Military history of the Russian Empire

4225:(reigned 1825–1855) lavished attention on his very large army; with a population of 60–70 million people, the army included a million men. They had outdated equipment and tactics, but the tsar, who dressed like a soldier and surrounded himself with officers, gloried in the victory over Napoleon in 1812 and took enormous pride in its smartness on parade. The cavalry horses, for example, were only trained in parade formations, and did poorly in battle. The glitter and braid masked profound weaknesses that he did not see. He put generals in charge of most of his civilian agencies regardless of their qualifications. An agnostic who won fame in cavalry charges was made supervisor of Church affairs. The Army became the vehicle of upward social mobility for noble youths from non-Russian areas, such as Poland, the Baltic, Finland and Georgia. On the other hand, many miscreants, petty criminals and undesirables were punished by local officials by enlisting them for life in the Army. The conscription system was highly unpopular with people, as was the practice of forcing peasants to house the soldiers for six months of the year. Curtiss finds that "The pedantry of Nicholas' military system, which stressed unthinking obedience and parade ground evolutions rather than combat training, produced ineffective commanders in time of war." His commanders in the Crimean War were old and incompetent, and indeed so were his muskets as the colonels sold the best equipment and the best food. 3515:. Frederick planned to take his enemy by surprise by marching around the Russian rear to the south under the cover of night; however, the next morning the Russian forces simply reversed direction and faced their foe, now to the south, once more. Although the Prussians lost the element of surprise, the Russians were now in a vulnerable position, as their backs now stood against the river and the surrounding swamp. On 25 August 1758, following 2 hours of bombardment, the Prussian left engaged the Russians in what quickly became a murderous exchange of volleys. However, Frederick's left column, intending to support attack on the Russian right, instead drifted towards the center and stalled out in the engagement. Fermor quickly took advantage of this and sent his cavalry charging through the weakened left flank and sent it backwards in disorder, but their advantage was neutralized by a prompt counterattack by the Prussian cavalry. The battle degenerated into disorganized attrition, and the two bloodied forces did not break off until night fell. Thus the 2412: 1514:. Peter, still wary of engaging the Swedes in a pitched battle, slowly moved his troops through fortified positions to relieve the small fort. Charles foresaw that he could not take Poltava in time to avoid the Russians, but was confident that his 25,000 veteran troops, despite dwindling numbers, lack of supplies, and exhaustion, could defeat the 40,000 Russians in battle and finally end the war with Swedish victory. Peter, meanwhile, could afford to be patient; the Swedes were marooned far from support or reinforcements, and were losing numbers every day. The most direct path between the Russian camp to the north and Poltava was through treacherous forest and marsh, and thus Peter foresaw that any Swedish attack would double around the left, heading west before turning north through open ground towards the Russian army. Peter built six earthen 4098:(September 7), when the Russians stood and fought. This was bloody and the Russians were eventually forced to back down and open the road to Moscow. By September 14, Moscow was captured although by this point it had been largely abandoned by the Russians and prisoners had been released from Moscow's prisons to inconvenience the French. Alexander I refused to capitulate and with no sign of clear victory in sight Napoleon was forced to withdraw from Moscow after the city had been burnt to the ground. The conflicting sides placed the blame for the fire on each other. So the disastrous Great Retreat began, with 370,000 casualties largely as a result of starvation and the freezing weather conditions, and 200,000 captured. By November only 27,000 fit soldiers were among those who crossed the 1192: 292: 3450:, later to become Catherine the Great's foremost general; he rallied the Russian forces in the center, driving the Prussians back and ending the threat of a decisive breakthrough and defeat. With the Russian columns, particularly the artillery, now grinding back at their attackers, the Prussians were forced to retreat from battle. Losses had been roughly even, but the small Prussian force could ill afford its casualties. Apraksin, horrified by the losses, lacked the stomach to make good on his victory, and retreated to winter quarters, making the battle one of the most casual victories in Russian history. He was later relieved of command and put on trial for his heinous lack of initiative, dying in prison the next year. 1988: 3569:

of fire without flinching. The command structure did not fare nearly so well; overall coordination fell to Bestuzhev-Riumin and a court conference, which quickly proved to be inefficient, spending much of time engrossed in micromanaging the army. The Russian officer corps had been fashioned into an elite force during Peter the Great's reign, but his policies had been abolished and command corps had fallen into disrepair. The result was that, although Russia won several important victories against the Prussians, it never fully capitalized on its success. This problem was compounded by the insufficiency of the Russian supply line, which forced the Russians to withdraw every winter.

3673: 2235: 268:; there, in a relaxed environment far removed from the throne, he learned the particulars of such things as shipbuilding, navigation, military formation, and the erection of fortifications. Peter wanted to be everywhere at once, and see everything for himself. Not taking his role as tsar very seriously, he and his noble friends often staged elaborate drinking rituals and other forms of horseplay, displays of personal excess that helped unite his circle of friends through talk and drink. However, at the same time, he could be cruel, not flinching from the application of force to put down rebellions and sometimes beating his own friends if he thought it necessary. 2041: 4229:

that direction, and communications were bad. The bureaucracy was riddled with graft, corruption and inefficiency and was unprepared for war. The Navy was weak and technologically backward; the Army, although very large, was good only for parades, suffered from colonels who pocketed their men's pay, poor morale, and was even more out of touch with the latest technology as developed by Britain and France. As Fuller notes, "Russia had been beaten on the Crimean peninsula, and the military feared that it would inevitably be beaten again unless steps were taken to surmount its military weakness."

1364:. This time, with heavier numbers, and Charles XII far away in Poland, Peter was able to take the city, albeit with heavy casualties. The commander in the city violated the ideal of an honorable surrender by refused to give in, and once the Russians breached the city, the remaining Swedish forces were massacred. Overall, the many Swedish losses on the home front put a large dent in the Swedish economy, already strained by the effects of the war. Peter also rapidly assembled a new fleet in the Baltic, resembling his southern one & around that time in 1705 officially formed Russia's first 1894: 1576:

and the war lull, he needed to crush ongoing domestic issues; in fact, if Peter had lost the battle, opposition to the tsar's reforms could have become active support for a new tsar. Poltava demonstrates how far the Russian army had come; after all, just nine years earlier, the Russians had been almost destroyed fighting the Swedes with an even greater numerical advantage. Peter the Great fully appreciated the importance of the battle's outcome, and made sure to thank the captured Swedes for their "lessons". However, the battle did not win the war, which was not yet even half over.

4201:, and, in some instances, advocacy of a revolutionary overthrow of the government. Officers were particularly incensed that Alexander had granted Poland a constitution while Russia remained without one. Several clandestine organizations were preparing for an uprising when Alexander died unexpectedly in 1825. Following his death, there was confusion about who would succeed him because the next in line, his brother Constantine, had relinquished his right to the throne. A group of officers commanding about 3,000 men refused to swear allegiance to the new tsar, Alexander's brother 84:'s reign in Russian history. Peter came of age in a vast but technologically and socially backward country. Upon taking control of Russia in 1682, the tsar energetically redressed every aspect of Russian government, society, and military to more closely match its western neighbors. He fought expansive wars against his neighbors, squeezing every resource at his disposal to power his war machine, and send large numbers of young men west, to learn the trades and skills that Russia would need in the future. Peter founded a new Russia by shattering the old. 19: 2368:

things. Firstly, it showed how much the Russian army had advanced, as it easily beat back larger Ottoman forces during the war; Münnich had been overly ambitious, but his assumptions on the superiority of his troops were not misplaced. Secondly, it established and maintained the pattern that would develop in future wars between the Turks and the Russians: early Russian gains on river fortresses were to be nullified by the impact of disease, and deeper attacks cut off from their supply train by fast-moving Turkish and Tatar cavalry.

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and time again, and was searching for allies against an increasingly diplomatically aggressive France and an increasingly powerful Prussia. Thus Alexey Bestuzhev-Ryumin attempted to build an alliance with Russia's "natural friends," Britain and Austria, against its "natural enemies," France and Prussia. Austria and Russia signed a cornerstone defensive alliance in 1725, but Britain was cautious about such an alliance. Realizing the opportunity, Fredrick sidestepped his French allies and signed the

1648: 1639: 2620:. Shuvalov quickly eliminated the German dress that had been introduced under Münnich. Foreseeing the approach of war in the 1750s, Shuvalov worked to improve the Russian army on the Prussian model. He drilled the army in the same tactics used by Fredrick the Great, but his success carried more to his cavalry then to the infantry, as Russia lacked the officer expertise to fully achieve the Prussian model. He also worked to convert dragoons into heavier cuirassiers and mounted 2003:. The primary reason for their choice was her political weakness as a woman and widow, something that the Council moved aggressively to take advantage of; they declared that they would approve her crowning only if she gave up the power to make and amend taxes, declare war, control the army, grant and revoke estates, and appoint people to high positions in the government. In short, the Privy Council was aiming to gut the power of the tsar and make the Russian Empire a de facto 2318: 2381: 124: 70: 1928:, was a shy, bookish man with little interest in the throne, as well as a constant target for revolts aimed at undermining Peter's rule. Alexei had renounced his interest in the throne in 1714, an action that made Peter furious; Aleksei was captured and tortured, and died of his injuries in 1718. None of Peter's other male children survived into adulthood. In addition, in 1722 he had declared that the naming of an heir was the tsar's choice, not a matter of 1568:

ensuing attack; as in earlier battles, the veteran troops outfought the Russians, collapsing them back and seizing supporting cannon as well. However, the weight of massed Russian fire opened a hole in the middle of the Swedish line, and the Russians, now fully able to make full use of such an event, poured through it and broke the Swedish column in half. The Swedish line broke and scattered, and 10,000 Swedes were killed or captured; most of the rest were

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Poltava, Peter was quick, indeed eager, to move south. He pulled many of his troops, as well as Sheremetev, his most reliable general, south across the whole length of Russia to fight this new war. This was not the first time that Russia had fought against the Ottomans, and it would not be the last; however, like in earlier wars, Peter underestimated the distances involved and the stress of having to fight two wars simultaneously. Peter

3583: 522: 1869:. Introduced in 1722, the Table organized the four major governmental branches, the army, navy, civil service, and court, into 14 major ranks. This standardized government positions and allowed officers to accurately gauge their relative importance; there was no table for common men. The Table was Peter's way of handling the appointment of nobility, as well as organizing Russian military positions; Peter had not appointed any new 276:, a childhood friend from Peter's days with the mock troops. Menshikov was a former stableboy of the lowest rank, and would later rise up and become Peter's most able administrator. As corrupt as he was energetic, Menshikov could be found in every part of the Russian governmental machinery, was under constant surveillance by the Russian court, and often met Peter's cudgel, all the while somehow maintaining his prominent position. 2443:

reign; upon gaining the throne, she immediately restored the Senate and scattered Anna's German administration, sentencing both Münnich and Ostermann to death (a sentence commuted to exile at the scaffold). By scattering the hated Germans and projecting an image of beauty and affection, Elizabeth maintained one of the most popular public images among the Russian populace at the time. She entrusted much of her administration to

4209:. Nicholas easily overcame the revolt, and the Decembrists who remained alive were arrested. Many were exiled to Siberia. To some extent, the Decembrists were in the tradition of a long line of palace revolutionaries who wanted to place their candidate on the throne. But because the Decembrists also wanted to implement a liberal political program, their revolt has been considered the beginning of a revolutionary movement. The 1862:, the Treaty of Fredriksborg was signed between Sweden and Denmark for Sweden to give up her exception from paying taxes to use the military service, the Sound. She also gave up Holstein-Gottorp. Finally, proceeding the War, in August and September 1721, the Treaty of Nyastad was signed between Sweden and Russia. Sweden ceded Livonia, Estonia and Ingria while Russia returned Finland, excluding Kexholm and parts of Karelia. 1585: 2552: 3471: 1808: 1967:, as the new tsar. Peter II was not yet 12 years old, and Menshikov aggressively maneuvered to strengthen his position; he married Peter to his own daughter, brought him into his own household, and began to methodically weaken his opponents in the Privy Council. In the end, Menshikov overreached; his bold grabs at power alarmed the Russian nobility, and Peter, increasingly disliking Menshikov, allied himself with 3401: 2585:, who ruled Prussia at the time, drilled his military ceaselessly. One of his key innovations was oblique battle order, whereupon he purposely overloaded one flank while weakening the other; if the weakened flank held, the stronger side would be able to break through the enemy and surround them. Such a maneuver required precise timing and great skill, things his highly skilled army very much possessed. 1543:. To Peter's satisfaction, the Swedes moved in exactly the way that he had anticipated. Charles was well aware of the redoubts that Peter had dug, and had reasoned that, to avoid being bogged down and losing the element of surprise, he would rush past them as quickly as he could, and accept the resulting losses, even leaving the bulk of his artillery behind to speed his movement. However, Charles was 3928: 1432: 3443:, the Prussian force, outnumbered 2 to 1, encircled both flanks of the Russian column (which stretched for over 2 miles) with cavalry, and Prussian infantry marched through the woods to attack the Russians in the center. The Prussians threatened to do what the Swedes had done at Narva, roll through the frantically redeploying Russians and then crush their individual units. 3500:. Fermor, a clean-cut and intelligent Baltic German and a student of Lacy and Münnich, made his soldiers' welfare one of his primary concerns. Fermor's troops made quick work of the East Prussian providences that Apraskin had found so vexing. Seeing that he was unable to reclaim East Prussia, Fredrick turned his attention to the Austrians, invading the providence of 232: 1725:, or "colleges", based on the Swedish model. As a rule Peter employed equal parts native Russians and foreign servitors. Unlike the prikazy they replaced, colleges could not make a decision without a consensus of their members, so-called "governance by board" that helped stifle wayward decisions as well as corruption. Among the first two colleges created were the 1188:. Peter organized the siege works, but left soon after to organize reinforcements for Charles's eventual relief effort (and thus, as it would turn out, taking himself out of harm's way). Choosing between Poland and Russia, Charles XII thought Russia to be the more dangerous threat, and led a small army of around 11,000 men into the besieged city in November. 288:

servitude to the state, whether it was growing crops or fighting wars. Thus he offered serfs escape from their lifelong servitude on the farm in return for lifelong servitude in the army. Older and disabled veterans were transferred to positions in administration and the reserves, and thus, once they joined, Peter's troops were bound to the army for life.

2465:. Sweden had declared war on Russia, moving troops towards Saint Petersburg. It thinly justified the war with support for Elizabeth's taking of the throne, and Elizabeth promised to cede certain Russian territories in return. Once securely on the throne, however, Elizabeth rejected the terms and direct her military against the woefully unprepared Swedes. 3397:. The two countries often attempted to pass the burden of battle to one another. Thus Fredrick's strategy of constantly shifting his army, although tiresome for the troops, successfully keep both of his enemies at bay. British financial contributions and the overall superiority of the Prussian army further alleviated the Austrian-Russian size advantage. 1625:

considering that the Russian force was facing annihilation; Peter lost Azov, was forced to abandon his southern fleet, promised not to meddle with Polish affairs, and guaranteed safe passage to Sweden for Charles XII. In return, Peter was able to extricate himself from the situation, and continued to hold a dominant position in the Great Northern War.

3787:. After the partition, Poland initiated an extensive reform program, which included a democratic constitution that alarmed reactionary factions in Poland and in Russia. Using the danger of radicalism as an excuse, the same three powers abrogated the constitution and in 1793 again stripped Poland of territory. This time Russia obtained most of 2241: 1744:

study Western Europe. In late 1718, Charles XII himself was shot through the head in a minor battle, possibly by his own soldiers. A broken Sweden sought allies against the Russian juggernaut, but the search proved fruitless, and with Russian troops regularly crossing the Baltic and raiding mainland Sweden, even reaching the suburbs of

4008:(and his acceptance of the position of Grand Master) alienated many members of his court. Along with his liberal policies towards the lower classes, and his discovery of corruption in the treasury, his zeal for reform sealed his fate. In March 1801, Paul was assassinated by a handful of nobles and disgruntled officers. The new tsar, 1877:, which placed more stress on hereditary origins then on actual skill, had been rightfully abolished in 1682. He had resorted to the ad-hoc appointment before, but by the time of the Great Northern War this was quickly proving tedious, necessitating the change. Those that reached a certain level on the table were granted personal 1559:, a time-consuming move that lost him the element of surprise he had hoped for earlier. With Peter now aware of Charles's movements, the plan quickly went awry; many of the Swedish forces got caught up fighting the redoubts anyway, and the smoke from fire on both sides, and the din from the engagements between the Russian and 476:

that which Peter had brought with him during the first siege, and successfully cut off the flow of Turkish supplies. After a month of attrition, a force of 2,000 cossacks stormed the fort and, although rebuffed, captured part of its outer workings. The Turks, accepting defeat, ceded the fort to the Russians on July 18, 1696.

