344:, from December 24, 1942 until 1945, a regular propaganda program aimed at making U.S. forces in Europe feel homesick and discouraged. A running theme of these broadcasts was the infidelity of soldiers' wives and sweethearts while the listeners were stationed in Europe and North Africa. She questioned whether the women would remain faithful, "especially if you boys get all mutilated and do not return in one piece". Opening with the sound of a train whistle,
33:
448:
came when he was informed that a woman calling herself "Barbara Mome" was selling her furniture at second-hand markets around the city. A shop owner whose stock contained a table belonging to
Gillars was detained and under "intensive interrogation" revealed Gillars' address. When she was arrested on March 15, 1946, Gillars only asked to take with her a picture of Koischwitz.
447:
pilot shot down by the
Germans, recalled that a woman who had visited his prison camp seeking interviews was the broadcaster who called herself "Midge at the Mike", and had used the alias Barbara Mome. Woerheide organized wanted posters with Gillars' picture to put up in Berlin, and the breakthrough
326:
audience, including the "Bitch of Berlin", "Berlin Babe", "Olga", and "Sally", but the most common was "Axis Sally". This name probably came when asked on air to describe herself, Gillars said she was "the Irish type… a real Sally." Gillars expressed anti-Semitic sentiments during her broadcasts.
306:
was advising
American nationals to leave Germany and German-controlled territories. However, Gillars chose to remain because her fiancé Paul Karlson, a naturalized German citizen, said he would never marry her if she returned to the United States. Shortly afterwards, Karlson was sent to the
499:
broadcast. She was stripped of her US citizenship, was sentenced to 10 to 30 years in prison and a $ 10,000 fine ($ 128,000 today). The judge spared
Gillars from a harsher sentence since she had not participated in high-level Nazi propaganda policy conferences as was the case with
1179:
876:
1014:
987:
1921:
1517:
396:. In 1943, they had toured POW camps in Germany, interviewing captured Americans and recording their messages for their families in the U.S. The interviews were then edited for broadcast as though the speakers were well-treated or sympathetic to the Nazi cause.
546:
Throughout her life
Gillars was unapologetic about her association with Nazism. Shortly before her death, a neighbour claimed that she showed her a cup that she described as one of her most cherished possessions. She said that it had been given to her by
426:
Koischwitz died in August 1944 and
Gillars' broadcasts became lackluster and repetitive without his creative energy. She remained in Berlin until the end of the war. Her last broadcast was on May 6, 1945, just two days before the surrender of Germany.
334:, also began broadcasting to American forces from Rome using the name "Sally". The two often were confused with each other and even thought by many to be one and the same, though Gillars was annoyed another woman was broadcasting under her name.
709:
478:
Gillars was indicted on
September 10, 1948, and charged with ten counts of treason, but only eight were used at her trial which began on January 25, 1949. The prosecution relied on the large number of her programs recorded by the
348:
attempted to exploit the fears of
American soldiers about the home front. The broadcasts were designed to make soldiers feel doubt about their mission, their leaders, and their prospects after the war.
2133:
467:, until she was conditionally released from custody on December 24, 1946; however, she declined to leave military detention. She was abruptly re-arrested on January 22, 1947, after being offered
763:
235:, to parents Vincent Sisk and Mae Hewitson. After her mother and father divorced, she took the surname Gillars in 1911 when her mother married Robert Bruce Gillars. Her family resided in
543:, and taught German, French, and music at St. Joseph Academy, Columbus. In 1973, aged 72, she returned to Ohio Wesleyan University to complete her degree, a Bachelor of Arts in speech.
495:
of
Koischwitz and therefore not fully responsible for her actions until after his death. On March 10, 1949, the jury convicted Gillars on just one count of treason, that of making the
1997:
2128:
2123:
1321:
2083:
1956:
805:
423:. He came to her after his death in the dream and told her of the horror he saw, whilst in the background there were shrieks and moans of men suffering in battle.
