1019:, determined through measurements along the meridian passing through Paris. Apart from the obvious consideration of safe access for French surveyors, the Paris meridian was also a sound choice for scientific reasons: a portion of the quadrant from Dunkirk to Barcelona (about 1000 km, or one-tenth of the total) could be surveyed with start- and end-points at sea level, and that portion was roughly in the middle of the quadrant, where the effects of the Earth's oblateness were expected not to have to be accounted for. Improvements in the measuring devices designed by Borda and used for this survey also raised hopes for a more accurate determination of the length of this meridian arc.
1322:
1444:
1892:
38:
2083:
1227:
1092:
9077:
638:
1726:
2226:'s work promoted the advent of American science at the forefront of global metrology. Alongside his intercomparisons of artifacts of the metre and contributions to gravimetry through improvement of reversible pendulum, Peirce was the first to tie experimentally the metre to the wave length of a spectral line. According to him the standard length might be compared with that of a wave of light identified by a line in the
393:
1965:
587:
532:
5137:
718:
1027:, were imprisoned several times during their surveys, and Méchain died in 1804 of yellow fever, which he contracted while trying to improve his original results in northern Spain. In the meantime, the commission of the French Academy of Sciences calculated a provisional value from older surveys of 443.44 lignes. This value was set by legislation on 7 April 1795.
1115:, Hassler had brought a standard metre made in Paris to the United States in 1805. He designed a baseline apparatus which instead of bringing different bars in actual contact during measurements, used only one bar calibrated on the metre and optical contact. Thus the metre became the unit of length for geodesy in the United States.
1598:). This territory was covered by a triangle network and included more than thirty observatories or stations whose position was determined astronomically. Bayer proposed to remeasure ten arcs of meridians and a larger number of arcs of parallels, to compare the curvature of the meridian arcs on the two slopes of the
4077:
in accordance with the United States
Government Printing Office Style Manual. The Metric Conversion Act of 1975 gives the Secretary of Commerce of the US the responsibility of interpreting or modifying the SI for use in the US. The Secretary of Commerce delegated this authority to the Director of the
4029:
The spelling of
English words is in accordance with the United States Government Printing Office Style Manual, which follows Webster's Third New International Dictionary rather than the Oxford Dictionary. Thus the spellings 'meter', 'liter', 'deka', and 'cesium' are used rather than 'metre', 'litre',
2566:
is the measured frequency of the source. Although conversion from wavelengths to metres introduces an additional error in the overall length due to measurement error in determining the refractive index and the frequency, the measurement of frequency is one of the most accurate measurements available.
2206:
In the present state of science the most universal standard of length which we could assume would be the wave length in vacuum of a particular kind of light, emitted by some widely diffused substance such as sodium, which has well-defined lines in its spectrum. Such a standard would be independent of
2188:
states, on the contrary, that the mass of a body has an effect on all other bodies while modifying the structure of space. A massive body induces a curvature of the space around it in which the path of light is inflected, as was demonstrated by the displacement of the position of a star observed near
1432:
The definition of the length of a metre in the 1790s was founded upon Arc measurements in France and Peru with a definition that it was to be 1/40 millionth of the circumference of the earth measured through the poles. Such were the inaccuracies of that period that within a matter of just a few years
1067:
was found for the Earth's flattening. However, French astronomers knew from earlier estimates of the Earth's flattening that different meridian arcs could have different lengths and that their curvature could be irregular. The distance from the North Pole to the
Equator was then extrapolated from the
5337:
Clarke, Alexander Ross (1873), "XIII. Results of the comparisons of the standards of length of
England, Austria, Spain, United States, Cape of Good Hope, and of a second Russian standard, made at the Ordnance Survey Office, Southampton. With a preface and notes on the Greek and Egyptian measures of
2008:
In the 1870s and in light of modern precision, a series of international conferences was held to devise new metric standards. When a conflict broke out regarding the presence of impurities in the metre-alloy of 1874, a member of the
Preparatory Committee since 1870 and Spanish representative at the
5507:
Recueil d'observations géodésiques, astronomiques et physiques, exécutées par ordre du Bureau des longitudes de France en
Espagne, en France, en Angleterre et en Écosse, pour déterminer la variation de la pesanteur et des degrés terrestres sur le prolongement du méridien de Paris... rédigé par MM.
1855:
until 1890. According to geodesists, these standards were secondary standards deduced from the Toise of Peru. In Europe, except Spain, surveyors continued to use measuring instruments calibrated on the Toise of Peru. Among these, the toise of Bessel and the apparatus of Borda were respectively the
1972:
In 1867 at the second
General Conference of the International Association of Geodesy held in Berlin, the question of an international standard unit of length was discussed in order to combine the measurements made in different countries to determine the size and shape of the Earth. According to a
2477:
as the path length travelled by light in a given time, and practical laboratory length measurements in metres are determined by counting the number of wavelengths of laser light of one of the standard types that fit into the length, and converting the selected unit of wavelength to metres. Three
2363:
or ≈1.079 billion km/hour). An intended by-product of the 17th CGPM's definition was that it enabled scientists to compare lasers accurately using frequency, resulting in wavelengths with one-fifth the uncertainty involved in the direct comparison of wavelengths, because interferometer
1977:
the precedent year, the
General Conference recommended the adoption of the metre in replacement of the toise of Bessel, the creation of an International Metre Commission, and the foundation of a World institute for the comparison of geodetic standards, the first step towards the creation of the
1573:
by means of gravimetric and leveling measurements, in order to deduce the exact knowledge of the terrestrial spheroid while taking into account local variations. To resolve this problem, it was necessary to carefully study considerable areas of land in all directions. Baeyer developed a plan to
7245:"XIII. Results of the comparisons of the standards of length of England, Austria, Spain, United States, Cape of Good Hope, and of a second Russian standard, made at the Ordnance Survey Office, Southampton. With a preface and notes on the Greek and Egyptian measures of length by Sir Henry James"
2448:(NIST) has set up an online calculator to convert wavelengths in vacuum to wavelengths in air. As described by NIST, in air, the uncertainties in characterising the medium are dominated by errors in measuring temperature and pressure. Errors in the theoretical formulas used are secondary.
1433:
more reliable measurements would have given a different value for the definition of this international standard. That does not invalidate the metre in any way but highlights the fact that continuing improvements in instrumentation made better measurements of the earth’s size possible.
1944:
standard had partially been destroyed in 1834, a new standard of reference was constructed using copies of the "Standard Yard, 1760", instead of the pendulum's length as provided for in the
Weights and Measures Act of 1824, because the pendulum method proved unreliable. Nevertheless
6811:"Bericht der schweizerischen Delegierten an der internationalen Meterkonferenz an den Bundespräsidenten und Vorsteher des Politischen Departements, J. J. Scherer in Erwin Bucher, Peter Stalder (ed.), Diplomatic Documents of Switzerland, vol. 3, doc. 66, dodis.ch/42045, Bern 1986"
1864:. These measuring devices consisted of bimetallic rulers in platinum and brass or iron and zinc fixed together at one extremity to assess the variations in length produced by any change in temperature. The combination of two bars made of two different metals allowed to take
5242:"Appareil construit pour les opérations au moyen desquelles on prolongera dans toute l'étendue de l'Espagne le réseau trigonométrique qui couvre la France in Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences / publiés... par MM. les secrétaires perpétuels"
2574:
Its definition, therefore, applies only within a spatial extent sufficiently small that the effects of the non-uniformity of the gravitational field can be ignored (note that, at the surface of the Earth, this effect in the vertical direction is about 1 part in
1416:'s model. However, the following year, resuming his calculation on the basis of all the data available at the time, Ritter came to the conclusion that the problem was only resolved in an approximate manner, the data appearing too scant, and for some affected by
1022:
The task of surveying the Paris meridian arc took more than six years (1792–1798). The technical difficulties were not the only problems the surveyors had to face in the convulsed period of the aftermath of the French
Revolution: Méchain and Delambre, and later
2048:, France. This new organisation was to construct and preserve a prototype metre bar, distribute national metric prototypes, and maintain comparisons between them and non-metric measurement standards. The organisation distributed such bars in 1889 at the first
1455:, Méchain had found that the difference between these latitudes was greater than predicted by direct measurement of distance by triangulation and that he did not dare to admit this inaccuracy. This was later explained by clearance in the central axis of the
1921:. If precision metrology had needed the help of geodesy, the latter could not continue to prosper without the help of metrology. It was then necessary to define a single unit to express all the measurements of terrestrial arcs and all determinations of the
1083:. When the final result was known, a bar whose length was closest to the meridional definition of the metre was selected and placed in the National Archives on 22 June 1799 (4 messidor An VII in the Republican calendar) as a permanent record of the result.
1281:
in Paris. Ismail Mustafa had the task to carry out the experiments necessary for determining the expansion coefficients of the two platinum and brass bars, and to compare the Egyptian standard with a known standard. The Spanish standard designed by
2443:
Practical realisation of the metre is subject to uncertainties in characterising the medium, to various uncertainties of interferometry, and to uncertainties in measuring the frequency of the source. A commonly used medium is air, and the
1169:
and gravity in different points of the globe stimulated the creation of the first international scientific associations. The foundation of the Magnetischer Verein would be followed by that of the Central European Arc Measurement (German:
1843:, was the French primary standard of the toise, and the metre was officially defined by an artifact made of platinum kept in the National Archives. Besides the latter, another platinum and twelve iron standards of the metre were made by
6080:
Nouvelle détermination de la distance méridienne de Montjouy à Formentera, dévoilant l'inexactitude de celle dont il est fait mention dans la base du système métrique décimal, par M. Puissant,... lu à l'Académie des sciences, le 2 mai
981:
1805:
and director of the German Weights and Measures Service boycotted the Permanent Committee of the International Metre Commission, along with the Russian and Austrian representatives, in order to promote the foundation of a permanent
1294:'s double-toise N° 1, which served as a comparison module for the measurement of all geodesic bases in France, and was also to be compared to the Ibáñez apparatus. In 1954, the connection of the southerly extension of the
1392:. This did not pave the way to a new definition of the metre because it was known that the theoretical definition of the metre had been inaccessible and misleading at the time of Delambre and Mechain arc measurement, as the
2201:
suggested that light emitted by an element be used as the standard both for the unit of length and for the second. These two quantities could then be used to define the unit of mass. About the unit of length he wrote:
1904:
would mark the adoption of new scientific methods. It then became possible to accurately measure parallel arcs, since the difference in longitude between their ends could be determined thanks to the invention of the
1332:, through Great Britain, France and Spain to El Aghuat in Algeria, whose parameters were calculated from surveys carried out in the mid to late 19th century. It yielded a value for the equatorial radius of the earth
1078:
toises. As the metre had to be equal to one ten-millionth of this distance, it was defined as 0.513074 toise or 3 feet and 11.296 lines of the Toise of Peru, which had been constructed in 1735 for the
1046:
between these two towns and determined the portion of the distance from the North Pole to the Equator it represented. Pierre Méchain's and Jean-Baptiste Delambre's measurements were combined with the results of the
1260:
an Observatory which he was keen to keep in harmony with the progress of this science still in progress. In 1858, a Technical Commission was set up to continue, by adopting the procedures instituted in Europe, the
2001:, whose theorem has long supported the assumption of an ellipsoid with three unequal axes for the figure of the Earth, inviting his French counterpart to undertake joint action to ensure the universal use of the
1895:
Historic Dutch replicas of metric standards in the collection of Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam: iron metre with case constructed by Étienne Lenoir in 1799, copper grave kilogram with case (1798), copper volume measures
313:
In 1799, the metre was redefined in terms of a prototype metre bar, the bar used was changed in 1889, and in 1960 the metre was redefined in terms of a certain number of wavelengths of a certain emission line of
5761:
Base du système métrique décimal, ou Mesure de l'arc du méridien compris entre les parallèles de Dunkerque et Barcelone. T. 1 /, exécutée en 1792 et années suivantes, par MM. Méchain et Delambre, rédigée par M.
460:) (a measure), which were used for physical measurement, for poetic metre and by extension for moderation or avoiding extremism (as in "be measured in your response"). This range of uses is also found in Latin (
6460:
Dictionnaire des inventions et découvertes anciennes et modernes, dans les sciences, les arts et l'industrie.... 2. H–Z / recueillis et mis en ordre par M. le marquis de Jouffroy; publié par l'abbé Migne,...
8332:
1336:= 6 377 935 metres, the ellipticity being assumed as 1/299.15. The radius of curvature of this arc is not uniform, being, in the mean, about 600 metres greater in the northern than in the southern part.
5171:
1814:
conformed to the opinion of Italy and Spain to create, in spite of French reluctance, the International Bureau of Weights and Measures in France as a permanent institution at the disadventage of the
3812:
Within this table, "inch" and "yard" mean "international inch" and "international yard" respectively, though approximate conversions in the left column hold for both international and survey units.
2403:
This uncertainty is currently one limiting factor in laboratory realisations of the metre, and it is several orders of magnitude poorer than that of the second, based upon the caesium fountain
2466:
wavelengths of helium–neon laser light in vacuum, and converting the wavelengths in vacuum to wavelengths in air. Air is only one possible medium to use in a realisation of the metre, and any
2090:
The comparison of the new prototypes of the metre with each other involved the development of special measuring equipment and the definition of a reproducible temperature scale. The BIPM's
2746:
and supported on two cylinders of at least 10 mm (1 cm) diameter, symmetrically placed in the same horizontal plane at a distance of 571 mm (57.1 cm) from each other.
7653:
5636:"X. Abstract of the results of the comparisons of the standards of length of England, France, Belgium, Prussia, Russia, India, Australia, made at the ordnance Survey Office, Southampton"
2436:
wavelengths of helium–neon laser light in vacuum, the error stated being only that of frequency determination. This bracket notation expressing the error is explained in the article on
2541:
5367:
4003:
2451:
By implementing a refractive index correction such as this, an approximate realisation of the metre can be implemented in air, for example, using the formulation of the metre as
5167:"Rapport de M. Faye sur un Mémoire de M. Peirce concernant la constance de la pesanteur à Paris et les corrections exigées par les anciennes déterminations de Borda et de Biot"
3272:(31 Pm), rather than in Mm or larger multiples; "30 cm", "30 m", and "300 m" are more common than "3 dm", "3 dam", and "3 hm", respectively.
2678:
1352:, some of the meridian arcs the German astronomer had used for his calculation had been enlarged. This was a very important circumstance because the influence of errors due to
4198:
as an official language and this largely follows American English since the country became a colony of the United States. While the law that converted the country to use the
8504:
The metric system of weights and measures; its establishment and gradual propagation, with the history of the operations which served to determine the meter and the kilogram
6160:
Recherche des coefficients de dilatation et étalonnage de l'appareil à mesurer les bases géodésiques appartenant au gouvernement égyptien / par Ismaïl-Effendi-Moustapha, ...
1569:
Baeyer's goal was a new determination of anomalies in the shape of the Earth using precise triangulations, combined with gravity measurements. This involved determining the
8499:
Le système métrique des poids et mesures; son établissement et sa propagation graduelle, avec l'histoire des opérations qui ont servi à déterminer le mètre et le kilogramme
2305:
To further reduce uncertainty, the 17th CGPM in 1983 replaced the definition of the metre with its current definition, thus fixing the length of the metre in terms of the
4921:
Jean-Jacques Levallois, La méridienne de Dunkerque à Barcelone et la détermination du mètre (1792 – 1799), Vermessung, Photogrammetrie, Kulturtechnik, 89 (1991), 375-380.
2098:, whose practically negligible coefficient of expansion made it possible to develop simpler baseline measurement methods, and for which its director, the Swiss physicist
6884:
4095:(BIPM, 2006). In the NIST publication, the spellings "meter", "liter" and "deka" are used rather than "metre", "litre" and "deca" as in the original BIPM English text (
7336:
Dodis, Diplomatische Dokumente der Schweiz | Documents diplomatiques suisses | Documenti diplomatici svizzeri | Diplomatic Documents of Switzerland | (30 March 1875),
5293:
Le général Ibáñez notice nécrologique lue au comité international des poids et mesures, le 12 septembre et dans la conférence géodésique de Florence, le 8 octobre 1891
8643:
1118:
In 1830, Hassler became head of the Office of Weights and Measures, which became a part of the Survey of the Coast. He compared various units of length used in the
409:
is the standard spelling of the metric unit for length in nearly all English-speaking nations, the exceptions being the United States and the Philippines which use
5091:"Über einen Fehler in der Berechnung der französischen Gradmessung und seineh Einfluß auf die Bestimmung der Figur der Erde. Von Herrn Geh. Rath und Ritter Bessel"
2021:
to rally France to the project to create an International Bureau of Weights and Measures equipped with the scientific means necessary to redefine the units of the
8336:
944:
of 1875, when the metre was adopted as an international scientific unit of length for the convenience of continental European geodesists following the example of
7342:(in French), Diplomatische Dokumente der Schweiz | Documents diplomatiques suisses | Documenti diplomatici svizzeri | Diplomatic Documents of Switzerland | Dodis
2253:
was in regular use at the BIPM. However, the International Prototype Metre remained the standard until 1960, when the eleventh CGPM defined the metre in the new
1290:
was chosen for this purpose, as it had served as a model for the construction of the Egyptian standard. In addition, the Spanish standard had been compared with
7339:
Bericht der schweizerischen Delegierten an der internationalen Meterkonferenz an den Bundespräsidenten und Vorsteher des Politischen Departements, J. J. Scherer
1949:'s use of the metre and the creation of the Office of Standard Weights and Measures as an office within the Coast Survey contributed to the introduction of the
1644:
hesitated for a long time before giving in to the demands of the Association, which asked the French geodesists to take part in its work. It was only after the
5703:"Les origines du système métrique en France et la Convention du mètre de 1875, qui a ouvert la voie au Système international d'unités et à sa révision de 2018"
5462:
Grand dictionnaire universel du XIXe siècle : français, historique, géographique, mythologique, bibliographique.... T. 11 MEMO-O / par M. Pierre Larousse
5307:"Histoire de l'appareil Ibañez-Brunner in Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences / publiés... par MM. les secrétaires perpétuels"
228:
8459:, Washington DC: National Bureau of Standards, republished on National Geodetic Survey web site and the Federal Register (Doc. 59–5442, Filed, 30 June 1959)
6419:
Martina Schiavon. La geodesia y la investigación científica en la Francia del siglo XIX : la medida del arco de meridiano franco-argelino (1870–1895).
