Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II

3229: 3700: 4407:(RAF). At first the Germans focused on RAF airfields and radar stations. However, when the RAF bomber forces (quite separate from the fighter forces) attacked Berlin, Hitler swore revenge and diverted the Luftwaffe to attacks on London. Using the Luftwaffe's limited resources to attack civilians instead of airfields and radar proved a major mistake. The success the Luftwaffe was having in rapidly wearing down the RAF was squandered, as the civilians being hit were far less critical than the airfields and radar stations that were now ignored. London was not a factory city and British aircraft production was not impeded; indeed it went up. The last German daylight raid came on 30 September; the Luftwaffe realized it was taking unacceptable losses and broke off the attack; occasional blitz raids hit London and other cities from time. In all some 43,000 civilians were killed. The Luftwaffe lost 1733 planes, the British, 915. The British victory resulted from more concentration, better radar, and better ground control. 2212: 2650: 3160: 1528: 3211:) escaped, and this led to the war in Italy dragging on until 1945. Speculation surrounds this whole episode and many in the Allied command felt that Mark Clark had disobeyed direct orders for his own glory and contributed to the war's extension. If he had cut off those forces as had been planned and ordered, they could have been destroyed in the same way as was achieved in France, and the German resistance in Italy would have collapsed. The Allies could have advanced up the spine of Italy and invaded Austria and southern Germany. This was the plan of the British, one not supported by the Americans, and as such Mark Clark's actions may have been politically motivated, or driven by Washington. It is true that Mark Clark was not punished for his change of route, even though other commanders were for less. 3493:

performance, especially in non-regular soldiers. The mix of forces in the British and Canadian ranks indicated this with great emphasis on tanks and vehicles. Prime minister Churchill asked why there was so many vehicles in relation to infantry troops in the British armies, as vehicles required a larger logistical backup, which diverts men away from fighting duties. Montgomery told Churchill every vehicle is needed and that he would not allow him to interrogate his staff on the matter, otherwise he would resign. Churchill wept and left the room. Montgomery claimed that Eisenhower, although giving approval, did not fully understand the plan in detail as laid down in St. Paul's School. General Bradley fully understood and confirmed Montgomery's original plan and intentions, writing:

1697: 3379: 3745: 3090: 3502:

and military officer Stephen Hart analysed the 21st Army Group in 1992 and finds that Montgomery's emphasis on the reduction of casualties which would maintain morale and a higher fighting performance in non-regular soldiers, which most soldiers were, were the primary influences on his operational conduct. Hart concludes that Montgomery was the most competent British general in Europe for he understood Britain's war aims. His concern with his units' morale was legitimate, recognizing that the British had an infantry manpower problem as emphasis was on armoured vehicles to counter superior German armour. Both factors influenced his handling of the 21st Army Group. Hart destroys the

2762: 3715:. In an attempt to repeat their 1940 success, German forces were launched through the Ardennes. Again they encountered weak forces holding the front, as the American formations there were either new to the war or exhausted units on a quiet sector of the front rehabilitating. There were however also some important differences to 1940 which resulted in the German offensive ultimately failing. They were facing enormously strong Allied airpower unlike in 1940 when they had ruled the skies. The opening of the offensive was timed for a spell of bad weather, aimed at removing the threat of the Allied airpower, but the weather cleared again relatively soon. 1118: 4531: 3596: 4386: 1997: 4166:

often in dreadful physical condition. The most important contributions of the Chindits to the war were unexpected. They had had to be supplied by air. At first it had been thought impossible to drop supplies over the jungle. Emergency situations that arose during the operation necessitated supply drops in the jungle, proving it was possible. It is also alleged by some that the Japanese in Burma decided to take the offensive, rather than adopt a purely defensive stance, as a direct result of the Chindit operation. Whatever the reason for this later change to the offensive, it was to prove fatal for the Japanese in Burma.