4173:(Russian Poland), to which Alexander granted a constitution. Thus, Alexander I became the constitutional monarch of Poland while remaining the autocratic tsar of Russia. He was also the limited monarch of Finland, which had been annexed in 1809 and awarded autonomous status. In 1813 Russia gained territory in the 3439:. Apraksin was a well-connected diplomat in the tsarina's court with little true military experience. He moved his forces cautiously, at a pace that nearly proved disastrous. On 19/30 August 1757, a Prussian force caught the Russians marching off-guard at the small village of Gross-Jägersdorf. In the ensuing 3504:. However, the Austrians refused to engage him in battle, and therefore he could not land any of the spectacular victories that had salvaged his strategic nightmare so far. Realizing that further advances were futile, by late summer Fredrick had turned his attention squarely back towards the Russians. 4228:

Finally the Crimean war at the end of his reign demonstrated to the world what no one had previously realized: Russia was militarily weak, technologically backward, and administratively incompetent. Despite his grand ambitions toward the south and Turkey, Russia had not built its railroad network in

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and end its war. The army had suffered enormously from disease, and for all the men and money that the war cost Russia only gained some sparsely populated steppe north of the Black Sea, and the old prize of Azov, under the condition that it would remain unfortified. Still, the war did demonstrate two

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The Battle of Poltava was one of the most decisive victory in Russian history. The result of the Battle of Poltava, and of the following surrender, was that the bulk of the Swedish army was simply annihilated, leaving Sweden wide open for attack. At home, the victory gave Peter the political capital,

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The Russians, enjoying a 3 to 1 numerical advantage, expected Charles XII to wait for reinforcements before attacking; but in another daring move, the Swedish forces, under cover of a blizzard, opted instead for a surprise attack on the Russian line. Caught off-guard, thinly stretched, and vulnerable

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By the time Peter became involved, the coalition was already falling apart. Charles XII proved to be an unprecedented military genius and far superior a commander then his foes had expected. With utmost daring, in July 1700 Charles crossed the straits to Denmark with 15,000 men, carrying the fighting

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with his friends, the sons of nobles and servitors, and staged mock battles. As he grew older, these battles became more and more elaborate, including organized units, formations, and even live ammunition. Once they became adults, the boys with whom Peter staged the fights would become his commanders

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by the Austrians. Although he escaped with the majority of his forces intact, by the end of the year it was clear that the Prussian's military situation had not improved; rather, Frederick had lost many of his best troops, and the Russians and Austrians had demonstrated a newfound ability to nullify

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Peter Lacy led the invasion of Finland, defended by only a tiny force, in the fall of 1741. He aimed specifically to destroy as much of the countryside as he could, skillfully using cossacks to the best of their raiding abilities. Seeing that its ally would be crushed, France tried to mediate peace,

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Elizabeth had been brought up in relative quiet, and from early childhood had been praised for her beauty. Her interests were clothes, shopping, dancing, and men, and throughout her reign she had an extremely public and extremely long list of suitors. Nonetheless, she did much to reincarnate Peter's

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The Ottomans had been apprehensive of Peter's militaristic gains, but had stayed out of the war. However, edged on by France and by Charles XII, the Ottomans, at the time harboring an exiled Charles XII, declared war on Peter by 1710. Now enjoying a temporary lull in the Great Northern War thanks to

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Meanwhile, Peter prepared as well, moving his cavalry north to move on the Swedish left flank and also arranging his troops into a line. Charles took on the burden of attack, once again counting on the steadiness and experience of his troops to break the Russian lines. The Swedish right wing led the

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Peter's dragoons fought the Swedes to a standstill. Facing increasing Russian numbers, the Swedes were forced to burn their supplies, bury their cannons, and make a rush for Charles's main army; out of 12,000 men, only 6,000, and virtually none of the supplies, actually made it to Charles. With more

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against the Turks, Peter organized a 250-man expedition for Europe in March 1697. Although Peter traveled incognito as Peter Mikhailov he fooled no one; the six-foot eight tsar was literally heads and shoulders above others, although his disguise spared him having to partake in court formalities. He

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on the upper Don. He worked vigilantly himself, using the shipbuilding skills he had learned earlier in his life to great effect. Thus, he was able to launch a fleet of 30 seagoing vessels and over 1,000 transports north of Azov in April 1696. This fleet accompanied a force of 70,000 infantry, twice

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The Seven Years' War was the first war that Russia, previously embroiled in conflicts with its neighbors, fought against a first-class European army since Peter the Great, and the results were mixed. Russian troops demonstrated immense personal courage and bravado, standing before withering volleys

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The war intensified in 1757 with an Austrian invasion of Prussia. Fredrick countered this army by organizing his own, 100,000 strong, and invading the Austrian Bohemia in four columns. The Austrians abandoned their invasion plans in favor of defense, organizing their army into a long brittle column

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With only 50,000 soldiers, Charles XII could not dream of conquering all of Russia. Instead, he reasoned that the great wartime pressure that Peter had placed on his country, coupled with the discontent of the boyar nobility, would hand him the victory he desired. Charles had a strong base for this

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Following the battle, with the Russian army broken, Charles XII reasoned that the Russians were no longer a threat to him and turned south to deal with Poland instead of pursuing Russia. Historians still argue as to whether or not Charles should have pressed his pursuit of the broken Russian enemy;

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Peter started by firmly placing the nobility into the officer corps. Drawing on his personal experiences, he made young nobles serve as rank-and-file soldiers before ascending to the officer corps; commoners who distinguished themselves could achieve officer rank as well. Peter believed in lifelong

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on June 23, 1812. Russia proclaimed a Patriotic War, while Napoleon proclaimed a Second Polish war, but against the expectations of the Poles who supplied almost 100,000 troops for the invasion force he avoided any concessions toward Poland, having in mind further negotiations with Russia. Russia

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had cultivated an alliance against France for many years, but this was suddenly broken when Austria shifted its center of interest away from France, and from protecting its vulnerable colonies in the west, to the rising power of Prussia in the north. Russia, meanwhile, had clashed with France time

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In November 1719, the Treaty of Stockholm was made between Sweden and Hanover. Sweden handed over Bremen and Verden to Holstein in return for financial and naval support. The Elector of Hanover was George I. Later, in January and February 1720, another Treaty of Stockholm was signed between Sweden

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Peter returned to Moscow to find that the rebellion had already been dealt with. He proceeded to interrogate the streltsy, torturing many into revealing that they sympathized with his half-sister and former tsarina Sophia. Thousands of streltsy were executed and hung in public, and Sophia, who had

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rallied behind him. Most of the streltsy wavered and took no action, and Sophia was forced, peacefully, off the throne. Thus, in August 1689, he was acknowledged as the effective ruler of Russia. However, at the age of 17, he still had little interest in military manners, and passed on his rule to

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The short reigns of both Catherine and Peter II were marked by the slow degradation of the Russian army and navy. Peter's draconian taxes were reduced, military units disbanded, and the navy was left to rot at anchor. The army would again be strengthened for various small actions in the 1730s and

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guard regiments, which had associated with Catherine during her trips alongside her husband during his later military campaigns, decided the issue by demonstrating in Catherine's support. The opposition collapsed, and Catherine I was named the new tsar. The two palace guard regiments would decide

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The sudden rise of Russia to power, and its protracted success in the war, triggered waves of concern across Europe. To help quell these waves, Peter traveled to Paris in 1717. Although his trip was inconclusive—France only promised to avoid involvement—once again, it gave Peter an opportunity to

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Although the partitioning of Poland greatly added to Russia's territory and prestige, it also created new difficulties. Having lost Poland as a buffer, Russia now had to share borders with both Prussia and Austria. In addition, the empire became more ethnically heterogeneous as it absorbed large

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Overall, 1757 was a grim year for Fredrick. Prussia's lightning attack on Austria, which had meant to knock Austria out of the war while the other nations mobilized, had failed. He now faced confrontation with three great powers with an empty treasury, and a monetary toll that the small Prussian

1461:. His troops were constantly being harassed by Russian light troops, and reinforcements were still en route. Diplomatically, although Peter offered deals that would return all of the land he captured, save Saint Peterburg and Neva, Charles would not settle for anything less than Swedish victory. 3381:

in the summer of 1756, thereby removing the threat of a direct Austro-Russian attack against his capital of Berlin. The war began in earnest in 1757, and immediately split into two theaters: a power struggle in continental Europe between Prussia, Austria, and Russia, and a colonial war in North

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in early 1734 before handing off control to Münnich. France was unable to support its distant ally—the largest French force during the war, deployed off of the Baltic, consisted of just 2,000 men—and consoled itself by attacking Austria instead, sparking major action in the Rhineland and across

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With the head of the Russian governance now firmly in place, Peter began a sweeping modernization of his army. Peter inherited a partially Westernized military, and he sought to consolidate the reforms of his predecessors. The army dissolved annually during harvest seasons, and the only regular

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As Peter grew older, Sophia realized the insecurity of her throne in the face of a fledging male heir. In 1689, she incited her supporters in the streltsy to rebel again and put her firmly in power again. Frightened by rumors of a plot, Peter fled Moscow. In the critical days that followed, the

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in 1713. Meanwhile, Charles, traveling incognito, returned to Sweden in 1714. The Swedes, with their empire broken and nothing left to lose, continued to fight. At sea, the prebuilt Russian fleet, which had proved useless when victory was still uncertain, was proving its worth at consolidating

1216:, as it came to be called, was a crushing defeat for Peter's young army, with the vast majority of the Russian forces destroyed and nearly all of its siege equipment captured. The Swedes suffered only 700 casualties, while more than 6,000 Russian troops were killed and another 20,000 captured. 271:

Once he took over the governmental machinery, Peter found a distinct lack of skilled specialists with which to run his government. Never placing much importance in rank or origin, Peter began recruiting skilled specialists out of every corner of the Russian empire, including serfs, foreigners,

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between Russia and the cossacks, but it followed the same pattern; the rebellion spread across the south widely, and at its climax may have involved as many as 100,000 men, but was ill-organized and badly led. The rebellion was systematically suppressed by Russian troops pulled off the front;

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by 130,000 Turkish troops. In the only major battle, the Russians successfully held the Ottomans, unaccustomed to concentrated Russian firepower, at bay, but the fight was indeed hopeless, as Peter was trapped and facing a superior Turkish force. The resultant treaty was surprisingly lenient

509:, enlisting himself as a workman in many different docks and factories across the continent. For 18 months, Peter ingested everything he could about European craftsmanship, especially navigation, as well as European society in general. His trip was stopped short of a planned passage through 4188:

Historians have generally agreed that a revolutionary movement was born during the reign of Alexander I. Young officers who had pursued Napoleon into Western Europe came back to Russia with revolutionary ideas. The intellectual modernization that had been fostered in the 18th century by a

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As a child, Peter, though intelligent, was neither an intellectual nor particularly refined. Physically able and possessing manic levels of energy, he turned his attention towards working with his hands. In particular, Peter found interest in seamanship and in military manners. He formed

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The events at Azov proved to Peter the value of a sea-borne fleet. Although his predecessors had built primitive fleets on an as-needed basis, the second siege of Azov was their first successful application. Thus, with a need for shipbuilding knowledge and a desire to develop a mighty

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Alexander's primary focus was not on domestic policy but on foreign affairs, and particularly on Napoleon. Fearing Napoleon's expansionist ambitions and the growth of French power, Alexander joined Britain and Austria against Napoleon. Napoleon defeated the Russians and Austrians at

2007:. However, the plan did not come to fruition; the Russian nobility was terrified by the prospects of such a shift in power, as were the palace guard regiments, and with their collective force Anna was able to tear up the restrictions placed on her and dissolve the Council for good. 2069:

to train young nobles for military service, effectively replacing Peter's requirement that they serve in the ranks first, as well as reducing the military service requirement to 25 years—still a draconian demand, but considerably better than Peter's theoretically lifelong model.

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The six year respite proved critical for Peter the Great. With characteristic energy, he quickly rebuilt his army. New officers were pulled out of the nobility in Russia and hired from abroad, and the replacement of soldiers lost at Narva was accomplished through heavy-handed

178:, overtook the throne and killed many of the leading members of the Naryshkin family, the murders of whom Peter witnessed. In the aftermath, Ivan was proclaimed the senior tsar, and Peter the junior tsar, and Sophia the regent. In reality, Sophia took absolute power as an 4105:

As the French retreated, the Russians pursued them into Central and Western Europe and to the gates of Paris. After the allies defeated Napoleon, Alexander became known as the savior of Europe, and he played a prominent role in the redrawing of the map of Europe at the

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in 1801. The new emperor drilled the Russian army on the Prussian model, which resulted in conflict with Suvorov and his subsequent removal and self-imposed exile. However, he was recalled to the army in 1798–1799 Russian troops led by Suvorov performed brilliantly in

1210:, many drowning in its freezing waters. The remainder of the Russian troops were mopped up with ease; only three groups, Peter's elite troops and one light infantry brigade, actually put up a reasonable fighting retreat, using supply wagons as improvised defenses. The 1163:. However, Peter's negotiations with the Turks took him longer than he expected, and so in January 1700 Augustus II declared war on Sweden, followed within a few months by the Danes, with Russia standing on the sidelines. It was not until July of that year that the 467:. The Russians accepted the losses and laid down a steady bombardment onto the fort. However, the fort was constantly receiving supplies by water, and the attrition was hurting Peter's forces more than the Turks. After three months, Peter was forced to withdraw. 4284:. Plagued with logistical problems, outdated military equipment and incompetent Russian officers, Russian forces suffered numerous defeats in the course of the war, which ended in September 1905, in the aftermath of the destruction of the Russian fleet at the 2340:), a shortage of supplies, and harassment by the Turkish screening force quickly forced him to withdraw north. To circumvent this problem, in 1739 Münnich cut even further west of the west bank of the Black Sea, skirting through Poland before arriving at the 2281:

the Tatar defenses at Perekop in May 1736, but was unable to bring his foe to battle, as most fled for the mountains. He satisfied himself with pillaging the countryside, but his troops were suffering from thirst and disease, so he withdrew in autumn. Lacy's

1491:

men and no supplies, this only compounded Charles's food problems. The thought-of Cossack reinforcements proved to be illusory as well; although Mazepa defected to the Swedes, he only brought 3,000 troops with him. As retribution, Menshikov sacked and razed

4126:. The allies created an international system to maintain the territorial status quo and prevent the resurgence of an expansionist France. The Quadruple Alliance, confirmed by a number of international conferences, ensured Russia's influence in Europe. 303:

Peter established new schools and training grounds for the officer elite that was to lead the Russian army, and dispatched large numbers of men abroad to learn under foreign masters. Finding promises of release from serfdom insufficient, Peter began

3522:

Fermor withdrew east (in fact fleeing long before his army withdrew from Zorndorf), leaving the Prussians with the chance to move south and meet the Austrian offensive once again. Frederick once again nearly met disaster when his army, encamped at

2344:. However, the situation proved to be a repeat of Peter the Great's campaign in 1711; once again the Russian's supply line was cut by encircling Turkish cavalry. Confident that he could break through this trap once he needed to, on 28 August 1737 ( 312:

calling for 1 man for every 50 households. This levy was repeated an incredible 53 times, drawing 300,000 new soldiers into his army. He grew increasingly adept at pulling manpower out of every available resource, including the clergy and enemy

3386:). Britain concentrated on using its naval superiority and relatively small army in fighting its colonial war, a move that France mirrored. Thus, the bulk of continental fighting was taken up by the Austrian-Russian alliance against Prussia. 2064:

in 1732. Münnich worked to develop a smaller, stronger military. He disbanded superfluous units and introduced numerous improvements in financial management, whilst continuing the status quo of letting the navy rot at anchor. He established

4081:, the French-controlled reconstituted Polish state, with suspicion. The requirement of joining France's Continental Blockade against Britain was a serious disruption of Russian commerce, and in 1810 Alexander repudiated the obligation. 1755:, Peter was extremely lenient with the Swedes, keeping Estonia, Livonia, Ingria, and part of southern Finland (especially Saint Petersburg) in exchange for the return of most of Finland to the Swedes and the payment of 2 million silver 3656:, and depriving Russia of a military victory by establishing his sudden alliance with Prussia. Making use of the discontent and fearing for her own position, Peter III's wife, Catherine, deposed her husband in a coup, and her lover, 2301:

instead of through Perekop) and again shattered and pillaged the region, but as with Münnich's attack the previous year, suffered from disease and thirst, and thus was forced to withdraw. Meanwhile, Münnich and 80,000 men crossed the

2203:

with Persia. Münnich was confident that the increasingly more elite Russian troops could defeat whatever the Ottomans were fielding, and thus planned an ambition campaign aimed at eventually taking control of the Ottoman capital of

517:

at home, and Peter rushed back to Russia in 1698, along with 750 foreigners he had recruited for Russian industry. The hoped-for political gains of the embassy turned out to be dubious at best, but the military gains were enormous.