1953:
allowing the use of the metre in the United States, and preceded the choice of the metre as international scientific unit of length and the proposal by the
4434:
1400:, but which in detail differs from it so as to prohibit any generalization and any extrapolation from the measurement of a single meridian arc. In 1859,
2499:
Of these, the last is peculiar to the interferometer itself. The conversion of a length in wavelengths to a length in metres is based upon the relation
1932:, might be so much damaged that comparison with it would be worthless, while Bessel had questioned the accuracy of copies of this standard belonging to
1733:
and given to the United States, which served as the standard for American cartography from 1890 replacing the Committee Meter, an authentic copy of the
7360:
8690:
2368:"a recommended radiation" for realising the metre. For the purpose of delineating the metre, the BIPM currently considers the HeNe laser wavelength,
738:
which explained variations of gravitational acceleration depending on latitude. He also mathematically formulated the link between the length of the
5063:
Struve Geodetic Arc, 2006 International Conference, The Struve Arc and Extensions in Space and Time, Haparanda and Pajala, Sweden, 13–15 August 2006
9113:
2830:
1193:
8682:
5369:
Bericht über die Verhandlungen der vom 30. September bis 7. October 1867 zu BERLIN abgehaltenen allgemeinen Conferenz der Europäischen Gradmessung
1968:
Creating the metre-alloy in 1874 at the Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers. Present Henri Tresca, George Matthey, Saint-Claire Deville, and Debray.
8011:
6474:
6173:
6143:
6095:
6063:
5776:
5588:
5522:
4575:
7997:
Recherches historiques sur les étalons de poids et mesures de l'Observatoire et les appareils qui ont servi à les construire / par M. C. Wolf...
4126:
3260:
can be used to denote decimal multiples and submultiples of the metre, as shown in the table below. Long distances are usually expressed in km,
714:
meaning universal measure for this unit of length, but then it was discovered that the length of a seconds pendulum varies from place to place.
6012:
4070:
4024:
3959:
2445:
1778:
1146:
1729:
Closeup of National Prototype Metre Bar No. 27, made in 1889 by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) in collaboration with
1626:
could open the field to scientific research of the highest interest, research that each State, taken in isolation, was not able to undertake.
1498:
with the aim of determining the shape and dimensions of the Earth. At the time of its creation, the association had sixteen member countries:
5853:
1815:
6290:
Comptes-rendus des séances de la Commission permanente de l'Association géodésique internationale réunie à Florence du 8 au 17 octobre 1891
5901:
4050:
3980:
1979:
1940:
Observatories, which he had compared to each other about 1840. This assertion was particularly worrying, because when the primary Imperial
1807:
493:
6561:"From a Regional Project to an International Organization: The "Baeyer-Helmert-Era" of the International Association of Geodesy 1862–1916"
1277:
the study, in Europe, of the precision apparatus calibrated against the metre intended to measure the geodesic bases and already built by
9052:
8695:. United States version of the English text of the eighth edition (2006) of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures publication
2207:
any changes in the dimensions of the earth, and should be adopted by those who expect their writings to be more permanent than that body.
8651:
8530:
6953:
Discursos leidos ante la Real Academia de Ciencias Exactas Fisicas y Naturales en la recepcion pública de Don Joaquin Barraquer y Rovira
6700:"Wilhelm Foerster's Role in the Metre Convention of 1875 and in the Early Years of the International Committee for Weights and Measures"
6359:"Figure de la Terre, in Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers, par une Société de Gens de lettres"
5149:
Discursos leidos ante la Real Academia de Ciencias Exactas Fisicas y Naturales en la recepcion pública de Don Joaquin Barraquer y Rovira
4615:
2709:
2049:
1373:
5272:"Carlos Ibáñez e Ibáñez de Ibero (14 avril 1825 – 29 janvier 1891), par Albert Pérard (inauguration d'un monument élevé à sa mémoire)"
2742:), between the axes of the two central lines marked on the prototype bar of platinum–iridium, this bar being subject to one standard
2014:
1365:
1283:
1181:
5574:
Grandeur et figure de la terre / J.-B.-J. Delambre; ouvrage augmenté de notes, de cartes et publié par les soins de G. Bigourdan,...
4728:
671:
7478:
2470:
can be used, or some inert atmosphere like helium gas, provided the appropriate corrections for refractive index are implemented.
4296:
2214:
1852:
1774:
1108:
1356:
was minimized in proportion to the length of the meridian arcs: the longer the meridian arcs, the more precise the image of the
1211:
declared to the French Academy of Sciences in 1836 that Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre and Pierre Méchain had made errors in the
8665:
Batas Pambansa Blg. 8: An Act Defining the Metric System and its Units, Providing for its Implementation and for Other Purposes
2142:
1929:
1080:
1048:
787:
283:
8712:
1157:, second). In 1836, he founded the Magnetischer Verein, the first international scientific association, in collaboration with
247:(SI). Since 2019, the metre has been defined as the length of the path travelled by light in vacuum during a time interval of
8570:
8444:
8319:
7902:
7612:
7515:
6892:
6584:
6298:
5988:
5213:
4880:
4808:
3997:
2605:
2364:
errors were eliminated. To further facilitate reproducibility from lab to lab, the 17th CGPM also made the iodine-stabilised
1566:
created a Central Office, located at the Prussian Geodetic Institute, whose management was entrusted to Johann Jacob Baeyer.
1475:
also had an impact on accuracy of latitudes' determinations. Among all these sources of error, it was mainly an unfavourable
6834:
Recherches historiques sur les étalons de poids et mesures de l'observatoire et les appareils qui ont servi a les construire
6317:
5962:
in COMlTÉ INTERNATIONAL DES POIDS ET MESURES. PROCÈS-VERBAUX DES SÉANCES. DEUXIÈME SÉRIE. TOME II. SESSION DE 1903. pp. 5–7.
1691:
in 1898. The convention of the International Geodetic Association expired at the end of 1916. It was not renewed due to the
9106:
5420:
2666:
1954:
1901:
1794:
1637:
1563:
1369:
1172:
667:
368:. This series of amendments did not alter the size of the metre significantly – today Earth's polar circumference measures
7190:
2840:
and thus recommends this definition be restricted to "lengths ℓ which are sufficiently short for the effects predicted by
1844:
3163:
1424:
in the French meridian arc which determination had also been affected in a lesser proportion by systematic errors of the
802:
660:
to explain the fall of bodies at the surface of the Earth. He also observed the regularity of the period of swing of the
4347:
4313:
424:) are spelled "-meter" in all variants of English. The suffix "-meter" has the same Greek origin as the unit of length.
8768:
8553:
7863:
6400:
Société de physique et d'histoire naturelle de Genève.; Genève, Société de physique et d'histoire naturelle de (1861).
6383:
Société de physique et d'histoire naturelle de Genève.; Genève, Société de physique et d'histoire naturelle de (1859).
2185:
1873:
791:
8708:(Special Publication 811). Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. Retrieved 23 August 2008.
8699:(Special Publication 330). Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. Retrieved 18 August 2008.
1928:
In 1866, the most important concern was that the Toise of Peru, the standard of the toise constructed in 1735 for the
8739:
8615:
7278:"Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences / publiés... par MM. les secrétaires perpétuels"
7161:
6129:
Notes biographiques de S. E. Mahmoud Pacha el Falaki (l'astronome), par Ismail-Bey Moustapha et le colonel Moktar-Bey
5412:
5031:"Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences / publiés... par MM. les secrétaires perpétuels"
4469:
619:
318:. The current definition was adopted in 1983 and modified slightly in 2002 to clarify that the metre is a measure of
8958:
8673:
3890:(2 cubits) were 941 mm (0.941 m) and 1143 mm (1.143 m) respectively. The ancient Parisian
2184:, infinite and without boundaries and bodies gravitated around each other without changing the structure of space.
7041:
1412:, using Schubert's data computed that the Earth ellipsoid could rather be a spheroid of revolution accordingly to
1215:, which had been used to determine the length of the metre. Errors in the method of calculating the length of the
991:
Instead of the seconds pendulum method, the commission of the French Academy of Sciences – whose members included
9099:
6358:
6211:"A profile of General Carlos Ibáñez e Ibáñez de Ibero: first president of the International Geodetic Association"
4897:
4651:
2130:
1555:
601:
4438:
1483:
and a metre "too short" compared to a more general definition taken from the average of a large number of arcs.
9062:
5673:
2505:
1696:
53:
8713:"Interpretation of the International System of Units (the Metric System of Measurement) for the United States"
5758:
Delambre, Jean-Baptiste (1749–1822) Auteur du texte; Méchain, Pierre (1744–1804) Auteur du texte (1806–1810).
2935:
822:
8777:
4155:
4017:
2906:
2254:
2062:
1877:
810:
244:
7368:
9130:
8472:
4384:
3252:
1706:
1270:
2099:
7325:
National Institute of Standards and Technology 2003; Historical context of the SI: Unit of length (meter)
6968:
5166:
4330:
4057:; an English translation, included to make the SI standard more widely accessible also uses the spelling
4041:
The most recent official brochure about the International System of Units (SI), written in French by the
2693:
1986:
725:
8727:
8634:
7909:
The error can be reduced tenfold if the chamber is filled with an atmosphere of helium rather than air.
5479:
2981:
Platinum–iridium bar at melting point of ice, atmospheric pressure, supported by two rollers (7th CGPM)
2437:
2036:) of 1875 mandated the establishment of a permanent International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM:
1664:
was appointed member of the Permanent Commission which was presided by Carlos Ibáñez e Ibáñez de Ibero.
358:, this definition was rephrased to include the definition of a second in terms of the caesium frequency
7850:
4359:
4325:
4254:
3144:
2634:
2018:
1922:
1405:
1337:
806:
657:
7740:
3984:
1649:
8468:
7218:
5504:
Biot, Jean-Baptiste (1774–1862) Auteur du texte; Arago, François (1786-1853) Auteur du texte (1821).
4703:
4371:
2776:
2662:
1946:
1738:
1134:
1104:
1043:
945:
775:
683:
675:
8520:
8117:
6235:
5071:
4609:
2637:
that the new definition for the metre be equal to one ten-millionth of the length of a great circle
2579:
per metre). In this case, the effects to be taken into account are those of special relativity only.
1797:
but its overwhelming influence was mitigated by that of neutral states. While the German astronomer
1408:. He also proposed an ellipsoid with three unequal axes. In 1860, Elie Ritter, a mathematician from
892:. He also devised a new instrument for measuring gravitational acceleration which was first used in
9016:
8711:
Turner, J. (deputy director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology). (16 May 2008).
8515:
8435:
The Measure of All Things : The Seven-Year Odyssey and Hidden Error That Transformed the World
6339:, Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (1. ed.), München/Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, p. 231
3886:
was about 0.5 m (surviving rods are 523–529 mm). Scottish and English definitions of the
2283:
2238:
1274:
1273:
was in charge, in Egypt, of the direction of the work of the general map, the viceroy entrusted to
1165:. The coordination of the observation of geophysical phenomena such as the Earth's magnetic field,
1042:
and Jean-Baptiste Delambre calculated the distance from Dunkirk to Barcelona using the data of the
961:
917:
299:
7631:
6433:
6330:
9091:
9057:
8375:
4248:
2421:). Consequently, a realisation of the metre is usually delineated (not defined) today in labs as
2091:
1990:
1937:
1798:
1287:
782:
was the unit to which all celestial distances were to be referred. Indeed, Earth proved to be an
771:
557:
355:
8607:
8454:
6399:
6382:
5909:
5635:
5271:
4980:
1985:
Hassler's metrological and geodetic work also had a favourable response in Russia. In 1869, the
678:. They both also used a determination of the size of the Earth, then considered as a sphere, by
596:
may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience
9528:
8761:
6995:"Über das preufs. Längenmaaß und die zu seiner Verbreitung durch Copien ergriffenen Maaßregeln"
6230:
5066:
3123:
published the first official Swiss map, for which the metre was adopted as the unit of length.
3120:
2223:
2103:
1786:
1401:
1158:
1035:
901:
20:
8358:
8227:
7890:
7505:
6868:
6288:
4678:
1839:
were the legal basis of units of length. A wrought iron ruler, the Toise of Peru, also called
1086:
322:. From 1983 until 2019, the metre was formally defined as the length of the path travelled by
8655:
8511:
2365:
1881:
1535:
1413:
1291:
1249:
1039:
1011:– decided that the new measure should be equal to one ten-millionth of the distance from the
996:
992:
8030:
7710:
3894:(fathom) was slightly shorter than 2 m and was standardised at exactly 2 m in the
2645:
through Paris, that is the distance from the equator to the north pole along that quadrant.
957:
472:), English and other languages. The Greek word is derived from the Proto-Indo-European root
7402:
7115:
7073:
7006:
6768:
6711:
6613:
6222:
5823:
5714:
5147:
5102:
4944:
Vermessung, Photogrammetrie, Kulturtechnik: VPK = Mensuration, Photogrammétrie, Génie Rural
4637:
2902:
2743:
2642:
2319:
The metre is the length of the path travelled by light in vacuum during a time interval of
1906:
1828:
1641:
1579:
1511:
1204:
1162:
1130:
1031:
1008:
1000:
703:
553:
547:
521:
497:
8602:
Encyclopaedia of Scientific Units, Weights and Measures: Their SI Equivalences and Origins
8562:
Encydopaedia of scientific units, weights, and measures: their SI equivalences and origins
5854:"A Tale About the First Weights and Measures Intercomparison in the United States in 1832"
4409:
1068:
measurement of the Paris meridian arc between Dunkirk and Barcelona and was determined as
8:
9042:
7828:
7745:
The NIST Reference on constants, units, and uncertainties: Fundamental physical constants
7548:
7544:
6560:
5980:
From artefacts to atoms : the BIPM and the search for ultimate measurement standards
5790:
American Philosophical Society.; Society, American Philosophical; Poupard, James (1825).
5542:
5386:
5375:(in German). Berlin: Central-Bureau der Europäischen Gradmessung. 1868. pp. 123–134.
3916:
was 10.688 km, but was changed to 10 km when Sweden converted to metric units.
3094:
2995:
2198:
2134:
1869:
1824:
1770:
1645:
1603:
1487:
1476:
1472:
1417:
1404:
demonstrated that several meridians had not the same length, confirming an hypothesis of
1361:
1353:
1295:
1177:
909:
837:. When the length of the metre was defined as one ten-millionth of the distance from the
747:
8260:
7406:
7119:
7077:
7061:
7010:
6994:
6772:
6715:
6617:
6226:
5827:
5718:
5106:
5090:
956:
In 1790, one year before it was ultimately decided that the metre would be based on the
8600:
8560:
8077:
8056:
8005:
7585:
7463:
7428:
7139:
6792:
6737:
6637:
6468:
6256:
6167:
6137:
6089:
6057:
6006:
5878:
5770:
5740:
5655:
5582:
5516:
5008:
4779:
4569:
4195:
3111:. Meanwhile, the metre was adopted by the Republic of Geneva. After the joining of the
2841:
2181:
2173:
2161:
1950:
1933:
1885:
1802:
1782:
1714:
1710:
1527:
1519:
1515:
1438:
Nomination of the STRUVE GEODETIC ARC for inscription on the WORLD HERITAGE LIST, p. 40
1245:
731:
500:
and may be translated as "Use measure!", thus calls for both measurement and moderation
147:
6187:
6110:
6027:
4833:
4300:
1868:
into account without measuring the temperature. A French scientific instrument maker,
1667:
The International Geodetic Association gained global importance with the accession of
396:
Seal of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) – Use measure (Greek:
9080:
8966:
8754:
8735:
8664:
8611:
8566:
8484:
8440:
8433:
8315:
8200:
8174:
7898:
7608:
7577:
7511:
7420:
7143:
7131:
7081:
7022:
6838:
6796:
6784:
6756:
6741:
6729:
6641:
6629:
6580:
6511:
6294:
6260:
6248:
5994:
5984:
5931:
5883:
5831:
5744:
5732:
5709:. The new International System of Units / Le nouveau Système international d’unités.
5659:
5219:
5209:
5118:
5012:
5000:
4876:
4851:
4814:
4804:
4771:
4475:
4465:
4149:
3993:
3936:
3913:
3862:
to assist with conversion is "three 3s": 1 metre is nearly equivalent to 3
3261:
2715:
Defines the metre as the distance between two lines on a standard bar of an alloy of
1998:
1994:
1865:
1836:
1746:
1607:
1531:
1266:
1248:
has ancient roots which were revived in the 19th century by the modernist impetus of
1185:
1123:
735:
695:
642:
7895:
Atomic, molecular, and optical physics: electromagnetic radiation, Volume 29, Part 3
7795:
2910:
1024:
814:
698:
and proposed this unit of measurement to be called the astronomical radius (French:
19:
This article is about the unit of length. For other uses of "metre" or "meter", see
8476:
8239:
7826:
The formulas used in the calculator and the documentation behind them are found at
7459:
7432:
7410:
7256:
7123:
7014:
6927:
6776:
6719:
6668:
6621:
6572:
6501:
6240:
5873:
5865:
5722:
5647:
5343:
5110:
4992:
4951:
4841:
4281:
3895:
3138:
3112:
3108:
3103:
3090:
2615:
2559:
2029:
2010:
1766:
1762:
1539:
1456:
1425:
1329:
977:
941:
897:
865:
746:, the study of variations in gravitational acceleration was a way to determine the
691:
384:, which also includes improvements in the accuracy of measuring the circumference.
276:
7995:
7846:
6529:
6490:"History of the International Polar Motion Service/International Latitude Service"
6458:
6188:"Nomination of the STRUVE GEODETIC ARC for inscription on the WORLD HERITAGE LIST"
6158:
6078:
5603:"Comprendre – Histoire de l'observatoire de Paris - Pierre-François-André Méchain"
5505:
4940:"La méridienne de Dunkerque à Barcelone et la déterminiation du mètre (1972-1799)"
4631:
4559:
4532:
4099:). The Director of the NIST officially recognised this publication, together with
8833:
8497:
8309:
7842:
7803:
NIST length scale interferometer measurement assurance; NIST document NISTIR 4998
7738:
The term "relative standard uncertainty" is explained by NIST on their web site:
6916:"Exposé historique des travaux de la commission géodésique suisse de 1862 à 1892"
6657:"Exposé historique des travaux de la commission géodésique suisse de 1862 à 1892"
6401:
6384:
6332:
6127:
5791:
5759:
5572:
5460:
4870:
4335:
2898:
2692:
Specifies the platinum metre bar, presented on 22 June 1799 and deposited in the
2638:
2272:
2126:
1789:
in 1871. Meanwhile, most European countries had adopted the metre. In the 1870s,
1750:
1730:
1499:
1357:
1349:
1321:
1220:
1212:
937:
873:
755:
743:
632:
561:
541:
6047:
5602:
4464:. Dupont-Bloch, Nicolas. ( ed.). Louvain-la-Neuve: De Boeck. pp. 5–6.
