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high command kept out of date aircraft flying as long as possible. Thus, Russian pilots flew obsolete machines in combat throughout the war in the face of much better enemy aircraft. The fact that so many obsolescent machines remained in service produced
Otryads that were an eclectic mix of aircraft; some front line, others nearly so, and some that should not have been flying. With so many different engines and airframes from French, British and Russian factories, trying to keep the machines flying was a constant challenge for Imperial ground crews. One report from the American War Department dated August 24, 1916 stated that, "The great majority of Russian machines are very dangerous to fly, due to the lack of proper over-hauling and having been tinkered with by inexperienced men. Lack of spare parts induced the Russians to fit magnetos and sparking systems to motors for which they were not built, and this makes the wear and tear excessive all around."
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2138:Свыше 2/3 самолётного парка составляли иностранные машины, преимущественно французские, в меньшем количестве английских, германских и американских марок. Свыше 50% парка приходилось на самолёты "Ньюпор"... свыше 15% всех самолётов занимали разведчики и бомбардировщики типа "Фарман"... около 9% парка составляли самолёты типа "Вуазен" различных модификаций... около 4% составляли устаревшие тихоходные машины марок "Моран" и "Блерио". Характерными особенностями самолётного парка являлась его разнотипность (свыше 30 образцов машин), техническое несовершенство и изношенность материальной части
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2064:М.С. Нешкин. Выдающиеся русские авиаторы в годы Первой мировой войны 1914–1918 годов (по материалам Российского государственного военно-исторического архива) // Последняя война Российской империи. Россия накануне, в ходе и после Первой мировой войны по документам российских и зарубежных архивов. Сборник материалов Международной научной конференции (Москва, 7–8 сентября 2004 года). М., "Наука", 2006. стр.283–287
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Britain. Russia's aircraft production slightly outpaced her
Austrian opponent, who stayed in the war one year longer, produced about 5,000 aircraft and 4,000 engines between 1914 and 1918. Of course, the output of Russia and Austria-Hungary pale in comparison to the 20,000 aircraft and 38,000 engines produced by Italy and the more than 45,000 aircraft produced in Germany.
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1915, leaving frustrated aviators using such impromptu armaments as pistols, rifles, trolled anchors and cables, and other makeshifts. Part of the delay was caused by a paucity of light automatic weapons that an aircraft could lift. However, it became apparent that the ability to aim both gun and aircraft simultaneously was a great advantage in aerial combat.
1819:- А вас тут уже давно поджидают с нетерпением, - сказал он. - Вы получаете на маневрах специальное назначение, к сожалению, не по вашей конной специальности. Дело в том, что мы испытываем впервые применение к военному делу воздушных шаров. Техника их удовлетворительна, но опыта наблюдений с них за за полем боя ещё нет.
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In addition to construction problems the
Imperial Russian Air Service faced great difficulties in keeping the aircraft they did have in the air. Because it was so difficult to get new machines in a timely manner and because the Russians faced a shortage of aircraft for such a large front, the Russian
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At the beginning of the war the basic
Russian unit was the Otryad (or Squadron). Originally, these consisted of only six aircraft, but this was soon increased to ten, with two machines held in reserve. These Otryads were put together into Groups of three or four and, like their German counterparts
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The
Imperial Russian Air Service, in common with other World War I air services, struggled to find a way of allowing a machine gun to fire safely through the spinning propeller of an aeroplane. The Russian High Command was tardy in realizing the necessity for arming its aircraft throughout 1914 and
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Victor
Kulebakin was installing cam deflectors on another Morane-Saulnier's crankshaft. Testing in July 1917 showed that the deflectors did indeed pop out from under the aircraft's cowling to deflect any bullets that threatened the propeller. Although the modification was simple enough it could be
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Much of this was due to the fact that
Russian industry could not keep pace with demand. Imperial Russia did not possess the manufacturing capacity to produce engines and airframes in the numbers needed. Thus, the Czarist government relied heavily on imported engines and airframes from France and
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Above the War Fronts: The
British Two-seater Bomber Pilot and Observer Aces, the British Two-seater Fighter Observer Aces, and the Belgian, Italian, Austro-Hungarian and Russian Fighter Aces, 1914–1918: Volume 4 of Fighting Airmen of WWI Series: Volume 4 of Air Aces of
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Above the War Fronts: The
British Two-seater Bomber Pilot and Observer Aces, the British Two-seater Fighter Observer Aces, and the Belgian, Italian, Austro-Hungarian and Russian Fighter Aces, 1914–1918: Volume 4 of Fighting Airmen of WWI Series: Volume 4 of Air Aces of
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aircraft on May 23 and 24 1916, but crashed to his death and his machine's destruction after the latter encounter. However, production of the interrupter gear was never carried out. Instead, Dybovsky was posted to
England to inspect aircraft being constructed by the
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In 1910, the Imperial Russian Army sent several officers to France for training as pilots. Later in the same year the Imperial Russian Army purchased a number of French and British aeroplanes and began training its first military pilots.