2224:, and any one campaign would be vulnerable to getting cut off by actions against this baggage trail. Furthermore, the area was defended by several major rivers flowing into the Black Sea, each with Turkish fortresses alongside it. 536:

been exiled to a monastery near Moscow, was now forced to become a nun. Peter had the bodies of hundreds of streltsy hung outside her window to remind her of the consequences of confronting him. He also ended his marriage with

470:

Although his first attack on Azov proved to be a farce, Peter was tenacious. He understood that the reason he had lost the first battle was Turkish control of the sea, so Peter commissioned the construction of a large fleet at

1325:

in July 1702. These two victories, the first significant ones in the Russian campaign, helped boost Russian morale after the catastrophe at Narva. Peter then sent Sheremetev to Ingria, where he mopped up Swedish forces on the

1147:, made the Swedish empire a tantalizing target for partition by its neighbors. Following the successful Azov campaign, Peter was still negotiating a peace treaty with the Turks, but even so he was negotiating a coalition with 1176:

into the heart of their territory; the Danes, utterly defeated, surrendered within a month. Unaware of this, Peter declared war on Sweden in August 1700. Peter led an army of 35,000 men, and quickly laid siege to the city of

1285:

industry, vastly improving the quantity and quality of the industry, and through it the quality of the Russian weaponry. Because of the large distances involved in the northern war, Peter also built up a large contingent of

298:

were military organizations of the people that occupied the Russian frontier near the Dnieper and the Don. Expert cavalrymen, they were, at different times, both the Russian army's vanguard and its enemy. Peter used them as

2018:. She often elected favorites to important positions, regardless of their actual experience, and thus corruption ran rampart as many tried to accumulate personal wealth and influence. Nonetheless, the foreign office, under 3651:

environment. Russians therefore considered him a foreigner. Making no secret of his contempt for all things Russian, Peter created deep resentment by forcing Prussian military drills on the Russian military, attacking the

2059:

before traveling to Russia and fighting during Peter's campaigns as an engineer. As a German delegate independent from the Russian nobility, he appealed to Anna, an appeal that Münnich used to ascend to presidency of the

1379:, in early 1706. Unwilling to meet an elite force on foreign territory, Peter ordered his forces to retreat, but kept light forces in the area to harass the Swedes whenever possible. Part of the retreating column, led by 3420:, while also diverting forces to harass the French. Fredrick defeated the main Austrian army outside Prague in a bloody and close fought battle and laid siege to the Austrian capital. However, in June, an equally bloody 87:

The epoch of Russian history that Peter created has been variously known as the Imperial Age, because of the new connection between the ruler and land; the St. Petersburg Era, as the capital was moved to the newly built

2268:

The war opened with a failed Russian raid on the Crimea in 1735, but the first major campaign did not come until 1736. Münnich divided the Russian troops into two groups, a main army under his command aiming to attack

154:. Peter's father died in 1676, and Feodor, the late ruler's oldest son, was proclaimed tsar. When Feodor, in turn, died in 1682, he left no heir to the throne. With no clear path for succession, the two most prominent 1956:

many such political issues in the future, resembling the old streltsy in this regard. Catherine left most of the work of ruling to her close adviser Menshikov. Her most important contribution was the formation of the

1509:

Charles was running out of both time and options. Winter 1708–09 was a miserable one for the Swedes encamped in Ukraine, and in the following spring Charles was bogged down in a siege of the small Russian fortress of

2026:, benefited greatly from foreign influence; it serves to note that both men had previously served under Peter the Great. The palace guards had helped her ascend to the throne, but all the same, Anna created a third 2014:, and intense distrust towards the Russian nobility that had tried to slight her once already. Therefore, she staffed her rule mostly with foreigners, especially Baltic Germans, led by her deeply unpopular favorite 462:

Russian forces first had to take a pair of watchtowers guarding heavy chains restricting Russian movements on the water, during which a successful sortie was launched by the Turks that captured many of the Russian

251:

Peter personally studied soldiers and sailors from the bottom up, serving in the rank and file before promoting himself into the officer corps. Thus, Peter did not become a full general until after his victory at

4088:

to remain in the Continental System and to remove the imminent threat of Russian invasion of Poland. The Grande Armée, 650,000 men (270,000 Frenchmen and many soldiers of allies or subject powers), crossed the

1353:. Originally an outpost against the Swedes and Peter's "window to the west", the fortress would later grow into one of Russia's largest and most important population centers, and under Peter, Russia's capital. 2238: 206:. These two regiments contained the core of the Russian nobility, and became training grounds for young nobles, who served as rank-and-file soldiers to learn military life before becoming officers elsewhere. 2331:

1738 proved inconclusive for the Russians. Lacy once again invaded Crimea for the third time, and once again produced no lasting results. Münnich marched down the west coast of the Black Sea and crossed the

6760: 2628:

that the lighter dragoons could not muster. He also worked to improve Russian artillery, even introducing some innovations of his own design, although he tended to get carried away by technical gimmicks.

1678:

in 1710. With Charles XII now deposed, the coalition against Sweden was formed again. Peter divided his army between assisting his allies in the south Baltic, and his own attacks in the east. What is now

1563:

ahead of the main force, prevented him from effectively organizing his army. Charles pulled his forces west to reorganize back into a firing line, in a low wooded area to side of the main Russian camp.

2461:

The political turmoil of 1741 had given Sweden hopes of retribution for its losses in the Great Northern War. Sweden had additionally been egged on by French diplomats aiming to keep Russia out of the

1404:

against what they saw as the destructive influence of the nobility and foreign influence. The rebellion was bloodily suppressed in March 1707. Similarly, 1705 also marked the rebellion of the Turkish

2431:. The gesture did not save Biron from the many enemies he had made over the course of Anna's rule, and he was exiled to Siberia within three weeks of her death. Regency was taken up by Ivan's mother 3428:

forced Fredrick to withdraw back north. While his southern operations were going sour, a French army invaded Germany from the west, defeating Prussia's British and Hanoverian allies along the way.

2922: 2912: 2243: 3988:, which had far-reaching consequences for Russia and the rest of Europe. After a period of enlightenment, Russia became an active opponent of liberalizing trends in Central and Western Europe. 284:, a formally elite unit that had, by Peter's time, become a hereditary, ill-trained, ill-equipped force that garrisoned in Moscow and played more of a role in politics then in actual fighting. 1779:, and gave it firm control over the Baltic and thus a "window to the west". The war had also bettered Russia's position with respect to its Polish rival, which came to a head much later under 2356:. Münnich landed a diversionary blow to the Turkish right flank, then massed troops on its right and smashed through the Turks, capturing the Turkish encampment, artillery, supplies, and the 2250: 2200: 2297:

for itself. With Azov now firmly under Russian control, the campaign shifted east along the Black Sea. Lacy infiltrated Crimea again in 1737 with 40,000 men (passing over the narrow western

3389:

Despite enormous differences in land area, Prussia's position was not as hopeless as it might have seemed. Russian and Austrian strategic goals differed, with Russia concerned mainly with

459:. Meanwhile, a smaller infantry force moved down the Don river, laying siege to Azov in the summer of 1695. In a characteristic show of bravado Peter the Great arrived as an artilleryman. 2165:, and in the following decades Russian troops would intervene there at will. Lacy led troops west towards the ongoing fight between Austria and France, but did not see action before the 166:, backed different heirs in a competition for the throne. The Naryshkins, backing Peter, won an early victory, and Peter was proclaimed tsar in April 1682, with his mother as the acting 2917: 2658: 2810: 2439:, executed a bloodless coup and took the throne. Anna and the infant Ivan were carried away and imprisoned, and Elizabeth arrested all her known and suspected opponents along the way. 1309:, to attack the lightly defended colonies, whilst also sending a division south, to delay Charles XII and give Peter time to finish mending his forces. At the end of 1701, Sheremetev 1131:

Although Peter's "grand coalition" against the Turks had failed to develop, new political developments quickly brought his military attention to the north. 1697 marked the death of

2927: 1495:, slaughtering upwards of 6,000 men, women, and children and completely destroying Mazepa's capital. No one else dared defect, and Ukraine remained firmly under Peter's control. 3133: 2972: 2161:

Italy. Meanwhile, in Poland, Stanisław, unable to break the siege on Danzig, fled to France, leaving Russia to reconfirm Augustus III as king. Poland was confirmed as a Russian

2047:, a leading military reformer and Anna I's military aide. He stressed militaristic efficiency and flexibility, and introduced Russia's first heavy cavalry units. (Engraving by 1547:

aware of the additional four pieces of earthwork that Peter had dug on the eve of battle; to surmount this new problem, Charles spent valuable time rearranging his troops from

1400:

decision, for Peter's heavy-handed taxation had raised discontent against the crown. In the summer of 1705, an unknown monk and a member of the streltsy started a rebellion in

4032:, signed in 1807, he became Napoleon's ally. Russia lost little territory under the treaty, and Alexander made use of his alliance with Napoleon for further expansion. By the 1391:

defeated it soundly. However, by 1707, Charles had finally chased down and deposed King Augustus, ending his Polish detour and bringing his attention squarely back to Russia.

5965: 3244: 3088: 3083: 3063: 2902: 1787:. Finally, it put Russia into direct contact with another of the great powers of Europe, Germany. Peter himself emerged a national hero; scripts at the time compared him to 3980:

During the early nineteenth century, Russia's population, resources, international diplomacy, and military forces made it one of the most powerful states in the world. Its

3783:—tried to place its own candidate on the Polish throne. In 1772 the three agreed on an initial partition of Polish territory, by which Russia received parts of Belarus and 92:

during his reign; and the All-Russian Period, which stresses the greater hegemony founded in the previously xenophobic country. The period from the time of his rule to the

2977: 272:

clergymen, and foreign specialists along with the usual boyars. Thus his administration consisted of men from across the social gamut. Most prominent among them was a one

2795: 2363:

Still, the battle was a hollow victory. Austria signed peace with the Ottomans that year, and without an ally and unsure of further gains, Russia was decided to sign the

1155:. Peter began a round of conscription to fill out his ranks in late 1699, and a start date for the war was agreed upon in early 1700. The plan was to have Poland move on 6755: 2477:. By 1743, with Swedish defeat complete and fears of a coalition to defend Sweden growing, Elizabeth finally brought Sweden to the bargaining table. In the resultant 2469:

but to no avail. Lacy coordinated a second march in 1742, keeping along the coast of Finland so as to pin down the 17,000 Swedish troops, an objective he achieved at

1486:, along with 12,000 reinforcements, were caught by fast-moving Russian cavalry in the fall of 1708. They harassed the reinforcements and supplies, and in the ensuing 3683:'s reign featured imperial expansion, which brought the empire huge new territories in the south and west; and internal consolidation. Following the outbreak of the 3118: 2932: 2775: 1885:

was granted, thus both rewarding merit and satisfying Peter's nobility. The Table, with minor changes, continued to find use until it was finally abolished in 1917.

1478:

Historians still argue over whether or not a direct attack could have succeeded, but the Ukrainian diversion turned out to be a disaster for Charles. Charles's long

3866:, as well as peasants hoping to escape serfdom, all joined in the rebellion. Russia's preoccupation with the war enabled Pugachev to take control of a part of the 3189: 3184: 3098: 2073:

Münnich also worked towards making the Russian army more flexible and efficient. He increased the number of artillery pieces per infantry units, and redistributed

575: 3727:

river. The terms of the treaty fell far short of the goals of Catherine's reputed "Greek project": the expulsion of the Ottomans from Europe and the renewal of a

2875: 6117: 3708: 3604: 3493:. His position on his western and southern flanks was now temporarily secure, and British funds, impressed by the Prussian victories, were now pouring in again. 3165: 3128: 2992: 2698: 2651: 2581:; under a series of careful and powerful kings, the state had consolidated power in upper Germany, and risen to a prominence far exceeding its actual land area. 1371:

Charles XII elected his own candidate to the Polish throne in 1704, and spent the next three years chasing down Augustus II, now fleeing west towards his native

2283: 2156:

invaded Poland, aiming to depose Stanisław. Lacy carefully organized a second election that proclaimed Augustus III king, and pursued the fleeing Stanisław to

1206:

to penetration by the skilled Swedish army, the ensuing battle quickly turned into a rout, with the panicked Russian troops attempting to swim over the frigid

150:

by his first marriage and Peter by his second, survived into adulthood. Peter was considerably more healthy then his half-brothers, both of which had serious

6809: 3411:, which nearly jeopardized Russia's position in the Seven Years' War. He was later put on trial for his ineptitude before conveniently dying in jail in 1758. 3138: 2997: 3731:

under Russian control. The Ottoman Empire no longer posed a serious threat to Russia, however, and had to tolerate an increasing Russian influence over the

3249: 2987: 2093:(light cavalry staffed mostly by Eastern European foreigners) to complement the irregular cossacks with regular troops. More acute was the distinct lack of 3416:

along the border. After a fairly easy breakthrough, the Austrians fell into a disorderly retreat, and Fredrick began to advance on the Austrian capital of

2947: 2077:

among them to increase their effectiveness. Münnich also introduced important changes in Russian cavalry. Prior to Münnich, most Russian cavalry had been

6858: 3254: 2937: 2743: 3044: 2723: 2644: 1846:, before being forced to return to Astrakhan for supplies. The Russian forces fought on, facing little resistance, without Peter's involvement, taking 2805: 2314:

to it. A lucky shot during the bombardment again burst the fortress's powder magazine, and Ochakiv was surrendered to the Russians soon afterwards.

264:

and built an entire ship by himself. Russia suffered from an acute lack of expertise, a problem Peter mitigated by going to the foreign quarters in

6824: 6154: 3703:

became independent of the Ottomans. During this war, the Russians inflicted the most crushing naval defeat in the history of Russian military: the

3259: 3093: 2780: 2718: 2435:. This arrangement did not either. Noting her cousin's distaste for her and consolidating her control over the guards, Peter the Great's daughter, 4205:, proclaiming instead their loyalty to the idea of a Russian constitution. Because these events occurred in December 1825, the rebels were called 3799:. The 1793 partition led to an anti-Russian and anti-Prussian uprising in Poland, which ended with the third partition in 1795. The Russians took 1475:, who largely controlled Ukraine under Peter, was secretly scheming against his tsar. Thus, the Swedes turned south, and entered Ukraine instead. 6943: 2149:

both agreed that a French-backed king of the Polish throne was unacceptable, and thus intervened to replace Stanisław with the younger Augustus.

2141:, Augustus's son, to succeed to his father's throne; however, in the fall of 1733 the election was decided instead in favor of the French-backed 1707:

Even while he was dismantling the Swedish Empire, Peter continued to reform and refine his army. Russia's administration system at the time, the

1963:

Catherine did not rule long, and died in 1727. Although she had two surviving daughters, Menshikov engineered the crowning of Peter's grandson,

1662:

With the issue with the Ottomans now settled, Peter turned his attention back to the north, and to the dismantling of the Swedish Empire on the

1241:. Although the Polish resisted for 6 years, they were finally forced out of the war following Swedish victory, again at impossible odds, at the 7021: 6688: 6380: 1225:

had he chosen to pursue Peter, he might vary well have forced a quick victory and changed the outcome of the war. Regardless, after breaking a

2293:

Encouraged and somewhat alarmed by the sudden Russian gains, Austria joined the war in 1736, aiming to seize control of a part of the Turkish

1535:

In late June, while preparing for the attack, Charles XII was shot in the foot. Thus, once the charge was made on the morning of 8 July 1709 (

6797: 3918: 2481:, Elizabeth was surprisingly generous, taking several providences of Eastern Finland but allowing Sweden to retain the bulk of its control. 7038: 2423:

Anna I died in autumn 1740. Shortly before her death, she had appointed her infant grandnephew, son of her niece, Princess of Mecklenburg,

2353: 568: 1947:. Peter, a child at the time, was backed by the old nobility, while Catherine found support in the newer class, especially Menshikov. The 6750: 6745: 6005: 4780: 2589: 6666: 6066: 5779: 3431:

While war was intensifying in Europe, the sluggish Russian army was still slowly advancing towards its target, the militarily isolated

2184: 2178: 1281:, and forced churches to melt their bells to make cannons. As new soldiers needed new weapons, much of the money went into the Russian 765: 2411: 2101:; Münnich introduced three elite guard cavalry regiments (peers to the three guard infantry regiments) and several regiments of heavy 1620:

turned out to be a disaster; the 40,000 Russian troops, stymied by the enormous distances involved, were instead trapped on the river

368:

such as the ability to bring him a transgressive noble or official in chains. What Peter lacked most was specialization; he relied on

96:(and dissolution of the Russian Empire) in 1917 is also sometimes called the Petrine era, in tribute to his importance. However, the 3886: 3345: 3877:

a Russian general, reckoned one of a few great generals in history who never lost a battle. From 1777 to 1783 Suvorov served in the

3377:

The armed peace that Europe fell into did not last. Fredrick anticipated an attack against him, something he preempted by occupying

1858:

and Brandenburg. Sweden ceded Stettin, South Pomerania, the islands of Usedom and Wollin in return for money. Before the end of the

1428:

dissension spread among Bulavin's men, and he committed suicide in July 1708. The remainder of the rebellion was mopped up by 1709.

419:

In 1695, Peter conducted his first major operation with his fledgling military. Having assumed control in 1694, Peter inherited the

6292: 3862:. Other Cossacks, various Turkic tribes that felt the impingement of the Russian centralizing state, and industrial workers in the 455:. He envisioned a two-part plan; first, acting as a diversion, a large cavalry force would move towards Turkish forts on the lower 5983: 7102: 6147: 6132: 4069:

The Russo-French alliance gradually became strained. Napoleon was concerned about Russia's intentions in the strategically vital

3435:. East Prussia was lightly garrisoned, and should not have been a significant threat to the 100,000 strong Russian force, led by 2245: 2199:

holdings. He was provoked by constant Crimean raids into Russian territory, and by the entanglement of the Ottoman Empire in its

561: 6898: 6829: 6122: 3984:

enabled it to play an increasingly assertive role in Europe's affairs. This role drew the empire into a series of wars against

3485:

1758 brought new campaigns in Europe, and for Prussia, new hope. Fredrick coordinated a spectacular victory over the French at

3234: 3224: 3209: 2577:

The 1740s and 1750s marked growing tensions across Europe. A key event in this instability was the sudden and meteoric rise of

2244: 1960:, a small group of advisers to the tsar (of which Menshikov was a part), and her development of the two royal guard regiments. 2247: 6426: 5730: 5698: 5672: 5646: 5623: 5601: 5532: 5509: 5457: 5401: 5317: 5239: 2392: 2246: 1925: 826: 6777: 6767: 6061: 4339: 2416: 1119: 1042: 821: 3952:(r. 1796–1801) succeeded her. His independent conduct of the foreign affairs of Russia plunged the country first into the 2260: 1360:

fell in July 1704, its walls breached by Peter's new artillery. This artillery then went on to play a pivotal role in the

6802: 4349: 1572:

on the banks of the Dnieper by Menshikov. Only a few hundred, including Charles himself, escaped south to Turkish exile.

1525: 896: 2261: 2242: 1991:

Anna I ruled Russia from 1730 to 1740. Her heavily German administration was deeply unpopular with the Russian populace.