1243:
771:
1682:
1643:
1441:
1550:
How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a
Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda
740:
509:
491:. The defense stated that her broadcasts stated unpopular opinions, but did not amount to treasonable conduct. They also argued that she was under the
314:
Gillars' initial broadcasts were largely apolitical, but started with the phrase "this is Berlin calling". Eventually, she started a relationship with
487:, to show her participation in propaganda activities directed at the United States. It was also shown that Gillars had taken an oath of allegiance to
2053:
1923:
The Sirens of Wartime Radio and How the American Print Media Presented Them: The Stories, the Intrigue, and the Evolving Coverage of Their Legacies
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911:
377:
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215:
against the United States. In March 1949, she was sentenced to ten to thirty years' imprisonment. Gillars was paroled in 1961. Along with
1826:
1795:
1712:
844:
257:, New York City, where she worked in various low-skilled jobs to finance drama lessons. She toured with stock companies and appeared in
1237:
2007:
565:
2073:
1570:
How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States
1313:
635:
2108:
268:
In 1929, she moved to France and lived in Paris for six months. In 1933, Gillars left the United States again, residing first in
2068:
1931:
1527:
1189:
1024:
997:
886:
719:
681:
475:
and was eventually flown to the United States on August 21, 1948, to await trial on charges of aiding the German war effort.
327:
During one broadcast, she said "I say damn Roosevelt and Churchill, and all of their Jews who have made this war possible."
2058:
1948:
299:(RRG), German State Radio. She became their highest paid employee, and sometimes went by the name of "Midge at the mike".
2088:
2078:
472:
318:, the German-American program director in the USA Zone at the RRG. In 1942, Koischwitz cast Gillars in a new show called
1058:
797:
2118:
380:
in which Gillars used information on wounded and captured U.S. airmen to cause fear and worry in their families. After
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838:
480:
1666:
1635:
2113:
2093:
436:
2103:
516:
2098:
1577:
1557:
308:
296:
415:. She played Evelyn, an Ohio mother, who dreams that her son had died a horrific death on a ship in the
1986:
1433:
598:
261:
but was unable to establish a theatrical career. Gillars also worked as an artist's model for sculptor
1206:
1080:
1501:
Dutkin, Howard L. (February 25, 1949). "Love for Mystic Professor Led Her to 'Destiny,' Sally Says".
440:
2022:
1768:
1858:
1137:
247:
1898:
1479:
1399:
1265:
955:
902:
1739:
520:
393:
1623:
March 10 – A Federal jury found Mildred E. (Axis Sally) Gillars guilty of treason today ...
673:
666:
187:
1853:
1568:
1548:
593:
354:, broadcast from March to late fall 1943, in which she played American songs interspersed with
322:
and included her in his political broadcasts. Gillars soon acquired several names amongst her
1818:
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484:
363:
303:
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404:
8:
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439:
dispatched prosecutor Victor C. Woerheide to Berlin to find and arrest Gillars. He and
2002:
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993:
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882:
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715:
687:
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603:
505:
254:
668:
Traitors & Turncoats: Twenty Tales of Treason from Benedict Arnold to Ezra Pound
1564:
1544:
989:
Crimes against the State: Sedition, Rebellion, and Treason since America's Founding
583:
548:
501:
1885:
536:
420:
416:
400:
Gillars made her most famous broadcast on May 11, 1944, a few weeks prior to the
323:
232:
135:
60:
279:, Germany to study music and was later employed as a teacher of English, at the
138:
on German State Radio, directed to U.S. troops and audience, during World War II
540:
243:
236:
79:
1980:
563:
Gillars' wartime broadcasts and trial are the subject of the 2021 legal drama
539:
while in prison, Gillars went to live at the Our Lady of Bethlehem Convent in
2032:
1993:
1894:
1764:
1678:
1475:
1181:
Our Mothers' War: American Women at Home and at the Front During World War II
1050:
951:
691:
578:
464:
195:; November 29, 1900 – June 25, 1988) was an American broadcaster employed by
552:
488:
359:
262:
204:
196:
527:
in 1959, but did not apply until 1961. She was released on June 10, 1961.