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12 августа 1912 года приказом по военному ведомству вопросы воздухоплавания и авиации были изъяты из ведения Главного инженерного управления и переданы специально созданному органу: в воздухоплавательную часть Генерального штаба.
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on the Western Front, moved to strategic points on the Front where and when they were needed. Even larger groups of aircraft called Istrebitelnyi Divisyon (fighter wings) were attached to each Field Army.
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1905:Авиация // Большая Советская Энциклопедия. / редколл., гл. ред. Б. А. Введенский. 2-е изд. том 1. М., Государственное научное издательство «Большая Советская энциклопедия», 1949. стр.90–111
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on the White Russian side, but the White movement never created an official air force. Most of what remained of the former Imperial Russian Air Service was reformed into the subsequent
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that would prevent a machine gun from holing an aeroplane's propeller. Static tests at the Lux Aircraft Works proved its feasibility by November 1915; towards the end of the month,
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2142:Самолёт боевой // Гражданская война и военная интервенция в СССР. Энциклопедия / редколл., гл. ред. С. С. Хромов. — 2-е изд. — М., «Советская энциклопедия», 1987. стр.528–529
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2127:Авиация военная // Гражданская война и военная интервенция в СССР. Энциклопедия / редколл., гл. ред. С. С. Хромов. — 2-е изд. — М., «Советская энциклопедия», 1987. стр.20–21
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Quoted in Alan Durkota, et al., The Imperial Russian Air Service: Famous Pilots & Aircraft of World War One (Mountain View, CA: Flying Machines Press, 1995), p. 7 n. 5.
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1942:
History of light aviation of the French Army 1794–2008, Lavauzelle, Collection of History, Memory and Patrimony, Général André Martini, 2005, Paris, pages 36,42,
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Alan Durkota, et al., The Imperial Russian Air Service: Famous Pilots & Aircraft of World War One (Mountain View, CA: Flying Machines Press, 1995), pp. 331–74.
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Alan Durkota, et al., The Imperial Russian Air Service: Famous Pilots & Aircraft of World War One (Mountain View, CA: Flying Machines Press, 1995), pp. 203–204
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Alan Durkota, et al., The Imperial Russian Air Service: Famous Pilots & Aircraft of World War One (Mountain View, CA: Flying Machines Press, 1995), pp. 10–12
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1853:Воздухоплавательные и авиационные части // В. Н. Шунков, А. Г. Мерников, А. А. Спектор. Русская армия в Первой мировой войне 1914–1918. М., АСТ, 2014. стр.26–30
1933:А.В. Лосик, А.Н. Щерба. Особенности развития военной промышленности Санкт-Петербурга в 1900–1914 // "Военно-исторический журнал", No. 3, март 2013. стр. 42–47
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Alan Durkota, et at., The Imperial Russian Air Service: Famous Pilots & Aircraft of World War One (Mountain View, CA: Flying Machines Press, 1995), p. 7.
1839:Авиация // Большая Российская Энциклопедия / редколл., предс. Ю.С. Осипов. том 1. М., Научное издательство "Большая Российская Энциклопедия", 2005. стр.79–82
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there was a Russian air unit in the Bulgarian Army which was composed of 10 civil volunteers (4 pilots and 6 technicians) and commanded by S. Schetinin
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654:" which was rebuilt with a place for one seaplane). The naval aviation section was not merged into the IRAS and became a part of Black Sea Fleet
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Mikhail Shadsky flew test flights on both 9 and 29 December; cold thickened the machine gun's lubricant both times, preventing it from firing.
2365:Отечественная история c древнейших времен до 1917 года. Энциклопедия (в 5 томах) / отв. ред. В.Л. Янин. Большая Российская Энциклопедия, 1994.
2353:История воздухоплавания и авиации в СССР по архивным материалам и свидетельствам современников. Период до 1914 г. / ред. В. А. Попов. М., 1944
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became the very first Russian pilot who shot down an enemy aircraft with a handgun. He attacked a German "Albatros" and shot the enemy pilot.