1943:

of Russia in 1724, strengthening her claim to the throne and making her a leading candidate, alongside Peter's grandson

1900:, one of Peter's greatest friends and closest advisors. After Peter's death in 1725, he closely associated himself with 7016: 6848: 6735: 6214: 2570:

Spain allied itself with the French and attacked Portugal in 1762, bringing those two powers into the conflict as well.

1238: 1018: 3283: 2602: 291: 6958: 6577: 6523: 6518: 6466: 6461: 6451: 6416: 6411: 6401: 6391: 6369: 6364: 6341: 6336: 6311: 6287: 6282: 6267: 6127: 5483: 5431: 5343: 4257: 3894: 3716: 3684: 3643:

Peter III had a short and unpopular reign. Although he was a grandson of Peter the Great, his father was the duke of

3630: 2456: 2188: 1819: 1261:. Peter scraped money to finance his new campaign out of every hole he could find, raising taxes, creating new ones, 3612: 2044: 2023: 6560: 6496: 6321: 6234: 4140: 4064: 4012:(r. 1801–1825), came to the throne as the result of his father's murder, in which he was rumored to be implicated. 3365: 1730: 2129:

The first test of the Russian military strength in the post-Peter era, although not a very difficult one, was the

6953: 6713: 6698: 6639: 5998: 3458:

fortresses, and the region capitulated into Austrian hands. Austrian raids even reached Fredrick's capital city,

1164: 6853: 6421: 6385: 5772: 5335: 4213:

was the first open breach between the government and liberal elements, a breach that would subsequently widen.

3754: 3608: 3305: 1897: 1518:

in a line facing this probable Swedish charge, later augmenting them with four more, extending south in a "T".

1380: 273: 3519:

ended with 30,000 casualties total out of a total of 80,000 men, and both sides withdrew by the next morning.

2249: 1971:

instead. Menshikov was exiled to Siberia, where he died in 1729. Peter II himself died in 1730, succumbing to

6836: 6587: 6316: 6142: 6137: 6092: 5832: 4135: 4114:, a loose agreement pledging the rulers of the nations involved—including most of Europe—to act according to 4102:. Napoleon now left his army to return to Paris and prepare a defence of Poland from the advancing Russians. 2056: 1987: 1552: 3440: 3408: 3170: 2252: 6913: 6883: 6878: 6819: 6708: 6703: 6671: 6612: 6533: 6491: 6374: 3143: 2835: 2130: 748: 691: 58: 5122:

Autocratic politics in a national crisis: the Imperial Russian government and Pugachev's revolt, 1773–1775

2259: 1191: 1076: 723: 7048: 7031: 6903: 6772: 6740: 6676: 6565: 6456: 6441: 6277: 5860: 5415: 4310: 3922: 3855: 3436: 3404: 3204: 3153: 2865: 2785: 2606: 2258: 1160: 439:. The Turks and the Russian had been in on-and-off wars since 1568, vying to control the area around the 5612:

Reforming the Tsar's Army: Military Innovation in Imperial Russia from Peter the Great to the Revolution

2609:, an alliance that Russia, with the caveat of non-aggression against Poland, now joined. This so-called 2256: 2253: 2089:

roles of raiding, harassing, monitoring, and scouting out enemy troops. Münnich introduced regiments of

2040: 1334: 781: 661: 6948: 6486: 6476: 6446: 6436: 6051: 5991: 5713: 5615: 5393: 5367: 5200:

The first Russian revolution, 1825: the Decembrist movement, its origins, development, and significance

4327: 4289: 4145: 3320: 3108: 2462: 2248: 2142: 1250: 843: 769: 713: 671: 3672: 2255: 2115:

they wore) to fill out this role. These new regiments rode the heaviest horses in Russia at the time.

1818:

The marathon Great Northern War was not the last war during Peter's tsardom, which saw one last short

1608:

By spring 1711 Peter was ready. He moved his army from Kyiv down through Poland, skirting wide of the

791: 6787: 6681: 6481: 5765: 4194: 4123: 3936: 3692: 3657: 3123: 3103: 2251: 2240: 2145:, the same man that had been Charles XII's puppet king during the Great Northern War. Russia and the 1784: 1760: 1569: 938: 911: 681: 42: 3508: 2855: 2447:, a man she personally disliked, but whose skills she shrewdly understood were needed by the state. 1101: 332:

cavalry, although he never discarded it entirely. He introduced a European dress code complete with

6928: 6634: 6209: 6013: 5423: 5362: 3996:

As a major European power, Russia could not escape the wars involving revolutionary and Napoleonic

3974: 3593: 3540:

Russia continued its alliance with Austria, but Austria shifted to an alliance with France against

3310: 3068: 2830: 2617: 2124: 1416: 1415:

in 1707. Opposed to the government position regarding fugitives and influenced by anti foreignism,

1096: 1086: 959: 718: 236: 4280:

broke out on February 8, 1904 with a Japanese attack upon the Russian Far East Fleet stationed at

1106: 6841: 6570: 6189: 5855: 5593: 5309: 5297: 3653: 3597: 3557: 3325: 3278: 3219: 3078: 2850: 2790: 2703: 2444: 2311: 2257: 2166: 1424: 1365: 1167:

was finally signed, preserving Peter's gains in Turkey, and freeing him to make war with Sweden.

1152: 1003: 806: 758: 753: 743: 196: 192: 3355: 2364: 1234: 666: 641: 341: 7043: 6718: 6239: 6174: 5794: 3811:. As a result of the third partition, Poland disappeared from the international political map. 3661: 3360: 3350: 2880: 2860: 2840: 2138: 2134: 2015: 1865:

Domestically, Peter contributed one last major element to Russia before his death in 1725: his

1361: 1212: 1148: 943: 933: 811: 636: 6431: 5229: 4784: 3906: 3758: 2254: 1893: 964: 614: 6973: 6933: 6693: 6622: 6071: 5971: 5878: 5449: 5357: 4344: 4085: 4009: 3981: 3824: 3383: 3194: 3148: 2942: 2738: 2693: 2636: 2610: 2541: 1957: 1936: 1697: 927: 786: 738: 676: 142:. The tsar had more than 14 children between the two marriages, but only three of the males, 54: 50: 4055: 2845: 1713:, was an antiquated, jumbled form of governance, with overlapping jurisdictions and lacking 708: 6506: 6179: 6076: 6046: 4293: 4222: 4202: 4017: 3890: 3764: 3744: 3340: 3288: 3034: 2760: 2349: 2287: 2239: 2066: 2028: 1720: 1714: 1617: 1453:, facing a road directly towards Moscow. However, he faced a desolate tundra, deliberately 1318: 1226: 1081: 1064: 1059: 986: 954: 728: 696: 656: 626: 365: 240: 5635:

Russia's Military Way to the West: Origins and Nature of Russian Military Power, 1700–1800

1338: 1199: 776: 8: 7081: 7011: 6868: 6396: 6331: 6102: 5897: 5849: 4005: 3859: 3680: 3553: 3528: 3239: 3014: 2907: 2765: 2728: 2668: 2490: 2436: 1780: 1262: 1242: 1054: 1030: 969: 861: 856: 851: 836: 816: 796: 352:, originally designed for defense, offensively. He also vastly improved and expanded his 211: 200: 187: 151: 3293: 3214: 3019: 2473:. The Swedes surrendered, and Lacy occupied both Helsingfors and the Finnish capital of 2055:

Münnich, a tireless and power-hungry figure, had accumulated experience fighting in the

1745: 1605:, mostly Christian areas under Turkish control, to revolt against their Ottoman rulers. 1049: 1035: 974: 604: 7071: 7053: 7006: 6988: 6968: 6607: 6359: 6257: 6229: 6112: 6097: 5957: 4285: 4270: 4107: 4095: 3905:. Suvorov's leadership also played a key role in Russian victory over Poles during the 3840: 3827:

Poles resented their loss of independence, however, and proved difficult to integrate.

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and deny it to the Ottomans. Upon declaring war, Peter ordered the construction of the

1556: 1536: 1310: 991: 891: 651: 585: 549: 452: 420: 257: 220: 191:

and closest military advisers, eventually forming the core of Russia's first two elite

139: 107: 93: 23: 3771:. As Poland became increasingly weak in the eighteenth century, each of its neighbors— 3421: 2713: 2616:

With the dismissal of Münnich, Elizabeth entrusted control of the Russian military to

223:. It was not until her death in 1694 that Peter finally assumed control of the state. 18: 6978: 6918: 6725: 6651: 6629: 6528: 6406: 6219: 6199: 6194: 6184: 6019: 5907: 5824: 5751: 5726: 5694: 5668: 5642: 5619: 5597: 5528: 5524: 5505: 5501: 5479: 5453: 5427: 5397: 5339: 5313: 5301: 5235: 4314: 4210: 4169:

At the same time, Russia continued its expansion. The Congress of Vienna created the

3874: 3851: 3750: 3496:

Following Apraksin's removal, command of the Russian field forces was transferred to

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set the stage for the coming Seven Years' War, and Europe sunk into an uneasy peace.

2517: 2278: 1823: 1756: 1701: 1504: 1487: 1445:'s movement south, would have wide-ranging consequences for the remainder of the war. 1412: 1301:

on the Baltic shore. Once he was sure that Charles was heading south, he ordered his

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The Congress of Vienna and Its Legacy: War and Great Power Diplomacy After Napoleon

4185:. By the early nineteenth century, the empire also was firmly ensconced in Alaska. 4029: 3953: 3949: 3941: 3932: 3902: 3728: 3704: 3489:, one he followed with costlier but equally decisive victory over the Austrians at 3479: 3447: 3199: 2982: 2962: 2800: 2755: 2733: 2432: 2337: 2000: 1996: 1979:

1740s, but the declining trend of the Russian navy was not reversed for centuries.

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directly had failed, so Peter opted to lay siege to Turkish-controlled fortress of

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The War of the Two Emperors: The Duel Between Napoleon and Alexander: Russia, 1812

5148:

The War of the Two Emperors: The Duel Between Napoleon and Alexander: Russia, 1812

2510: 2478: 6983: 6730: 6582: 6550: 6224: 6204: 5467: 4277: 4170: 4119: 3898: 3808: 3720: 3648: 3549: 3541: 3330: 2952: 2708: 2597: 2521: 2357: 2321: 2146: 2048: 2019: 1776: 1737: 1560: 1185: 948: 886: 881: 876: 646: 631: 393: 357: 131: 81: 38: 2234: 2208:. In this plan, he faced a number of strategic obstacles. The major fortress of 1219: 1143:. The king's youth and inexperience, coupled with his holdings of several major 317:. The resultant Russian army was thus heavily Russian; the army was vastly more 123: 7066: 6893: 6656: 6646: 6023: 5870: 5441: 5353: 5327: 4099: 4078: 3961: 3863: 3847: 3700: 3688: 3497: 3475: 3177: 3113: 3058: 3039: 2892: 2593: 2525: 2196: 2061: 1866: 1831: 1812: 1772: 1726: 1465:, fertile and as yet untouched by the war, lay to the south; he also knew that 1454: 1136: 529: 432: 428: 403: 244: 98: 74: 34: 2220:. Because of the large distances involved, the Russian army would need a long 1995:

The next leading candidate to the throne, as chosen by the Privy Council, was

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was far more successful; almost as soon as he lay siege to the fortress, its

2183:

After his troops returned from Poland, Münnich quickly began planning for an

2094: 2086: 1924:

Peter's death left no clear candidate for succession to the throne. His son,

1874: 1688: 1479: 1302: 1277:, anything he could do to raise more cash. Most notoriously, he introduced a 540:, who sympathized with the streltsy, and forced her to become a nun as well. 381: 333: 448: 415:

by Robert Kerr Porter. Peter stands in the foreground, commanding his troops

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A Military History of Russia: From Ivan the Terrible to the War in Chechnya

4115: 4090: 4000:. Paul became an adamant opponent of France, and Russia joined Britain and 3556:, allied Russia with Prussia because of his devotion to the Prussian king, 3432: 3390: 2625: 2303: 2221: 2162: 2098: 1759:. Peter could afford to be lenient, as the war was a decisive shift in the 1647: 1638: 1420: 1282: 1258: 464: 353: 309: 305: 46: 6543: 5472:

The Northern Wars: War, State and Society in Northeastern Europe 1558–1721

4281: 2317: 2277:, and a smaller detachment under Lacy moving towards Azov. Münnich easily 1767:

was taken by Russia. Celebrating these victories, Peter took the title of

6888: 6617: 6538: 6471: 6301: 5946: 5808: 5687:

The Battle That Shook Europe: Poltava and the Birth of the Russian Empire

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more than a decade later. As early as 1694, he established a dockyard in

5352: 5211:

John Shelton Curtiss, "The Army of Nicholas I: Its Role and Character,"

2605:

with Britain in 1756. France quickly shot back at Prussia by signing an

2380: 2216:, and the Crimean Tatars controlled the whole of the north shore of the 1775:

was thus founded. The Northern War left Russia as the dominant power in

1656:

Campaigns and territorial changes 1700–1709 (left) and 1709–1721 (right)

1584: 69: 6923: 6873: 6792: 6661: 5915: 5256:

St. Petersburg and Moscow: Tsarist and Soviet Foreign Policy, 1814–1974

5216: 4206: 4045: 3835: 3512: 2153: 2102: 1968: 1663: 1270: 1266: 1144: 1132: 408: 400:, which rode on horseback but dismounted in battle and fought on foot. 143: 4118:

principles. More pragmatically, in 1814 Russia, Britain, Austria, and

3873:

The history of the Russian army in this era was linked to the name of

3819:. The fate of the Ukrainians and Belarusians, who primarily worked as 3454:

population could ill afford. Austrian forces were quickly recapturing

6511: 5638: 4190: 4151: 4021: 3696: 3524: 3382:

America between France and Britain (known in American history as the

2621: 2419:. Portrayals of her universally stressed her kindness and femininity. 2217: 2074: 2004: 1929: 1881:, and for those that reached rank 12 or 8, depending on the service, 1616:

into Moldavia, aiming to sever it from Turkish rule. In reality, the

1609: 1598: 1521: 1450: 1401: 1278: 553: 481: 440: 345: 321:

then its European counterparts, which relied heavily on mercenaries.

256:

in 1709, and did not become full admiral until the conclusion of the

179: 5578: 3582: 1408:, for parallel reasons; this rebellion was not put down until 1711. 7076: 6938: 5940: 5921: 5837: 5757: 4189:

paternalistic, autocratic Russian state now included opposition to

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Frederick met Fermor's troops on the marshes outside the hamlet of

2205: 2011: 1972: 1905: 1878: 1788: 1602: 1458: 1405: 1356:

Sheremetev's success continued into 1704. The major inland city of

1314: 1293:

Peter tempered this new army in attacks on the Swedish holdings of

1274: 521: 472: 389: 385: 337: 325: 314: 281: 203: 175: 135: 4110:

in 1815. In the same year Alexander initiated the creation of the

3425: 2010:

Anna had few friends in the Russian government due to her time in

37:

participated. This history stretches from its creation in 1721 by

5475: 5410: 4198: 4094:

maintained a scorched earth policy of retreat broken only by the

4037: 4001: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3732: 3724: 3501: 3470: 3455: 3394: 2578: 2537: 2533: 2424: 2325: 2307: 2298: 2294: 2270: 2137:

of Poland, an election to throne a new king. Russia had expected

2111: 2082: 2078: 1940: 1917: 1843: 1827: 1807: 1734: 1684: 1680: 1613: 1515: 1511: 1492: 1466: 1462: 1431: 1330: 1322: 1294: 1287: 1156: 502: 498: 490: 456: 397: 373: 349: 295: 5707: 4945: 4943: 2557:

Map of the countries and their territories involved in the war.

2551: 1249:

was forced off the throne and replaced with the less aggressive

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straits. At the same time, Alexander viewed the Grand Duchy of

4049: 4041: 4004:

in a war against France. Paul's support for the ideals of the

3997: 3957: 3878: 3804: 3772: 3768: 3712: 3545: 3459: 3417: 3400: 3378: 2632: 2428: 2333: 2274: 2192: 2157: 2090: 1792: 1709: 1667: 1469: 1457:

by Russian forces and protected by the significant fortress of

1435: 1384: 1376: 1372: 1357: 1298: 486: 444: 424: 361: 329: 265: 215: 167: 3763:

Russia's westward expansion under Catherine resulted from the

3660:, subsequently murdered him, so in June 1762 Catherine became 2666: 2152:

Thus, in 1733, a Russian force under the exiled Irish general

1802: 1729:, which controlled the army and was led by Menshikov, and the 1423:, started a rebellion. This was not the first uprising in the 5802: 5569:

Lieven, D. C. "Russia and the Defeat of Napoleon (1812–14),"

4961: 4959: 4957: 4955: 4940: 3966: 3927: 3867: 3800: 2474: 2290:

exploded, crippling the defenders. Azov surrendered in June.

1913: 1870: 1847: 1839: 1796: 1675: 1449:

Regardless, by the summer of 1708, Charles was positioned in

1220:

Rebuilding his army, the Livonian campaign, and Polish defeat

1177: 510: 377: 155: 5566:(1987) vol 1: Infantry 1799–1814; vol 2: Cavalry, 1799–1814 5089: 5000: 3919:

Italian and Swiss expedition of 1799 § Italian campaign

3667: 1687:, weakly defended, fell quickly. Peter then moved north and 1394: 404:

Siege of Azov, the Grand Embassy, and the Streltsy rebellion

4174: 3820: 2341: 2209: 1851: 1842:

to command a joint land-sea campaign that took the city of

1671: 1621: 1483: 1346: 1230: 4952: 3893:). From 1787 to 1791 he again fought the Turks during the 3870:

area, but the regular army crushed the rebellion in 1774.