3497:"The British and Canadian armies were to decoy the enemy reserves and draw them to their front on the extreme eastern edge of the Allied beachhead. Thus, while Monty taunted the enemy at Caen, we were to make our break on the long roundabout road to Paris. When reckoned in terms of national pride, this British decoy mission became a sacrificial one, for while we tramped around the outside flank, the British were to sit in place and pin down the Germans. Yet strategically it fitted into a logical division of labors, for it was towards Caen that the enemy reserves would race once the alarm was sounded". 1218: 3442:

battle, the Eighth Air Force with strategic bombers, and the Ninth Air Force for tactical airpower. All the home commands of the RAF were involved in the operation. Coastal Command secured the English Channel against German naval vessels. Bomber Command had been engaged in reducing communications targets in France for several months to paralyse the movement of German reinforcements to the battle. It also directly supported the bombardment forces on the morning of the assault. Air Defence of the United Kingdom, the temporarily renamed Fighter Command, provided air superiority over the beachhead. The

2099: 1313: 1610: 3515: 4416:

Allies won air supremacy in Europe in 1944. That meant that Allied supplies and reinforcements would get through to the battlefront, but not the enemy's. It meant the Allies could concentrate their strike forces wherever they pleased, and overwhelm the enemy with a preponderance of firepower. This was the basic Allied strategy, and it worked. Air superiority depended on having the fastest, most maneuverable fighters, in sufficient quantity, based on well-supplied airfields, within range. The RAF demonstrated the importance of speed and maneuverability in the

4219: 2885: 4128: 2926: 850: 4175: 2328: 6850: 3461: 626: 3147:, did not exploit as aggressively as he might have done and was relieved for it. Lucas believed that if he had pushed too far, his forces could have been cut off by the Germans, but the whole purpose of the invasion was to attack the German lines behind Monte Cassino and break out into the Italian areas which were undefended. The Germans came even closer than Salerno to breaking up the beachhead. They pushed through the defences to the last line before the sea. Again massive firepower on the Allied side saved the beachhead. 862: 151: 10312: 4261: 4313: 1671:, the invasion of southern Italy. Again the naval forces escorted the invasion fleet and heavy cover was provided against Italian interference. In the aftermath of Avalanche, the Italian surrender was announced and the British naval forces escorted the Italian fleet to Malta under the terms of the surrender. The main threat to Allied shipping around Italy during these invasions was not the Italian fleet but German guided weapons which sunk or damaged a number of Allied units. 1034: 3726:, essentially altering their facing by ninety degrees to contain the salient. However, the salient created by the German attack meant that First and Ninth Armies were cut off from 12th Army Group Headquarters, so they were shifted to the command of 21st Army Group for the duration of the battle meaning the British army group had an important controlling role. The British XXX Corps also took part in the battle in a backstop role to contain any further German advances. 4242:, had to be captured. Akyab was virtually undefended when British forces came ashore, so it effectively provided a rehearsal of amphibious assault doctrine for the forces in theatre. However, Ramree was defended by several thousand Japanese. The clearing of the island took several days, and associated forces on the mainland longer to clear out. Following these actions, XV Corps was greatly reduced in numbers to free up transport aircraft to support Fourteenth Army. 1767: 3884: 2521: 38: 4603:

Accuracy had improved, but it was still nowhere near good enough for 'precision bombing' in the modern sense of the term. Precision was not a single building, it was at best a district of a city. The RAF and American AAF dropped two million tons of high explosives bombs on 60 German cities, killing more than half a million citizens (many of them prisoners forced to work in German munitions factories), and leaving 80,000 airmen dead.

751: 4162:, the Chindits in 1944 penetrated deep behind enemy lines in an attempt to gain intelligence, break communications and cause confusion. The operation had originally been conceived as part of a much larger offensive, which had to be aborted due to lack of supplies and shipping. Almost all of the original reasons for mounting the Chindit operation were then invalid. Nevertheless, it was mounted anyway. 981:

command of the Atlantic and starve the country into submission. Unable to discover whether the terms of the French surrender would permit Germany the use of French warships, it was decided that their use must be denied to the enemy. Those that had taken refuge in British ports were simply taken over (many volunteered to join the British). See below for details of how the British neutralized the