1344:"Axis Sally: The Americans Behind the Infamous Nazi Propaganda Broadcast"
1343:
200:
608:
408:
331:
258:
220:
216:
156:
105:
741:"Mildred Gillars, 87, of Nazi radio, Axis Sally to an allied audience"
456:
452:
355:
443:
special agent Hans Winzen only had one solid lead: Raymond Kurtz, a
492:
385:
32:
1407:, FoIA record, Washington, DC: Department of Justice, p. 15,
1849:"Women of the Third Reich: Mildred Elizabeth Gillars (1901–1988)"
276:
269:
212:
162:
388:
and Paris for this purpose, visiting hospitals and interviewing
2134:
Prisoners and detainees of the United States federal government
1583:
1314:"On This Day – Final Broadcast of Mildred Gillars (Axis Sally)"
524:
284:
208:
384:(June 6, 1944), Gillars and Koischwitz worked for a time from
295:
On 6 May 1940, Gillars obtained work as an announcer with the
1857:. The American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise. Archived from
401:
381:
1607:"'Axis Sally' Is Found Guilty; Sentence on Treason Delayed"
444:
1705:"Axis Sally Is Given 10 to 30-Year Term On Treason Charge"
878:
Political Trials in History: From Antiquity to the Present
1016:
Masquerade: Treason, the Holocaust, and an Irish Impostor
389:
1949:"American Traitor: The Trial of Axis Sally film review"
1273:, FoIA record, Washington, DC: Department of Justice,
1145:, FoIA record, Washington, DC: Department of Justice,
1051:"Axis Sally: The Americans Behind That Alluring Voice"
711:
The Scribner Encyclopedia of American Lives: 1986-1990
555:
at Grant Medical Center in Columbus on June 25, 1988.
451:
She was then held by the Counterintelligence Corps at
250:
to study dramatic arts, but left without graduating.
2129:
Prisoners and detainees of the United States military
2124:
People convicted of treason against the United States
1239:
Axis Sally, the Greatest Generation, and Generation Y
1516:
Suisman, David; Strasser, Susan (October 11, 2011).
211:, Gillars became the first woman to be convicted of
986:Beckman, James A.; Merriam, Eric (August 8, 2024).
791:
789:
764:"Sally's axis of evil ended at convent in Columbus"
2084:Deaths from colorectal cancer in the United States
1667:"Mildred Elizabeth Sisk: American-Born Axis Sally"
1636:"Mildred Elizabeth Sisk: American-Born Axis Sally"
665:
510:U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia
430:
272:where she found work as a dressmaker's assistant.
392:, falsely claiming to be a representative of the
2030:
1522:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 67.
786:
1998:"Mildred Gillars (a.k.a. 'Axis Sally') in WWII"
1515:
1107:"Mildred Gillars (a.k.a. 'Axis Sally') in WWII"
934:
932:
798:"Mildred Gillars (a.k.a. 'Axis Sally') in WWII"
1300:Axis Sally: The American Voice of Nazi Germany
1132:
1130:
1128:
985:
830:Axis Sally: The American Voice of Nazi Germany
290:
1374:"'Axis Sally', 2 Other Broadcasters Released"
992:. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. pp. 51–52.
1536:
1464:"Treason: True to the Red, White & Blue"
1081:"TREASON: True to the Red, White & Blue"
1019:. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 79.
1013:Hull, Mark M.; Moynes, Vera (May 18, 2017).
929:
881:. Transaction Publishers. pp. 152–155.
707:
2023:The Last Archive Episode 3: The Inner Front
1519:Sound in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction
1125:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
471:by the United States at the request of the
265:but was unable to find regular employment.
1819:"Almost Silent 'Axis Sally' Gains Freedom"
1012:
246:with her family. In 1918, she enrolled at
31:
910:, Washington, DC: Department of Justice,
762:Blundo, Joseph "Joe" (January 30, 2011),
566:American Traitor: The Trial of Axis Sally
337:Gillars' main programs from Berlin were:
2054:American women civilians in World War II
1563:
1543:
1207:"6 World War II Propaganda Broadcasters"
1033:
820:
714:. Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 327.