3695:

in 1774. By that treaty, Russia acquired an outlet to the

1763:. The Swedish Empire was carved up, and its position as a 118: 5590:

Soldiers of the Tsar—Army and Society in Russia 1462–1874

3816: 2081:, moving on cavalry but fighting on foot. Peter also had 1170: 3830: 2568: France, Spain, Austria, Russia, Sweden with allies 2264:

Clickable imagemap of the Black Sea area during the war.

1830:, looking to seize land at the expense of the declining 348:

into his army, and his troops were the first to use the

231: 4580: 4578: 4576: 4574: 4572: 3889:

in 1783, on the conclusion of his work there (see also

2427:, as tsar, and nominated her old favorite Biron as the 33:

encompasses the history of armed conflict in which the

5576: 4835: 4833: 4831: 4829: 4827: 4825: 4823: 4821: 4819: 4570: 4568: 4566: 4564: 4562: 4560: 4558: 4556: 4554: 4552: 4521: 4519: 4467: 4465: 4292:, Russia sued for peace as the war concluded with the 4288:. Faced with growing internal problems, including the 3407:'s cautious tactics and lack of initiative led to the 2133:

in 1733–1734. Following the death of Peter's old ally

1441:'s defection to the Swedes, which partially justified 1349:, surrounded by marshes, to establish his fortress of 6810:

Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina

5571:

Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History

4389: 4387: 3719:

with the Ottoman Empire, which began in 1787. By the

1912:. A series of coups afterwards eventually saw him in 1628: 102:

proper was not founded until Peter took the title of

4542: 4540: 4509: 4507: 3960:

in 1798, and then into the armed neutrality against

2336:

with 100,000 men, but again, disease (this time the

5720: 4991: 4919: 4917: 4915: 4913: 4911: 4883: 4881: 4816: 4749: 4626: 4624: 4622: 4549: 4516: 4462: 4084:In 1812, Napoleon invaded Russia to compel Emperor 2562: Great Britain, Prussia, Portugal, with allies 170:. However, in May, Peter's able-bodied half-sister 5747:Mark Conrad's Home Page – Russian Military History 5374: 4444: 4435: 4384: 4366: 3850:, Russia experienced a major social upheaval, the 3465: 226: 5632: 4537: 4504: 4453: 2450: 2172: 7094: 6825:Soviet re-occupation of the Baltic states (1944) 6155:List of battles involving the Russian Federation 5655: 4908: 4878: 4708: 4706: 4704: 4664: 4655: 4619: 4528: 4426: 4417: 1908:ruler of Russia for 2 years during the reign of 1717:. In 1717 he began replacing these instead with 174:, leading a Miloslavsky-backed rebellion by the 6944:Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts 6859:Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953) 5580:The Military Encyclopedia of Russia and Eurasia 5466: 5066: 5064: 5062: 5060: 5050: 5048: 5038: 5036: 5034: 5032: 5030: 5028: 5026: 4975: 4973: 4971: 4933: 4931: 4929: 4901: 4899: 4897: 4895: 4893: 4678: 4676: 4612: 4610: 4396: 4375: 4250: 3815:numbers of Poles, Ukrainians, Belarusians, and 2237: 1999:, who was the daughter of Peter's late brother 1854:the next before Persia finally sued for peace. 1748:, the Swedes finally admitted ultimate defeat. 1375:. Charles XII met Peter's main army, dug in at 360:. His two elite guard units also functioned as 5518: 5440: 5326: 5082: 5080: 5078: 5076: 4871: 4869: 4859: 4857: 4855: 4853: 4851: 4849: 4847: 4845: 4807: 4765: 4763: 4761: 4733: 4731: 4729: 4727: 4694: 4692: 4690: 4688: 4608: 4606: 4604: 4602: 4600: 4598: 4596: 4594: 4592: 4590: 4497: 4495: 4493: 4491: 4481: 4479: 4477: 3823:, changed little at first under Russian rule. 3647:-Gottorp, so Peter III was raised in a German 1345:fortress. He chose a spot at the mouth of the 80:Historians have long marked the importance of 6798:Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940) 5999: 5773: 5681: 5492: 4982: 4715: 4701: 4410: 4408: 4320: 3885:, becoming a lieutenant-general in 1780, and 3552:, Elizabeth died in 1762, and her successor, 2652: 1253:, and Poland ended its alliance with Russia. 1139:. He left his throne to his 15-year-old son, 569: 182:, shoving her half-brothers away from power. 5587: 5057: 5045: 5023: 4968: 4926: 4890: 4673: 2633:1756–1757 and the battle of Gross-Jägersdorf 57:, and from the early twentieth century, the 6751:Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1930) 6746:Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1929) 5390:Battle at Sea: 3,000 Years of Naval Warfare 5387: 5073: 4866: 4842: 4758: 4724: 4685: 4587: 4488: 4474: 3858:, declared himself as the re-emergent tsar 3611:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2118: 1888: 1803:Persian campaign and final military reforms 1733:, which controlled the navy and was led by 1718: 6067:Military history of the Russian Federation 6006: 5992: 5780: 5766: 5420:The Reader's Companion to Military History 5014: 4405: 3723:in 1792, Russia expanded southward to the 2659: 2645: 2306:upstream of the major Turkish fortress at 576: 562: 6317:Sino-Russian border conflicts (1652–1689) 5708:W. E. D. Allen and Paul Muratoff (1953). 3668:Russian imperial expansion and maturation 3631:Learn how and when to remove this message 3446:The situation was salvaged only by a one 2588:The sudden growth of Prussia shifted the 2212:lay in the east and denied access to the 1822:in the south. In 1722, Peter allied with 1395:Domestic revolts and the Ukrainian detour 396:, as his proper cavalry were exclusively 49:. Much of the related events involve the 4150: 4054: 3926: 3834: 3671: 3469: 3399: 2503:Alliance systems of the Seven Years' War 2410: 2316: 2039: 1986: 1892: 1806: 1583: 1520: 1430: 1190: 526:Morning of the execution of the streltsy 520: 407: 290: 230: 122: 68: 45:, which led to the establishment of the 17: 6278:Russian Conquest of Siberia (1580–1747) 6148:List of wars involving the Soviet Union 5564:The Russian Army of the Napoleonic Wars 4216: 3948:Catherine II died in 1796, and her son 1704:in 1720 gave Peter control of the sea. 1555:, to faster-moving but less fire-ready 1317:in Livonia, soundly defeating them; he 1159:and the Danes attack Swedish allies in 324:Peter stressed evolution away from the 119:Early years and accession to the throne 7095: 6899:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 6830:Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944 6689:Georgian–Ossetian conflict (1918–1920) 6667:Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919 6381:Austro-Russian–Turkish War (1735–1739) 6057:Military history of the Russian Empire 5557:Strategy and Power in Russia 1600–1914 5269:Strategy and Power in Russia 1600–1914 5231:Strategy and Power in Russia 1600–1914 5227: 5215:(1958) 63#4 pp 880–889, quote p. 886. 5161:1812: Napoleon’s fatal march on Moscow 4997:Riasanovsky and Steinberg, pp. 248–250 4839:Riasanovsky and Steinberg, pp. 239–243 4804:Riasanovsky and Steinberg, pp. 231–233 4755:Riasanovsky and Steinberg, pp. 228–231 4584:Riasanovsky and Steinberg, pp. 220–224 4471:Riasanovsky and Steinberg, pp. 226–227 4450:Riasanovsky and Steinberg, pp. 217–218 4441:Riasanovsky and Steinberg, pp. 215–217 4393:Riasanovsky and Steinberg, pp. 212–215 4372:Riasanovsky and Steinberg, pp. 211–212 4232: 4164: 3738: 2179:Russo-Austrian-Turkish War (1735–1739) 1539:), he was leading the battle off of a 1383:, met a smaller Swedish detachment at 1311:met a vastly outnumbered Swedish force 1171:Initial losses and the Battle of Narva 583: 31:military history of the Russian Empire 7049:Deployment in Nagorno-Karabakh (2020) 6427:Russian colonization of North America 5987: 5761: 4263: 4020:in 1805 and trounced the Russians at 3831:Pugachev Revolt and Alexander Suvorov 2640: 2229:Russo-Austrian-Turkish War, 1735–1739 2032:regiment to balance out their power. 557: 543: 6062:Military history of the Soviet Union 5787: 5109:Catherine the Great: life and legend 4641:Peter the Great's Army (1): Infantry 4340:Foreign policy of the Russian Empire 3609:adding citations to reliable sources 3576: 2375: 2169:was ratified, ending the short war. 2035: 1498: 431:, Turkey controlled the area of the 280:forces in the Russian army were the 6803:Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940 5752:Russian Army of the Napoleonic Wars 5661:Peter the Great: His Life and World 5234:. Simon and Schuster. p. 273. 4778: 4350:Russian Army order of battle (1812) 3691:in 1768, the parties agreed to the 2484: 2085:, which filled out the traditional 1935:Peter had crowned his second wife, 1588:Overview of the 1711 Pruth campaign 599:Denmark and Holstein-Gottorp (1700) 13: 6849:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states 6215:1993 Russian constitutional crisis 5577:William Reger, David Jones (ed.). 5542: 4525:Riasanovsky and Steinberg, 218–220 3991: 3912: 3846:During the 1768–1774 war with the 3544:. In 1760 Russian forces captured 3535: 2750:Westphalia, Hesse and Lower Saxony 2233: 1629:Final Swedish defeat and aftermath 113: 64: 14: 7114: 6714:Red Army intervention in Mongolia 5754:; Napoleon, His Army and Enemies. 5740: 5498:Poltava 1709: Russia Comes of Age 5202:(Stanford University Press, 1961) 5098:Prothero and Benians, pp. 322–324 5011:Prothero and Benians, pp. 314–320 4949:Prothero and Benians, pp. 309–312 4923:Prothero and Benians, pp. 304–308 4887:Prothero and Benians, pp. 303–304 4059:Russian cossacks in Paris in 1814 4024:in 1807. Alexander was forced to 1579: 6768:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts 6561:Russian conquest of Central Asia 6497:Russian conquest of the Caucasus 6293:Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618) 6235:Insurgency in the North Caucasus 5124:(Indiana University Press, 1969) 4155:Decembrists at the Senate Square 4141:Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly 3897:and won many victories, such as 3581: 2550: 2509: 2379: 1692:Russian victories; victories at 1646: 1637: 1597:the first to actively encourage 1025:Mecklenburg and Holstein-Gottorp 443:. Previous attempts to take the 7054:Deployment in Kazakhstan (2022) 6699:Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan 6640:1919 Soviet invasion of Ukraine 5583:. Academic International Press. 5290: 5274: 5261: 5248: 5221: 5205: 5192: 5179: 5166: 5153: 5140: 5127: 5114: 5111:(Oxford University Press, 1988) 5101: 4798: 4772: 4740: 4646: 4633: 4276:The war between Russia and the 3466:1758 and the battle of Zorndorf 2352:the main Turkish encampment at 1233:in the summer of 1701, Charles 237:boat Peter the Great discovered 227:Early rule and military reforms 73:Portrait of Peter the Great by 7103:Military of the Russian Empire 6736:Urtatagai conflict (1925–1926) 6386:War of the Austrian Succession 5336:Praeger Security International 5135:Alexander Suvorov: a biography 4965:Cowley and Parker, pp. 422–423 4299: 4237: 3895:Russo-Turkish War of 1787–1792 2451:Russo–Swedish War of 1741–1743 2173:Russo-Turkish War of 1735–1739 2045:Burkhard Christoph von Münnich 2024:Burkhard Christoph von Münnich 1898:Aleksandr Danilovich Menshikov 1341:. In May 1703, Peter captured 1239:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 703:Courland and Western Lithuania 274:Aleksandr Danilovich Menshikov 127:Peter the Great at a young age 1: 6959:South Ossetia war (1991–1992) 6837:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 6588:Russian invasion of Manchuria 6578:Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) 6524:Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829) 6519:Russo-Persian War (1826–1828) 6462:Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812) 6452:Russo-Persian War (1804–1813) 6417:Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790) 6412:Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792) 6402:Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774) 6392:Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743) 6370:Russo-Persian War (1722–1723) 6365:Russo-Turkish War (1710–1711) 6342:Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700) 6337:Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681) 6312:Russo-Persian War (1651–1653) 6288:Russo-Swedish War (1590–1595) 6283:Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570) 6268:Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557) 6143:List of wars involving Russia 6138:Sino-Russian border conflicts 5840: 5833:Army of the Tsardom of Russia 5811: 4360: 4258:Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) 4197:, calls for the abolition of 4136:Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov 4065:Napoleon's invasion of Russia 3676:Catherine the Great of Russia 2540:alliances that arose out the 2457:Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743) 2324:, now a national landmark in 2057:War of the Spanish Succession 134:was born on June 9, 1672, to 106:(emperor), at the end of the 6914:Eritrean War of Independence 6884:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 6879:East German uprising of 1953 6820:Eastern Front (World War II) 6709:Red Army invasion of Georgia 6704:Red Army invasion of Armenia 6672:Estonian War of Independence 6613:Russian occupation of Tabriz 6534:Hungarian Revolution of 1848 6492:War of the Seventh Coalition 6375:War of the Polish Succession 6322:Russo-Polish War (1654–1667) 5721:Paul Britten Austin (1993). 5446:Peter the Great: A Biography 5363:The Cambridge Modern History 5213:. American Historical Review 4355: 4251:Russo-Turkish War, 1877–1878 4159: 3715:, helping to spark the next 3572: 3563: 2371: 2131:War of the Polish Succession 1873:, and the old honor code of 239:around 1688. Located at the 59:Imperial Russian Air Service 7: 6954:War in Abkhazia (1992–1993) 6904:Sino-Soviet border conflict 6773:Soviet invasion of Xinjiang 6741:Sino-Soviet conflict (1929) 6677:Latvian War of Independence 6566:Russian conquest of Bukhara 6457:War of the Fourth Coalition 6442:War of the Second Coalition 5861:Toy army of Peter the Great 5562:Haythornthwaite, Philip J. 5375:Jessie D. Clarkson (1961). 4333: 4311:Eastern Front (World War I) 3935:Military Parade beside the 3437:Stepan Fyodorovich Apraksin 3405:Stepan Fyodorovich Apraksin 2310:, before doubling back and 214:and many of the boyars and 10: 7119: 6949:First Nagorno-Karabakh War 6487:War of the Sixth Coalition 6477:War of the Fifth Coalition 6447:War of the Third Coalition 6052:Military history of Russia 6014:Armed conflicts involving 5714:Cambridge University Press 5633:Christopher Duffy (1982). 5616:Cambridge University Press 5394:Dorling Kindersley Limited 5368:Cambridge University Press 4328:Russian Revolution of 1917 4321:Russian Revolution of 1917 4290:Russian Revolution of 1905 4146:Aleksey Petrovich Yermolov 4062: 3916: 3755:Polish–Russian War of 1792 3748: 3742: 3409:Battle of Gross-Jägersdorf 2739:Prussian Bohemia Incursion 2495: 2488: 2463:War of Austrian Succession 2454: 2176: 2122: 1502: 1333:. October 1702 marked the 547: 308:soldiers, starting with a 7062: 6997: 6788:Soviet invasion of Poland 6598: 6482:French invasion of Russia 6350: 6248: 6167: 6093:Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars 6085: 6042: 6035: 5956: 5931: 5906: 5888: 5869: 5823: 5793: 5723:1812: The March on Moscow 4195:representative government 3854:. In 1773 a Don Cossack, 3693:Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji 2681: 2415:Portrait of Elizabeth by 1982: 1975:, again leaving no heir. 1785:First Partition of Poland 1761:European balance of power 918:Sweden proper (including 595: 43:Russian Revolution (1917) 6929:South African Border War 6854:Guerrilla war in Ukraine 6756:Chechen uprising of 1932 6437:Russo-Persian War (1796) 5424:Houghton Mifflin Company 4781:"The Great Northern War" 3923:Suvorov's Swiss campaign 2618:Peter Ivanovich Shuvalov 2125:War of Polish Succession 2119:War of Polish Succession 1889:Catherine I and Peter II 1165:Treaty of Constantinople 998:Swedish German dominions 621:Swedish Baltic dominions 356:, and later, introduced 6571:Khivan campaign of 1873 6422:Russo-Polish War (1792) 5856:Army of Peter the Great 5594:Oxford University Press 5523:. Essential Histories. 5519:Daniel Marston (2001). 5500:. Essential Histories. 5310:Oxford University Press 5298:Nicholas V. Riasanovsky 5187:The Decembrist Movement 3654:Russian Orthodox Church 2445:Alexey Bestuzhev-Ryumin 1337:of the Swedish fort of 1153:Frederick IV of Denmark 7044:Western Libya campaign 6719:East Karelian uprising 6240:Wagner Group rebellion 6175:Uprising of Bolotnikov 5795:Principality of Moscow 5573:(2006) 7#2 pp 283–308. 4156: 4060: 4044:in 1809, and acquired 3945: 3937:Saint Michael's Castle 3843: 3677: 3548:. Fortunately for the 3482: 3412: 2420: 2328: 2265: 2052: 2022:, and the army, under 2016:Ernst Johann von Biron 1992: 1969:Prince Ivan Dolgorukov 1921: 1815: 1719: 1612:, before crossing the 1589: 1532: 1446: 1362:second Battle of Narva 1202: 532: 416: 300: 248: 128: 77: 26: 22:Russian troops in the 7039:Intervention in Syria 6974:Tajikistani Civil War 6682:Lithuanian–Soviet War 6623:Battle of Robat Karim 6072:Post-Soviet conflicts 5879:Imperial Russian Army 5710:Caucasian Battlefield 5588:John L. Keep (1985). 5450:Yale University Press 5358:Ernest Alfred Benians 5228:Fuller (1998-10-01). 4381:Clarkson, pp. 187–188 4345:Imperial Russian Army 4154: 4058: 4010:Alexander I of Russia 3975:battle of the Trebbia 3930: 3838: 3675: 3664:, empress of Russia. 3473: 3403: 3384:French and Indian War 3284:Valencia de Alcántara 2611:Diplomatic Revolution 2607:alliance with Austria 2603:Treaty of Westminster 2542:Diplomatic Revolution 2414: 2360:on the upper Dnestr. 2320: 2263: 2185:expansionist campaign 2143:Stanisław Leszczyński 2105:(named for the heavy 2097:regiments to perform 2043: 1990: 1958:Supreme Privy Council 1896: 1810: 1587: 1524: 1434: 1425:enstrangled relations 1411:More serious was the 1251:Stanisław Leszczyński 1194: 1184:, just south of the 1149:Augustus II of Poland 897:Krasnokutsk–Gorodnoye 846:and Eastern Lithuania 524: 411: 364:police units, having 294: 234: 152:physical disabilities 126: 72: 55:Imperial Russian Navy 51:Imperial Russian Army 21: 7022:Annexation of Crimea 6726:Central Asian Revolt 6635:Ukrainian–Soviet War 6507:Russo-Circassian War 6190:Pugachev's Rebellion 6133:Russo-Ukrainian Wars 6077:Russian Armed Forces 6047:Early modern warfare 5521:The Seven Years' War 5388:R. G. Grant (2008). 4326:See main article on 4305:See main article on 4294:Treaty of Portsmouth 4269:See main article on 4256:See main article on 4243:See main article on 4217:Weakness of the army 3973:— especially at the 3891:Kuban Nogai uprising 3745:Partitions of Poland 3707:. In 1783 Catherine 3605:improve this section 3119:Breslau (1760 siege) 3079:Breslau (1759 siege) 2273:at the mouth of the 1838:and sailed down the 1715:separation of powers 1180:on the banks of the 1065:Carolean Death March 451:at the mouth of the 435:at the mouth of the 344:. He introduced the 241:Central Naval Museum 138:and his second wife 7082:Sphere of influence 7012:Russo-Ukrainian War 6869:First Indochina War 6842:Soviet–Japanese War 6778:Xinjiang War (1937) 6647:Kazakhstan Campaign 6432:Kościuszko Uprising 6332:Second Northern War 6210:Coup attempt (1991) 6103:Soviet-Finnish wars 5898:Russian Army (1917) 5850:New Order Regiments 5725:. Greenwood Press. 5555:Fuller, William C. 5377:A History of Russia 5306:A History of Russia 5267:William C. Fuller, 5198:Anatole G. Mazour, 5120:John T. Alexander, 5107:John T. Alexander, 4813:Hughes, pp. 165–169 4652:Frost, pp. 230, 263 4233:History and service 4165:Decembrists' Revolt 4006:Knights Hospitaller 3907:Kościuszko Uprising 3887:general of infantry 3759:Kościuszko Uprising 3739:Partition of Poland 3558:Frederick the Great 3289:Vila Velha de Ródão 2928:Dresden (surrender) 2684:Bohemia and Moravia 2592:in Europe greatly. 