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Initially, Russia used aircraft only for reconnaissance and coordination of artillery fire. Later, several aeroplanes were armed with steel
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2055:Ю.А. Бахурин. Бестиарий Великой войны: Неизвестные военно-технические проекты Российской империи // журнал "Родина", № 8, 2014. стр.42–46
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When testing restarted in April 1916, Shadsky had more success. During April and May, he engaged the enemy about ten times. He shot down
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system used by the British. Thus it was that by April 1917, Russian had only a couple of dozen fighter aircraft with synchronized guns.
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Christopher Chant, Austro-Hungarian Aces of World War I, Osprey Aircraft of the Aces, #46 (London: Osprey Publishing, 2002), pp. 17–18.
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Christopher Chant, Austro-Hungarian Aces of World War I, Osprey Aircraft of the Aces, #46 (London: Osprey Publishing, 2002), p. 16.
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1967:Р. Эрнест Дюпюи, Тревор Н. Дюпюи. Всемирная история войн (в 4-х тт.). книга 3 (1800–1925). СПб., М., «Полигон — АСТ», 1998. стр.694
1958:Р. Эрнест Дюпюи, Тревор Н. Дюпюи. Всемирная история войн (в 4-х тт.). книга 3 (1800–1925). СПб., М., «Полигон — АСТ», 1998. стр.696
2046:Семен Федосеев. Российская карьера ружья-пулемёта "Мадсен" (часть III) // журнал "Мастер-ружьё", No. 6 (159), июнь 2010. стр.42–51
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2362:П. Д. Дузь. История воздухоплавания и авиации в России (июль 1914 – октябрь 1917 г.) 3-е изд., доп. М., "Машиностроение", 1989.
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The remains of an Austro-Hungarian Albatros, the first enemy aeroplane destroyed in flight in the history of military aviation
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In spite of Russia's need for airframes and engines, only about 5,600 aeroplanes were built in Russia before October 1917.
2356:Н. Я. Комаров. Военная авиация и средства ПВО России в годы первой мировой войны // журнал «Вопросы истории». No. 4, 1974.
2187:В.Б. Шавров. История конструкций самолётов в СССР до 1938 г. 3-е изд., испр. М., "Машиностроение", 1986. стр. 299–302, 672
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2178:Авиационная промышленность // Советская военная энциклопедия. / ред. Н.В. Огарков. том 1. М., Воениздат, 1976. стр.28–31
1929:Осенью 1913 года на заводе Щетинина построили первую летающую лодку инженера Д.П. Григоровича - М-1, затем М-2, М-3, М-4
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to attack ground targets (columns of enemy infantry and cavalry, campsites, etc.). Later, aeroplanes were armed with
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The origins of Russian aviation go back to theoretical projects of the 1880s by pioneer Russian scientists such as
2368:С. П. Елисеев. Развитие авиации русской армии в Первой мировой войне // «Военно-исторический журнал», No. 2, 2008.
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In 1915 the Imperial Russian Air Service became a separate branch of the army directly under the command of the
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1397:. While in Britain he worked on a true synchronization gear with the British inventor Scarff; this became the
740:, and the economic collapse in the rear, military aircraft production fell far behind Russia's rival Germany.
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In 1916 the size and force of naval aviation was increased, the Black Sea Fleet had two seaplane carriers ("
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successfully performed the second ramming attack, using a Morane-Saulnier G as his piloted projectile.
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782:. More than two-thirds of these aeroplanes were foreign-made. More than 50% of all aeroplanes were "
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several former pilots of Imperial Russian Air Service joined the white forces in North Russia.
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During World War I, 269 Russian aviators were awarded the St. George military decorations (
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However, the war was not going well for Russia and following significant setbacks on the
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1976:К-96: легенда продолжается // журнал "Мастер-ружьё", № 12 (153), декабрь 2009. стр.32–39
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1825:А.А. Игнатьев. Пятьдесят лет в строю. том I (кн. 1–3). М., "Правда", 1989. стр.163–167
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1821:...я нагнал воздухоплавательную роту на биваке... полковник Кованько встретил меня
556:, because German semi-automatic pistols were more effective weapons than standard
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1997:В. Андреев. Прерванный полёт. Русская авиация в Первой мировой войне // журнал "
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12 августа 1912 года // "Щит и меч", No. 29 (1333) от 9 августа 2012 года, стр.8
833:(16 of them were awarded twice). Almost all of them were former pilots of IRAS.