3390:, the largest amphibious assault in history, took place on 6 June 1944. All ground armies, US and British, were under the command of British General Montgomery. The operation involved the landing of five assault divisions from the sea and three assault divisions by parachute and glider. Of those, one airborne and two seaborne divisions were British. The British airborne formation involved was 219: 206: 4578:. Where Bomber Command operated by night, the Eighth flew by day. Raids were often coordinated so that the same target was hit twice within 24 hours. Hamburg was the victim of one of the most destructive air raids in history during 1943. The city was easy to find using radar, being located on the distinctively shaped Elbe estuary. It was devastated in a large raid that ignited a 4210:, but could not break through. At times the supply situation was perilous, but never totally critical. It came down to a battle of attrition, and the British forces could simply afford to fight that kind of battle for longer. In the end, the Japanese ran out of supplies, and suffered large casualties. They broke and fled back into Burma, pursued by elements of Fourteenth Army. 3643:, and had a large force over the river for a total of nine days, before finally withdrawing in a daring night escape back over the Rhine. Of the more than 10,000 men who flew into the Arnhem operation, only about 2,000 returned. 1st Airborne Division was essentially finished as a fighting formation for the duration of the war without having achieved the original objective. 4096:, the leader of Nationalist China, was a poor strategist, and the Chinese Army suffered from severe command problems, with orders having to come directly from Chiang himself if they were to be obeyed. The ability of many Chinese commanders was called into question. Finally, the Chinese Army was lacking in the ancillary services which allow a force to fight a modern war. 2130:. At this time there were only 30,000 British available to defend against 250,000 Italian troops. The Italian decision to halt the advance is generally credited to them being unaware of the British strength, and the activity of British naval forces operating in the Mediterranean to interfere with Italian supply lines. There were Royal Navy seaports at 2243:. Basra was too well defended for the Iraqis to consider taking. However, Habbaniya was a poorly defended air base, situated in the middle of enemy territory. It had no regular air forces, being only a training centre. Nonetheless, the RAF personnel at the base converted as many of the training aircraft as possible to carry weapons. 4092:). ABDA was based in Java, and it was simply impossible for Wavell, the Supreme Commander of ABDA, to keep in touch with the situation in Burma without neglecting his other responsibilities. Shortly before ABDA was dissolved, responsibility for Burma was transferred back to India. Interactions with the Chinese proved problematic. 6297:(6 vol 1956–60), official overview of the British war effort; Volume 1: Rearmament Policy; Volume 2: September 1939 – June 1941; Volume 3, Part 1: June 1941 – August 1942; Volume 3, Part 2: June 1941 – August 1942; Volume 4: September 1942 – August 1943; Volume 5: August 1943 – September 1944; Volume 6: October 1944 – August 1945 1620:, which lies in the middle of the Mediterranean, proved a standing thorn in the side of the Axis. It lay in a perfect strategic position to intercept Axis supplies destined for North Africa. For a time it looked as if Axis aircraft flying from bases in Italy would starve Malta into submission. The turning point in the 3950:. Japanese assaults from the ground and air soon made the forward landing grounds that much of the RAF's only real hope of defending Singapore from the air rested upon untenable. The RAF took a toll of Japanese forces, but there were never enough aircraft to do anything more than delay the Japanese offensive. 4527:

targeting of British cities in revenge. Throughout 1941, the size of the raids launched by Bomber Command slowly grew. However, due to the German defences raids could only generally be flown at night, and the navigational technology of the time simply did not allow even a large city to be accurately located.

2425:". As supplies of fuel decreased, its opportunities for action also decreased. The Italians made one major attempt to attack a convoy, and they were roundly defeated in doing so. Following that attack, most of the surface ships of the squadron were sunk, and the submarines that escaped travelled around the 4135:

Operations in Burma over the remainder of 1942 and in 1943 were a study of military frustration. The United Kingdom could only just maintain three active campaigns, and immediate offensives in both the Middle East and Far East proved impossible due to lack of resources. The Middle East won out, being

4118:

Burcorps retreated almost constantly, and suffered several disastrous losses, but it eventually managed to reach India in May 1942, just before the monsoon broke. Had it still been in Burma after the monsoon broke, it would have been cut off, and likely destroyed by the Japanese. The divisions making

4594:

beginning to fly from Italy. During early 1944, the emphasis began to change. As the invasion of France drew closer, the independent role of the bomber forces was considerably reduced, and eventually were placed under the direction of General Eisenhower, Supreme Commander of the Allied Expeditionary

4526:

During and after the Battle of Britain, bomber forces pounded the invasion fleets assembling in channel ports. However, they also flew a raid against Berlin after German bombs had fallen on London. The attack on Berlin by Bomber Command so enraged Hitler that he ordered the deliberate and systematic

4068:

With the fall of Rangoon, a British evacuation of Burma became inevitable. Supplies could not be moved to maintain fighting forces in Burma on a large scale, since the ground communications were dreadful, sea communications risky in the extreme (along with the fact that there was only one other port

3958:

army forces in Malaya were larger in numbers than the other services. But they were equally ill-prepared and ill-led. They were committed in numbers both too small and too poorly positioned to counter the Japanese tactic of outflanking strongpoints through the jungle. Over a period of several weeks,

3635:

had to advance up a single good road. Being unable to progress past Nijmegen, congestion along the road emerged. The Germans reacted quickly to attack the road from both sides. Consequently, XXX Corps had to seize the bridge which the US 82nd paratroopers failed to do, which took a great deal longer

3501:

Post war a number of Americans authors argued that Montgomery's generalship was flawed and that the battle had to be fought differently from planned because Montgomery promised more than he could deliver. This was mainly based on that the British forces did not aggressively pursue territory. Author

3206:

towards Rome. An enormous traffic jam developed. There was also controversy over the handling of American forces. VI Corps had originally been supposed to interpose itself on the route to Rome and cut off the German forces retreating from the Winter Line. However, Clark decided instead to advance on

2704:. It was feared that any British attack on French soil would lead to prolonged resistance. Ironically, the attack which saw the greatest resistance was that wholly American landing in Morocco. A full scale naval battle was fought between French and American ships, and ground fighting was also heavy. 1238:

The winter weather provided a respite in early 1943, but in the spring, large "wolf packs" of U-boats attacked convoys and scored big successes without taking large losses in return. However, in May 1943 a sudden turnaround happened. Two convoys were attacked by large wolf packs and suffered losses.

980:

was shorter than virtually all prewar Allied thought could have conceived, with France surrendering after six weeks. The UK and its Empire were left to stand alone. When France fell the position changed drastically. A combination of the French, German and Italian navies could potentially deny the UK

4606:

As the amount of territory controlled by German forces decreased, the task of Bomber Command became somewhat easier, as more friendly territory was overflown during missions. The German night fighter defences were also reducing in strength due to the crippling of Germany's fuel supplies by American

4554:

as Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief of Bomber Command in early 1942. Harris was a zealous advocate of the area bombing of German cities. He put a new fire and drive into the operations of Bomber Command. During the summer of 1942, the first 1,000 bomber raids were launched on German cities. However,

4522:

The combined bomber offensive was born out of the need to strike back at Germany during the years when the United Kingdom had no forces on the continent of Europe. Initially the bomber forces available for attacks were small, and the rules of engagement were so restricted that any attacks that were

4415:

The British had their own very well-developed theory of strategic bombing, and built the long-range bombers to implement it. Before 1944, however, the main German industrial targets were out of range, so the RAF bombers concentrated on military and transportation targets in France and Belgium. The

3962:

In early 1942, Singapore was critically unprepared for the assault that came. It had been neglected during the famine years for defence of the 1930s. It had then suffered during the war as British efforts were focused on defeating Germany and Italy. The colony was run by a Governor who did not want

1683:

The one major exception to mundane missions occurred in late 1944. Due to their garrisons on the various islands of the Aegean, the Germans had maintained control over the Aegean Sea long after they had lost other areas of the Mediterranean to Allied control. In late 1944, that changed as an Allied

4602:

By the winter of 1944, the power of the British and American bomber forces had grown enormously. It was now routine for 1,000 bomber raids to be mounted by both American and British forces flying from the UK. American forces flying from Italy could also put several hundred aircraft above a target.

4198:

On the central front, IV Corps advanced into Burma, before indications that a major Japanese offensive was building caused it to retreat on Kohima and Imphal. Forward elements of the corps were nearly cut off by Japanese forces, but eventually made it back to India. As they waited for the storm to

3492:

Montgomery did not overly publicise some of the points of the plan for fear of lowering the morale of British troops, who would take on the brunt of the experienced German armored forces to allow American troops to break out. Montgomery understood that high morale facilitated superior battlefield

4598:

Bomber Command heavily bombed targets in France and helped to paralyse the transport system of the country in time for the launching of Operation Overlord on 6 June 1944. Following Overlord, further direct support was provided to the troop, but Harris eventually succeeded in detaching his command

4165:

Some 3,000 men entered Burma in many columns. They caused damage to Japanese communications, and they gathered intelligence. However, they suffered dreadful casualties, with only two thirds of the men who set out on the expedition returning. Those that returned were wracked with disease and quite