1883:hereditary nobility 1850:late that year and 1781:Catherine the Great 1526:Pierre-Denis Martin 1243:Battle of Fraustadt 7072:Russian Revolution 7007:Russo-Georgian War 6989:Second Chechen War 6969:Georgian Civil War 6608:Russo-Japanese War 6360:Great Northern War 6258:Russo-Crimean Wars 6230:Second Chechen War 6128:Russo-Turkish wars 6123:Russo-Swedish wars 6113:Russo-Persian Wars 6098:Russo-Crimean Wars 5974:1992–present 5958:Russian Federation 5282:A People's Tragedy 5254:Barbara Jelavich, 5137:(Hutchinson, 1944) 4988:Marston, pp. 16–17 4746:Grant, pp. 154–155 4721:Konstam, pp. 74–88 4712:Konstam, pp. 62–74 4286:Battle of Tsushima 4271:Russo-Japanese War 4264:Russo-Japanese War 4181:at the expense of 4157: 4124:Quadruple Alliance 4108:Congress of Vienna 4096:battle of Borodino 4061: 3946: 3844: 3841:Charles de Steuben 3678: 3550:Kingdom of Prussia 3517:Battle of Zorndorf 3483: 3413: 2973:Torgau (3rd siege) 2923:Torgau (2nd siege) 2583:Fredrick the Great 2421: 2391:. You can help by 2329: 2266: 2053: 1993: 1945:Peter Alekseyevich 1922: 1860:Great Northern War 1816: 1590: 1533: 1447: 1419:, a leader of the 1203: 1161:Schleswig-Holstein 587:Great Northern War 550:Great Northern War 544:Great Northern War 533: 515:streltsy rebellion 417: 301: 258:Great Northern War 249: 221:Natalya Naryshkina 140:Natalia Naryshkina 129: 108:Great Northern War 94:October Revolution 78: 27: 24:Battle of Borodino 7090: 7089: 6979:First Chechen War 6934:Soviet–Afghan War 6919:Angolan Civil War 6694:Polish–Soviet War 6652:Finnish Civil War 6630:Russian Civil War 6529:November Uprising 6467:Anglo-Russian War 6407:Bar Confederation 6220:First Chechen War 6200:Russian Civil War 6195:Decembrist revolt 6185:Bulavin Rebellion 6180:Razin's Rebellion 6163: 6162: 6118:Russo-Polish Wars 6086:Lists by opponent 5981: 5980: 5908:Russian Civil War 5825:Tsardom of Russia 5732:978-1-85367-154-8 5700:978-1-86064-847-2 5674:978-0-345-33619-4 5648:978-0-7100-0797-1 5625:978-0-521-81988-6 5603:978-0-19-822575-1 5534:978-1-84176-191-6 5525:Osprey Publishing 5511:978-1-85532-416-9 5502:Osprey Publishing 5459:978-0-300-10300-7 5403:978-0-7566-3973-0 5319:978-0-19-534197-3 5302:Mark D. Steinberg 5241:978-1-4391-0577-1 5176:(IB Tauris, 2013) 5070:Marson, pp. 29–42 5054:Marson, pp. 26–28 4682:Hughes, pp. 79–82 4670:Hughes, pp. 71–73 4661:Hughes, pp. 67–68 4630:Hughes, pp. 58–65 4546:Hughes, pp. 50–57 4534:Hughes, pp. 40–50 4513:Hughes, pp. 37–39 4459:Hughes, pp. 34–37 4432:Hughes, pp. 24–26 4423:Hughes, pp. 22–23 4315:Caucasus Campaign 4211:Decembrist Revolt 4171:Kingdom of Poland 3875:Alexander Suvorov 3856:Emel'yan Pugachev 3852:Pugachev Uprising 3751:Bar Confederation 3717:Russo-Turkish War 3685:Russo-Turkish War 3641: 3640: 3633: 3374: 3373: 3272:Iberian Peninsula 2978:Wittenberg (1760) 2918:Wittenberg (1759) 2866:Lutterberg (1762) 2409: 2408: 2187:against Russia's 2036:Münnich's reforms 1751:In the resultant 1530:Battle of Poltava 1505:Battle of Poltava 1499:Battle of Poltava 1488:Battle of Lesnaya 1413:Bulavin Rebellion 1319:repeated the feat 1200:Gustaf Cederström 1128: 1127: 538:Eudoxia Lopukhina 485:traveled through 7110: 6964:Transnistria War 6909:War of Attrition 6815:Continuation War 6764: 6556:January Uprising 6397:Seven Years' War 6297:Time of Troubles 6263:Russo-Kazan Wars 6108:Russo-Kazan Wars 6040: 6039: 6008: 6001: 5994: 5985: 5984: 5966:CIS Armed Forces 5890:Russian Republic 5845: 5842: 5816: 5813: 5788:Armies of Russia 5782: 5775: 5768: 5759: 5758: 5736: 5717: 5704: 5678: 5665:Ballantine Books 5657:Robert K. Massie 5652: 5629: 5607: 5584: 5538: 5515: 5489: 5463: 5437: 5407: 5384: 5371: 5349: 5323: 5308:(8th ed.). 5285: 5278: 5272: 5271:(1998) pp 252-59 5265: 5259: 5252: 5246: 5245: 5225: 5219: 5209: 5203: 5196: 5190: 5183: 5177: 5170: 5164: 5157: 5151: 5144: 5138: 5131: 5125: 5118: 5112: 5105: 5099: 5096: 5087: 5086:Stone, pp. 72–74 5084: 5071: 5068: 5055: 5052: 5043: 5042:Stone, pp. 70–72 5040: 5021: 5018: 5012: 5009: 4998: 4995: 4989: 4986: 4980: 4979:Stone, pp. 68–70 4977: 4966: 4963: 4950: 4947: 4938: 4937:Stone, pp. 67–68 4935: 4924: 4921: 4906: 4905:Stone, pp. 64–67 4903: 4888: 4885: 4876: 4875:Stone, pp. 63–64 4873: 4864: 4863:Stone, pp. 61–63 4861: 4840: 4837: 4814: 4811: 4805: 4802: 4796: 4795: 4793: 4792: 4783:. Archived from 4779:Trueman, Chris. 4776: 4770: 4769:Stone, pp. 57–60 4767: 4756: 4753: 4747: 4744: 4738: 4737:Stone, pp. 56–57 4735: 4722: 4719: 4713: 4710: 4699: 4698:Stone, pp. 54–56 4696: 4683: 4680: 4671: 4668: 4662: 4659: 4653: 4650: 4644: 4637: 4631: 4628: 4617: 4616:Stone, pp. 50–54 4614: 4585: 4582: 4547: 4544: 4535: 4532: 4526: 4523: 4514: 4511: 4502: 4501:Stone, pp. 48–50 4499: 4486: 4485:Stone, pp. 46–48 4483: 4472: 4469: 4460: 4457: 4451: 4448: 4442: 4439: 4433: 4430: 4424: 4421: 4415: 4414:Stone, pp. 44–46 4412: 4403: 4402:Hughes, pp. 9–17 4400: 4394: 4391: 4382: 4379: 4373: 4370: 4030:Treaty of Tilsit 3954:Second Coalition 3942:Alexandre Benois 3729:Byzantine Empire 3705:battle of Chesma 3636: 3629: 3625: 3622: 3616: 3585: 3577: 3480:Aleksey Antropov 3448:Pyotr Rumyantsev 3300:Naval Operations 3171:Gross-Jägersdorf 2887:Electoral Saxony 2676: 2675:European theatre 2671: 2670:Seven Years' War 2661: 2654: 2647: 2638: 2637: 2590:balance of power 2567: 2561: 2554: 2513: 2491:Seven Years' War 2485:Seven Years' War 2433:Anna Leopoldovna 2404: 2401: 2383: 2376: 2236: 2167:Treaty of Vienna 1836:Caspian Flotilla 1753:Treaty of Nystad 1724: 1650: 1641: 1351:Saint Petersburg 1313:on the field at 1307:Boris Sheremetev 1196:Victory at Narva 1157:southern Livonia 590: 588: 578: 571: 564: 555: 554: 370:irregular forces 90:Saint Petersburg 7118: 7117: 7113: 7112: 7111: 7109: 7108: 7107: 7093: 7092: 7091: 7086: 7058: 6999: 6993: 6984:War of Dagestan 6758: 6731:August Uprising 6600: 6594: 6583:Boxer Rebellion 6551:Amur Annexation 6352: 6346: 6250: 6244: 6225:War of Dagestan 6205:August Uprising 6159: 6081: 6031: 6012: 5982: 5977: 5952: 5927: 5902: 5884: 5881:1721–1917 5865: 5843: 5819: 5814: 5805:1380–1698 5789: 5786: 5743: 5733: 5701: 5675: 5649: 5626: 5610: 5604: 5545: 5543:Further reading 5535: 5512: 5486: 5468:Robert I. Frost 5460: 5434: 5416:Geoffrey Parker 5404: 5366:. Vol. 6. 5346: 5320: 5293: 5288: 5279: 5275: 5266: 5262: 5253: 5249: 5242: 5226: 5222: 5210: 5206: 5197: 5193: 5184: 5180: 5171: 5167: 5159:Adam Zamoyski, 5158: 5154: 5145: 5141: 5132: 5128: 5119: 5115: 5106: 5102: 5097: 5090: 5085: 5074: 5069: 5058: 5053: 5046: 5041: 5024: 5019: 5015: 5010: 5001: 4996: 4992: 4987: 4983: 4978: 4969: 4964: 4953: 4948: 4941: 4936: 4927: 4922: 4909: 4904: 4891: 4886: 4879: 4874: 4867: 4862: 4843: 4838: 4817: 4812: 4808: 4803: 4799: 4790: 4788: 4777: 4773: 4768: 4759: 4754: 4750: 4745: 4741: 4736: 4725: 4720: 4716: 4711: 4702: 4697: 4686: 4681: 4674: 4669: 4665: 4660: 4656: 4651: 4647: 4639:Angus Konstam, 4638: 4634: 4629: 4620: 4615: 4588: 4583: 4550: 4545: 4538: 4533: 4529: 4524: 4517: 4512: 4505: 4500: 4489: 4484: 4475: 4470: 4463: 4458: 4454: 4449: 4445: 4440: 4436: 4431: 4427: 4422: 4418: 4413: 4406: 4401: 4397: 4392: 4385: 4380: 4376: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4358: 4336: 4323: 4302: 4278:Japanese Empire 4266: 4253: 4240: 4235: 4219: 4167: 4162: 4122:had formed the 4067: 3994: 3992:Napoleonic Wars 3925: 3915: 3913:After Catherine 3833: 3809:a fierce battle 3761: 3747: 3741: 3721:Treaty of Jassy 3670: 3637: 3626: 3620: 3617: 3602: 3586: 3575: 3566: 3538: 3536:Later campaigns 3468: 3375: 3370: 3366:Cape Finisterre 3154:4th Schweidnitz 3134:3rd Schweidnitz 3089:2nd Schweidnitz 3064:1st Schweidnitz 2709:Siege of Prague 2677: 2674: 2669: 2667: 2665: 2635: 2598:Austrian Empire 2575: 2574: 2573: 2572: 2571: 2569: 2565: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2546: 2545: 2544: 2514: 2505: 2504: 2498: 2493: 2487: 2459: 2453: 2417:Charles van Loo 2405: 2399: 2396: 2389:needs expansion 2374: 2358:Khotyn Fortress 2322:Khotyn Fortress 2288:powder magazine 2262: 2232: 2231: 2181: 2175: 2147:Austrian Empire 2127: 2121: 2049:Johann Stenglin 2038: 2020:Andrey Osterman 1985: 1891: 1805: 1777:Northern Europe 1738:Fyodor Apraksin 1731:Admiralty Board 1689:invaded Finland 1660: 1659: 1658: 1657: 1653: 1652: 1651: 1643: 1642: 1631: 1582: 1561:Swedish cavalry 1507: 1501: 1397: 1222: 1213:Battle of Narva 1186:Gulf of Finland 1173: 1129: 1124: 1116: 591: 586: 584: 582: 552: 546: 507:Habsburg Empire 413:Capture of Azov 406: 358:light artillery 354:siege artillery 229: 132:Peter the Great 121: 116: 114:Peter the Great 82:Peter the Great 67: 65:Imperial Russia 39:Peter the Great 12: 11: 5: 7116: 7106: 7105: 7088: 7087: 7085: 7084: 7079: 7074: 7069: 7067:Russian Winter 7063: 7060: 7059: 7057: 7056: 7051: 7046: 7041: 7036: 7035: 7034: 7029: 7024: 7019: 7009: 7003: 7001: 6995: 6994: 6992: 6991: 6986: 6981: 6976: 6971: 6966: 6961: 6956: 6951: 6946: 6941: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6894:Vlora incident 6891: 6886: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6845: 6844: 6839: 6834: 6833: 6832: 6822: 6817: 6812: 6807: 6806: 6805: 6795: 6790: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6753: 6748: 6743: 6738: 6733: 6728: 6723: 6722: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6685: 6684: 6679: 6674: 6664: 6659: 6657:Sochi conflict 6654: 6649: 6644: 6643: 6642: 6627: 6626: 6625: 6615: 6610: 6604: 6602: 6596: 6595: 6593: 6592: 6591: 6590: 6580: 6575: 6574: 6573: 6568: 6558: 6553: 6548: 6547: 6546: 6536: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6515: 6514: 6509: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6479: 6474: 6469: 6464: 6459: 6454: 6449: 6444: 6439: 6434: 6429: 6424: 6419: 6414: 6409: 6404: 6399: 6394: 6389: 6383: 6378: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6356: 6354: 6348: 6347: 6345: 6344: 6339: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6314: 6309: 6304: 6299: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6254: 6252: 6246: 6245: 6243: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6171: 6169: 6165: 6164: 6161: 6160: 6158: 6157: 6152: 6151: 6150: 6140: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6095: 6089: 6087: 6083: 6082: 6080: 6079: 6074: 6069: 6064: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6043: 6037: 6033: 6032: 6011: 6010: 6003: 5996: 5988: 5979: 5978: 5976: 5975: 5969: 5962: 5960: 5954: 5953: 5951: 5950: 5944: 5937: 5935: 5929: 5928: 5926: 5925: 5919: 5912: 5910: 5904: 5903: 5901: 5900: 5894: 5892: 5886: 5885: 5883: 5882: 5875: 5873: 5871:Russian Empire 5867: 5866: 5864: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5847: 5835: 5829: 5827: 5821: 5820: 5818: 5817: 5806: 5799: 5797: 5791: 5790: 5785: 5784: 5777: 5770: 5762: 5756: 5755: 5749: 5742: 5741:External links 5739: 5738: 5737: 5731: 5718: 5705: 5699: 5679: 5673: 5653: 5647: 5630: 5624: 5608: 5602: 5585: 5574: 5567: 5560: 5553: 5548:Cate, Curtis. 5544: 5541: 5540: 5539: 5533: 5516: 5510: 5490: 5484: 5464: 5458: 5442:Lindsey Hughes 5438: 5432: 5418:, ed. (2001). 5408: 5402: 5385: 5372: 5354:G. W. Prothero 5350: 5344: 5328:David R. Stone 5324: 5318: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5286: 5273: 5260: 5247: 5240: 5220: 5204: 5191: 5178: 5172:Mark Jarrett, 5165: 5152: 5139: 5126: 5113: 5100: 5088: 5072: 5056: 5044: 5022: 5020:Martson, p. 15 5013: 4999: 4990: 4981: 4967: 4951: 4939: 4925: 4907: 4889: 4877: 4865: 4841: 4815: 4806: 4797: 4771: 4757: 4748: 4739: 4723: 4714: 4700: 4684: 4672: 4663: 4654: 4645: 4643:(Osprey 1993). 4632: 4618: 4586: 4548: 4536: 4527: 4515: 4503: 4487: 4473: 4461: 4452: 4443: 4434: 4425: 4416: 4404: 4395: 4383: 4374: 4364: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4353: 4352: 4347: 4342: 4335: 4332: 4322: 4319: 4301: 4298: 4265: 4262: 4252: 4249: 4239: 4236: 4234: 4231: 4218: 4215: 4193:, demands for 4166: 4163: 4161: 4158: 4149: 4148: 4143: 4138: 4100:Berezina River 4063:Main article: 3993: 3990: 3914: 3911: 3864:Ural Mountains 3848:Ottoman Empire 3832: 3829: 3825:Roman Catholic 3803:, a suburb of 3743:Main article: 3740: 3737: 3701:Crimean Tatars 3689:Ottoman Empire 3669: 3666: 3639: 3638: 3589: 3587: 3580: 3574: 3571: 3565: 3562: 3537: 3534: 3511:, east of the 3498:William Fermor 3476:William Fermor 3467: 3464: 3372: 3371: 3369: 3368: 3363: 3358: 3353: 3348: 3343: 3338: 3333: 3328: 3323: 3318: 3313: 3308: 3306:Fort St Philip 3297: 3296: 3291: 3286: 3281: 3268: 3267: 3262: 3257: 3252: 3247: 3242: 3237: 3235:Kolberg (1761) 3232: 3227: 3225:Kolberg (1760) 3222: 3217: 3212: 3210:Kolberg (1758) 3207: 3202: 3197: 3192: 3187: 3174: 3173: 3168: 3157: 3156: 3151: 3146: 3141: 3136: 3131: 3126: 3121: 3116: 3111: 3106: 3101: 3096: 3091: 3086: 3081: 3076: 3071: 3066: 3061: 3048: 3047: 3042: 3037: 3032: 3027: 3022: 3017: 3006: 3005: 3000: 2995: 2990: 2985: 2980: 2975: 2970: 2965: 2960: 2955: 2950: 2945: 2940: 2935: 2930: 2925: 2920: 2915: 2913:Torgau (siege) 2910: 2905: 2900: 2895: 2884: 2883: 2878: 2873: 2868: 2863: 2858: 2853: 2848: 2843: 2838: 2833: 2831:Kloster Kampen 2828: 2823: 2818: 2813: 2808: 2803: 2798: 2793: 2788: 2783: 2778: 2773: 2768: 2763: 2758: 2747: 2746: 2741: 2736: 2731: 2726: 2721: 2716: 2711: 2706: 2701: 2696: 2691: 2682: 2679: 2678: 2664: 2663: 2656: 2649: 2641: 2634: 2631: 2564: 2558: 2556: 2549: 2548: 2547: 2515: 2508: 2507: 2506: 2502: 2501: 2500: 2499: 2497: 2494: 2489:Main article: 2486: 2483: 2455:Main article: 2452: 2449: 2407: 2406: 2386: 2384: 2373: 2370: 2227: 2226: 2177:Main article: 2174: 2171: 2123:Main article: 2120: 2117: 2037: 2034: 1984: 1981: 1949:Preobrazhensky 1904:, and was the 1890: 1887: 1867:Table of Ranks 1832:Safavid Persia 1813:Table of Ranks 1804: 1801: 1773:Russian Empire 1727:College of War 1655: 1654: 1645: 1644: 1636: 1635: 1634: 1633: 1632: 1630: 1627: 1581: 1580:Ottoman detour 1578: 1503:Main article: 1500: 1497: 1417:Konrad Bulavin 1396: 1393: 1389:ensuing battle 1221: 1218: 1172: 1169: 1126: 1125: 1123: 1122: 1115: 1114: 1109: 1104: 1099: 1094: 1089: 1084: 1079: 1073: 1072: 1068: 1067: 1062: 1057: 1052: 1046: 1045: 1039: 1038: 1033: 1027: 1026: 1022: 1021: 1016: 1011: 1006: 1000: 999: 995: 994: 989: 987:Pruth Campaign 983: 982: 978: 977: 972: 967: 962: 957: 952: 946: 941: 936: 930: 924: 923: 915: 914: 909: 904: 899: 894: 889: 884: 879: 874: 869: 864: 859: 854: 848: 847: 840: 839: 834: 829: 824: 819: 814: 809: 804: 799: 794: 789: 784: 779: 773: 772: 762: 761: 756: 751: 746: 741: 736: 731: 726: 721: 716: 711: 705: 704: 700: 699: 694: 689: 684: 679: 674: 669: 664: 659: 654: 649: 644: 639: 634: 629: 623: 622: 618: 617: 612: 607: 601: 600: 596: 593: 592: 581: 580: 573: 566: 558: 548:Main article: 545: 542: 530:Vasily Surikov 433:Crimean Tatars 405: 402: 366:summary powers 245:St. Petersburg 228: 225: 197:Preobrazhensky 158:families, the 120: 117: 115: 112: 99:Russian Empire 75:Paul Delaroche 66: 63: 35:Russian Empire 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7115: 7104: 7101: 7100: 7098: 7083: 7080: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7064: 7061: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7037: 7033: 7032:2022 invasion 7030: 7028: 7027:War in Donbas 7025: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7014: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7004: 7002: 6996: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6864:Ili Rebellion 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6831: 6828: 6827: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6804: 6801: 6800: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6785: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6762: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6669: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6641: 6638: 6637: 6636: 6633: 6632: 6631: 6628: 6624: 6621: 6620: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6605: 6603: 6597: 6589: 6586: 6585: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6564: 6563: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6545: 6542: 6541: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6505: 6504: 6503: 6502:Caucasian War 6500: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6357: 6355: 6349: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6255: 6253: 6247: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6172: 6170: 6166: 6156: 6153: 6149: 6146: 6145: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6090: 6088: 6084: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6044: 6041: 6038: 6034: 6029: 6025: 6021: 6017: 6009: 6004: 6002: 5997: 5995: 5990: 5989: 5986: 5973: 5972:Ground Forces 5970: 5968:1991–93 5967: 5964: 5963: 5961: 5959: 5955: 5949:1946–92 5948: 5945: 5943:1922–46 5942: 5939: 5938: 5936: 5934: 5930: 5924:1918–22 5923: 5920: 5918:1918–23 5917: 5914: 5913: 5911: 5909: 5905: 5899: 5896: 5895: 5893: 5891: 5887: 5880: 5877: 5876: 5874: 5872: 5868: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852:1648–98 5851: 5848: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5830: 5828: 5826: 5822: 5810: 5807: 5804: 5801: 5800: 5798: 5796: 5792: 5783: 5778: 5776: 5771: 5769: 5764: 5763: 5760: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5744: 5734: 5728: 5724: 5719: 5715: 5711: 5706: 5702: 5696: 5692: 5688: 5684: 5683:Peter Englund 5680: 5676: 5670: 5666: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5650: 5644: 5640: 5636: 5631: 5627: 5621: 5617: 5613: 5609: 5605: 5599: 5595: 5591: 5586: 5582: 5581: 5575: 5572: 5568: 5565: 5561: 5558: 5554: 5551: 5547: 5546: 5536: 5530: 5526: 5522: 5517: 5513: 5507: 5503: 5499: 5495: 5494:Angus Konstam 5491: 5487: 5485:0-582-06429-5 5481: 5477: 5473: 5469: 5465: 5461: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5435: 5433:0-395-66969-3 5429: 5425: 5421: 5417: 5413: 5412:Robert Cowley 5409: 5405: 5399: 5395: 5391: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5373: 5369: 5365: 5364: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5345:0-275-98502-4 5341: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5325: 5321: 5315: 5311: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5294: 5283: 5277: 5270: 5264: 5257: 5251: 5243: 5237: 5233: 5232: 5224: 5218: 5214: 5208: 5201: 5195: 5188: 5182: 5175: 5169: 5162: 5156: 5149: 5146:Curtis Cate, 5143: 5136: 5130: 5123: 5117: 5110: 5104: 5095: 5093: 5083: 5081: 5079: 5077: 5067: 5065: 5063: 5061: 5051: 5049: 5039: 5037: 5035: 5033: 5031: 5029: 5027: 5017: 5008: 5006: 5004: 4994: 4985: 4976: 4974: 4972: 4962: 4960: 4958: 4956: 4946: 4944: 4934: 4932: 4930: 4920: 4918: 4916: 4914: 4912: 4902: 4900: 4898: 4896: 4894: 4884: 4882: 4872: 4870: 4860: 4858: 4856: 4854: 4852: 4850: 4848: 4846: 4836: 4834: 4832: 4830: 4828: 4826: 4824: 4822: 4820: 4810: 4801: 4787:on 2013-01-05 4786: 4782: 4775: 4766: 4764: 4762: 4752: 4743: 4734: 4732: 4730: 4728: 4718: 4709: 4707: 4705: 4695: 4693: 4691: 4689: 4679: 4677: 4667: 4658: 4649: 4642: 4636: 4627: 4625: 4623: 4613: 4611: 4609: 4607: 4605: 4603: 4601: 4599: 4597: 4595: 4593: 4591: 4581: 4579: 4577: 4575: 4573: 4571: 4569: 4567: 4565: 4563: 4561: 4559: 4557: 4555: 4553: 4543: 4541: 4531: 4522: 4520: 4510: 4508: 4498: 4496: 4494: 4492: 4482: 4480: 4478: 4468: 4466: 4456: 4447: 4438: 4429: 4420: 4411: 4409: 4399: 4390: 4388: 4378: 4369: 4365: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4337: 4331: 4330: 4329: 4318: 4317: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4297: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4274: 4273: 4272: 4261: 4260: 4259: 4248: 4247: 4246: 4230: 4226: 4224: 4214: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4186: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4153: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4134: 4133: 4132: 4131: 4127: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4112:Holy Alliance 4109: 4103: 4101: 4097: 4092: 4087: 4082: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4066: 4057: 4053: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4028:, and by the 4027: 4026:sue for peace 4023: 4019: 4013: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3989: 3987: 3983: 3978: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3943: 3939: 3938: 3934: 3929: 3924: 3920: 3910: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3871: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3842: 3837: 3828: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3812: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3797:Dnieper river 3794: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3746: 3736: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3674: 3665: 3663: 3659: 3658:Aleksey Orlov 3655: 3650: 3646: 3635: 3632: 3624: 3621:February 2020 3614: 3610: 3606: 3600: 3599: 3595: 3590:This section 3588: 3584: 3579: 3578: 3570: 3561: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3533: 3532:his tactics. 