1586:"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–"
1217:from the original on September 20, 2018
1204:
874:
663:
231:She was born Mildred Elizabeth Sisk in
2064:Radio personalities from New York City
2049:American broadcasters for Nazi Germany
2031:
1992:
1946:
1940:
1919:
1664:
1500:
1354:from the original on February 25, 2022
1177:
795:
761:
735:
733:
731:
16:American Nazi propagandist (1900–1988)
1816:
1789:
1584:Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis.
1414:from the original on October 15, 2012
1311:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1048:
981:
979:
977:
975:
973:
826:
708:Markoe, Karen; Markoe, Arnie (1998).
638:from the original on October 26, 2020
239:where Robert Gillars was a dentist.
186:
1920:Morton, Scott A. (October 5, 2020).
1280:from the original on August 30, 2010
1235:
1152:from the original on August 30, 2010
1049:Lucas, Richard (November 23, 2009).
917:from the original on August 30, 2010
870:
868:
866:
864:
862:
757:
755:
703:
701:
659:
657:
655:
653:
628:"Mildred Gillars | American traitor"
551:, leader of the SS. Gillars died of
330:In 1943, an Italian-American woman,
207:. Following her capture in post-war
1444:from the original on March 10, 2022
1246:from the original on March 10, 2022
1184:. Simon and Schuster. p. 249.
833:. Casemate Publishers. p. 42.
728:
515:Gillars served her sentence at the
13:
1829:from the original on July 10, 2018
1798:from the original on July 10, 2018
1715:from the original on July 10, 2018
1685:from the original on March 7, 2018
1646:from the original on March 7, 2018
1613:. Associated Press. March 11, 1949
1324:from the original on March 7, 2018
1164:
970:
847:from the original on July 23, 2020
808:from the original on March 7, 2018
14:
2145:
1974:
1959:from the original on June 4, 2021
1792:"'Axis Sally' Out After 11 Years"
1665:Harper, Dale P. (November 1995).
1205:Andrews, Evan (August 29, 2018).
1061:from the original on June 4, 2016
859:
796:Taylor, Blaine (March 21, 2016).
752:
698:
650:
481:Federal Communications Commission
311:, where he was killed in action.
419:during an attempted invasion of
2074:Ohio Wesleyan University alumni
1913:
1873:
1841:
1810:
1783:
1745:
1727:
1697:
1658:
1628:
1599:
1509:
1494:
1456:
1434:"Spinster Charged With Treason"
1426:
1392:
1366:
1336:
1305:
1292:
1258:
1229:
1198:
1099:
1073:
1006:
431:Arrest, trial, and imprisonment
91:Saint Joseph Cemetery, Columbus
2109:Radio personalities from Maine
1178:Yellin, Emily (May 11, 2010).
895:
620:
1:
2069:Converts to Roman Catholicism
1947:Madden, Hope (May 28, 2021).
1790:Davis, Jack (July 10, 1961).
614:
530:
517:Federal Reformatory for Women
411:written by Koischwitz called
226:
1926:. Rowman & Littlefield.
1817:Marsh, Don (July 11, 1961).
1578:American Antiquarian Society
1558:American Antiquarian Society
1312:Hoare, James (May 6, 2014).
1236:Pfau, Ann Elizabeth (2010),
672:. London: Quercus. pp.
297:Reichs-Rundfunk-Gesellschaft
37:Gillars's prison photo, 1949
7:
2059:People from Portland, Maine
572:
459:, along with collaborators
291:Work as a Nazi propagandist
172:10 to 30 years imprisonment
10:
2150:
2089:Deaths from cancer in Ohio
2079:People from Conneaut, Ohio
1742: (D.C. Cir. 1950).
599:Jane Anderson (journalist)
523:. She became eligible for
2119:Nazis convicted of crimes
441:Counterintelligence Corps
362:rhetoric, and attacks on
183:Mildred Elizabeth Gillars
176:
168:
154:
150:
142:
130:
122:
114:
95:
87:
68:
42:
30:
23:
1735:Gillars v. United States
376:(1944), directed at the
248:Ohio Wesleyan University
1881:"People, June 25, 1973"
1111:Warfare History Network
827:Lucas, Richard (2013).