2066:
as the distance between two lines on a standard bar composed of an alloy of 90%
474:
9523:
8986:
8918:
8624:
7921:
7277:
5727:
5702:
5306:
5241:
5030:
4846:
3955:
2654:
2479:
2467:
2310:
2250:
2234:
1891:
1811:
1758:
1688:
1623:
1547:
1495:
1468:
1341:
1235:
1216:
1208:
1189:
913:
687:
646:
143:
37:
6780:
6506:
6489:
4818:
4496:
4169:
2082:
1443:
908:
mathematician soon independently discovered a mathematical formula to correct
9517:
9122:
9047:
8971:
8908:
8898:
8525:
7581:
7424:
7309:
The creation of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures and its work
7135:
7085:
7026:
7018:
6788:
6733:
6633:
6515:
6252:
5998:
5835:
5789:
5736:
5141:
5122:
5114:
5004:
4855:
4775:
4479:
4355:
4321:
4199:
3931:
3757:
3223:
3217:
2837:
2279:
2154:
2022:
2002:
1790:
1754:
1684:
1119:
1096:
1004:
869:
817:, lasting from 1792 to 1798, which measured the distance between a belfry in
319:
210:
8703:
8534:. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 801–813.
8243:
6842:
5223:
3979:
2779:
corresponding to the transition between the 2p and 5d quantum levels of the
2125:
In 1921, the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to another Swiss scientist,
1661:
1226:
560:
to the section by replacing the section with a link and a summary or by
8991:
8948:
8933:
8888:
8868:
8785:
8547:]. Translated by Goldhammer, Art. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
8519:
7261:
7244:
6724:
6699:
6331:
Historische Commission bei der königl. Akademie der Wissenschaften (1908),
5887:
5651:
5348:
4996:
4798:
4608:
3089:
In France, the metre was adopted as an exclusive measure in 1801 under the
2404:
2138:
1961:) to establish a "European international bureau for weights and measures".
1725:
1611:
1464:
1311:
1307:
1299:
1278:
1087:
Early adoption of the metre as a scientific unit of length: the forerunners
795:
779:
295:
236:
7507:
Measure of the Earth: The Enlightenment Expedition That Reshaped Our World
6244:
5978:
5424:
4939:
4729:"Gravity: Notes: Latitude Dependent Changes in Gravitational Acceleration"
2094:
work led to the discovery of special alloys of iron–nickel, in particular
1974:
1793:
played a pivotal role in the unification of the metric system through the
1265:
work inaugurated under Muhammad Ali. This Commission suggested to Viceroy
9498:
9156:
8863:
8818:
8376:"Outlines of the evolution of weights and measures and the metric system"
6832:
6755:
Drewes, Hermann; Kuglitsch, Franz; Adám, József; Rózsa, Szabolcs (2016).
6576:
5869:
5858:
Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology
4955:
3863:
3283:
3239:
3116:
3084:
2670:
2492:
2146:
1692:
1559:
1543:
1523:
1239:
1200:
973:
893:
759:
679:
421:
171:
6931:
6849:
6672:
6210:
4783:
4759:
3928: – standard reference temperature for length measurements
1421:
1269:
the idea of buying geodetic devices which were ordered in France. While
1091:
834:
9488:
9478:
9468:
9389:
9299:
9264:
9245:
9206:
9186:
9176:
9166:
9140:
From smallest to largest (left to right). Commonly used units shown in
8680:
Supreme Court of the Philippines (Second Division). (20 January 2010).
8480:
8360:
The Penny Magazine of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge
8161:
6625:
6423:, 2004, Estudios sociales de la ciencia y la tecnologia, 23, pp. 11–30.
4069:). However, in 2008 the U.S. English translation published by the U.S.
3713:
3677:
3479:
3413:
3389:
3376:
3365:
3265:
3010:
2768:
2287:
2268:
2242:
2115:
1914:
1619:
1381:
1230:
Ibáñez apparatus calibrated on the metric Spanish Standard and used at
1150:
1012:
965:
838:
751:
721:
637:
315:
291:
121:
7954:
The BIPM maintains a list of recommended radiations on their web site.
7632:"17th General Conference on Weights and Measures (1983), Resolution 1"
7589:
7565:
7127:
6915:
6656:
2241:, the inventor of the device and an advocate of using some particular
876:
a new value for the flattening of the Earth, which he determinated as
9448:
9438:
9428:
9418:
9399:
9379:
9334:
9226:
9216:
9196:
8928:
8843:
7415:
7390:
7305:
La Création du Bureau International des Poids et Mesures et son Œuvre
6601:
5155:. Madrid: Imprenta de la Viuda e Hijo de D.E. Aguado. pp. 70–78.
3804:
3779:
3457:
3435:
3400:
3352:
3341:
3257:
3205:
2107:
1910:
1680:
1615:
1452:
1166:
985:
830:
826:
487:
455:
443:
129:
8465:
Weights and Measures Standards of the United States, a brief history
7447:
7104:"Charles Sanders Peirce and the first absolute measurement standard"
7103:
6403:
Memoires de la Société de physique et d'histoire naturelle de Genève
6386:
Memoires de la Société de physique et d'histoire naturelle de Genève
5811:
5480:"L'histoire des unités | Réseau National de la Métrologie Française"
5417:
Measures for progress: a history of the National Bureau of Standards
4086:) of the English text of the eighth edition of the BIPM publication
2844:
to be negligible with respect to the uncertainties of realisation".
2696:, as the final standard. Legally equal to 443.296 lines on the
2045:
1451:
It was well known that by measuring the latitude of two stations in
9458:
8808:
8674:
Republic Act No. 7160: The Local Government Code of the Philippines
8654:. National Research Council Canada. 5 February 2010. Archived from
8228:"Notice sur la carte de la Suisse dressée par l'État Major Fédéral"
7829:"Engineering metrology toolbox: Refractive index of air calculator"
6108:
5172:
Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences
4214:
is used in government and everyday commerce, as evidenced by laws (
3859:
3181:
3175:
3098:
2716:
2611:
2227:
2106:
in 1920. Guillaume's Nobel Prize marked the end of an era in which
2067:
1633:
1591:
1480:
1397:
1385:
1262:
1142:
969:
968:
proposed that the metre be the length of the seconds pendulum at a
783:
739:
661:
108:
9121:
4435:"M13. From Kepler's Laws To Universal Gravitation – Basic Physics"
1606:. Baeyer also planned to determine the curvature of the seas, the
1574:
coordinate geodetic surveys in the space between the parallels of
674:
and to the determination of the distance from Earth to the Sun by
496:(BIPM), which was a saying of the Greek statesman and philosopher
8996:
8981:
8923:
8853:
8848:
8798:
8488:
7868:
Engineering metrology toolbox: Refractive index of air calculator
6955:, Madrid, Imprenta de la Viuda e Hijo de D.E. Aguado, 1881, p. 78
5983:. Oxford. pp. 20, 37–38, 91–92, 70–72, 114–117, 144–147, 8.
5188:
5140:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
4103:, as the "legal interpretation" of the SI for the United States (
3233:
3227:
3187:
3151:
2780:
2735:
2720:
2150:
2119:
2111:
2071:
1918:
1857:
1785:, Napoleonic Wars fostered German nationalism which later led to
1583:
1575:
1507:
1503:
1491:
1377:
1315:
1231:
1112:
1016:
842:
818:
767:
763:
653:
417:
287:
8632:
National Institute of Standards and Technology. (27 June 2011).
6293:(in French). De Gruyter, Incorporated. pp. 23–25, 100–109.
5796:. Vol. new ser.:v.2 (1825). Philadelphia pp. 234–278.
4875:(in French). Springer Science & Business Media. p. 46.
1622:
in the north. In his mind, the cooperation of all the States of
1602:, in order to determine the influence of this mountain range on
1364:
measurement, it was resolved in the 1860s, at the initiative of
972:
of 45°. This option, with one-third of this length defining the
904:, and Isaac-Charles Élisée Cellérier (8.01.1818 – 2.10.1889), a
9126:
9011:
8913:
8823:
8803:
8793:
7891:"Physical limits on accuracy and resolution: setting the scale"
7043:
The Statutes of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
4680:
Centuries of Inventions: Encyclopedia and History of Inventions
4582:
3277:
3269:
3199:
3193:
3132:
3078:
2819:
2772:
2739:
2619:
2342:
2306:
2294:
1861:
1672:
1657:
1653:
1595:
1551:
1460:
1409:
1389:
1253:
1138:
905:
766:
grew in importance as a means of empirically demonstrating the
351:
272:
240:
68:
6530:"Polar motion | Earth's axis, wobble, precession | Britannica"
6457:
Jouffroy, Achille de (1785-1859) Auteur du texte (1852–1853).
4834:"Émilie Du Châtelet, un passeur scientifique au XVIIIe siècle"
1964:
1396:
is a ball, which on the whole can be assimilated to an oblate
633:
Universal measure: the metre linked to the figure of the Earth
600:
Please help by removing excessive detail that may be against
392:
9026:
9021:
9006:
8883:
8878:
8873:
8858:
8463:
Judson, Lewis V. (1 October 1976) . Barbrow, Louis E. (ed.).
6559:
Torge, Wolfgang (2016). Rizos, Chris; Willis, Pascal (eds.).
5208:. Encyclopedia Universalis. 1996. pp. 320, 370. Vol 10.
4348:
4314:
4111:
is referred to as the "international spelling"; the spelling
3925:
3909:
3883:
3211:
3169:
3157:
3107:, which remained in use in France up to 1840 in the reign of
2799:
2246:
2177:
2095:
1872:, had made three direct copies of the Toise of Peru, one for
1851:
in the United States and served as standard of length in the
1832:
1676:
1668:
1629:
1570:
1393:
1303:
1257:
664:
and that this period depended on the length of the pendulum.
481:
449:
437:
397:
323:
8491:. NBS Special Publication 447; NIST SP 447; 003-003-01654-3.
7654:"Mise en pratique for the definition of the meter in the SI"
6837:(in French). Paris: Gauthier-Villars. pp. 7–8, 20, 32.
6157:
texte, Ismāʿīl-Afandī Muṣṭafá (1825-1901) Auteur du (1864).
6126:
texte, Ismāʿīl-Afandī Muṣṭafá (1825–1901) Auteur du (1886).
5571:
Delambre, Jean-Baptiste (1749–1822) Auteur du texte (1912).
1900:
In the second half of the 19th century, the creation of the
1884:
also realized a copy of the Toise of Peru which was kept at
9001:
8943:
8938:
8746:
8467:. Derived from a prior work by Louis A. Fisher (1905). US:
7975:
6920:
Bulletin de la Société des Sciences Naturelles de Neuchâtel
6661:
Bulletin de la Société des Sciences Naturelles de Neuchâtel
6273:
J. M. López de Azcona, "Ibáñez e Ibáñez de Ibero, Carlos",
4030:'deca', and 'caesium' as in the original BIPM English text.
3879: inches. This gives an overestimate of 0.125 mm.
3655:
3625:
2960:
2784:
2610:
The length of the new metre to be equal to the length of a
2290:
2169:
2165:
1989:
sent to the French Academy of Sciences a report drafted by
1941:
1880:
in 1821 and a third for Friedrich Bessel in 1823. In 1831,
1599:
1587:
1154:
758:. In the 18th century, in addition of its significance for
180:
162:
6318:"El General Ibáñez e Ibáñez de Ibero, Marqués de Mulhacén"
4979:
Martin, Jean-Pierre; McConnell, Anita (20 December 2008).
4539:(in French). pp. 262, 285, 288–290, 269, 276–277, 283
2230:. Albert Michelson soon took up the idea and improved it.
2077:
845:, the flattening of the Earth ellipsoid was assumed to be
717:
8976:
8903:
8893:
7337:
7249:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
6810:
6389:. Vol. 15. Geneve: Georg pp. 441–444, 484–485.
6287:
commission, Internationale Erdmessung Permanente (1892).
5640:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
3887:
2798:
Defines the metre as the length of the path travelled by
2276:
1709:
and Raoul Gautier (1854–1931), respectively directors of
7741:"Standard Uncertainty and Relative Standard Uncertainty"
6861:
6754:
6488:
Yokoyama, Koichi; Manabe, Seiji; Sakai, Satoshi (2000).
5200:
5198:
5145:
1184:
whose president, the Swiss meteorologist and physicist,
912:
of this device which had been noticed by Plantamour and
376:, a change of 0.022% from the original value of exactly
8382:
8143:
7243:
Ross, Clarke Alexander; James, Henry (1 January 1873).
6049:
Histoire abrégée de l'astronomie / par Ernest Lebon,...
5634:
Clarke, Alexander Ross; James, Henry (1 January 1867).
4385:"Museo Galileo - In depth - Gravitational acceleration"
2478:
major factors limit the accuracy attainable with laser
2233:
In 1893, the standard metre was first measured with an
1219:
were taken into account by Bessel when he proposed his
58:
8732:
The Measurement, Instrumentation, and Sensors Handbook
8705:
Guide for the Use of the International System of Units
4619:. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 801–813.
4374:, Clarendon Press 2nd ed. 1989, vol. IX p. 697 col. 3.
3295:(nm), respectively, but this practice is discouraged.
1463:
measurements contained significant systematic errors.
8402:
8057:"CGPM : Compte rendus de la 1ère réunion (1889)"
7705:
7703:
7701:
7566:"The Contributions of Charles S. Peirce to Metrology"
6873:. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1966. p. 529.
5195:
2508:
1479:
that gave an inaccurate determination of Barcelona's
936:
for the flattening of the Earth when he proposed his
690:. In 1671, Jean Picard also measured the length of a
8078:"CGPM : Comptes rendus de le 7e réunion (1927)"
5757:
5413:"Appendix B: The metric system in the United States"
4652:"Science. 1791, l'adoption révolutionnaire du mètre"
4278:
American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
3009:
wavelengths of light from a specified transition in
2562:
of the medium in which the measurement is made, and
1720:
794:
and this new data called into question the value of
8565:. Springer-Verlag London Limited. Table 2.1, p. 5.
8164:
Resolution 1 of the 17th meeting of the CGPM (1983)
8087:
7778:
National Institute of Standards and Technology 2011
7553:. Vol. 1. London: MacMillan and Co. p. 3.
6826:
6824:
6487:
4630:Poynting, John Henry; Thomson, Joseph John (1907).
3035:Length of the path travelled by light in vacuum in
1126:to assess temperature effects on the measurements.
8599:
8432:
7994:Wolf, Charles (1827–1918) Auteur du texte (1882).
7914:
7794:Beers, John S; Penzes, William B (December 1992).
7792:A more detailed listing of errors can be found in
7698:
7055:
7053:
6046:Lebon, Ernest (1846–1922) Auteur du texte (1899).
5812:"Swiss Geodesy and the United States Coast Survey"
5793:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society
5701:Débarbat, Suzanne; Quinn, Terry (1 January 2019).
4981:"Joining the observatories of Paris and Greenwich"
4267:, s.v. ammeter, meter, parking meter, speedometer.
2959:Platinum–iridium bar at melting point of ice (1st
2535:
2489:uncertainty in the refractive index of the medium,
8584:Data from Giacomo, P., Du platine à la lumière ,
7570:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
6571:. Cham: Springer International Publishing: 3–18.
6567:. International Association of Geodesy Symposia.
5029:von Struve, Friedrich Georg Wilhelm (July 1857).
4933:
4931:
4929:
4927:
4558:Picard, Jean (1620–1682) Auteur du texte (1671).
4210:) following the SI spelling, in actual practice,
2653:Provisional metre bar made of brass and based on
2388:with an estimated relative standard uncertainty (
1702:Association Géodesique réduite entre États neutre
1368:who would become the first president of both the
9515:
8671:Republic of the Philippines. (10 October 1991).
8662:Republic of the Philippines. (2 December 1978).
8378:. London: The Macmillan Company. pp. 66–69.
7820:
6821:
6415:
6413:
6406:. Vol. 16. Geneve: Georg pp. 165–196.
6026:Hassler, Harriet; Burroughs, Charles A. (2007).
6025:
5955:
5953:
5696:
5694:
5536:
5534:
5532:
4078:National Institute of Standards and Technology (
2831:International Committee for Weights and Measures
1194:International Committee for Weights and Measures
1111:. Trained in geodesy in Switzerland, France and
282:The metre was originally defined in 1791 by the
8689:Taylor, B.N. and Thompson, A. (Eds.). (2008a).
8641:National Physical Laboratory. (25 March 2010).
8456:Refinement of values for the yard and the pound
8363:. Charles Knight. 6 June 1840. pp. 221–22.
8255:
8253:
8139:Taylor and Thompson (2008a), Appendix 1, p. 77.
8106:Taylor and Thompson (2008a), Appendix 1, p. 70.
8025:
8023:
8021:
7530:Stephen Hawking, Paris, Dunod, 2003, 2014, 929
7155:
7153:
7050:
5235:
5233:
4978:
4753:
4751:
4749:
4629:
4497:"Lettres philosophiques/Lettre 15 - Wikisource"
4136:. Archived from the original on 11 October 2016
4018:"The International System of Units (SI) – NIST"
2734:Redefines the metre as the distance, at 0
2486:uncertainty in vacuum wavelength of the source,
1374:International Committee for Weights and Measure
8554:"Chapter 2: The International system of Units"
8510:
8132:
5805:
5803:
5629:
5627:
5625:
5623:
5332:
5330:
5328:
5265:
5263:
4974:
4972:
4924:
4803:. Normandie roto impr. Paris: Robert Laffont.
4561:Mesure de la terre [par l'abbé Picard]
4071:National Institute of Standards and Technology
4025:National Institute of Standards and Technology
3973:
3960:National Institute of Standards and Technology
2446:National Institute of Standards and Technology
512:) in English began at least as early as 1797.
286:as one ten-millionth of the distance from the
9107:
8762:
7320:
7318:
6693:
6691:
6689:
6554:
6552:
6550:
6456:
6410:
6204:
6202:
6200:
6112:Bulletin de la Société de géographie d'Égypte
6077:Puissant, Louis (1769–1843) Auteur du texte.
6041:
6039:
5972:
5970:
5968:
5950:
5700:
5691:
5543:"Fixation de la longueur définitive du mètre"
5529:
5458:
5089:Bessel, Friedrich Wilhelm (1 December 1841).
4603:
4601:
4599:
4597:
3596:
3246:
742:and gravitational acceleration. According to
708:
8453:Astin, A. V. & Karo, H. Arnold, (1959),
8250:
8018:
7962:
7960:
7922:"Recommended values of standard frequencies"
7888:
7732:
7479:"Einstein, le révolutionnaire de la lumière"
7311:]. Paris: Gauthier-Villars. p. 321.