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of Russian Empire. The most successful Russian flying ace and fighter pilot was
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The Imperial Russian Air Service: Famous Pilots & Aircraft of World War One
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1871:Военно-воздушные силы // Советская военная энциклопедия (в 8 тт.) / под ред.
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534:, Russia's air service had the largest air fleet in the Entente, followed by
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2359:Юрий Гальперин. Рыцари неба // журнал «Вокруг света», No. 5, 1976. стр.66-71
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As the war progressed, aviation detachments were grouped into larger units:
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892:): Founded April 1917 on Southwestern Front to support XI Army; contained:
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2037:Игорь Софронов. Личность: Русский сокол // журнал "Братишка", август 2012
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On 12 August 1912 the Imperial Russian Air Service, formerly part of the
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Dictatorship of the Air: Aviation Culture and the Fate of Modern Russia
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of the 20th KAO invented a system of cam plates mounted on an engine's
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Austro-Hungarian Aces of World War I, Osprey Aircraft of the Aces, #46
1813:я вошёл в кабинет начальника штаба Киевского военного округа генерала
1817:... Он встретил меня, кавалериста, приветливо, как собрата по оружию.
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1889:Р. М. Португальский. Первые и впервые. М., ДОСААФ, 1988. стр.128–132
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Military rank insignia of the 11th Corps Aviation Detachment (1914)
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Military rank insignia of the 11th Corps Aviation Detachment (1914)
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serial no. MS567 was forwarded to the 30th KAO for field testing.
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300:. The Air Service operated for five years and only saw combat in
344:. During the 1890s aviation innovation was further advanced by
2107:С. Кляцкин. Строительство Красной Армии в 1918 году // журнал "
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the second aviation school was opened in the autumn of 1910 in
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the first aviation school was opened in the summer of 1910 in
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the Imperial Russian Air Service was reformed. Following the
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received two vessels and six seaplanes (one armed steamship "
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revolvers. At least a few aviators were armed with carbines.
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Also, former members of Imperial Russian Air Service joined
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because of the lack of spare parts and maintenance problems.
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of 10 Ilya Muromets bombers was formed and used against the
450:, but the aircraft lost in a competition against the French
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before being reorganized and renamed in 1917 following the
1797:Эта дата считается днём образования военной авиации России
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fabricated in a unit's workshops, it was not widely used.
1001:): Proposed in August 1917, but never formed; to contain
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harbor, some of the first such structures to be made of
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and many others were awarded medals. 26 aviators became
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for reconnaissance and coordination of artillery fire.
1744:
List of World War I flying aces from the Russian Empire
399:учебный Восточно-Сибирский воздухоплавательный батальон
1541:
An M-5 in the Black Sea around 1915 during World War I
2089:"Lennusadama renoveerimise mahukaim etapp sai valmis"
794:". Only 300–350 of these aeroplanes were used during
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established the world's first Aerodynamic Institute (
258:
attack performed by Pyotr Nesterov, against an early
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Military units and formations disestablished in 1917
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Military units and formations of the Russian Empire
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Austro-Hungarian Imperial and Royal Aviation Troops
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715:Chevalier's National Order of the Legion of Honour
585:aircraft attack in the history of aviation Later,
518:looking for the lost expedition of polar explorer
2685:Military units and formations established in 1912
2308:(Mountain View, CA: Flying Machines Press, 1995)
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2011:
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668:(glass bottles containing a flammable mixture of
378:) was under the command of Colonel A.M. Kovanko.
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2304:Durkota, Alan; Darcey, Thomas; Kulikov, Victor,
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807:army received 65 aeroplanes and about 70 pilots.
538:(263 aeroplanes against 156 respectively and 14
676:) were used by pilots to attack ground targets
446:which was intended to be used by the Army as a
292:'Emperor's Military Air Fleet') was an
2342:. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
2276:The Russian Military Air Fleet in World War I,
2261:The Russian Military Air Fleet in World War I,
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2004:
1986:Российская армейская авиация в I мировой войне
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1916:Болгарская авиация в Первой Балканской войне
778:more than 1300 aeroplanes became a basis of
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2015:Геннадий Петров. Русские витязи // журнал "
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2730:1912 establishments in the Russian Empire
2263:Volume One. (Schiffer Publishing, 2010).
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1875:. том 2. М.: Воениздат, 1976. стр.201–208
825:219 pilots who fought in Red Army during
786:", more than 15% of all aeroplanes were "
774:, the Russian Air Service was dissolved.