3480:

After the war Montgomery claimed that the battle for Normandy progressed largely as he had planned the operation at St. Paul's school in Fulham, London, supported by American generals, General Eisenhower, General Bradley and Australian war correspondent Chester Wilmott, amongst others. Eisenhower

3299:

in France. The offensive was not renewed until April. The choice for the last offensive was whether the major blow should fall on the Fifth Army or the Eighth Army front. Eventually, it was settled that Eighth Army should make the major attack. A deception plan was hatched to convince the Germans

2757:

The main attack went in, but it was turned back by the extensive minefields. Montgomery then shifted the axis of advance to another point to throw the Germans off balance. What had formerly been a spoiling attack was developed into the new major thrust. Through a grinding battle of attrition, the

907:. The push by the German Army Group A towards the coast combined with the approach of Army Group B from the northeast left the BEF surrounded on three sides and cut off from their supply depots by 21 May. The British forces attempted to stop the offensive and launched counter-attacks including at 4570:

system. It provided a radar map of the ground beneath the aircraft, allowing navigation with more accuracy to cities like Berlin which were at that time beyond the effective range of systems like Gee. However, probably the most important innovation to improve targeting accuracy was tactical, not

3441:

The United Kingdom was the main base for the operation and provided the majority of the naval power. Nearly eighty per cent of the bombarding and transporting warships were from the Royal Navy. Airpower for the operation was a more even divide. The United States contributed two air forces to the

3190:

to concentrate more forces to take Rome. The front of Fifth Army was thus considerably reduced. X Corps also moved to Eighth Army as the complicated arrangement of British forces under American command was removed. Several battles for Cassino followed, contested by Indian, New Zealand and Polish

1741:

coming in very close to the beach to blast the German defences. British losses to enemy attack both during the initial assault and the building of the bridgehead were comparatively small. Virtually no ships were sunk by German naval surface forces as this force was largely destroyed prior to the

2753:

in the desert, and the terrain of the area prevented his position being outflanked, and British naval forces were not powerful enough to land a significant force directly behind Rommel to cut his supply lines directly at the same time as Operation Torch. Consequently, the German lines had to be

954:

managed to persuade them that the remaining forces faced annihilation if they tried to fight on. Churchill ordered that all British troops should be evacuated from France without delay. From 15 to 25 June 191,870 allied troops (144,171 of them British) and a large amount of their equipment were

869:

Following the German invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939, the British Expeditionary Force was sent to the Franco-Belgian border in mid-September. The first deployment was completed by 11 October 1939 at which point 158,000 men had been transported to France. Over the next few months, troops,

4041:

In Burma, the Japanese attacked in January, 1942 – shortly after the outbreak of war. However, they did not begin to make real progress until the fall of Malaya (31 January 1942) and of Singapore (February, 1942). After that, Tokyo could transfer large numbers of aircraft to the Burma front to

1594:

area. The Germans invaded in a combined operation and forced the evacuation of the British forces. Of more than 40,000 Allied soldiers, fewer than 20,000 managed to escape. The evacuation was also costly to the Royal Navy. It lost 4 cruisers and 6 destroyers sunk during the evacuation. Admiral

4032:

In Burma, Commonwealth ground forces came primarily from the United Kingdom, British India (which included present-day Pakistan and Bangladesh), East Africa, West Africa and Nepal (Gurkhas). The British Commonwealth air and naval units and personnel deployed were primarily from the UK, India,

2246:

When Iraqi forces came to Habbaniya, they surrounded the base and gave warning that any military activity would be considered as hostile, leading to an attack. However, the RAF training aircraft took off and bombed the Iraqi forces, repelling them from the base. Columns were then set out from

3607:

Montgomery and Eisenhower had long been debating the merits of a broad front attack strategy versus concentrating power in one area and punching through German lines. Eisenhower favoured the former, and Montgomery the latter. However, in late 1944, logistic problems meant that the former was

730:

and 21,000 in the territorial army reserve however of the many non active regular formations a total manpower amount of 480,000 was available in September 1939 thus the actual force was 700,000 and this figure includes those who were in training or filling non-combat roles at the outbreak of

2707:

The resistance did not last long. The French surrendered and then shortly afterward joined the Allied cause. One of the main reasons for the quick switch of sides was because the Germans had moved into unoccupied France, ending the Vichy regime, shortly after the North African garrisons had

3729:

By the end of January, the salient had effectively been reduced back to its former size, and the temporarily aborted mission of liberating the Rhineland recommenced. First Army returned to 12th Army Group, but Ninth Army remained under the control of 21st Army Group for the time being.