7150:
6969:"Metric Act of 1866 – US Metric Association"
6277:, vol. VII, 1–2, Scribner's, New York, 1981.
6109:Jamʻīyah al-Jughrāfīyah al-Miṣrīyah (1876).
5847:
5845:
5230:
5061:Viik, T (2006). "F. W. Bessel and geodesy".
5056:
5054:
5052:
4746:
4526:
4524:
4522:
4520:
4518:
4088:
4051:International Bureau of Weights and Measures
4043:
3981:International Bureau of Weights and Measures
3126:
3101:decreed the introduction of the non-decimal
3079:Early adoptions of the metre internationally
2933:
2554:, the speed of light in vacuum in m/s. Here
2341:This definition fixed the speed of light in
2300:
2054:
2038:
1980:International Bureau of Weights and Measures
1808:International Bureau of Weights and Measures
1700:
1494:recommending international collaboration in
1348:Seventeen years after Bessel calculated his
984:shortly after gaining independence from the
920:to determine a remarkably accurate value of
507:
494:International Bureau of Weights and Measures
467:
9053:Historical definitions of the SI base units
8373:
8010:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
7793:
7236:
6494:International Astronomical Union Colloquium
6473:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
6312:
6310:
6172:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
6142:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
6094:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
6062:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
5800:
5775:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
5633:
5620:
5587:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
5521:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
5454:
5452:
5450:
5448:
5446:
5444:
5442:
5362:
5360:
5358:
5325:
5260:
4969:
4574:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
4459:
4082:). In 2008, NIST published the US version (
1207:of the Survey of the Coast, shortly before
461:
448:) ((I) measure, count or compare) and noun
9114:
9100:
8769:
8755:
8597:
8551:
8388:
8374:Hallock, William; Wade, Herbert T (1906).
8311:Building in Egypt: pharaonic stone masonry
8149:
7889:Dunning, F. B.; Hulet, Randall G. (1997).
7788:
7786:
7452:Journal de Physique Théorique et Appliquée
7315:
6993:Bessel, Friedrich Wilhelm (1 April 1840).
6686:
6547:
6356:
6286:
6197:
6115:. University of Michigan. . pp. 6–16.
6036:
6011:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
5965:
5279:Institut de France – Académie des sciences
5028:
4594:
4297:"-meter – definition of -meter in English"
2710:General Conference on Weights and Measures
2050:General Conference on Weights and Measures
1817:Conservatoire national des Arts et Métiers
1107:was appointed first Superintendent of the
36:
8728:Laser interferometer displacement sensors
8495:
7981:
7957:
7445:
7414:
7302:
7260:
7242:
7169:Bureau International des Poids et Mesures
7059:
6855:
6723:
6599:
6505:
6234:
5877:
5842:
5726:
5503:
5347:
5146:Ibáñez e Ibáñez de Ibero, Carlos (1881).
5070:
5049:
4845:
4588:
4530:
4515:
4045:Bureau international des poids et mesures
2570:The CIPM issued a clarification in 2002:
2536:{\displaystyle \lambda ={\frac {c}{nf}},}
2040:Bureau International des Poids et Mesures
1847:in 1799. One of them became known as the
1831:, and unique artifacts made of different
1182:International Meteorological Organisation
940:in 1901. This was also the result of the
620:Learn how and when to remove this message
277:hyperfine transition frequency of caesium
42:Historical public metre standard in Paris
8367:
8035:Direction Générale des Entreprises (DGE)
7882:
7864:"§VI: Uncertainty and range of validity"
7841:The choice is offered to use either the
7796:"§4 Re-evaluation of measurement errors"
7626:
7624:
7503:
7448:"La mesure rapide des bases géodésiques"
7269:
6307:
6032:. NIST Research Library. pp. 51–52.
5570:
5439:
5410:
5355:
5295:, Neuchâtel, imprimerie Attinger frères.
4868:
4796:
4704:"Centrifugal force Vs centripetal force"
4124:
2723:, measured at the melting point of ice.
2192:
2081:
2074:, measured at the melting point of ice.
2056:Conférence Générale des Poids et Mesures
1963:
1890:
1741:had brought to the United States in 1805
1724:
1442:
1376:, to remeasure the arc of meridian from
1320:
1225:
1141:to the basic units of the metre and the
1090:
982:redefining the yard in the United States
951:
716:
636:
515:
391:
8702:Taylor, B.N. and Thompson, A. (2008b).
8697:Le Système International d' Unités (SI)
8232:Le Globe. Revue genevoise de géographie
7856:
7783:
7596:
7550:A Treatise On Electricity and Magnetism
7543:
7275:
7213:
7211:
7191:"BIPM – International Metre Commission"
7039:
6913:
6654:
5474:
5472:
5239:
4937:
4831:
4757:
4676:
4250:Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary
4235:
3898:system, such that 1 m was exactly
2215:A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism
2078:Metrology and paradigm shift in physics
2025:according to the progress of sciences.
1779:Office of Standard Weights and Measures
774:promoted in France in combination with
9516:
8692:The International System of Units (SI)
8462:
8225:
8093:
7602:
7563:
7446:Guillaume, C.-H.-Ed (1 January 1906).
7159:
7101:
7097:
7095:
7062:"Le Systeme Metrique est-il en Peril?"
6992:
6434:"c à Paris; vitesse de la lumière ..."
6337:Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Bd. 54
5809:
5342:, vol. 163, London, p. 463,
5336:
5269:
5088:
4985:Notes and Records of the Royal Society
4898:"How France created the metric system"
4557:
4365:
4207:
3986:The International System of Units (SI)
3816:"≈" means "is approximately equal to";
2546:which converts the unit of wavelength
1930:French Geodesic Mission to the Equator
1081:French Geodesic Mission to the Equator
9095:
8750:
8538:
8430:
8000:(in French). pp. C.38–39, C.2–4.
7987:
7621:
7607:. CBS College Publishing. p. 3.
7335:
7102:Crease, Robert P. (1 December 2009).
6963:
6961:
6697:
6600:Levallois, J. J. (1 September 1980).
6558:
6208:
6156:
6125:
6045:
6029:Ferdinand Rudolph Hassler (1770–1843)
5976:
5577:pp. 202–203, 2015, 141–142, 178.
5566:
5564:
5084:
5082:
5024:
5022:
4701:
4491:
4489:
4410:"Museo Galileo - In depth - Pendulum"
4299:. Oxford Dictionaries. Archived from
3309:
3306:
1810:, the German born, Swiss astronomer,
672:Newton's law of universal gravitation
8635:NIST-F1 Cesium Fountain Atomic Clock
7993:
7651:
7208:
6830:
6076:
5851:
5469:
5304:
5060:
4869:Capderou, Michel (31 October 2011).
4760:"Historique Sommaire De La Geodesie"
4006:from the original on 18 October 2021
2851:Definitions of the metre since 1795
2836:Considers the metre to be a unit of
2802:in vacuum during a time interval of
1987:Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences
1753:led to the adoption of the metre in
1556:United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway
1328:: a meridian arc extending from the
1298:with an arc running northwards from
580:
525:
8652:"Maintaining the SI unit of length"
8626:Historical context of the SI: Meter
8606:(2nd ed.). Springer. pp.
8400:
8314:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
7605:Physics For Science and Engineering
7504:Ferreiro, Larrie D. (31 May 2011).
7303:Guillaume, Charles-Édouard (1927).
7092:
5540:
4097:Taylor and Thompson (2008a), p. iii
3823:One metre is exactly equivalent to
2189:the Sun during an eclipse in 1919.
275:, where the second is defined by a
13:
8333:"Dictionary of the Scots Language"
8296:
8286:Taylor & Thompson 2003, p. 11.
7219:"A Note on the History of the IAG"
6958:
6275:Dictionary of Scientific Biography
5561:
5079:
5019:
4895:
4872:Satellites : de Kepler au GPS
4486:
2249:as a standard of length. By 1925,
1902:International Geodetic Association
1874:Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve
1459:causing wear and consequently the
1370:International Geodetic Association
1306:would bring the course of a major
809:commissioned an expedition led by
778:mathematical work and because the
750:, whose crucial parameter was the
14:
9540:
8120:. US: National Geographic Society
7943:National Physical Laboratory 2010
7060:Guillaume, Ed. (1 January 1916).
6951:Carlos Ibáñez e Ibáñez de Ibero,
5908:. 8 December 2015. Archived from
4832:Touzery, Mireille (3 July 2008).
4702:Silas, Walter (30 October 2022).
4090:Le Système international d'unités
4073:(NIST) chose to use the spelling
2495:resolution of the interferometer.
2180:. According to Newton, space was
1737:produced in 1799 in Paris, which
1721:International prototype metre bar
1695:. However, the activities of the
1490:sent a memorandum to the King of
668:Kepler's laws of planetary motion
9076:
9075:
8394:
8351:
8325:
8302:
8290:
8285:
8279:
8219:
8193:
8167:
8155:
8138:
8110:
8105:
8099:
8070:
8049:
7948:
7936:
7771:
7759:
7664:
7645:
7557:
7537:
7524:
7497:
7476:
7470:
7464:10.1051/jphystap:019060050024200
7439:
7383:
7353:
7329:
7296:
7183:
7033:
6986:
6914:Zuerich, ETH-Bibliothek (1892).
6655:Zuerich, ETH-Bibliothek (1892).
6421:Revista Colombiana de Sociología
5852:Parr, Albert C. (1 April 2006).
5674:"Histoire du mètre | Métrologie"
5240:Brunner, Jean (1 January 1857).
5135:
4938:Zuerich, ETH-Bibliothek (1991).
4838:La revue pour l'histoire du CNRS
4677:Lucendo, Jorge (23 April 2020).
4531:Levallois, Jean-Jacques (1986).
4462:L'exploration du système solaire
4227:
4100:
4096:
4083:
3819:"=" means "is exactly equal to".
1777:in 1807 and the creation of the
1564:Central European Arc Measurement
1420:, in particular the latitude of
1030:In 1799, a commission including
670:served both to the discovery of
585:
530:
436:can be traced to the Greek verb
8506:]. Paris: Gauthier-Villars.
7897:. Academic Press. p. 316.
7510:. Basic Books. pp. 19–23.
7361:"BIPM – la définition du mètre"
7162:"Don Carlos Ibanez (1825–1891)"
6945:
6907:
6877:
6858:, pp. 8, 158–159, 176–177.
6803:
6757:"The Geodesist's Handbook 2016"
6748:
6648:
6593:
6522:
6481:
6450:
6426:
6393:
6376:
6350:
6324:
6280:
6267:
6180:
6150:
6119:
6102:
6070:
6019:
5924:
5894:
5783:
5751:
5666:
5595:
5497:
5404:
5379:
5305:Wolf, Rudolf (1 January 1891).
5298:
5285:
5159:
5129:
4915:
4889:
4862:
4825:
4790:
4721:
4695:
4670:
4644:
4623:
4551:
4453:
4427:
4402:
4377:
4341:
4307:
4289:
2669:, legally equal to 443.44
2667:Cesar-François Cassini de Thury
2015:Carlos Ibáñez e Ibáñez de Ibero
1856:main references for geodesy in
1773:prompted the foundation of the
1366:Carlos Ibáñez e Ibáñez de Ibero
1326:West Europe–Africa Meridian-arc
1284:Carlos Ibáñez e Ibáñez de Ibero
1049:Spanish-French geodetic mission
9063:System of units of measurement
7966:
7853:between the two possibilities.
7766:National Research Council 2010
7401:(3397): 874. 1 December 1934.
7324:
6885:"Borda et le système métrique"
5678:metrologie.entreprises.gouv.fr
5459:Larousse, Pierre (1866–1877).
4270:
4241:
4219:
4188:
4162:
4118:
4035:
4010:
3956:"Base unit definitions: Meter"
3948:
1835:with distinct coefficients of
1697:International Latitude Service
1199:In 1834, Hassler, measured at
1:
8552:Cardarelli, François (2003).
8496:Bigourdan, Guillaume (1901).
8423:
7851:a discussion of how to choose
7849:. The documentation provides
7777:
7284:(in French). pp. 150–153
6209:Soler, T. (1 February 1997).
5960:Heinrich VON WILD (1833–1902)
5423:. p. 532. Archived from
5313:(in French). pp. 370–371
5248:(in French). pp. 150–153
4115:, as the "American spelling".
4062:
2255:International System of Units
2086:Invar wire baseline apparatus
2063:International Prototype Metre
1973:preliminary proposal made in
1878:Heinrich Christian Schumacher
1173:Mitteleuropaïsche Gradmessung
811:Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre
798:as Picard had calculated it.
245:International System of Units
8776:
8521:"Earth, Figure of the"
8473:National Bureau of Standards
7942:
7765:
5338:length by Sir Henry James",
4800:Les passions intellectuelles
4797:Badinter, Élisabeth (2018).
4683:. Jorge Lucendo. p. 246
4610:"Earth, Figure of the"
4222:), Supreme Court decisions (
3253:Orders of magnitude (length)
2633:Accepts the proposal by the
2186:Einstein's theory of gravity
1271:Mahmud Ahmad Hamdi al-Falaki
1180:in 1863, and by that of the
786:through geodetic surveys in
602:Knowledge's inclusion policy
488:
456:
444:
427:
7:
6891:(in French). Archived from
5484:metrologie-francaise.lne.fr
5421:U.S. Department of Commerce
4230:), and national standards (
4104:
4101:Taylor and Thompson (2008b)
4079:
3919:
3093:. This continued under the
2590:
2583:
2218:, 3rd edition, Vol. 1, p. 3
2131:Michelson–Morley experiment
1909:. Furthermore, advances in
1707:H.G. van de Sande Bakhuyzen
1590:and Trunz (German name for
544:the scope of other articles
416:Measuring devices (such as
387:
300:Earth's polar circumference
10:
9545:
8586:Bull. Bur. Nat. Metrologie
7711:"Iodine (λ ≈ 633 nm)"
7564:Lenzen, Victor F. (1965).
6357:D'Alembert, Jean Le Rond.
5728:10.1016/j.crhy.2018.12.002
5411:Cochrane, Rexmond (1966).
5340:Philosophical Transactions
4847:10.4000/histoire-cnrs.7752
4658:(in French). 25 March 2021
4349:
4315:
4255:Cambridge University Press
4084:Taylor and Thompson, 2008a
3611:expressed in metric units
3606:expressed in non-SI units
3597:Equivalents in other units
3302:SI multiples of metre (m)
3287:have been used instead of
3250:
3247:SI prefixed forms of metre
3145:Kingdom of the Netherlands
3082:
2663:Nicolas-Louis de Lacaillle
2635:French Academy of Sciences
2482:for a length measurement:
2355: metres per second (≈
2149:'s pendulum experiment in
2019:French Academy of Sciences
1923:gravitational acceleration
1853:United States Coast Survey
1699:were continued through an
1122:at that time and measured
807:French Academy of Sciences
658:gravitational acceleration
519:
482:
450:
438:
432:The etymological roots of
398:
18:
9151:
9138:
9071:
9035:
8957:
8832:
8784:
8516:Helmert, Friedrich Robert
8469:US Department of Commerce
7870:. NIST. 23 September 2010
7831:. NIST. 23 September 2010
7603:Marion, Jerry B. (1982).
6999:Astronomische Nachrichten
6781:10.1007/s00190-016-0948-z
6507:10.1017/S0252921100061285
5095:Astronomische Nachrichten
4758:Perrier, Général (1935).
4733:pburnley.faculty.unlv.edu
4414:catalogue.museogalileo.it
4389:catalogue.museogalileo.it
4372:Oxford English Dictionary
4154:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
4127:"Spelling metre or meter"
4053:(BIPM) uses the spelling
3908: toise. The Russian
3608:
3603:
3329:
3326:
3323:
3320:
3317:
3314:
3127:Adoption dates by country
3059: second (17th CGPM)
2652:
2301:Speed of light definition
2110:was leaving the field of
2100:Charles-Edouard Guillaume
1947:Ferdinand Rudolph Hassler
1917:have led to a new era of
1739:Ferdinand Rudolph Hassler
1705:thanks to the efforts of
1124:coefficients of expansion
1105:Ferdinand Rudolph Hassler
976:, was also considered by
946:Ferdinand Rudolph Hassler
676:Giovanni Domenico Cassini
641:The Meridian room of the
190:
139:
104:
100:
82:
74:
64:
52:
47:
35:
30:
9017:minute and second of arc
8644:Iodine-Stabilised Lasers
8629:. Retrieved 26 May 2010.
8545:The Measure of the World
8439:. New York: Free Press.
7924:. BIPM. 9 September 2010
7160:Hirsch, Adolphe (1891).
7019:10.1002/asna.18400171302
6870:NIST Special Publication
5810:Cajori, Florian (1921).
5206:Encyclopedia Universalis
5115:10.1002/asna.18420190702
4280:(3rd ed.). Boston:
3942:
3912:was 1.0668 km. The
2689:French National Assembly
2630:French National Assembly
2606:French National Assembly
2284:electromagnetic spectrum
2143:Descartes' Vortex theory
2005:in all scientific work.
1955:European Arc Measurement
1827:were defined by primary
1795:European Arc Measurement
1638:European Arc Measurement
1471:and later discovered by
1340:is depicted rather than
1275:Ismail Mustafa al-Falaki
1252:who founded in Sabtieh,
1213:meridian arc measurement
1137:and proposed adding the
918:Friedrich Robert Helmert
872:calculated from several
866:Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel
284:French National Assembly
9207:femtometre/fermi
9058:2019 revision of the SI
8730:in J.G. Webster (ed.).
8598:Cardarelli, F. (2004).
8531:Encyclopædia Britannica
8244:10.3406/globe.1861.7582
8162:Definition of the metre
7843:modified Edlén equation
7040:Britain, Great (1824).
6363:artflsrv04.uchicago.edu
6333:"Schubert, Theodor von"
6193:. pp. 40, 143–144.
5707:Comptes Rendus Physique
5270:Pérard, Albert (1957).
4636:. C. Griffin. pp.
4616:Encyclopædia Britannica
4331:A Greek–English Lexicon
2438:measurement uncertainty
2164:changed conceptions of
1991:Otto Wilhelm von Struve
1959:Europäische Gradmessung
1913:combined with those of
1799:Wilhelm Julius Foerster
1650:Charles-Eugène Delaunay
1586:) and the meridians of
1510:, seven German states (
1406:Jean Le Rond d'Alembert
1288:Frutos Saavedra Meneses
1176:) on the initiative of
870:method of least squares
726:Repsold–Bessel pendulum
649:is drawn on the ground.