3530: 3527:, was nearly 3526: 3520: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3505: 3503: 3499: 3494: 3492: 3488: 3481: 3477: 3472: 3463: 3461: 3457: 3451: 3449: 3444: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3429: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3396: 3393:and Austria, 3392: 3387: 3385: 3380: 3367: 3364: 3362: 3359: 3357: 3354: 3352: 3349: 3347: 3344: 3342: 3339: 3337: 3334: 3332: 3329: 3327: 3326:Bay of Biscay 3324: 3322: 3319: 3317: 3314: 3312: 3309: 3307: 3304: 3303: 3302: 3301: 3295: 3292: 3290: 3287: 3285: 3282: 3280: 3277: 3276: 3275: 3274: 3273: 3266: 3263: 3261: 3258: 3256: 3253: 3251: 3248: 3246: 3245:Green Redoubt 3243: 3241: 3238: 3236: 3233: 3231: 3228: 3226: 3223: 3221: 3220:Frisches Haff 3218: 3216: 3213: 3211: 3208: 3206: 3203: 3201: 3198: 3196: 3193: 3191: 3188: 3186: 3183: 3182: 3181: 3180: 3179: 3172: 3169: 3167: 3164: 3163: 3162: 3161: 3155: 3152: 3150: 3147: 3145: 3142: 3140: 3137: 3135: 3132: 3130: 3127: 3125: 3122: 3120: 3117: 3115: 3112: 3110: 3107: 3105: 3102: 3100: 3097: 3095: 3092: 3090: 3087: 3085: 3082: 3080: 3077: 3075: 3072: 3070: 3067: 3065: 3062: 3060: 3057: 3056: 3055: 3054: 3053: 3046: 3043: 3041: 3040:Berlin (1760) 3038: 3036: 3033: 3031: 3028: 3026: 3023: 3021: 3018: 3016: 3013: 3012: 3011: 3010: 3004: 3001: 2999: 2996: 2994: 2991: 2989: 2986: 2984: 2981: 2979: 2976: 2974: 2971: 2969: 2966: 2964: 2961: 2959: 2956: 2954: 2951: 2949: 2946: 2944: 2941: 2939: 2936: 2934: 2933:Torgau (1759) 2931: 2929: 2926: 2924: 2921: 2919: 2916: 2914: 2911: 2909: 2906: 2904: 2901: 2899: 2896: 2894: 2891: 2890: 2889: 2888: 2882: 2881:Cassel (1762) 2879: 2877: 2874: 2872: 2869: 2867: 2864: 2862: 2859: 2857: 2854: 2852: 2851:Villinghausen 2849: 2847: 2844: 2842: 2839: 2837: 2834: 2832: 2829: 2827: 2824: 2822: 2819: 2817: 2814: 2812: 2809: 2807: 2804: 2802: 2799: 2797: 2794: 2792: 2789: 2787: 2784: 2782: 2779: 2777: 2776:Sandershausen 2774: 2772: 2769: 2767: 2764: 2762: 2759: 2757: 2754: 2753: 2752: 2751: 2745: 2742: 2740: 2737: 2735: 2732: 2730: 2727: 2725: 2722: 2720: 2717: 2715: 2712: 2710: 2707: 2705: 2702: 2700: 2697: 2695: 2692: 2690: 2687: 2686: 2685: 2680: 2672: 2662: 2657: 2655: 2650: 2648: 2643: 2642: 2639: 2630: 2627: 2626:shock attacks 2624:, capable of 2623: 2619: 2614: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2586: 2584: 2580: 2553: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2512: 2492: 2482: 2480: 2479:Treaty of Åbo 2476: 2472: 2466: 2464: 2458: 2448: 2446: 2440: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2418: 2413: 2403: 2394: 2390: 2387:This section 2385: 2382: 2378: 2377: 2369: 2366: 2365:Treaty of Niš 2361: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2300: 2296: 2291: 2289: 2285: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2230: 2225: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2202: 2198: 2197:Crimean Tatar 2194: 2190: 2186: 2180: 2170: 2168: 2164: 2159: 2155: 2150: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2126: 2116: 2114: 2113: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2099:shock attacks 2096: 2095:heavy cavalry 2092: 2088: 2087:light cavalry 2084: 2080: 2076: 2071: 2068: 2063: 2058: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2033: 2031: 2030: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2008: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1997:Anna Ivanovna 1989: 1980: 1976: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1961: 1959: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1933: 1931: 1927: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1886: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1875:mestnichestvo 1872: 1868: 1863: 1861: 1855: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1814: 1809: 1800: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1749: 1747: 1741: 1739: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1723: 1722: 1716: 1712: 1711: 1705: 1703: 1700:in 1719, and 1699: 1695: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1649: 1640: 1626: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1606: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1586: 1577: 1573: 1571: 1565: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1551:, superb for 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1517: 1513: 1506: 1496: 1494: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1480:baggage train 1476: 1474: 1471: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1444: 1440: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1409: 1407: 1403: 1392: 1390: 1387:, and in the 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1369: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1354: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1329: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1303:field marshal 1300: 1296: 1291: 1289: 1284: 1280: 1279:tax on beards 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1254: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1217: 1215: 1214: 1209: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1168: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1151:and with the 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1121: 1118: 1117: 1113: 1110: 1108: 1105: 1103: 1100: 1098: 1095: 1093: 1090: 1088: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1078: 1075: 1074: 1071:Naval battles 1070: 1069: 1066: 1063: 1061: 1058: 1056: 1053: 1051: 1048: 1047: 1044: 1041: 1040: 1037: 1034: 1032: 1029: 1028: 1024: 1023: 1020: 1017: 1015: 1012: 1010: 1007: 1005: 1002: 1001: 997: 996: 993: 990: 988: 985: 984: 980: 979: 976: 973: 971: 968: 966: 963: 961: 958: 956: 953: 950: 947: 945: 942: 940: 937: 935: 931: 929: 926: 925: 921: 917: 916: 913: 910: 908: 905: 903: 900: 898: 895: 893: 890: 888: 885: 883: 880: 878: 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316: 311: 307: 297: 293: 289: 285: 283: 277: 275: 269: 267: 263: 259: 255: 246: 242: 238: 235:Model of the 233: 224: 222: 217: 213: 207: 205: 202: 198: 194: 189: 183: 181: 177: 173: 169: 165: 161: 157: 153: 149: 145: 141: 137: 136:Tsar Alexis I 133: 125: 111: 109: 105: 101: 100: 95: 91: 85: 83: 76: 71: 62: 60: 56: 52: 48: 44: 40: 36: 32: 25: 20: 16: 6783:World War II 6307:Smolensk War 6273:Livonian War 6056: 5933:Soviet Union 5722: 5709: 5691:I. B. Tauris 5686: 5660: 5634: 5611: 5589: 5579: 5570: 5563: 5556: 5549: 5520: 5497: 5471: 5445: 5419: 5389: 5381:Random House 5376: 5361: 5331: 5305: 5291:Bibliography 5281: 5276: 5268: 5263: 5258:(1974) p 119 5255: 5250: 5230: 5223: 5212: 5207: 5199: 5194: 5186: 5185:Marc Raeff, 5181: 5173: 5168: 5160: 5155: 5147: 5142: 5134: 5129: 5121: 5116: 5108: 5103: 5016: 4993: 4984: 4809: 4800: 4789:. Retrieved 4785:the original 4774: 4751: 4742: 4717: 4666: 4657: 4648: 4640: 4635: 4530: 4455: 4446: 4437: 4428: 4419: 4398: 4377: 4368: 4325: 4324: 4304: 4303: 4275: 4268: 4267: 4255: 4254: 4242: 4241: 4227: 4220: 4187: 4177:area of the 4168: 4129: 4128: 4104: 4091:Niemen River 4083: 4068: 4014: 3995: 3979: 3947: 3931: 3872: 3845: 3813: 3795:west of the 3765:partitioning 3762: 3681:Catherine II 3679: 3662:Catherine II 3642: 3627: 3618: 3603:Please help 3591: 3567: 3539: 3521: 3506: 3495: 3484: 3474:Portrait of 3452: 3445: 3433:East Prussia 3430: 3414: 3391:East Prussia 3388: 3376: 3351:Quiberon Bay 3299: 3298: 3270: 3269: 3176: 3175: 3160:East Prussia 3159: 3158: 3129:Cosel (1760) 3094:Cosel (1758) 3050: 3049: 3008: 3007: 2886: 2885: 2861:Wilhelmsthal 2749: 2748: 2683: 2615: 2587: 2576: 2467: 2460: 2441: 2422: 2400:January 2024 2397: 2393:adding to it 2388: 2362: 2330: 2312:laying siege 2304:Southern Bug 2292: 2267: 2228: 2222:supply train 2182: 2163:buffer state 2151: 2139:Augustus III 2128: 2110: 2072: 2054: 2027: 2009: 1994: 1977: 1962: 1952: 1948: 1934: 1923: 1864: 1856: 1817: 1768: 1750: 1742: 1708: 1706: 1666:. He seized 1661: 1607: 1594: 1591: 1574: 1566: 1549:firing lines 1544: 1534: 1529: 1508: 1477: 1448: 1421:Don Cossacks 1410: 1398: 1370: 1355: 1292: 1283:metalworking 1263:monopolizing 1259:conscription 1255: 1235:crossed into 1223: 1211: 1204: 1195: 1174: 1145:Baltic ports 1130: 912:Perevolochna 534: 525: 478: 469: 461: 423:'s war with 418: 412: 323: 302: 286: 278: 270: 250: 219:his mother, 208: 184: 130: 103: 97: 86: 79: 47:Soviet Union 41:, until the 30: 28: 15: 6889:Vietnam War 6759: [ 6618:World War I 6539:Crimean War 6472:Finnish War 6388:(1740–1748) 6377:(1733–1738) 6302:Ingrian War 6018:(including 5947:Soviet Army 5846:–1721 5844: 1550 5815: 1700 5809:Landed Army 5133:K. Osipov, 4309:, also see 4307:World War I 4300:World War I 4282:Port Arthur 4245:Crimean War 4238:Crimean War 4207:Decembrists 4086:Alexander I 4075:Dardanelles 4036:he wrested 4034:Finnish War 3971:Switzerland 3881:and in the 3839:Suvorov by 3478:painted by 3149:Reichenbach 3144:Burkersdorf 3009:Brandenburg 2993:Hilbersdorf 2943:Hoyerswerda 2903:Sonnenstein 2836:Langensalza 2811:2nd Münster 2796:1st Münster 2699:Alt-Bunzlau 2694:Reichenberg 2471:Helsingfors 2214:Sea of Azov 2135:Augustus II 2107:breastplate 2103:cuirassiers 2067:Cadet Corps 2062:War College 2029:Izmaylovsky 1902:Catherine I 1765:great power 1553:volley fire 1473:Ivan Mazepa 1443:Charles XII 1439:Ivan Mazepa 1366:marine unit 1343:Nyenschantz 1328:Lake Ladoga 1247:Augustus II 1208:Narva River 1182:Narva River 1141:Charles XII 1060:Fredriksten 1036:2nd Tönning 928:Helsingborg 749:Valkininkai 739:Gemauerthof 714:Darsūniškis 605:1st Tönning 495:Netherlands 437:Sea of Azov 421:Holy League 390:skirmishing 193:guard units 188:mock troops 164:Miloslavsky 6924:Ogaden War 6874:Korean War 6793:Winter War 6662:Heimosodat 6249:Tsardom of 5916:White Army 5284:, 168–170. 4791:2013-01-23 4361:References 4223:Nicholas I 4046:Bessarabia 4018:Austerlitz 3917:See also: 3749:See also: 3699:, and the 3513:Oder River 3341:Saint Cast 3205:Fehrbellin 3035:Kunersdorf 2841:1st Cassel 2786:Lutterberg 2761:Hastenbeck 2622:grenadiers 2538:Hanoverian 2516:The basic 2354:Stavuchany 2195:and their 2154:Peter Lacy 2075:grenadiers 1953:Semenovsky 1771:, and the 1323:Hummelshof 1267:salt trade 1135:, king of 1133:Charles XI 1082:Fladstrand 955:Gothenburg 934:2nd Viborg 827:Frauenwald 759:2nd Grodno 744:1st Grodno 729:Jakobstadt 667:Systerbäck 657:Hummelshof 505:, and the 342:long coats 201:Semenovsky 160:Naryshkins 6544:Åland War 6512:Murid War 6351:18th–19th 5639:Routledge 4356:Citations 4191:autocracy 4160:1815–1856 4116:Christian 4052:in 1812. 4022:Friedland 3860:Peter III 3697:Black Sea 3687:with the 3592:does not 3573:Peter III 3564:Aftermath 3554:Peter III 3525:Hochkirch 3356:Belle Île 3336:Cherbourg 3321:Cartagena 3316:Rochefort 3240:Neuensund 3195:Stralsund 3178:Pomerania 3139:Adelsbach 3109:Landeshut 2998:Erbisdorf 2908:Hochkirch 2876:Amöneburg 2766:Rheinberg 2729:Domstadtl 2437:Elizabeth 2372:Elizabeth 2218:Black Sea 2189:old enemy 2005:oligarchy 1937:Catherine 1930:genealogy 1783:with the 1769:imperator 1757:riksdaler 1746:Stockholm 1721:collegias 1696:in 1714, 1610:Black Sea 1599:Wallachia 1455:laid bare 1451:Lithuania 1402:Astrakhan 1381:Menshikov 1321:again at 1229:siege on 1055:Dynekilen 1031:Gadebusch 1019:Stralsund 970:Marstrand 965:Strömstad 862:Malatitze 857:Holowczyn 852:Petschora 837:Koniecpol 822:Rosenhain 817:Fraustadt 692:Kolkanpää 677:2nd Narva 672:Wesenberg 637:1st Narva 482:coalition 453:river Don 441:Black Sea 384:roles of 346:flintlock 338:tricornes 315:deserters 262:Archangel 212:patriarch 204:regiments 104:imperator 7097:Category 7077:Cold War 6939:Gulf War 6295:and the 6168:Internal 6024:Imperial 5941:Red Army 5922:Red Army 5838:Streltsy 5685:(2002). 5659:(1986). 5618:. 2004. 5496:(1994). 5470:(2000). 5444:(2004). 5360:(1909). 5330:(2006). 5304:(2011). 5217:in JSTOR 4334:See also 4203:Nicholas 4179:Caucasus 4130:See also 4071:Bosporus 3986:Napoleon 3956:against 3883:Caucasus 3807:, after 3649:Lutheran 3645:Holstein 3509:Zorndorf 3487:Rossbach 3456:Silesian 3265:Neukalen 3230:Pasewalk 3124:Liegnitz 3104:Neustadt 3084:Liegnitz 3025:Zorndorf 3003:Freiberg 2948:Sackwitz 2898:Rossbach 2846:Grünberg 2689:Lobositz 2596:and the 2534:Prussian 2522:Austrian 2350:attacked 2299:sandbars 2206:Istanbul 2083:cossacks 2079:dragoons 2012:Courland 1973:smallpox 1965:Peter II 1910:Peter II 1906:de facto 1879:nobility 1789:Hercules 1618:campaign 1603:Moldavia 1570:captured 1516:redoubts 1459:Smolensk 1406:Bashkirs 1339:Nöteborg 1315:Erastfer 1275:currency 1271:debasing 1120:Treaties 1077:Køge Bay 981:Moldavia 960:Göta Älv 939:Helsinki 892:Oposhnya 724:Saločiai 709:Tryškiai 697:2nd Riga 662:Nöteborg 652:Erastfer 627:1st Riga 615:Humlebæk 473:Voronezh 427:. Under 398:dragoons 386:scouting 380:for the 374:Cossacks 372:such as 326:streltsy 306:drafting 296:Cossacks 282:streltsy 180:autocrat 176:streltsy 162:and the 7017:Outline 7000:century 6601:century 6353:century 6036:Related 6020:Tsarist 5552:(1985). 5476:Longman 5280:Figes. 5163:(2012). 5150:(1985). 4199:serfdom 4120:Prussia 4038:Finland 4002:Austria 3962:Britain 3793:Ukraine 3789:Belarus 3785:Livonia 3781:Austria 3777:Prussia 3733:Balkans 3725:Dniestr 3709:annexed 3613:removed 3598:sources 3542:Prussia 3529:overrun 3502:Moravia 3491:Leuthen 3395:Silesia 3346:Britain 3331:St Malo 3311:Minorca 3279:Almeida 3255:Gollnow 3074:Leuthen 3069:Breslau 3052:Silesia 3020:Küstrin 2968:Strehla 2963:Dresden 2958:Meissen 2938:Korbitz 2871:Nauheim 2826:Warburg 2821:Emsdorf 2816:Corbach 2771:Krefeld 2756:Geldern 2744:Teplitz 2734:Olomouc 2594:Britain 2579:Prussia 2530:British 2526:Russian 2496:Prelude 2425:Ivan VI 2326:Ukraine 2308:Ochakiv 2295:Balkans 2279:stormed 2271:Perekop 2112:cuirass 2091:hussars 1941:empress 1926:Aleksei 1918:Siberia 1844:Derbent 1828:Armenia 1824:Georgia 1735:admiral 1710:prikazy 1702:Grengam 1685:Livonia 1681:Estonia 1614:Dnester 1557:columns 1512:Poltava 1493:Baturyn 1482:out of 1467:Cossack 1463:Ukraine 1331:isthmus 1295:Livonia 1288:cavalry 1112:Grengam 1097:Fehmarn 1087:Hogland 1014:Stresow 944:Pälkäne 920:Finland 907:Poltava 902:Sokolki 882:Baturyn 872:Lesnaya 867:Rajovka 797:Lemberg 782:Pułtusk 777:Kliszów 734:Palanga 719:Vilnius 687:Koporye 610:Reinbek 503:England 499:Prussia 491:Austria 457:Dnieper 394:raiding 350:bayonet 299:scouts. 254:Poltava 6327:Deluge 6251:Russia 6030:times) 6028:Soviet 6016:Russia 5729: 5697: 5671: 5645: 5622: 5600: 5559:(1998) 5531: 5508: 5482: 5456: 5430: 5400: 5342: 5316: 5238: 5189:(1966) 4183:Persia 4079:Warsaw 4050:Turkey 4042:Sweden 3998:France 3958:France 3933:Paul's 3921:, and 3903:Rymnik 3899:Izmail 3879:Crimea 3805:Warsaw 3779:, and 3773:Russia 3769:Poland 3757:, and 3713:Crimea 3546:Berlin 3460:Berlin 3441:battle 3422:battle 3418:Prague 3379:Saxony 3294:Marvão 3250:Gülzow 3215:Güstow 3200:Tornow 3190:Anklam 3185:Demmin 3099:Neisse 3045:Gostyn 3015:Berlin 2988:Döbeln 2983:Torgau 2801:Minden 2791:Bergen 2724:Holitz 2704:Prague 2566: 2560: 2518:Franco 2429:regent 2338:plague 2334:Dnestr 2284:attack 2275:Crimea 2158:Danzig 2001:Ivan V 1983:Anna I 1871:boyars 1795:, and 1793:Samson 1694:Gangut 1674:, and 1668:Viborg 1664:Baltic 1541:litter 1470:hetman 1436:Hetman 1385:Kalisz 1377:Grodno 1373:Saxony 1358:Dorpat 1335:taking 1299:Ingria 1269:, and 1227:Saxony 1137:Sweden 1092:Gangut 1050:Høland 1043:Norway 1009:Usedom 1004:Wismar 992:Bender 975:Stäket 887:Veprik 844:Russia 832:Kalisz 807:Warsaw 802:Poniec 792:Poznań 770:Saxony 766:Poland 754:Kletsk 493:, the 487:Sweden 445:Crimea 425:Turkey 392:, and 378:nomads 362:ad hoc 340:, and 330:gentry 266:Moscow 216:gentry 195:, the 172:Sophia 168:regent 144:Feodor 6763:] 5803:Rynda 4221:Tsar 4048:from 4040:from 3982:power 3967:Italy 3940:, by 3868:Volga 3821:serfs 3801:Praga 3426:Kolín 3361:Cádiz 3166:Memel 3114:Glatz 2953:Maxen 2893:Pirna 2856:Ölper 2806:Fulda 2719:Gabel 2714:Kolín 2348:) he 2193:Turks 1914:exile 1848:Resht 1840:Volga 1797:David 1676:Reval 1537:N. S. 1178:Narva 1102:Rügen 949:Napue 877:Desna 812:Praga 787:Thorn 647:Rauge 632:Varja 528:, by 511:Italy 156:boyar 6998:21st 6599:20th 6026:and 5727:ISBN 5695:ISBN 5669:ISBN 5643:ISBN 5620:ISBN 5598:ISBN 5529:ISBN 5506:ISBN 5480:ISBN 5454:ISBN 5428:ISBN 5414:and 5398:ISBN 5356:and 5340:ISBN 5314:ISBN 5300:and 5236:ISBN 4313:and 4175:Baky 4073:and 3969:and 3950:Paul 3901:and 3817:Jews 3791:and 3711:the 3596:any 3594:cite 3260:Spie 3059:Moys 2781:Meer 2528:and 2346:N.S. 2342:Prut 2210:Azov 2191:the 1951:and 1852:Baku 1826:and 1811:The 1698:Ösel 1683:and 1672:Riga 1622:Prut 1601:and 1484:Riga 1347:Neva 1297:and 1273:the 1265:the 1237:the 1231:Riga 1107:Ösel 768:and 682:Neva 642:Düna 449:Azov 376:and 328:and 310:levy 199:and 148:Ivan 146:and 29:The 3767:of 3607:by 3424:at 3030:Kay 2475:Abo 2395:. 2201:war 2109:or 1916:in 1820:war 1595:was 1545:not 1198:by 7099:: 6761:ru 6022:, 5841:c. 5812:c. 5712:. 5693:. 5689:. 5667:. 5663:. 5641:. 5637:. 5614:. 5596:. 5592:. 5527:. 5504:. 5478:. 5474:. 5452:. 5448:. 5426:. 5422:. 5396:. 5392:. 5379:. 5338:. 5334:. 5312:. 5091:^ 5075:^ 5059:^ 5047:^ 5025:^ 5002:^ 4970:^ 4954:^ 4942:^ 4928:^ 4910:^ 4892:^ 4880:^ 4868:^ 4844:^ 4818:^ 4760:^ 4726:^ 4703:^ 4687:^ 4675:^ 4621:^ 4589:^ 4551:^ 4539:^ 4518:^ 4506:^ 4490:^ 4476:^ 4464:^ 4407:^ 4386:^ 4296:. 3977:. 3909:. 3775:, 3753:, 3735:. 3560:. 3462:. 1939:, 1932:. 1799:. 1791:, 1740:. 1670:, 1528:, 1368:. 1305:, 1290:. 1245:. 501:, 497:, 489:, 388:, 336:, 243:, 110:. 61:. 53:, 6007:e 6000:t 5993:v 5781:e 5774:t 5767:v 5735:. 5716:. 5703:. 5677:. 5651:. 5628:. 5606:. 5537:. 5514:. 5488:. 5462:. 5436:. 5406:. 5383:. 5370:. 5348:. 5322:. 5244:. 4794:. 3944:. 3634:) 3628:( 3623:) 3619:( 3615:. 3601:. 2673:: 2660:e 2653:t 2646:v 2536:- 2532:- 2524:- 2520:- 2402:) 2398:( 2051:) 1920:. 951:) 932:( 922:) 577:e 570:t 563:v 247:.

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Military history of the Russian Empire

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