4056:

By the start of March, Japanese forces had cut the British forces in two. Rangoon was evacuated and the port demolished. Its garrison then broke through the Japanese lines thanks to an error on the part of the Japanese commander. The British commander in Burma, Lieutenant General Sir

3207:

Rome, and ordered only a comparatively token force into a blocking position and ordered the rest of the Corps to head for Rome. The Germans brushed aside the blocking force and thus a major part of their formations escaped encirclement. A total of 25 divisions (roughly a tenth of the

4147:, crossed by numerous rivers. The First Arakan offensive largely failed due to difficulties of logistics, communications and command. The Japanese troops were also still assigned almost superhuman powers by their opponents. The second attack was much more controversial; that of the 4199:

break, the British forces were not to know that the successful defence of the two cities would be the turning point of the entire campaign in south East Asia. HQ XXXIII Corps was rushed forward to help control matters at the front and the two corps settled down for a long siege.

2986:. Salerno was chosen for the site of the attack because it was the furthest north that the single-engined fighters based in Sicily could realistically provide cover. Escort carriers also stood off shore to supplement the cover given by land-based aircraft. A subsidiary landing, 1100:

The Battle of the Atlantic was the contest between merchant ships, usually in convoys, and the German submarine force. The battle ebbed and flowed, until the Allies gained a decisive advantage in 1943 using destroyers, destroyer escorts, air surveillance, new depth charges, and

1717:

The five assault divisions crossed the channel in five great assault groups, there were two task forces, the Anglo-Canadian Eastern Task Force and the American Western Task Force. Coastal Command secured the western flank of the invasion route against interference by German

4189:

In Arakan, a British advance began on the XV Corps front. However, a Japanese counter-attack halted the advance and threatened to destroy the forces making it. Unlike during previous operations, the British forces stood firm, and were supplied from the air. The resulting

3974:

surrendered the 80,000 strong garrison of Singapore. This was the largest surrender of personnel under British leadership in history. Many of the troops saw little or no action. The civilian population then suffered a brutal Japanese occupation. Some aircraft escaped to

935:, the only viable port remaining, to facilitate evacuation. In total, 338,226 troops were pulled off the beaches, of which 230,000 were British. However, almost all the army's equipment had been abandoned in France — many soldiers were unable to bring even their rifles. 2813:. The Mareth Line was a series of old French border defences against Italian forces from Libya. Rommel took them over and improved them greatly. It took a major effort for British forces to break through. However, by this time Rommel had left Africa, never to return. 2211: 3577:, the invasion of southern France in August 1944 was carried out almost entirely by American and Free French troops, though British naval forces took part in bombardment duties and air protection of the beachhead. The only British land forces to take part were the 1713:

was the greatest amphibious assault yet. Over 1,000 fighting ships and some 5,000 other ships were involved. The sheer number of vessels involved meant that nearly all of the major ports of the United Kingdom were at capacity immediately preceding the assault.

2997:

The Germans reacted extremely quickly to the Italian surrender. They disarmed the Italian troops near their forces and took up defensive positions near Salerno. Italian troops were disarmed throughout Italy and Italian-controlled areas in what was known as

2274:

to remove the Vichy officials from power there. Vigorous resistance was put up by the French against British and Australian forces moving into Lebanon from Palestine. However, pressure there eventually overwhelmed, and when this combined with an advance on

1674:

After the surrender of the Italian fleet, naval operations in the Mediterranean became relatively mundane, consisting largely of supporting ground troops by bombardment, anti-submarine missions, covert insertions of agents on enemy coast and convoy escort.