645:(or Cassini room): the
356:2019 revision of the SI
8512:Clarke, Alexander Ross
8308:Arnold Dieter (1991).
8226:Dufour, G.-H. (1861).
7276:Brunner, Jean (1857).
7262:10.1098/rstl.1873.0014
6889:Association Mesure Lab
6725:10.1002/andp.201800355
5816:The Scientific Monthly
5652:10.1098/rstl.1867.0010
5387:"The seconds pendulum"
5349:10.1098/rstl.1873.0014
4997:10.1098/rsnr.2008.0029
4591:, pp. 8, 158–159.
4125:Naughtin, Pat (2008).
4107:). Thus, the spelling
4089:
4044:
3135:: 1801–1812, then 1840
3121:Guillaume Henri Dufour
2941:platinum bar standard
2934:
2744:atmosphere of pressure
2581:
2537:
2224:Charles Sanders Peirce
2221:
2104:Nobel Prize in Physics
2087:
2055:
2039:
1969:
1925:by means of pendulum.
1897:
1787:unification of Germany
1742:
1701:
1448:
1441:
1402:Friedrich von Schubert
1384:and to extend it from
1350:ellipsoid of reference
1345:
1242:
1159:Alexander von Humboldt
1135:Earth's magnetic field
1100:
1036:Jean Henri van Swinden
938:ellipsoid of reference
902:Charles Sanders Peirce
728:
709:
650:
508:
502:. The use of the word
468:
462:
403:
21:Meter (disambiguation)
8539:Guedj, Denis (2001).
8407:Store norske leksikon
8297:Astin & Karo 1959
7967:Zagar, 1999, pp. 6–65
7391:"Dr. C. E. Guillaume"
6698:Quinn, Terry (2019).
6245:10.1007/s001900050086
5977:Quinn, T. J. (2012).
4633:A Textbook of Physics
4533:"La Vie des sciences"
4322:Liddell, Henry George
4220:Republic Act No. 7160
4208:Batas Pambansa Blg. 8
4194:The Philippines uses
3882:The ancient Egyptian
2913:(443.296 lines)
2757:Defines the metre as
2679:French unit of length
2572:
2538:
2212:James Clerk Maxwell,
2204:
2193:Wavelength definition
2085:
1967:
1894:
1882:Henri-Prudence Gambey
1728:
1536:Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
1446:
1430:
1414:Adrien-Marie Legendre
1324:
1229:
1163:Wilhelm Edouard Weber
1094:
1040:Adrien-Marie Legendre
962:Earth's circumference
952:Meridional definition
720:
640:
562:splitting the content
556:and help introduce a
516:History of definition
506:(for the French unit
492:) in the seal of the
395:
8959:Other accepted units
8726:Zagar, B.G. (1999).
8118:"Meter is Redefined"
7652:BIPM (20 May 2019).
7545:Maxwell, James Clerk
6577:10.1007/1345_2015_42
6437:expositions.obspm.fr
5870:10.6028/jres.111.003
4956:10.5169/seals-234595
4708:Probing the Universe
4460:Bond, Peter (2014).
3839: inches and to
2856:Basis of definition
2728:27 Sept – 6 Oct 1927
2659:Méridienne de France
2506:
2060:), establishing the
2017:intervened with the
1907:electrical telegraph
1825:units of measurement
1512:Grand Duchy of Baden
1418:vertical deflections
1354:vertical deflections
1267:Mohammed Sa'id Pasha
1131:Carl Friedrich Gauss
964:through its poles),
704:Tito Livio Burattini
548:History of the metre
522:History of the metre
498:Pittacus of Mytilene
9043:Conversion of units
8719:Vol. 73, No. 96, p.
8658:on 4 December 2011.
8431:Alder, Ken (2002).
8261:"Metrisches System"
8175:"Metrisches System"
8031:"Histoire du mètre"
7670:The exact value is
7407:1934Natur.134R.874.
7120:2009PhT....62l..39C
7078:1916LAstr..30..242G
7011:1840AN.....17..193B
6932:10.5169/seals-88335
6831:Wolf, M. C (1882).
6773:2016JGeod..90..907D
6716:2019AnP...53100355Q
6673:10.5169/seals-88335
6618:1980BGeod..54..248L
6606:Bulletin géodésique
6602:"Notice historique"
6227:1997JGeod..71..176S
5912:on 18 December 2023
5828:1921SciMo..13..117C
5765:pp. 93–94, 10.
5719:2019CRPhy..20....6D
5541:Suzanne, Débarbat.
5107:1841AN.....19...97B
5037:. pp. 509, 510
4770:: 117–129, p. 128.
4441:on 30 December 2023
4134:Metrication Matters
3303:
3164:Kingdom of Sardinia
3141:, Switzerland: 1813
3095:First French Empire
2998:atomic transition;
2852:
2239:Albert A. Michelson
2199:James Clerk Maxwell
2135:luminiferous aether
2133:had questioned the
2044:) to be located in
2034:Convention du Mètre
1870:Jean Nicolas Fortin
1841:Toise de l'Académie
1775:Survey of the Coast
1771:American Revolution
1656:at the Congress of
1646:Franco-Prussian War
1604:vertical deflection
1580:Freetown Christiana
1488:Johann Jacob Baeyer
1477:vertical deflection
1473:Seth Carlo Chandler
1447:Struve Geodetic Arc
1362:Struve Geodetic Arc
1310:back to land where
1296:Struve Geodetic Arc
1221:reference ellipsoid
1178:Johann Jacob Baeyer
1145:in the form of the
1109:Survey of the Coast
1095:Triangulation near
1032:Johan Georg Tralles
803:Anglo-French Survey
780:radius of the Earth
748:figure of the Earth
706:suggested the term
564:into a new article.
95:... is equal to ...
48:General information
9499:quettametre
9157:quectometre
9131:order of magnitude
8836:with special names
8541:La Mesure du Monde
8481:10.6028/NBS.SP.447
6761:Journal of Geodesy
6704:Annalen der Physik
6626:10.1007/BF02521470
6534:www.britannica.com
6215:Journal of Geodesy
5607:promenade.imcce.fr
5065:. pp. 10, 6.
4840:(in French) (21).
4176:. 21 February 2011
3301:
3262:astronomical units
3139:Republic of Geneva
2936:Mètre des Archives
2850:
2842:general relativity
2641:along the Earth's
2533:
2174:general relativity
2162:special relativity
2102:, was granted the
2088:
1970:
1951:Metric Act of 1866
1898:
1886:Altona Observatory
1803:Berlin Observatory
1801:, director of the
1783:continental Europe
1743:
1735:Mètre des Archives
1715:Geneva Observatory
1711:Leiden Observatory
1660:in 1871. In 1874,
1614:in the south, the
1528:Kingdom of Prussia
1520:Kingdom of Hanover
1516:Kingdom of Bavaria
1504:Kingdom of Belgium
1486:As early as 1861,
1449:
1346:
1338:Greenwich meridian
1246:Egyptian astronomy
1243:
1101:
960:(a quarter of the
772:Émilie du Châtelet
732:Christiaan Huygens
729:
700:Rayon Astronomique
651:
554:discuss this issue
404:
198:
192:
154:
141:
114:
106:
9511:
9510:
9489:ronnametre
9479:yottametre
9469:zettametre
9390:hectometre
9187:zeptometre
9177:yoctometre
9167:rontometre
9089:
9088:
8967:astronomical unit
8572:978-1-85233-682-0
8446:978-0-7432-1675-3
8320:978-0-19-506350-9
7984:, pp. 20–21.
7904:978-0-12-475977-0
7614:978-4-8337-0098-6
7517:978-0-465-02345-5
7477:Huet, Sylvestre.
7128:10.1063/1.3273015
6895:on 29 August 2023
6586:978-3-319-30895-1
6300:978-3-11-128691-4
6132:. pp. 10–11.
6052:pp. 168–171.
5990:978-0-19-990991-9
5890:– via NIST.
5511:pp. viii–ix.
5508:Biot et Arago,...
5391:www.roma1.infn.it
5281:. pp. 26–28.
5215:978-2-85229-290-1
5179:: 1463–1466. 1880
4882:978-2-287-99049-6
4810:978-2-221-20345-3
4501:fr.wikisource.org
4303:on 26 April 2017.
4236:PNS/BAFS 181:2016
4170:"Meter vs. metre"
4027:. 26 March 2008.
3999:978-92-822-2272-0
3937:Vertical position
3810:
3809:
3594:
3593:
3268:(10 Pm), or
3264:(149.6 Gm),
3097:until 1812, when
3076:
3075:
2905:, measurement by
2848:
2847:
2694:National Archives
2528:
2366:helium–neon laser
2257:(SI) as equal to
2137:in 1905, just as
1999:Moritz von Jacobi
1995:Heinrich von Wild
1866:thermal expansion
1747:French Revolution
1608:Mediterranean Sea
1532:Kingdom of Saxony
1186:Heinrich von Wild
910:systematic errors
768:theory of gravity
736:centrifugal force
696:Paris Observatory
643:Paris Observatory
630:
629:
622:
579:
578:
302:is approximately
217:
216:
83:Conversions
16:SI unit of length
9536:
9504:
9502:
9494:
9492:
9484:
9482:
9474:
9472:
9464:
9462:
9454:
9452:
9449:petametre
9444:
9442:
9439:terametre
9434:
9432:
9429:gigametre
9424:
9422:
9419:megametre
9414:
9412:
9395:
9393:
9392:(hm=100 m)
9385:
9383:
9382:(dam=10 m)
9380:decametre
9375:
9373:
9356:
9354:
9352:
9350:
9349:
9346:
9343:
9335:decimetre
9330:
9328:
9326:
9324:
9323:
9320:
9317:
9295:
9293:
9291:
9289:
9288:
9285:
9282:
9260:
9258:
9241:
9239:
9222:
9220:
9217:picometre
9212:
9210:
9202:
9200:
9197:attometre
9192:
9190:
9182:
9180:
9172:
9170:
9162:
9160:
9116:
9109:
9102:
9093:
9092:
9079:
9078:
8771:
8764:
8757:
8748:
8747:
8722:
8717:Federal Register
8659:
8621:
8605:
8594:
8581:
8579:
8558:
8548:
8535:
8523:
8507:
8492:
8450:
8438:
8418:
8417:
8415:
8413:
8398:
8392:
8386:
8380:
8379:
8371:
8365:
8364:
8355:
8349:
8348:
8346:
8344:
8339:on 21 March 2012
8335:. Archived from
8329:
8323:
8306:
8300:
8294:
8288:
8283:
8277:
8276:
8274:
8272:
8257:
8248:
8247:
8223:
8217:
8216:
8214:
8212:
8197:
8191:
8190:
8188:
8186:
8171:
8165:
8159:
8153:
8147:
8141:
8136:
8130:
8129:
8127:
8125:
8114:
8108:
8103:
8097:
8091:
8085:
8084:
8082:
8074:
8068:
8067:
8061:
8053:
8047:
8046:
8044:
8042:
8027:
8016:
8015:
8009:
8001:
7991:
7985:
7979:
7973:
7964:
7955:
7952:
7946:
7940:
7934:
7933:
7931:
7929:
7918:
7912:
7911:
7886:
7880:
7879:
7877:
7875:
7860:
7854:
7840:
7838:
7836:
7824:
7818:
7817:
7815:
7813:
7800:
7790:
7781:
7775:
7769:
7763:
7757:
7756:
7754:
7752:
7736:
7730:
7729:
7727:
7725:
7718:Mise en Pratique
7715:
7707:
7696:
7694:
7692:
7689:
7686:
7680:
7678:
7675:
7668:
7662:
7661:
7649:
7643:
7642:
7640:
7638:
7628:
7619:
7618:
7600:
7594:
7593:
7561:
7555:
7554:
7541:
7535:
7533:
7528:
7522:
7521:
7501:
7495:
7494:
7492:
7490:
7474:
7468:
7467:
7443:
7437:
7436:
7418:
7416:10.1038/134874b0
7387:
7381:
7380:
7378:
7376:
7371:on 30 April 2017
7367:. Archived from
7357:
7351:
7350:
7349:
7347:
7333:
7327:
7322:
7313:
7312:
7300:
7294:
7293:
7291:
7289:
7273:
7267:
7266:
7264:
7240:
7234:
7233:
7231:
7229:
7215:
7206:
7205:
7203:
7201:
7187:
7181:
7180:
7178:
7176:
7166:
7157:
7148:
7147:
7099:
7090:
7089:
7057:
7048:
7047:
7037:
7031:
7030:
6990:
6984:
6983:
6981:
6979:
6965:
6956:
6949:
6943:
6942:
6940:
6938:
6911:
6905:
6904:
6902:
6900:
6881:
6875:
6874:
6865:
6859:
6853:
6847:
6846:
6828:
6819:
6818:
6817:. 30 March 1875.
6807:
6801:
6800:
6752:
6746:
6745:
6727:
6695:
6684:
6683:
6681:
6679:
6652:
6646:
6645:
6597:
6591:
6590:
6556:
6545:
6544:
6542:
6540:
6526:
6520:
6519:
6509:
6485:
6479:
6478:
6472:
6464:
6454:
6448:
6447:
6445:
6443:
6430:
6424:
6417:
6408:
6407:
6397:
6391:
6390:
6380:
6374:
6373:
6371:
6369:
6354:
6348:
6347:
6346:
6344:
6328:
6322:
6321:
6314:
6305:
6304:
6284:
6278:
6271:
6265:
6264:
6238:
6206:
6195:
6194:
6192:
6184:
6178:
6177:
6171:
6163:
6154:
6148:
6147:
6141:
6133:
6123:
6117:
6116:
6106:
6100:
6099:
6093:
6085:
6074:
6068:
6067:
6061:
6053:
6043:
6034:
6033:
6023:
6017:
6016:
6010:
6002:
5974:
5963:
5957:
5948:
5947:
5945:
5943:
5932:"Wild, Heinrich"
5928:
5922:
5921:
5919:
5917:
5902:"History of IMO"
5898:
5892:
5891:
5881:
5864:(1): 31–32, 36.
5849:
5840:
5839:
5807:
5798:
5797:
5787:
5781:
5780:
5774:
5766:
5755:
5749:
5748:
5730:
5698:
5689:
5688:
5686:
5684:
5670:
5664:
5663:
5631:
5618:
5617:
5615:
5613:
5599:
5593:
5592:
5586:
5578:
5568:
5559:
5558:
5556:
5554:
5538:
5527:
5526:
5520:
5512:
5501:
5495:
5494:
5492:
5490:
5476:
5467:
5466:
5456:
5437:
5436:
5434:
5432:
5427:on 27 April 2011
5408:
5402:
5401:
5399:
5397:
5383:
5377:
5376:
5374:
5364:
5353:
5352:
5351:
5334:
5323:
5322:
5320:
5318:
5302:
5296:
5291:Adolphe Hirsch,
5289:
5283:
5282:
5276:
5267:
5258:
5257:
5255:
5253:
5237:
5228:
5227:
5202:
5193:
5192:
5186:
5184:
5163:
5157:
5156:
5154:
5139:
5138:
5133:
5127:
5126:
5086:
5077:
5076:
5074:
5058:
5047:
5046:
5044:
5042:
5026:
5017:
5016:
4976:
4967:
4966:
4964:
4962:
4935:
4922:
4919:
4913:
4912:
4910:
4908:
4896:Ramani, Madhvi.
4893:
4887:
4886:
4866:
4860:
4859:
4849:
4829:
4823:
4822:
4794:
4788:
4787:
4755:
4744:
4743:
4741:
4739:
4725:
4719:
4718:
4716:
4714:
4699:
4693:
4692:
4690:
4688:
4674:
4668:
4667:
4665:
4663:
4648:
4642:
4641:
4627:
4621:
4620:
4612:
4605:
4592:
4586:
4580:
4579:
4573:
4565:
4555:
4549:
4548:
4546:
4544:
4528:
4513:
4512:
4510:
4508:
4493:
4484:
4483:
4457:
4451:
4450:
4448:
4446:
4437:. Archived from
4431:
4425:
4424:
4422:
4420:
4406:
4400:
4399:
4397:
4395:
4381:
4375:
4369:
4363:
4352:
4351:
4345:
4339:
4318:
4317:
4311:
4305:
4304:
4293:
4287:
4285:
4282:Houghton Mifflin
4274:
4268:
4266:
4264:
4262:
4245:
4239:
4192:
4186:
4185:
4183:
4181:
4166:
4160:
4159:
4153:
4145:
4143:
4141:
4131:
4122:
4116:
4092:
4047:
4039:
4033:
4032:
4022:
4014:
4008:
4007:
3992:(9th ed.),
3991:
3977:
3971:
3970:
3968:
3966:
3952:
3907:
3906:
3902:
3896:mesures usuelles
3878:
3877:
3873:
3870:
3854:
3852:
3851:
3848:
3845:
3838:
3836:
3835:
3832:
3829:
3726:
3725:
3690:
3689:
3601:
3600:
3304:
3300:
3113:canton of Geneva
3104:mesures usuelles
3072:
3067:
3058:
3056:
3055:
3054:
3053:
3050:
3044:
3041:
3030:
3028:
3021:
3008:
3006:
3003:
2976:
2971:
2954:
2949:
2939:
2931:First prototype
2926:
2921:
2896:
2894:
2893:
2892:
2891:
2888:
2882:
2879:
2853:
2849:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2811:
2808:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2588:
2587:
2578:
2560:refractive index
2550:to metres using
2542:
2540:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2527:
2516:
2465:
2463:
2459:
2456:
2435:
2433:
2429:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2399:
2397:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2376:
2362:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2350:
2334:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2219:
2176:changed that of
2129:, who following
2058:
2042:
2030:Metre Convention
2011:Paris Conference
1767:Hispanic America
1704:
1540:Kingdom of Italy
1457:repeating circle
1439:
1426:repeating circle
1360:would be. After
1330:Shetland Islands
1188:would represent
1077:
1076:
1073:
1066:
1064:
1063:
1060:
1057:
978:Thomas Jefferson
942:Metre Convention
935:
933:
932:
929:
926:
898:Emile Plantamour
891:
889:
888:
885:
882:
874:arc measurements
860:
858:
857:
854:
851:
724:with variant of
712:
692:seconds pendulum
625:
618:
614:
611:
605:
589:
588:
581:
574:
571:
565:
534:
533:
526:
511:
501:
491:
485:
484:
471:
465:
459:
453:
452:
447:
441:
440:
401:
400:
383:
381:
375:
373:
367:
349:
347:
346:
345:
344:
341:
335:
332:
309:
307:
270:
268:
267:
266:
265:
262:
256:
253:
213:
208:
205:
199:
193:
183:
174:
165:
155:
142:
132:
124:
115:
107:
40:
28:
27:
9544:
9543:
9539:
9538:
9537:
9535:
9534:
9533:
9514:
9513:
9512:
9507:
9501:(Qm=10 m)
9500:
9497:
9490:
9487:
9480:
9477:
9470:
9467:
9460:
9459:exametre
9457:
9450:
9447:
9440:
9437:
9430:
9427:
9421:(Mm=10 m)
9420:
9417:
9406:
9398:
9391:
9388:
9381:
9378:
9367:
9359:
9347:
9344:
9341:
9340:
9338:
9336:
9333:
9321:
9318:
9315:
9314:
9312:
9306:
9298:
9286:
9283:
9280:
9279:
9277:
9271:
9263:
9252:
9244:
9233:
9225:
9218:
9215:
9208:
9205:
9198:
9195:
9188:
9185:
9178:
9175:
9168:
9165:
9159:(qm=10 m)
9158:
9155:
9147:
9134:
9120:
9090:
9085:
9067:
9048:Metric prefixes
9031:
8953:
8835:
8828:
8780:
8775:
8745:
8720:
8683:G.R. No. 185240
8650:
8618:
8577:
8575:
8573:
8556:
8447:
8426:
8421:
8411:
8409:
8401:Hofstad, Knut.