632:Encyclopædia Britannica
558:
521:Alderson, West Virginia
512:upheld the conviction.
394:International Red Cross
283:School of Languages in
2025:– Jill Lepore podcast.
1854:Jewish Virtual Library
275:In 1934, she moved to
253:Gillars then moved to
47:Mildred Elizabeth Sisk
2114:Nazi propaganda radio
2094:Women in Nazi Germany
1350:. November 23, 2009.
664:Crofton, Ian (2009).
485:Silver Hill, Maryland
437:U.S. attorney general
364:Franklin D. Roosevelt
304:U.S. State Department
2104:Catholics from Maine
1982:Axis Sally Broadcast
1794:. Associated Press.
1740:182 F.2d 962
1139:Axis Sally (part 15)
946:. February 7, 1949.
589:Herbert John Burgman
535:Having converted to
461:Herbert John Burgman
405:invasion of Normandy
342:Home Sweet Home Hour
242:At 16, she moved to
2099:Catholics from Ohio
1901:on October 27, 2010
1771:on November 6, 2012
1503:The Washington Post
1440:. August 23, 1948.
1401:Axis Sally (part 1)
1380:. December 24, 1946
1267:Axis Sally (part 3)
958:on January 31, 2011
940:"Treason: Big Role"
774:on January 21, 2013
594:Iva Toguri D'Aquino
469:conditional release
316:Max Otto Koischwitz
219:she was nicknamed "
1996:(March 21, 2016).
1861:on October 5, 2012
1823:Charleston Gazette
1759:. August 3, 1959.
1711:. March 26, 1949.
1709:Charleston Gazette
1611:The New York Times
1438:The Canberra Times
875:Christenson, Ron.
745:The New York Times
497:Vision of Invasion
493:hypnotic influence
473:Justice Department
413:Vision of Invasion
378:U.S. home audience
203:propaganda during
2010:on March 12, 2018
2003:Military Heritage
1933:978-1-7936-0146-9
1889:. June 25, 1973.
1642:. June 12, 2006.
1529:978-0-8122-0686-9
1482:on March 10, 2008
1470:. March 7, 1949.
1318:All About History
1191:978-1-4391-0358-6
1026:978-0-8061-5836-5
999:978-1-4408-7908-1
888:978-1-4128-3125-3
802:Military Heritage
768:Columbus Dispatch
721:978-0-684-80491-0
683:978-1-84866-011-3
604:Robert Henry Best
506:Robert Henry Best
352:Midge at the Mike
255:Greenwich Village
180:
179:
123:Years active
118:Radio broadcaster
102:Midge at the Mike
57:November 29, 1900
2141:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2006:. Archived from
1983:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1917:
1911:
1910:
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1906:
1897:. Archived from
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1871:
1870:
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1834:
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1808:
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1803:
1787:
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1767:. Archived from
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1540:
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1478:. Archived from
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1378:The Deseret News
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1066:
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1031:
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1010:
1004:
1003:
983:
968:
967:
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963:
954:. Archived from
936:
927:
925:
924:
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916:
909:
899:
893:
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857:
856:
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793:
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770:, archived from
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705:
696:
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671:
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648:
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645:
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624:
584:Douglas Chandler
549:Heinrich Himmler
502:Douglas Chandler
194:
169:Criminal penalty
159:
96:Other names
75:
56:
54:
35:
21:
20:
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1565:McCusker, J. J.
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1545:McCusker, J. J.