66:Learn how and when to remove this message
2278:Volume Two. (Schiffer Publishing, 2010)
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648:for five M-5 seaplanes and one cruiser "
461:, became a separate branch of the army.
264:
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29:This article includes a list of general
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790:" and about 9% of all aeroplanes were "
755:of the Imperial Russian Air Service in
614:issued an order to arm aeroplanes with
577:On 8 September 1914, the Russian pilot
2677:
2235:
2154:
1331:
1146:(Upper officers, senior officer corps)
2411:
1760:Military force of the Russian Empire:
733:, who shot down 20 enemy aeroplanes.
612:Ministry of War of the Russian Empire
219:(one of several geometric variations)
2078:. (Oxford, Grub Street, 1997) p. 208
990:15-й авіаціонный отрядъ истребителей
983:14-й авіаціонный отрядъ истребителей
976:13-й авіаціонный отрядъ истребителей
836:
401:) with 4 aerostats took part in the
283:Императорскій военно-воздушный флотъ
88:Императорскій военно-воздушный флотъ
15:
1754:List of Russian aerospace engineers
1020:7-й авіаціонный отрядъ истребителей
1013:6-й авіаціонный отрядъ истребителей
1006:2-й авіаціонный отрядъ истребителей
969:5-й авіаціонный отрядъ истребителей
657:On 31 March 1915 the Russian pilot
454:in 1911, and never entered service
13:
2629:Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service
2624:Imperial Japanese Army Air Service
2322:; Guest, Russell; Alegi, Gregory.
2293:(London: Osprey Publishing, 2002)
2019:", No. 13–14, июль 2014. стр.62–66
988:15th Fighter Aviation Detachment (
981:14th Fighter Aviation Detachment (
974:13th Fighter Aviation Detachment (
430:(in 1912 this school was moved to
376:Отдельная воздухоплавательная рота
35:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
2746:
2372:
2111:", No. 2, февраль 1948. стр.49–69
1532:
1018:7th Fighter Aviation Detachment (
1011:6th Fighter Aviation Detachment (
1004:2nd Fighter Aviation Detachment (
967:5th Fighter Aviation Detachment (
949:22-й корпусной авіаціонный отрядъ
942:11-й корпусной авіаціонный отрядъ
881:19-й корпусной авіаціонный отрядъ
315:, some former IRAS pilots joined
2664:Bulgarian Army Aeroplane Section
1353:The synchronization gear dilemma
1236:
1229:
1222:
1215:
1197:
1190:
1183:
1176:
1169:
1070:
1063:
1056:
1049:
947:22nd Corps Aviation Detachment (
940:11th Corps Aviation Detachment (
935:1-й корпусной авіаціонный отрядъ
911:8-й корпусной авіаціонный отрядъ
904:4-й корпусной авіаціонный отрядъ
897:3-й корпусной авіаціонный отрядъ
879:19th Corps Aviation Detachment (
874:4-й корпусной авіаціонный отрядъ
867:2-й корпусной авіаціонный отрядъ
858:): Founded 9 August 1916 on the
780:Workers' and Peasants' Air Fleet
234:
222:
156:
138:
20:
2396:Russian aircraft of World War I
2226:
2217:
2208:
2199:
2190:
2181:
2172:
2145:
2130:
2101:
2081:
2067:
2058:
2049:
2040:
2031:
2022:
1991:
1979:
1970:
1961:
1952:
1936:
1367:In late 1915, Naval Lieutenant
1154:
1034:
933:1st Corps Aviation Detachment (
909:8th Corps Aviation Detachment (
902:4th Corps Aviation Detachment (
895:3rd Corps Aviation Detachment (
872:4th Corps Aviation Detachment (
865:2nd Corps Aviation Detachment (
713:), 5 aviators were awarded the
408:In 1908, the Russian Aeroclub (
2735:Military of the Russian Empire
2601:United States Army Air Service
2576:Canadian Air Force (1918–1920)
2468:Aircraft of the Central Powers
2463:Aircraft of the Entente Powers
1988:/ "Уголок неба" (October 2004)
1921:
1908:
1805:
721:, 2 aviators were awarded the
717:, 2 aviators were awarded the
698:") and fourteen M-9 seaplanes
525:
397:. One aeronautical battalion (
1:
2710:Russian Empire in World War I
1776:
999:5-я боевая авіаціонная группа
958:4-я боевая авіаціонная группа
920:3-я боевая авіаціонная группа
890:2-я боевая авіаціонная группа
856:1-я боевая авіаціонная группа
846:Constituent units of the IRAS
644:" which was converted into a
331:
2720:Imperial Russian Air Service
2586:Imperial Russian Air Service
2017:Российская Федерация сегодня
1299:
1243:
1204:
1162:
1137:
1077:
1042:
475:built the first four-engine
275:Imperial Russian Air Service
81:Imperial Russian Air Service
7:
2649:Imperial German Air Service
2232:Kulikov 2013, pp. 8, 13–14.