8399:
8395:
8389:Cardarelli 2004
8387:
8383:
8372:
8368:
8357:
8356:
8352:
8342:
8340:
8331:
8330:
8326:
8307:
8303:
8295:
8291:
8284:
8280:
8270:
8268:
8259:
8258:
8251:
8224:
8220:
8210:
8208:
8199:
8198:
8194:
8184:
8182:
8173:
8172:
8168:
8160:
8156:
8150:Cardarelli 2003
8148:
8144:
8137:
8133:
8123:
8121:
8116:
8115:
8111:
8104:
8100:
8092:
8088:
8080:
8076:
8075:
8071:
8059:
8055:
8054:
8050:
8040:
8038:
8029:
8028:
8019:
8003:
8002:
7992:
7988:
7980:
7976:
7965:
7958:
7953:
7949:
7941:
7937:
7927:
7925:
7920:
7919:
7915:
7905:
7887:
7883:
7873:
7871:
7862:
7861:
7857:
7847:Ciddor equation
7834:
7832:
7827:
7825:
7821:
7811:
7809:
7798:
7791:
7784:
7776:
7772:
7764:
7760:
7750:
7748:
7739:
7737:
7733:
7723:
7721:
7713:
7709:
7708:
7699:
7690:
7687:
7684:
7682:
7676:
7673:
7671:
7669:
7665:
7650:
7646:
7636:
7634:
7630:
7629:
7622:
7615:
7601:
7597:
7562:
7558:
7542:
7538:
7531:
7529:
7525:
7518:
7502:
7498:
7488:
7486:
7475:
7471:
7444:
7440:
7389:
7388:
7384:
7374:
7372:
7359:
7358:
7354:
7345:
7343:
7334:
7330:
7323:
7316:
7301:
7297:
7287:
7285:
7274:
7270:
7241:
7237:
7227:
7225:
7217:
7216:
7209:
7199:
7197:
7189:
7188:
7184:
7174:
7172:
7171:. pp. 4, 8
7164:
7158:
7151:
7100:
7093:
7058:
7051:
7038:
7034:
6991:
6987:
6977:
6975:
6967:
6966:
6959:
6950:
6946:
6936:
6934:
6912:
6908:
6898:
6896:
6883:
6882:
6878:
6867:
6866:
6862:
6854:
6850:
6829:
6822:
6809:
6808:
6804:
6753:
6749:
6696:
6687:
6677:
6675:
6653:
6649:
6598:
6594:
6587:
6557:
6548:
6538:
6536:
6528:
6527:
6523:
6486:
6482:
6466:
6465:
6455:
6451:
6441:
6439:
6432:
6431:
6427:
6418:
6411:
6398:
6394:
6381:
6377:
6367:
6365:
6355:
6351:
6342:
6340:
6329:
6325:
6316:
6315:
6308:
6301:
6285:
6281:
6272:
6268:
6236:10.1.1.492.3967
6207:
6198:
6190:
6186:
6185:
6181:
6165:
6164:
6155:
6151:
6135:
6134:
6124:
6120:
6107:
6103:
6087:
6086:
6075:
6071:
6055:
6054:
6044:
6037:
6024:
6020:
6004:
6003:
5991:
5975:
5966:
5958:
5951:
5941:
5939:
5930:
5929:
5925:
5915:
5913:
5900:
5899:
5895:
5850:
5843:
5808:
5801:
5788:
5784:
5768:
5767:
5756:
5752:
5699:
5692:
5682:
5680:
5672:
5671:
5667:
5632:
5621:
5611:
5609:
5601:
5600:
5596:
5580:
5579:
5569:
5562:
5552:
5550:
5539:
5530:
5514:
5513:
5502:
5498:
5488:
5486:
5478:
5477:
5470:
5457:
5440:
5430:
5428:
5409:
5405:
5395:
5393:
5385:
5384:
5380:
5372:
5366:
5365:
5356:
5335:
5326:
5316:
5314:
5303:
5299:
5290:
5286:
5274:
5268:
5261:
5251:
5249:
5238:
5231:
5216:
5204:
5203:
5196:
5182:
5180:
5165:
5164:
5160:
5152:
5136:
5134:
5130:
5087:
5080:
5072:10.1.1.517.9501
5059:
5050:
5040:
5038:
5027:
5020:
4977:
4970:
4960:
4958:
4936:
4925:
4920:
4916:
4906:
4904:
4894:
4890:
4883:
4867:
4863:
4830:
4826:
4811:
4795:
4791:
4756:
4747:
4737:
4735:
4727:
4726:
4722:
4712:
4710:
4700:
4696:
4686:
4684:
4675:
4671:
4661:
4659:
4650:
4649:
4645:
4628:
4624:
4607:
4606:
4595:
4587:
4583:
4567:
4566:
4564:. pp. 3–5.
4556:
4552:
4542:
4540:
4529:
4516:
4506:
4504:
4495:
4494:
4487:
4472:
4458:
4454:
4444:
4442:
4433:
4432:
4428:
4418:
4416:
4408:
4407:
4403:
4393:
4391:
4383:
4382:
4378:
4370:
4366:
4346:
4342:
4336:Perseus Project
4312:
4308:
4295:
4294:
4290:
4276:
4275:
4271:
4260:
4258:
4247:
4246:
4242:
4228:G.R. No. 185240
4193:
4189:
4179:
4177:
4168:
4167:
4163:
4147:
4146:
4139:
4137:
4129:
4123:
4119:
4040:
4036:
4020:
4016:
4015:
4011:
4000:
3989:
3983:(20 May 2019),
3978:
3974:
3964:
3962:
3954:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3922:
3904:
3900:
3899:
3875:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3849:
3846:
3843:
3842:
3840:
3833:
3830:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3795:1 ångström
3764:1 ångström
3723:
3721:
3687:
3685:
3610:
3605:
3599:
3298:
3255:
3249:
3129:
3087:
3081:
3070:
3065:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3045:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3026:
3024:
3019:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2974:
2970:0.2–0.1 μm
2969:
2952:
2947:
2924:
2920:500–100 μm
2919:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2883:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2868:
2863:
2812:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2705:24–28 Sept 1889
2586:
2576:
2520:
2515:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2480:interferometers
2461:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2431:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2415:
2413:
2408:
2395:
2393:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2369:
2358:
2356:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2331:
2328:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2303:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2220:
2211:
2195:
2141:had questioned
2127:Albert Einstein
2118:application of
2080:
1876:, a second for
1849:Committee Meter
1751:Napoleonic Wars
1723:
1693:First World War
1500:Austrian Empire
1440:
1437:
1358:Earth ellipsoid
1089:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1052:
1051:and a value of
980:and others for
954:
930:
927:
924:
923:
921:
916:. This allowed
886:
883:
880:
879:
877:
855:
852:
849:
848:
846:
823:Montjuïc castle
784:oblate spheroid
756:Earth ellipsoid
744:Alexis Clairaut
740:simple pendulum
710:metro cattolico
635:
626:
615:
609:
606:
599:
590:
586:
575:
569:
566:
551:
546:, specifically
535:
531:
524:
518:
479:
463:metior, mensura
430:
390:
379:
377:
371:
369:
366:
359:
342:
339:
337:
336:
333:
330:
329:
327:
305:
303:
263:
260:
258:
257:
254:
251:
250:
248:
206:
203:
201:
197:
191:
186:
178:
169:
160:
153:
140:
135:
127:
119:
113:
105:
43:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
9542:
9532:
9531:
9526:
9509:
9508:
9506:
9505:
9495:
9485:
9475:
9465:
9455:
9445:
9435:
9425:
9415:
9411:=1000 m)
9396:
9386:
9376:
9357:
9331:
9296:
9261:
9251:/micron
9242:
9223:
9213:
9203:
9193:
9183:
9173:
9163:
9152:
9149:
9148:
9139:
9136:
9135:
9119:
9118:
9111:
9104:
9096:
9087:
9086:
9084:
9083:
9072:
9069:
9068:
9066:
9065:
9060:
9055:
9050:
9045:
9039:
9037:
9033:
9032:
9030:
9029:
9024:
9019:
9014:
9009:
9004:
8999:
8994:
8989:
8984:
8979:
8974:
8969:
8963:
8961:
8955:
8954:
8952:
8951:
8946:
8941:
8936:
8931:
8926:
8921:
8916:
8911:
8906:
8901:
8896:
8891:
8886:
8881:
8876:
8871:
8866:
8861:
8856:
8854:degree Celsius
8851:
8846:
8840:
8838:
8834:Derived units
8830:
8829:
8827:
8826:
8821:
8816:
8811:
8806:
8801:
8796:
8790:
8788:
8782:
8781:
8774:
8773:
8766:
8759:
8751:
8744:
8743:
8724:
8709:
8700:
8687:
8678:
8669:
8660:
8648:
8639:
8630:
8622:
8616:
8595:
8571:
8549:
8536:
8526:Chisholm, Hugh
8508:
8493:
8460:
8451:
8445:
8427:
8425:
8422:
8420:
8419:
8393:
8381:
8366:
8350:
8324:
8301:
8289:
8278:
8265:hls-dhs-dss.ch
8249:
8218:
8205:hls-dhs-dss.ch
8192:
8179:hls-dhs-dss.ch
8166:
8154:
8142:
8131:
8109:
8098:
8086:
8069:
8048:
8017:
7986:
7974:
7956:
7947:
7935:
7913:
7903:
7881:
7855:
7819:
7782:
7770:
7758:
7731:
7697:
7663:
7644:
7620:
7613:
7595:
7556:
7536:
7523:
7516:
7496:
7469:
7438:
7382:
7352:
7328:
7314:
7295:
7268:
7235:
7207:
7182:
7149:
7091:
7049:
7032:
6985:
6957:
6944:
6906:
6876:
6860:
6856:Bigourdan 1901
6848:
6820:
6802:
6747:
6685:
6647:
6612:(3): 248–313.
6592:
6585:
6546:
6521:
6480:
6449:
6425:
6409:
6392:
6375:
6349:
6323:
6306:
6299:
6279:
6266:
6221:(3): 176–188.
6196:
6179:
6149:
6118:
6101:
6069:
6035:
6018:
5989:
5964:
5949:
5936:hls-dhs-dss.ch
5923:
5906:public.wmo.int
5893:
5841:
5822:(2): 117–129.
5799:
5782:
5750:
5690:
5665:
5619:
5594:
5560:
5547:FranceArchives
5528:
5496:
5468:
5465:. p. 163.
5438:
5403:
5378:
5354:
5324:
5297:
5284:
5259:
5229:
5214:
5194:
5158:
5128:
5078:
5048:
5018:
4991:(4): 355–372.
4968:
4950:(7): 377–378.
4923:
4914:
4888:
4881:
4861:
4824:
4809:
4789:
4745:
4720:
4694:
4669:
4643:
4622:
4593:
4589:Bigourdan 1901
4581:
4550:
4514:
4485:
4470:
4452:
4426:
4401:
4376:
4364:
4340:
4306:
4288:
4269:
4240:
4187:
4161:
4117:
4034:
4009:
3998:
3972:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3940:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3921:
3918:
3821:
3820:
3817:
3808:
3807:
3802:
3799:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3785:
3782:
3775:
3774:
3771:
3768:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3755:
3752:
3749:
3745:
3744:
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3738:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3719:
3716:
3709:
3708:
3705:
3702:
3699:
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3683:
3680:
3673:
3672:
3669:
3666:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3653:
3650:
3647:
3643:
3642:
3639:
3636:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3623:
3620:
3617:
3613:
3612:
3607:
3598:
3595:
3592:
3591:
3588:
3585:
3582:
3579:
3576:
3572:
3571:
3568:
3565:
3562:
3559:
3556:
3552:
3551:
3548:
3545:
3542:
3539:
3536:
3532:
3531:
3528:
3525:
3522:
3519:
3516:
3512:
3511:
3508:
3505:
3502:
3499:
3496:
3492:
3491:
3488:
3485:
3482:
3477:
3474:
3470:
3469:
3466:
3463:
3460:
3455:
3452:
3448:
3447:
3444:
3441:
3438:
3433:
3430:
3426:
3425:
3422:
3419:
3416:
3411:
3408:
3404:
3403:
3398:
3395:
3392:
3387:
3384:
3380:
3379:
3374:
3371:
3368:
3363:
3360:
3356:
3355:
3350:
3347:
3344:
3339:
3336:
3332:
3331:
3328:
3325:
3322:
3319:
3316:
3312:
3311:
3308:
3251:Main article:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3243:
3237:
3231:
3221:
3215:
3209:
3203:
3197:
3191:
3185:
3179:
3173:
3167:
3161:
3155:
3148:
3142:
3136:
3128:
3125:
3109:Louis Philippe
3083:Main article:
3080:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3060:
3032:
3031:
3022:
3017:
3014:
2992:
2991:
2988:
2985:
2982:
2978:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2964:
2956:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2942:
2928:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2914:
2871:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2857:
2846:
2845:
2834:
2828:
2824:
2823:
2796:
2793:
2789:
2788:
2755:
2752:
2748:
2747:
2732:
2729:
2725:
2724:
2713:
2706:
2702:
2701:
2698:toise du Pérou
2690:
2687:
2683:
2682:
2675:toise du Pérou
2661:) measured by
2651:
2647:
2646:
2631:
2628:
2624:
2623:
2608:
2603:
2599:
2598:
2595:
2592:
2585:
2582:
2544:
2543:
2532:
2526:
2523:
2519:
2514:
2511:
2497:
2496:
2490:
2487:
2468:partial vacuum
2373:
2339:
2338:
2337:
2336:
2311:speed of light
2302:
2299:
2251:interferometry
2235:interferometer
2228:solar spectrum
2209:
2194:
2191:
2145:in 1687 after
2079:
2076:
1845:Étienne Lenoir
1823:At that time,
1812:Adolphe Hirsch
1731:Johnson Mattey
1722:
1719:
1689:British Empire
1624:Central Europe
1548:Russian Empire
1496:Central Europe
1469:Leonhard Euler
1435:
1342:Paris meridian
1236:canton of Bern
1217:Paris meridian
1209:Louis Puissant
1088:
1085:
958:Earth quadrant
953:
950:
914:Adolphe Hirsch
835:Paris Panthéon
815:Pierre Méchain
734:found out the
688:Paris meridian
647:Paris meridian
634:
631:
628:
627:
610:September 2023
593:
591:
584:
577:
576:
538:
536:
529:
520:Main article:
517:
514:
478:'to measure'.
429:
426:
389:
386:
364:
215:
214:
195:
194:Nautical units
188:
187:
185:
184:
175:
166:
156:
151:
137:
136:
134:
133:
125:
116:
111:
102:
101:
98:
97:
92:
85:
84:
80:
79:
76:
72:
71:
66:
62:
61:
56:
50:
49:
45:
44:
41:
33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9541:
9530:
9529:SI base units
9527:
9525:
9522:
9521:
9519:
9503:
9496:
9493:
9486:
9483:
9476:
9473:
9466:
9463:
9456:
9453:
9446:
9443:
9436:
9433:
9426:
9423:
9416:
9413:
9410:
9404:
9403:
9397:
9394:
9387:
9384:
9377:
9374:
9371:
9365:
9364:
9358:
9355:
9332:
9329:
9310:
9304:
9303:
9297:
9294:
9275:
9269:
9268:
9262:
9259:
9256:
9250:
9249:
9243:
9240:
9237:
9231:
9230:
9224:
9221:
9214:
9211:
9204:
9201:
9194:
9191:
9184:
9181:
9174:
9171:
9164:
9161:
9154:
9153:
9150:
9145:
9144:
9137:
9132:
9128:
9124:
9117:
9112:
9110:
9105:
9103:
9098:
9097:
9094:
9082:
9074:
9073:
9070:
9064:
9061:
9059:
9056:
9054:
9051:
9049:
9046:
9044:
9041:
9040:
9038:
9034:
9028:
9025:
9023:
9020:
9018:
9015:
9013:
9010:
9008:
9005:
9003:
9000:
8998:
8995:
8993:
8990:
8988:
8987:degree of arc
8985:
8983:
8980:
8978:
8975:
8973:
8970:
8968:
8965:
8964:
8962:
8960:
8956:
8950:
8947:
8945:
8942:
8940:
8937:
8935:
8932:
8930:
8927:
8925:
8922:
8920:
8917:
8915:
8912:
8910:
8907:
8905:
8902:
8900:
8897:
8895:
8892:
8890:
8887:
8885:
8882:
8880:
8877:
8875:
8872:
8870:
8867:
8865:
8862:
8860:
8857:
8855:
8852:
8850:
8847:
8845:
8842:
8841:
8839:
8837:
8831:
8825:
8822:
8820:
8817:
8815:
8812:
8810:
8807:
8805:
8802:
8800:
8797:
8795:
8792:
8791:
8789:
8787:
8783:
8779:
8772:
8767:
8765:
8760:
8758:
8753:
8752:
8749:
8741:
8740:0-8493-8347-1
8737:
8734:. CRC Press.