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1298:Richard Lucas,
1297:
1293:
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1259:
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1247:
1234:
1230:
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421:Occupied Europe
417:English Channel
374:Medical Reports
370:GI's Letter-box
346:Home Sweet Home
320:Home Sweet Home
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233:Portland, Maine
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143:Criminal status
136:Nazi propaganda
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72:June 25, 1988
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2012:. Retrieved
2008:the original
2001:
1961:. Retrieved
1952:
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1915:
1903:. Retrieved
1899:the original
1884:
1875:
1863:. Retrieved
1859:the original
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1769:the original
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1671:World War II
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1615:. Retrieved
1610:
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1591:February 29,
1589:. Retrieved
1569:
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1496:
1484:. Retrieved
1480:the original
1467:
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1437:
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1394:
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1326:. Retrieved
1317:
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1260:
1248:, retrieved
1238:
1231:
1219:. Retrieved
1210:
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1154:, retrieved
1138:
1117:December 15,
1115:. Retrieved
1110:
1101:
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1084:
1075:
1063:. Retrieved
1054:
1015:
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988:
960:. Retrieved
956:the original
943:
919:, retrieved
903:
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877:
849:. Retrieved
829:
822:
810:. Retrieved
801:
778:February 17,
776:, retrieved
772:the original
767:
744:
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667:
640:. Retrieved
631:
622:
564:
562:
553:colon cancer
545:
534:
514:
496:
489:Adolf Hitler
477:
450:
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373:
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360:anti-Semitic
358:propaganda,
351:
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294:
274:
267:
263:Mario Korbel
252:
241:
230:
205:World War II
197:Nazi Germany
191:
182:
181:
74:(1988-06-25)
18:
2044:1988 deaths
2039:1900 births
1562:1700–1799:
1542:1634–1699:
1250:October 30,
642:October 20,
537:Catholicism
134:Presenting
2033:Categories
1640:HistoryNet
1348:Historynet
1055:HistoryNet
904:Axis Sally
615:References
609:Tokyo Rose
531:Later life
409:radio play
332:Rita Zucca
259:vaudeville
227:Early life
221:Axis Sally
217:Rita Zucca
115:Occupation
106:Axis Sally
53:1900-11-29
2014:March 11,
1895:0040-781X
1765:0040-781X
1679:0040-781X
1476:0040-781X
1358:March 10,
952:0040-781X
692:298185611
457:Oberursel
453:Camp King
356:defeatist
126:1940–1945
1957:Archived
1905:March 6,
1833:July 10,
1827:Archived
1802:July 10,
1796:Archived
1775:March 6,
1753:"People"
1719:July 10,
1713:Archived
1689:March 6,
1683:Archived
1650:March 6,
1644:Archived
1617:March 9,
1567:(1992).
1547:(1997).
1486:March 6,
1448:March 6,
1442:Archived
1418:March 6,
1409:archived
1384:March 6,
1352:Archived
1328:March 6,
1322:Archived
1275:archived
1244:archived
1215:Archived
1147:archived
1091:March 9,
1065:March 6,
1059:Archived
962:March 6,
912:archived
851:March 7,
845:Archived
812:March 6,
806:Archived
636:Archived
573:See also
386:Chartres
1987:YouTube
1302:(2001).
1211:History
407:, in a
281:Berlitz
277:Dresden
270:Algiers
213:treason
163:Treason
1930:
1893:
1865:May 6,
1763:
1738:,
1677:
1526:
1474:
1188:
1023:
996:
950:
885:
837:
718:
690:
680:
525:parole
285:Berlin
209:Berlin
190:
82:, U.S.
63:, U.S.
1574:(PDF)
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915:(PDF)
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402:D-Day
382:D-Day
2016:2018
1965:2021
1928:ISBN
1907:2018
1891:ISSN
1886:Time
1867:2012
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1360:2022
1330:2018
1286:2010
1252:2017
1223:2018
1186:ISBN
1158:2010
1119:2022
1093:2019
1085:Time
1067:2018
1021:ISBN
994:ISBN
964:2018
948:ISSN
944:Time
923:2010
883:ISBN
853:2018
835:ISBN
814:2018
780:2011
716:ISBN
688:OCLC
678:ISBN
644:2017
559:Film
504:and
463:and
445:B-17
435:The
390:POWs
372:and
201:Axis
192:Sisk
69:Died
43:Born
1985:on
674:131
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223:".
188:née
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