1737:
1700:
1419:
1414:
997:5th Battle Aviation Group (
956:4th Battle Aviation Group (
918:3rd Battle Aviation Group (
888:2nd Battle Aviation Group (
854:1st Battle Aviation Group (
768:February Revolution of 1917
683:(commander-in-chief's HQ).
190:Engineer Corps (until 1912)
10:
2751:
2659:Ottoman Aviation Squadrons
2253:
1678:
1356:
1028:
772:October Revolution of 1917
326:
2725:Russian military aviation
2639:
2541:
2481:
2445:
2379:Russian air forces in WWI
1315:
1303:
1158:
1141:
1038:
922:): Founded April 1917 on
819:North Russia Intervention
619:Madsen light machine guns
514:conducted the first ever
387:Аэродинамический институт
282:
230:
216:
211:
201:
186:
178:
168:
151:
133:
118:
103:
94:
87:
85:
80:
2246:Kulikov 2013, pp. 13–14.
2001:", No. 8–9, 1993. стр.70
1749:List of Russian aviators
960:): Founded June 1917 on
723:Order of the White Eagle
626:Lewis light machine guns
2591:Royal Italian Air Corps
2571:Australian Flying Corps
2559:Royal Naval Air Service
2439:Aviation in World War I
2073:Norman Franks, et al.,
1251:on assignment Feldfebel
831:Order of the Red Banner
817:After the start of the
495:built several "M-type"
448:reconnaissance aircraft
50:more precise citations.
2620:Japanese air services
1685:Sikorsky Ilya Muromets
1563:
1542:
763:
610:17 January 1915 – The
410:Всероссийский Аэроклуб
357:Kiev Military District
346:Konstantin Tsiolkovsky
311:With the onset of the
270:
262:
2700:Imperial Russian Army
2550:British air services
2513:Aerial reconnaissance
2327:. Grub Street, 1997.
1771:Imperial Russian Navy
1766:Imperial Russian Army
1548:
1540:
1267:Mladshy unter-ofitser
1256:Starshy unter-ofitser
1115:Aircraft ground staff
746:
695:Император Александр I
636:Imperial Russian Navy
634:was established. The
545:After the war began,
516:flights in the Arctic
501:Imperial Russian Navy
361:Imperial Russian Army
268:
250:
2695:Disbanded air forces
2384:Russian WWI Aviation
2289:Chant, Christopher,
1623:Maurice Farman MF.11
1359:Synchronization gear
1344:Maintenance problems
581:performed the first
530:At the beginning of
351:In 1902–1903 during
296:founded in 1912 for
2605:Greek air services
2446:People and aircraft
1668:Sopwith 1½ Strutter
1332:Production problems
1119:(Junior Lieutenant)
761:reinforced concrete
711:Cross of St. George
707:Order of St. George
689:Император Николай I
641:Император Николай I
595:In December 1914 a
412:) was established.
342:Alexander Mozhaysky
2596:Romanian Air Corps
2581:French Air Service
2554:Royal Flying Corps
2523:Flight over Vienna
2401:2016-06-06 at the
2389:2017-11-23 at the
2097:. 4 November 2011.
1564:
1543:
1395:Royal Flying Corps
1322:Enlisted personnel
860:Southwestern Front
764:
590:Vyacheslav Tkachov
549:were rearmed with
493:Dmitry Grigorovich
438:Also in 1910, one
403:Russo-Japanese War
353:military maneuvers
338:Nikolai Kibalchich
306:Russian Revolution
271:
263:
2705:Russian Air Force
2672:
2671:
2614:Naval Air Service
2508:Bombing of cities
2491:Strategic bombing
2338:Palmer, Scott W.