8733:
8729:
8725:
8718:
8714:
8710:
8707:
8706:
8701:
8698:
8694:
8693:
8688:
8685:
8684:
8679:
8676:
8675:
8670:
8667:
8666:
8661:
8657:
8653:
8649:
8646:
8645:
8640:
8637:
8636:
8631:
8628:
8627:
8623:
8619:
8617:1-85233-682-X
8613:
8609:
8604:
8603:
8596:
8593:
8591:
8587:
8574:
8568:
8564:
8563:
8555:
8550:
8546:
8542:
8537:
8533:
8532:
8527:
8522:
8517:
8513:
8509:
8505:
8501:
8500:
8494:
8490:
8486:
8482:
8478:
8474:
8470:
8466:
8461:
8458:
8457:
8452:
8448:
8442:
8437:
8436:
8429:
8428:
8408:
8404:
8397:
8390:
8385:
8377:
8370:
8362:
8361:
8354:
8338:
8334:
8328:
8321:
8317:
8313:
8312:
8305:
8298:
8293:
8287:
8282:
8266:
8262:
8256:
8254:
8245:
8241:
8237:
8233:
8229:
8222:
8206:
8202:
8201:"Kartografie"
8196:
8180:
8176:
8170:
8163:
8158:
8151:
8146:
8140:
8135:
8119:
8113:
8107:
8102:
8095:
8090:
8083:. p. 49.
8079:
8073:
8065:
8058:
8052:
8036:
8032:
8026:
8024:
8022:
8013:
8007:
7999:
7998:
7990:
7983:
7982:Bigourdan1901
7978:
7971:
7970:
7963:
7961:
7951:
7944:
7939:
7923:
7917:
7910:
7906:
7900:
7896:
7892:
7885:
7869:
7865:
7859:
7852:
7848:
7844:
7830:
7823:
7808:
7805:. pp. 9
7804:
7797:
7789:
7787:
7779:
7774:
7767:
7762:
7746:
7742:
7735:
7719:
7712:
7706:
7704:
7702:
7667:
7659:
7655:
7648:
7633:
7627:
7625:
7616:
7610:
7606:
7599:
7591:
7587:
7583:
7579:
7575:
7571:
7567:
7560:
7552:
7551:
7546:
7540:
7527:
7519:
7513:
7509:
7508:
7500:
7484:
7480:
7473:
7465:
7461:
7457:
7453:
7449:
7442:
7434:
7430:
7426:
7422:
7417:
7412:
7408:
7404:
7400:
7396:
7392:
7386:
7370:
7366:
7362:
7356:
7341:
7340:
7332:
7326:
7321:
7319:
7310:
7306:
7299:
7283:
7279:
7272:
7263:
7258:
7254:
7250:
7246:
7239:
7224:
7220:
7214:
7212:
7196:
7192:
7186:
7170:
7163:
7156:
7154:
7145:
7141:
7137:
7133:
7129:
7125:
7121:
7117:
7114:(12): 39–44.
7113:
7109:
7108:Physics Today
7105:
7098:
7096:
7087:
7083:
7079:
7075:
7071:
7067:
7063:
7056:
7054:
7045:
7044:
7036:
7028:
7024:
7020:
7016:
7012:
7008:
7004:
7000:
6996:
6989:
6974:
6970:
6964:
6962:
6954:
6948:
6933:
6929:
6925:
6922:(in German).
6921:
6917:
6910:
6894:
6890:
6886:
6880:
6872:
6871:
6864:
6857:
6852:
6844:
6840:
6836:
6835:
6827:
6825:
6816:
6812:
6806:
6798:
6794:
6790:
6786:
6782:
6778:
6774:
6770:
6766:
6762:
6758:
6751:
6743:
6739:
6735:
6731:
6726:
6721:
6717:
6713:
6709:
6705:
6701:
6694:
6692:
6690:
6674:
6670:
6666:
6663:(in French).
6662:
6658:
6651:
6643:
6639:
6635:
6631:
6627:
6623:
6619:
6615:
6611:
6608:(in French).
6607:
6603:
6596:
6588:
6582:
6578:
6574:
6570:
6566:
6565:IAG 150 Years
6562:
6555:
6553:
6551:
6535:
6531:
6525:
6517:
6513:
6508:
6503:
6499:
6495:
6491:
6484:
6476:
6470:
6462:
6461:
6453:
6438:
6435:
6429:
6422:
6416:
6414:
6405:
6404:
6396:
6388:
6387:
6379:
6364:
6360:
6353:
6338:
6334:
6327:
6319:
6313:
6311:
6302:
6296:
6292:
6291:
6283:
6276:
6270:
6262:
6258:
6254:
6250:
6246:
6242:
6237:
6232:
6228:
6224:
6220:
6216:
6212:
6205:
6203:
6201:
6189:
6183:
6175:
6169:
6162:
6161:
6153:
6145:
6139:
6131:
6130:
6122:
6114:
6113:
6105:
6097:
6091:
6083:
6082:
6073:
6065:
6059:
6051:
6050:
6042:
6040:
6031:
6030:
6022:
6014:
6008:
6000:
5996:
5992:
5986:
5982:
5981:
5973:
5971:
5969:
5961:
5956:
5954:
5937:
5933:
5927:
5911:
5907:
5903:
5897:
5889:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5871:
5867:
5863:
5859:
5855:
5848:
5846:
5837:
5833:
5829:
5825:
5821:
5817:
5813:
5806:
5804:
5795:
5794:
5786:
5778:
5772:
5764:
5763:
5754:
5746:
5742:
5738:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5720:
5716:
5712:
5708:
5704:
5697:
5695:
5679:
5675:
5669:
5661:
5657:
5653:
5649:
5645:
5641:
5637:
5630:
5628:
5626:
5624:
5608:
5604:
5598:
5590:
5584:
5576:
5575:
5567:
5565:
5548:
5544:
5537:
5535:
5533:
5524:
5518:
5510:
5509:
5500:
5485:
5481:
5475:
5473:
5464:
5463:
5455:
5453:
5451:
5449:
5447:
5445:
5443:
5426:
5422:
5418:
5414:
5407:
5392:
5388:
5382:
5371:
5370:
5363:
5361:
5359:
5350:
5345:
5341:
5333:
5331:
5329:
5312:
5308:
5301:
5294:
5288:
5280:
5273:
5266:
5264:
5247:
5243:
5236:
5234:
5225:
5221:
5217:
5211:
5207:
5201:
5199:
5190:
5178:
5174:
5173:
5168:
5162:
5151:
5150:
5143:
5142:public domain
5132:
5124:
5120:
5116:
5112:
5108:
5104:
5100:
5096:
5092:
5085:
5083:
5073:
5068:
5064:
5057:
5055:
5053:
5036:
5032:
5025:
5023:
5014:
5010:
5006:
5002:
4998:
4994:
4990:
4986:
4982:
4975:
4973:
4957:
4953:
4949:
4946:(in French).
4945:
4941:
4934:
4932:
4930:
4928:
4918:
4903:
4899:
4892:
4884:
4878:
4874:
4873:
4865:
4857:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4839:
4835:
4828:
4820:
4816:
4812:
4806:
4802:
4801:
4793:
4785:
4781:
4777:
4773:
4769:
4765:
4761:
4754:
4752:
4750:
4734:
4730:
4724:
4709:
4705:
4698:
4682:
4681:
4673:
4657:
4653:
4647:
4639:
4635:
4634:
4626:
4618:
4617:
4611:
4604:
4602:
4600:
4598:
4590:
4585:
4577:
4571:
4563:
4562:
4554:
4538:
4534:
4527:
4525:
4523:
4521:
4519:
4502:
4498:
4492:
4490:
4481:
4477:
4473:
4471:9782804184964
4467:
4463:
4456:
4440:
4436:
4430:
4415:
4411:
4405:
4390:
4386:
4380:
4373:
4368:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4344:
4337:
4333:
4332:
4327:
4326:Scott, Robert
4323:
4319:
4310:
4302:
4298:
4292:
4286:, s.v. meter.
4283:
4279:
4273:
4256:
4252:
4251:
4244:
4237:
4233:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4200:metric system
4197:
4191:
4175:
4171:
4165:
4157:
4151:
4135:
4128:
4121:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4091:
4085:
4081:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4046:
4038:
4031:
4026:
4019:
4013:
4005:
4001:
3995:
3988:
3987:
3982:
3976:
3961:
3957:
3951:
3947:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3932:Metric prefix
3930:
3927:
3924:
3923:
3917:
3915:
3911:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3880:
3865:
3861:
3856:
3855: yards.
3818:
3815:
3814:
3813:
3806:
3803:
3800:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3777:
3776:
3772:
3769:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3753:
3750:
3747:
3746:
3742:
3739:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3711:
3710:
3706:
3703:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3675:
3674:
3670:
3667:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3651:
3648:
3645:
3644:
3640:
3637:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3621:
3618:
3615:
3614:
3602:
3589:
3586:
3583:
3580:
3577:
3574:
3573:
3569:
3566:
3563:
3560:
3557:
3554:
3553:
3549:
3546:
3543:
3540:
3537:
3534:
3533:
3529:
3526:
3523:
3520:
3517:
3514:
3513:
3509:
3506:
3503:
3500:
3497:
3494:
3493:
3489:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3475:
3472:
3471:
3467:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3453:
3450:
3449:
3445:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3431:
3428:
3427:
3423:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3402:
3399:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3385:
3382:
3381:
3378:
3375:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3354:
3351:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3337:
3334:
3333:
3313:
3307:Submultiples
3305:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3285:
3280:
3279:
3273:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3254:
3241:
3238:
3235:
3232:
3229:
3225:
3224:German Empire
3222:
3219:
3218:United States
3216:
3213:
3210:
3207:
3204:
3201:
3198:
3195:
3192:
3189:
3186:
3183:
3180:
3177:
3174:
3171:
3168:
3166:, Italy: 1850
3165:
3162:
3159:
3156:
3153:
3149:
3146:
3143:
3140:
3137:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3105:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3086:
3069:
3064:
3061:
3034:
3033:
3023:
3018:
3015:
3012:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2989:
2986:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2973:
2968:
2965:
2962:
2958:
2957:
2951:
2948:50–10 μm
2946:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2937:
2930:
2929:
2923:
2918:
2915:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2873:
2872:
2866:
2861:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2843:
2839:
2838:proper length
2835:
2832:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2821:
2801:
2797:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2756:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2711:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2681:from 1766).
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2657:arc (French:
2656:
2655:Paris meridan
2649:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2596:
2594:Deciding body
2593:
2589:
2580:
2571:
2568:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2530:
2524:
2521:
2517:
2512:
2509:
2502:
2501:
2500:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2476:
2473:The metre is
2471:
2469:
2449:
2447:
2441:
2439:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2391:
2372:
2367:
2344:
2318:
2317:
2316:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2308:
2298:
2296:
2292:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2280:emission line
2278:
2274:
2270:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2217:
2216:
2208:
2203:
2200:
2190:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2160:Furthermore,
2158:
2156:
2155:French Guiana
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2123:
2121:
2117:
2116:technological
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2084:
2075:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2064:
2059:
2057:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2041:
2035:
2031:
2026:
2024:
2023:metric system
2020:
2016:
2012:
2006:
2004:
2003:metric system
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1983:
1981:
1976:
1966:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1926:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1903:
1893:
1889:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1821:
1819:
1818:
1813:
1809:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1791:German Empire
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1755:Latin America
1752:
1748:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1727:
1718:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1687:in 1889; and
1686:
1685:United-States
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1665:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1642:French Empire
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1565:
1561:
1558:, as well as
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1467:predicted by
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1445:
1434:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1259:
1256:district, in
1255:
1251:
1247:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1228:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1174:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1120:United States
1116:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1098:
1097:New York City
1093:
1084:
1082:
1050:
1045:
1044:triangulation
1041:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1026:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
989:
987:
986:British Crown
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
949:
947:
943:
939:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
875:
871:
867:
862:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
799:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
727:
723:
719:
715:
713:
711:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
684:triangulation
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
663:
659:
655:
648:
644:
639:
624:
621:
613:
603:
597:
594:This section
592:
583:
582:
573:
563:
559:
558:summary style
555:
549:
545:
543:
539:This section
537:
528:
527:
523:
513:
510:
505:
499:
495:
490:
477:
476:
470:
469:mètre, mesure
464:
458:
446:
435:
425:
423:
419:
414:
412:
408:
394:
385:
363:
357:
353:
326:in vacuum in
325:
321:
320:proper length
317:
311:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
280:
278:
274:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
212:
196:
189:
182:
176:
173:
167:
164:
158:
157:
152:
149:
145:
138:
131:
126:
123:
118:
117:
112:
110:
103:
99:
96:
93:
91:
87:
86:
81:
77:
73:
70:
67:
63:
60:
57:
55:
51:
46:
39:
34:
29:
26:
22:
9408:
9401:
9400:
9369:
9362:
9361:
9360:
9308:
9301:
9300:
9273:
9266:
9265:
9257:=10 m)
9254:
9247:
9246:
9238:=10 m)
9235:
9228:
9227:
9143:bold italics
9142:
9141:
8992:electronvolt
8813:
8731:
8723:28432–28433.
8716:
8704:
8696:
8691:
8681:
8672:
8663:
8656:the original
8642:
8633:
8625:
8601:
8592:(1995) 5–14.
8589:
8585:
8583:
8576:. Retrieved
8561:
8544:
8540:
8529:
8503:
8498:
8464:
8455:
8434:
8410:. Retrieved
8406:
8396:
8384:
8369:
8359:
8353:
8341:. Retrieved
8337:the original
8327:
8310:
8304:
8292:
8281:
8269:. Retrieved
8264:
8235:
8231:
8221:
8209:. Retrieved
8204:
8195:
8183:. Retrieved
8178:
8169:
8157:
8145:
8134:
8122:. Retrieved
8112:
8101:
8089:
8072:
8063:
8051:
8039:. Retrieved
8034:
7996:
7989:
7977:
7968:
7950:
7938:
7926:. Retrieved
7916:
7908:
7894:
7884:
7872:. Retrieved
7867:
7858:
7833:. Retrieved
7822:
7810:. Retrieved
7806:
7802:
7773:
7761:
7749:. Retrieved
7744:
7734:
7722:. Retrieved
7720:. BIPM. 2003
7717:
7693:.8 km/h
7666:
7657:
7647:
7635:. Retrieved
7604:
7598:
7576:(1): 29–46.
7573:
7569:
7559:
7549:
7539:
7534:, p. 816–817
7526:
7506:
7499:
7487:. Retrieved
7482:
7472:
7455:
7451:
7441:
7398:
7394:
7385:
7373:. Retrieved
7369:the original
7365:www.bipm.org
7364:
7355:
7346:20 September
7344:, retrieved
7338:
7331:
7308:
7304:
7298:
7286:. Retrieved
7281:
7271:
7252:
7248:
7238:
7226:. Retrieved
7223:IAG Homepage
7222:
7198:. Retrieved
7195:www.bipm.org
7194:
7185:
7173:. Retrieved
7168:
7111:
7107:
7069:
7066:L'Astronomie
7065:
7042:
7035:
7002:
6998:
6988:
6976:. Retrieved
6972:
6952:
6947:
6935:. Retrieved
6923:
6919:
6909:
6897:. Retrieved
6893:the original
6888:
6879:
6869:
6863:
6851:
6833:
6814:
6805:
6764:
6760:
6750:
6707:
6703:
6676:. Retrieved
6664:
6660:
6650:
6609:
6605:
6595:
6568:
6564:
6537:. Retrieved
6533:
6524:
6497:
6493:
6483:
6463:p. 419.
6459:
6452:
6440:. Retrieved
6436:
6428:
6420:
6402:
6395:
6385:
6378:
6366:. Retrieved
6362:
6352:
6341:, retrieved
6336:
6326:
6289:
6282:
6274:
6269:
6218:
6214:
6182:
6159:
6152:
6128:
6121:
6111:
6104:
6079:
6072:
6048:
6028:
6021:
5979:
5959:
5940:. Retrieved
5935:
5926:
5914:. Retrieved
5910:the original
5905:
5896:
5861:
5857:
5819:
5815:
5792:
5785:
5762:Delambre,...
5760:
5753:
5710:
5706:
5681:. Retrieved
5677:
5668:
5643:
5639:
5610:. Retrieved
5606:
5597:
5573:
5551:. Retrieved
5546:
5506:
5499:
5487:. Retrieved
5483:
5461:
5429:. Retrieved
5425:the original
5416:
5406:
5394:. Retrieved
5390:
5381:
5368:
5339:
5315:. Retrieved
5310:
5300:
5292:
5287:
5278:
5250:. Retrieved
5245:
5205:
5187:– via
5181:. Retrieved
5176:
5170:
5161:
5148:
5131:
5098:
5094:
5062:
5039:. Retrieved
5034:
4988:
4984:
4959:. Retrieved
4947:
4943:
4917:
4905:. Retrieved
4901:
4891:
4871:
4864:
4837:
4827:
4799:
4792:
4767:
4763:
4736:. Retrieved
4732:
4723:
4711:. Retrieved
4707:
4697:
4685:. Retrieved
4679:
4672:
4660:. Retrieved
4655:
4646:
4632:
4625:
4614:
4584:
4560:
4553:
4541:. Retrieved
4536:
4505:. Retrieved
4500:
4461:
4455:
4443:. Retrieved
4439:the original
4429:
4417:. Retrieved
4413:
4404:
4392:. Retrieved
4388:
4379:
4367:
4343:
4329:
4309:
4301:the original
4291:
4277:
4272:
4261:19 September
4259:. Retrieved
4249:
4243:
4231:
4223:
4215:
4211:
4203:
4190:
4178:. Retrieved
4173:
4164:
4138:. Retrieved
4133:
4120:
4112:
4108:
4087:
4074:
4066:
4058:
4054:
4042:
4037:
4028:
4012:
3985:
3975:
3965:28 September
3963:. Retrieved
3950:
3891:
3881:
3857:
3822:
3811:
3748:1 metre
3743:millimetres
3707:centimetres
3646:1 metre
3616:1 metre
3590:quettametre
3581:quectometre
3297:
3292:
3288:
3282:
3276:
3274:
3256:
3102:
3088:
3013:(11th CGPM)
2932:
2897:part of the
2869:uncertainty
2864:uncertainty
2697:
2677:(a standard
2674:
2658:
2614:with a half-
2573:
2569:
2563:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2545:
2498:
2474:
2472:
2450:
2442:
2409:
2405:atomic clock
2402:
2389:
2370:
2340:
2335:of a second.
