199:Forming
2189:Casting
2004:Caliper
1981:Wiggler
1971:Mandrel
1941:Fixture
1883:Scriber
1843:Hacksaw
1734:Nibbler
1646:Bandsaw
1193:Bibcode
1083:7 March
863:Testing
850:Zeroing
740:Reading
718:Thimble
670:Spindle
589:/ˈliːd/
555:drills.
401:quality
357:Whitney
341:Whitney
329:Tousard
276:was by
237:vernier
212:
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185:
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130:History
109:vernier
66:decimal
2572:Mining
2542:Garden
2458:Square
2147:Fuller
1936:Collet
1908:Wrench
1873:Pliers
1848:Hammer
1749:Shears
1744:Reamer
1699:Chisel
1689:Broach
1666:Plasma
1508:
1500:
1491:
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1130:. 1845
1106:
1015:
638:where
552:V mics
481:range.
399:, and
361:Leland
343:, and
286:palmer
204:metron
193:μέτρον
177:micros
166:μικρός
111:, and
2577:Power
2413:Ruler
2142:Forge
2137:Anvil
2089:Ruler
2034:Gauge
1931:Chuck
1893:Tongs
1878:Punch
1828:Clamp
1775:Brake
1656:Laser
1429:(PDF)
1422:(PDF)
1348:(PDF)
1341:(PDF)
1209:S2CID
1183:arXiv
724:Screw
688:Frame
664:Anvil
646:Parts
605:pitch
463:(aka
407:Types
371:with
353:Pratt
333:North
282:Paris
222:metre
189:Greek
162:Greek
160:from
156:is a
85:screw
2547:Hand
2493:Vise
1898:Vise
1719:File
1694:Burr
1506:ISBN
1498:LCCN
1489:LCCN
1450:link
1369:link
1302:2016
1276:2012
1104:ISBN
1085:2023
1013:ISBN
967:NIST
928:ASTM
924:ASME
920:ANSI
897:move
696:HVAC
603:and
601:lead
593:lead
584:lead
345:Colt
337:Hall
242:The
210:lit.
183:lit.
105:dial
95:and
69:inch
64:and
2353:Jig
1951:Jig
1780:Die
1201:doi
936:AIA
932:SAE
916:ISO
698:).
632:LCD
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280:of
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