2333:978-1-898697-56-5
2314:978-0-9637110-2-1
2299:978-1-84176-376-7
2284:978-0-7643-3352-1
2269:978-0-7643-3351-4
1717:Morane-Saulnier G
1712:Morane-Saulnier L
1643:Morane-Saulnier P
1618:Morane-Saulnier G
1446:Morane-Saulnier V
1441:Morane-Saulnier I
1436:Morane-Saulnier N
1431:Morane-Saulnier L
1426:Morane-Saulnier H
1399:"Scarff-Dibovski"
1377:Morane-Saulnier G
1329:
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1134:
1120:
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837:Command structure
827:Russian Civil War
796:Russian Civil War
731:Alexander Kazakov
659:Alexander Kazakov
572:air-dropped bombs
483:, and his famous
383:Nikolai Zhukovsky
369:The Aeronautical
321:Soviet Air Forces
317:Alexander Kolchak
313:Russian Civil War
291:
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2609:Army Air Service
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1918:// "Уголок неба"
1914:Михаил Жирохов.
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1608:Grigorovich M-15
1603:Grigorovich M-11
1522:Sopwith Triplane
1404:In the interim,
1390:Austro-Hungarian
1319:
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646:seaplane carrier
605:Austro-Hungarian
491:. The same year
466:First Balkan War
444:Saint Petersburg
286:
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2564:Royal Air Force
2543:
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2403:Wayback Machine
2391:Wayback Machine
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2259:Blume, August.
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2109:Вопросы истории
2106:
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2094:Eesti Päevaleht
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1369:Victor Dybovsky
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42:Please help to
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2373:External links
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2320:Franks, Norman
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1873:Н. В. Огаркова
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1305:Unter-ofitsery
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1133:(wartime only)
1129:Aircraft pilot
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924:Russian Empire
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870:
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808:
799:
719:Military Cross
664:Summer 1915 –
632:naval aviation
630:In March 1915
583:aerial ramming
579:Pyotr Nesterov
527:
524:
459:Engineer Corps
436:
435:
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1836:
1834:
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1816:
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1799:
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1772:
1769:
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1683:
1682:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1663:Sikorsky S-12
1661:
1659:
1658:Sikorsky S-10
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
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1527:Vickers FB.19
1525:
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1509:
1507:
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1499:
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1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1456:Sikorsky S-20
1454:
1452:
1451:Sikorsky S-16
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
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1196:
1193:
1189:
1186:
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1179:
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1168:
1163:
1155:
1144:
1143:Ober-ofitsery
1138:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1088:
1083:
1078:
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987:
984:
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977:
973:
970:
966:
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964:; contained:
963:
959:
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950:
946:
943:
939:
936:
932:
931:
930:; contained:
929:
928:Western Front
925:
921:
917:
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908:
905:
901:
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891:
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868:
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862:; contained:
861:
857:
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834:
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829:were awarded
828:
820:
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781:
777:
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769:
762:
758:
754:
750:
745:
741:
739:
738:Eastern front
734:
732:
728:
724:
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712:
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684:
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584:
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569:
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548:
543:
541:
537:
533:
523:
521:
517:
513:
509:
504:
502:
498:
494:
490:
489:Ilya Muromets
486:
482:
481:Russky Vityaz
478:
474:
473:Igor Sikorsky
469:
467:
462:
460:
455:
453:
449:
445:
442:was built in
441:
433:
429:
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423:
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396:
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388:
384:
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366:
363:used several
362:
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244:Military unit
237:
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136:
132:
121:
117:
106:
102:
98:
93:
84:
79:
70:
67:
59:
49:
45:
39:
38:
32:
27:
18:
17:
2642:air services
2585:
2544:air services
2528:Bloody April
2339:
2323:
2305:
2290:
2275:
2260:
2228:
2219:
2210:
2201:
2192:
2183:
2174:
2147:
2137:
2132:
2103:
2092:
2083:
2074:
2069:
2060:
2051:
2042:
2033:
2024:
1993:
1981:
1972:
1963:
1954:
1938:
1928:
1923:
1910:
1812:
1807:
1796:
1793:
1613:Farman HF.20
1553:flying boats
1407:praporshchik
1405:
1403:
1387:
1380:
1366:
1362:
1347:
1338:
1335:
1316:
1304:
1288:
1277:
1266:
1255:
1248:
1142:
1125:Praporshchik
1123:
1109:
1105:(Lieutenant)
1095:
1084:
1019:
1012:
1005:
998:
989:
982:
975:
968:
957:
948:
941:
934:
919:
910:
903:
896:
889:
880:
873:
866:
855:
849:
840:
824:
765:
735:
700:
693:
687:
685:
678:
666:petrol bombs
663:
656:
649:
639:
629:
609:
594:
576:
565:
544:
529:
520:Georgy Sedov
512:Jan Nagórski
505:
497:flying boats
470:
463:
456:
437:
414:
409:
407:
398:
386:
380:
375:
368:
350:
335:
310:
274:
272:
260:Albatros B.I
252:
192:
187:Part of
62:
53:
34:
2484:and battles
1815:Сухомлинова
1727:Nieuport 10
1722:Nieuport IV
1695:Caudron G.4
1653:Nieuport VI
1648:Nieuport IV
1513:-2 & -4
1506:Nieuport 27
1496:Nieuport 24
1491:Nieuport 23
1486:Nieuport 21
1481:Nieuport 17
1476:Nieuport 16
1471:Nieuport 12
1466:Nieuport 11
1461:Nieuport 10
1156:Description
1111:Podporuchik
1036:Description
814:white army.