2304:
2232:
2222:
2213:
2205:
2196:
2159:
2124:
2114:to become a
2089:
2061:
2053:
2037:
2033:
2027:
2007:
1984:
1971:
1958:
1927:
1899:
1848:
1840:
1822:
1816:
1781:in 1830. In
1769:, while the
1759:independence
1744:
1734:
1666:
1652:represented
1628:
1612:Adriatic Sea
1568:
1485:
1465:Polar motion
1450:
1431:
1347:
1333:
1325:
1314:had founded
1312:Eratosthenes
1308:meridian arc
1300:South Africa
1279:Jean Brunner
1250:Muhammad Ali
1244:
1198:
1171:
1133:studied the
1128:
1117:
1102:
1029:
1021:
990:
955:
863:
800:
796:Earth radius
730:
707:
702:). In 1675,
699:
666:
652:
616:
607:
595:
567:
540:
503:
473:
433:
431:
415:
410:
406:
405:
374:.863 km
361:
354:. After the
312:
296:great circle
281:
232:
224:
220:
218:
170:3.2808
161:1.0936
94:
89:
65:Unit of
25:
8267:(in German)
8238:(1): 5–22.
8211:13 December
8207:(in German)
8185:15 December
8181:(in German)
8094:Judson 1976
8037:(in French)
7874:16 December
7835:16 December
7812:17 December
7751:19 December
7724:16 December
7485:(in French)
7458:: 242–263.
7255:: 445–469.
7072:: 244–245.
7005:(13): 193.
6767:(10): 914.
6500:: 147–162.
5938:(in German)
5713:(1): 6–21.
5549:(in French)
4902:www.bbc.com
4738:30 December
4713:30 December
4656:humanite.fr
4503:(in French)
4445:30 December
4419:29 December
4394:29 December
3914:Swedish mil
3734:1 inch
3698:1 inch
3662:1 inch
3632:1 yard
3609:Non-SI unit
3604:Metric unit
3570:ronnametre
3561:rontometre
3550:yottametre
3541:yoctometre
3530:zettametre
3521:zeptometre
3284:millimicron
3266:light-years
3258:SI prefixes
3240:Switzerland
3150:Kingdom of
3117:Switzerland
3085:Metrication
3066:0.1 nm
2813:299 792 458
2792:21 Oct 1983
2769:wavelengths
2751:14 Oct 1960
2686:10 Dec 1799
2627:30 Mar 1791
2493:least count
2345:at exactly
2269:wavelengths
2147:Jean Richer
2092:thermometry
1938:Koenigsberg
1636:joined the
1560:Switzerland
1544:Netherlands
1524:Mecklenburg
1240:Switzerland
1201:Fire Island
894:Switzerland
760:cartography
680:Jean Picard
656:discovered
570:August 2023
466:), French (
422:speedometer
229:US spelling
179:39.37
128:0.001
54:Unit system
9518:Categories
9302:centimetre
9267:millimetre
9248:micrometre
8786:Base units
8578:26 January
8424:References
8412:18 October
8271:9 December
8124:22 October
7928:22 January
7637:7 December
7483:Libération
6678:11 October
6442:12 October
5612:15 October
5183:10 October
4961:12 October
4819:1061216207
4232:centimeter
4174:Grammarist
4063:BIPM, 2006
3805:picometres
3714:millimetre
3678:centimetre
3584:10 m
3575:10 m
3564:10 m
3555:10 m
3544:10 m
3535:10 m
3524:10 m
3515:10 m
3504:10 m
3501:attometre
3495:10 m
3490:petametre
3484:10 m
3480:femtometre
3473:10 m
3468:terametre
3462:10 m
3451:10 m
3446:gigametre
3440:10 m
3429:10 m
3424:megametre
3418:10 m
3414:micrometre
3407:10 m
3394:10 m
3390:millimetre
3383:10 m
3377:hectometre
3370:10 m
3366:centimetre
3359:10 m
3346:10 m
3335:10 m
3327:SI symbol
3318:SI symbol
3310:Multiples
3289:micrometre
3275:The terms
3011:krypton-86
2901:along the
2738:(273
2618:of 1
2602:8 May 1790
2361: km/s
2288:krypton-86
2243:wavelength
1915:gravimetry
1757:following
1745:After the
1662:Hervé Faye
1620:Baltic Sea
1382:Formentera
1203:the first
1151:centimetre
1147:CGS system
1013:North Pole
966:Talleyrand
868:using the
839:North Pole
801:After the
752:flattening
722:Gravimeter
542:duplicates
489:metro chro
480:The motto
316:krypton-86
292:North Pole
231:; symbol:
120:1000
9402:kilometre
9353: m)
9327: m)
9292: m)
9229:nanometre
9125:units of
8929:steradian
8844:becquerel
8686:. Author.
8677:. Author.
8668:. Author.
8647:. Author.
8638:. Author.
8518:(1911b).
8489:76-600055
8006:cite book
7679: m/s
7582:0003-049X
7489:7 October
7425:1476-4687
7144:121338356
7136:0031-9228
7086:0004-6302
7027:0004-6337
6937:29 August
6899:29 August
6797:125925505
6789:0949-7714
6742:125240402
6734:1521-3889
6642:198204435
6634:1432-1394
6539:27 August
6516:0252-9211
6469:cite book
6368:1 October
6343:1 October
6261:119447198
6253:1432-1394
6231:CiteSeerX
6168:cite book
6138:cite book
6090:cite book
6058:cite book
6007:cite book
5999:861693071
5942:7 October
5916:7 October
5836:0096-3771
5771:cite book
5745:126724939
5737:1631-0705
5683:6 October
5660:109333769
5583:cite book
5553:6 October
5517:cite book
5489:6 October
5396:6 October
5317:31 August
5252:31 August
5123:0004-6337
5101:(7): 97.
5067:CiteSeerX
5041:30 August
5013:143514819
5005:0035-9149
4856:1298-9800
4776:0398-7817
4570:cite book
4507:7 October
4480:894499177
4354: in
4216:kilometer
3858:A simple
3780:nanometre
3510:exametre
3458:picometre
3436:nanometre
3401:kilometre
3353:decametre
3342:decimetre
3293:nanometre
3291:(μm) and
3206:Argentina
3119:in 1815,
3091:Consulate
3020:4 nm
2996:Hyperfine
2795:17th CGPM
2777:radiation
2754:11th CGPM
2719:with 10%
2597:Decision
2510:λ
2197:In 1873,
2182:Euclidean
2108:metrology
2013:in 1875,
1975:Neuchâtel
1957:(German:
1911:metrology
1837:expansion
1829:standards
1681:Argentina
1679:in 1888;
1640:in 1866.
1616:North Sea
1453:Barcelona
1223:in 1841.
1167:lightning
1129:In 1832,
1103:In 1816,
1009:Condorcet
864:In 1841,
831:longitude
827:Barcelona
776:Leibniz's
483:ΜΕΤΡΩ ΧΡΩ
428:Etymology
399:ΜΕΤΡΩ ΧΡΩ
298:, so the
237:base unit
235:) is the
88:1 m
9081:Category
9036:See also
8809:kilogram
8778:SI units
8343:6 August
8322:. p.251.
7547:(1873).
6978:15 March
6973:usma.org
6843:16069502
6710:(5): 2.
5888:27274915
5224:36747385
4784:43861533
4687:2 August
4662:3 August
4180:12 March
4150:cite web
4140:12 March
4065:, p. 130
4004:archived
3920:See also
3860:mnemonic
3790:ångström
3758:ångström
3182:Colombia
3176:Portugal
3099:Napoleon
2907:Delambre
2903:meridian
2899:quadrant
2867:Relative
2862:Absolute
2731:7th CGPM
2717:platinum
2643:meridian
2639:quadrant
2612:pendulum
2584:Timeline
2386: nm
2377:, to be
2309:and the
2210:—
2172:, while
2070:and 10%
2068:platinum
1634:Portugal
1618:and the
1592:Milejewo
1481:latitude
1436:—
1422:Montjuïc
1398:spheroid
1386:Shetland
1372:and the
1302:through
1263:cadastre
1205:baseline
1196:(CIPM).
1143:kilogram
997:Lagrange
970:latitude
770:, which
682:through
662:pendulum
388:Spelling
382: km
308: km
294:along a
200:≈
177:≈
168:≈
159:≈
144:Imperial
109:SI units
9405:
9351:
9339:
9325:
9313:
9305:
9290:
9278:
9270:
9232:
8997:hectare
8982:decibel
8924:sievert
8919:siemens
8849:coulomb
8799:candela
8528:(ed.).
7845:or the
7433:4140694
7403:Bibcode
7282:Gallica
7116:Bibcode
7074:Bibcode
7007:Bibcode
6769:Bibcode
6712:Bibcode
6614:Bibcode
6223:Bibcode
5879:4654608
5824:Bibcode
5715:Bibcode
5646:: 174.
5431:5 March
5311:Gallica
5246:Gallica
5189:Gallica
5103:Bibcode
5035:Gallica
4537:Gallica
4356:Liddell
4334:at the
4284:. 1992.
4196:English
3903:⁄
3874:⁄
3853:
3841:
3837:
3825:
3778:1
3712:1
3676:1
3270:parsecs
3234:Austria
3228:Germany
3188:Ecuador
3152:Belgium
3057:
3037:
2911:Méchain
2895:
2875:
2816:
2804:
2781:krypton
2775:of the
2721:iridium
2673:of the
2558:is the
2475:defined
2379:632.991
2286:of the
2282:in the
2271:of the
2151:Cayenne
2120:physics
2112:geodesy
2072:iridium
2052:(CGPM:
1919:geodesy
1860:and in
1858:Prussia
1648:, that
1584:Denmark
1576:Palermo
1508:Denmark
1492:Prussia
1388:to the
1378:Dunkirk
1316:geodesy
1232:Aarberg
1192:at the
1113:Germany
1065:
1053:
1017:Equator
1015:to the
1001:Laplace
934:
922:
906:Genevan
890:
878:
859:
847:
843:Equator
841:to the
833:of the
829:at the
819:Dunkirk
792:Lapland
788:Ecuador
764:geodesy
754:of the
654:Galileo
552:Please
418:ammeter
348:
328:
290:to the
288:equator
269:
249:
243:in the
9366:
9127:length
9123:Metric
9012:minute
8972:dalton
8914:radian
8909:pascal
8899:newton
8824:second
8804:kelvin
8794:ampere
8738:
8721:
8614:
8610:–124.
8569:
8487:
8443:
8318:
8041:16 May
7901:
7747:. NIST
7611:
7590:985776
7588:
7580:
7514:
7431:
7423:
7395:Nature
7375:15 May
7288:15 May
7228:26 May
7200:26 May
7175:22 May
7142:
7134:
7084:
7025:
6926:: 33.
6841:
6795:
6787:
6740:
6732:
6667:: 33.
6640:
6632:
6583:
6514:
6297:
6259:
6251:
6233:
5997:
5987:
5886:
5876:
5834:
5743:
5735:
5658:
5222:
5212:
5144::
5121:
5069:
5011:
5003:
4907:21 May
4879:
4854:
4817:
4807:
4782:
4774:
4764:Thalès
4543:13 May
4478:
4468:
4350:μέτρον
4316:μετρέω
4257:. 2008
4105:Turner
4080:Turner
4023:. US:
3996:
3773:metre
3671:metre
3668:0.0254
3656:inches
3652:39.370
3641:metre
3638:0.9144
3622:1.0936
3324:Value
3315:Value
3278:micron
3242:: 1877
3236:, 1875
3230:: 1872
3220:: 1866
3214:: 1863
3208:: 1863
3202:: 1862
3200:Brazil
3196:: 1857
3194:Mexico
3190:: 1856
3184:: 1853
3178:: 1852
3172:: 1852
3160:: 1848
3154:: 1830
3147:: 1820
3133:France
2833:(CIPM)
2820:second
2773:vacuum
2712:(CGPM)
2620:second
2616:period
2548:λ
2343:vacuum
2307:second
2295:vacuum
2273:orange
2139:Newton
2046:Sèvres
1997:, and
1934:Altona
1896:(1829)
1862:France
1833:alloys
1763:Brazil
1673:Mexico
1658:Vienna
1654:France
1596:Poland
1562:. The
1552:Poland
1461:zenith
1410:Geneva
1390:Sahara
1254:Boulaq
1190:Russia
1139:second
1099:, 1817
1007:, and
887:299.15
805:, the
475:*meh₁-
457:metron
451:μέτρον
445:metreo
439:μετρέω
362:ν
352:second
273:second
241:length
209:
90:in ...
75:Symbol
69:length
9524:Metre
9363:metre
9027:tonne
9022:neper
9007:litre
8949:weber
8934:tesla
8889:lumen
8884:katal
8879:joule
8874:hertz
8869:henry
8859:farad
8814:metre
8557:(PDF)
8543:[
8524:. In
8502:[
8403:"Mil"
8081:(PDF)
8060:(PDF)
7799:(PDF)
7714:(PDF)
7586:JSTOR
7429:S2CID
7307:[
7165:(PDF)
7140:S2CID
6815:Dodis
6793:S2CID
6738:S2CID
6638:S2CID
6257:S2CID
6191:(PDF)
5741:S2CID
5656:S2CID
5373:(PDF)
5275:(PDF)
5153:(PDF)
5009:S2CID
4780:JSTOR
4360:Scott
4224:meter
4212:meter
4204:metre
4202:uses
4130:(PDF)
4113:meter
4109:metre
4075:meter
4059:metre
4055:metre
4021:(PDF)
3990:(PDF)
3943:Notes
3926:ISO 1
3910:verst
3892:toise
3884:cubit
3850:1 143
3844:1 250
3828:5 000
3722:0.039
3686:0.393
3330:Name
3321:Name
3212:Italy
3170:Spain
3158:Chile
3062:1983
3016:1960
2990:n.a.
2987:n.a.
2984:1927
2966:1889
2944:1799
2916:1795
2859:Date
2818:of a
2800:light
2671:lines
2392:) of
2247:light
2178:space
2096:invar
1677:Japan
1669:Chile
1630:Spain
1571:geoid
1550:(for
1394:geoid
1304:Egypt
1292:Borda
1258:Cairo
1234:, in
1025:Arago
1005:Monge
993:Borda
931:298.3
509:mètre
504:metre
434:metre
411:meter
407:Metre
350:of a
324:light
271:of a
225:meter
221:metre
202:0.000
150:units
31:metre
9491:(Rm)
9481:(Ym)
9471:(Zm)
9461:(Em)
9451:(Pm)
9441:(Tm)
9431:(Gm)
9337:(dm=
9287:1000
9219:(pm)
9209:(fm)
9199:(am)
9189:(zm)
9179:(ym)
9169:(rm)
9129:(by
9002:hour
8944:watt
8939:volt
8864:gray
8819:mole
8736:ISBN
8612:ISBN
8580:2017
8567:ISBN
8485:LCCN
8441:ISBN
8414:2019
8345:2011
8316:ISBN
8273:2021
8213:2021
8187:2021
8126:2019
8064:BIPM
8043:2019
8012:link
7930:2012
7899:ISBN
7876:2011
7837:2011
7814:2011
7753:2011
7726:2011
7658:BIPM
7639:2022
7609:ISBN
7578:ISSN
7512:ISBN
7491:2023
7421:ISSN
7377:2019
7348:2021
7290:2019
7230:2017
7202:2017
7177:2017
7132:ISSN
7082:ISSN
7023:ISSN
6980:2021
6939:2023
6901:2023
6839:OCLC
6785:ISSN
6730:ISSN
6680:2023
6630:ISSN
6581:ISBN
6541:2023
6512:ISSN
6475:link
6444:2021
6370:2023
6345:2023
6295:ISBN
6249:ISSN
6174:link
6144:link
6096:link
6081:1836
6064:link
6013:link
5995:OCLC
5985:ISBN
5944:2023
5918:2023
5884:PMID
5832:ISSN
5777:link
5733:ISSN
5685:2023
5614:2023
5589:link
5555:2023
5523:link
5491:2023
5433:2011
5398:2023
5319:2023
5254:2023
5220:OCLC
5210:ISBN
5185:2018
5119:ISSN
5043:2021
5001:ISSN
4963:2021
4909:2019
4877:ISBN
4852:ISSN
4815:OCLC
4805:ISBN
4772:ISSN
4740:2023
4715:2023
4689:2021
4664:2021
4576:link
4545:2019
4509:2023
4476:OCLC
4466:ISBN
4447:2023
4421:2023
4396:2023
4358:and
4263:2012
4182:2017
4156:link
4142:2017
4093:(SI)
3994:ISBN
3967:2010
3864:feet
3740:25.4
3729:inch
3704:2.54
3693:inch
3626:yard
3349:dam
3281:and
2961:CGPM
2909:and
2827:2002
2785:atom
2783:-86
2708:1st
2665:and
2650:1795
2591:Date
2464:(33)
2460:.762
2434:(33)
2430:.762
2374:HeNe
2291:atom
2170:mass
2168:and
2166:time
2028:The
1942:yard
1936:and
1765:and
1713:and
1683:and
1675:and
1632:and
1610:and
1600:Alps
1588:Bonn
1578:and
1286:and
1161:and
1155:gram
974:foot
821:and
813:and
790:and
223:(or
219:The
9322:100
8977:day
8904:ohm
8894:lux
8608:120
8590:102
8477:doi
8240:doi
7691:848
7688:252
7685:079
7677:458
7674:792
7672:299
7574:109
7460:doi
7411:doi
7399:134
7257:doi
7253:163
7124:doi
7015:doi
6928:doi
6777:doi
6720:doi
6708:531
6669:doi
6622:doi
6573:doi
6569:143
6502:doi
6498:178
6241:doi
5874:PMC
5866:doi
5862:111
5723:doi
5648:doi
5644:157
5344:doi
5111:doi
4993:doi
4952:doi
4842:doi
4226:,
3888:ell
3834:127
3801:100
3724:370
3587:Qm
3578:qm
3567:Rm
3558:rm
3547:Ym
3538:ym
3527:Zm
3518:zm
3507:Em
3498:am
3487:Pm
3476:fm
3465:Tm
3454:pm
3443:Gm
3432:nm
3421:Mm
3410:μm
3397:km
3386:mm
3373:hm
3362:cm
3338:dm
3115:to
3052:458
3049:792
3047:299
3007:.73
3005:763
3002:650
2890:000
2887:000
2771:in
2766:.73
2764:763
2761:650
2462:042
2458:800
2455:579
2432:042
2428:800
2425:579
2394:2.1
2381:212
2359:000
2357:300
2352:458
2349:792
2347:299
2332:458
2329:792
2326:299
2293:in
2277:red
2266:.73
2264:763
2261:650
2245:of
2237:by
1761:of
1594:in
1554:),
1538:),
1380:to
1075:740
1072:130
1062:334
896:by
856:334
825:in
694:at
686:of
380:000
372:007
343:458
340:792
338:299
306:000
264:458
261:792
259:299
239:of
227:in
211:nmi
204:539
9520::
9409:km
9348:10
9309:cm
9274:mm
9255:μm
9236:nm
8715:.
8588:,
8582:.
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