727:flying aces
532:World War I
526:World War I
464:During the
302:World War I
206:World War I
202:Engagements
197:(from 1915)
48:introducing
2679:Categories
2453:Commanders
1777:References
1732:Voisin III
1707:Bleriot XI
1690:Voisin III
1588:FBA Type C
1557:Sevastopol
1517:SPAD S.VII
1373:crankshaft
766:After the
568:flechettes
554:Mauser C96
452:Farman III
428:Sevastopol
332:Background
152:Allegiance
31:references
2482:Campaigns
2473:Zeppelins
1638:Lebed XII
1628:Lebed VII
1578:Curtiss F
1573:Anatra DS
1283:Gefreiter
1081:function
812:Denikin's
802:Kolchak's
784:Nieuports
753:seaplanes
747:Aircraft
365:aerostats
294:air force
231:Fin flash
173:Air force
119:Disbanded
2501:Cuxhaven
2399:Archived
2387:Archived
1738:See also
1701:Trainers
1673:Voisin L
1633:Lebed XI
1568:Anatra D
1511:SPAD S.A
1420:Fighters
1415:Aircraft
1382:Poruchik
1317:Ryadovye
1289:Ryadovoy
1278:Yefeytor
1272:Corporal
1270:(Junior
1261:Corporal
1259:(Senior
1208:shoulder
1206:Everyday
1164:Shoulder
1097:Poruchik
1044:Shoulder
670:gasoline
607:armies.
597:squadron
547:aviators
540:airships
510:aviator
506:In 1914
499:for the
471:In 1913
422:Gatchina
381:In 1904
212:Insignia
56:May 2010
2533:Battles
2254:Sources
1679:Bombers
1301:Groups
1294:Private
1210:straps
1166:straps
1139:Groups
1046:straps
1029:Uniform
792:Voisins
788:Farmans
749:hangars
692:" and "
477:biplane
440:biplane
391:Kuchino
371:company
355:in the
327:History
290:
279:Russian
217:Roundel
134:Country
124: (
109: (
104:Founded
44:improve
2496:German
2346:
2331:
2312:
2297:
2282:
2267:
1999:Родина
1946:
1561:Crimea
681:Stavka
623:7.71mm
616:7.62mm
601:German
561:Nagant
558:7.62mm
551:7.63mm
536:France
508:Polish
487:, the
479:, the
395:Moscow
359:, the
194:Stavka
143:
33:, but
805:white
757:Reval
674:mazut
651:Алмаз
432:Kacha
393:near
389:) in
253:Taran
2458:Aces
2344:ISBN
2329:ISBN
2310:ISBN
2295:ISBN
2280:ISBN
2265:ISBN
1944:ISBN
1310:NCOs
751:for
672:and
621:and
603:and
340:and
288:lit.
273:The
179:Role
169:Type
126:1917
122:1917
111:1912
107:1912
2325:WWI
2076:WWI
1555:in
926:'s
709:or
587:Lt.
542:).
2681::
2274:—
2237:^
2156:^
2116:^
2091:.
2006:^
1894:^
1880:^
1858:^
1844:^
1830:^
1785:^
1559:,
1296:)
705:,
574:.
522:.
503:.
405:.
348:.
323:.
308:.
285:,
281::
251:A
2431:e
2424:t
2417:v
2350:.
2335:.
2316:.
2301:.
2286:.
2271:.
2140:"
2136:"
1931:"
1927:"
1823:"
1811:"
1800:"
1792:"
1324:)
1320:(
1312:)
1292:(
1285:)
1281:(
1274:)
1263:)
1127:,
1113:,
1099:,
1022:)
1015:)
1008:)
992:)
985:)
978:)
971:)
951:)
944:)
937:)
913:)
906:)
899:)
883:)
876:)
869:)
434:)
374:(
277:(
128:)
113:)
69:)
63:(
58:)
54:(
40:.
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