1140:

were quickly turned into large submarine bases from which British trade could be attacked. This resulted in a huge rise in sinkings of British shipping. The period between the fall of France and the British containment of the threat was referred to as the

1247:

to withdraw his forces from the Atlantic. They were never again to pose the same threat. What had changed was a sudden convergence of technologies. The large gap in the middle of the Atlantic that had been unreachable by aircraft was closed by long range

1656:, the first large Allied combined operation, was launched. The British and Americans landed in force invading French North Africa, but far enough west that the Germans were able to invade Tunisia (owned by France) and make it their base of operations. 3150:

After the initial attack and after the German counter-attack had been repulsed, the Anzio beachhead settled down to stalemate. The attempt at outflanking the Winter Line had failed. It was May before a breakout from the beachhead could be attempted.

4618:, which had been largely spared of heavy bombing raids due to its historic status, they asked for attacks to be made on the extensive transport links around the population centre. Bomber Command and American forces obliged, subjecting the city to a 4585:

The destruction of Hamburg was not to be repeated during the rest of 1943 and 1944. During that winter, Berlin was attacked a large number of times, with heavy losses being sustained by Bomber Command. A further force also joined the fray, with the

4460:

of the agreement, 67 "Article XV squadrons" were formed in the name of other Commonwealth air forces, within RAF operational commands. In addition, many RAF squadrons included individual Canadian, Australian, New Zealand and South African aircrews.

3530:. Allied forces began an envelopment of the German forces remaining in Normandy. Hitler ordered a counter-attack on the seemingly vulnerable strip of territory that the US forces controlled on the Normandy coast, linking the First and Third Armies. 1582:

in case of a German attack across their territory. During this meeting, Papagos laid stress on the importance of a joint Greco-Yugoslavian offensive against the Italians as soon as the Germans launched their offensive against Yugoslavia and Greece.

4049:, the major port in Burma, which offered the Allies many advantages of supply. It had at first been defended relatively successfully, with the weak RAF forces reinforced by a squadron of the famous American Volunteer Group, better known as the 3612:

to implement a narrow front strategy. The idea was to land airborne forces in the Netherlands to take vital bridges over the country's various rivers. Armoured formation would then relieve the airborne forces and advance quickly into Germany.

2044:

After the departure of the main battle forces, the Indian Ocean was left with escort carriers and older battleships as the mainstay of its naval forces. Nevertheless, during those months important operations were launched in the recapture of

4571:

technical. It was the introduction of the pathfinder system. Pathfinders were groups of specially trained aircrews who flew ahead of the main raid and marked the target. Their use greatly improved the accuracy and destructiveness of raids.

1334:

for three years for control of the Mediterranean. The Germans also took part in the campaign, primarily by sending U-boats into the Mediterranean, but latterly by controlling the few remaining Axis naval forces after the Italian surrender.

2853:

was operationally responsible for all Allied land forces in the Mediterranean theatre, and it planned and commanded the invasion of Sicily and the campaign on the Italian mainland until the surrender of German forces in Italy in May 1945.

3581:. They landed without much opposition, and rapidly took their objectives. The quick success of the operation allowed them to be withdrawn from the line and redeployed to Greece where they were urgently needed to help quell the civil war. 4253:

and thus cut the Japanese communications. The plan succeeded extremely well, and Japanese forces in Upper Burma were effectively reduced to scattered and unorganised pockets. Slim's men then advanced south towards the Burmese capital.

3429:

The British formations were assigned to the eastern end of the beachhead. The 6th Airborne Division landed to secure the eastern flank of the assault forces. The first Allied units in action were the glider-borne troops that assaulted

3557:

Logistical difficulties then caught up with the Allies as all supplies had to be transported from Normandy. Because of thinly-stretched supply lines, the American fast broad-front advance could not be sustained, grinding to a halt in

820:

after they had captured it. However, as Luftwaffe aircraft came into range with the German advances, it was again found to be impossible to sustain bases in the face of aerial threat. British forces in Narvik were withdrawn as well.

1595:

Cunningham was determined that the "navy must not let the army down"; when Army generals feared he would lose too many ships Cunningham remarked "It takes three years to build a ship, it takes three centuries to build a tradition".

3913:

The outbreak of war in the Far East found the United Kingdom critically overstretched. British forces in the area were weak in almost all arms. On 8 December 1941, the Japanese launched invasions of Thailand, Malaya and Hong Kong.

1024:

The Japanese Navy was stronger than the German naval forces, however, and in the Pacific it confronted primarily the United States Navy while dealing sharp blows to the Royal Navy in 1941–42 in the area from Singapore to Ceylon.

4288:. The dropping of the atomic bombs in August 1945 forestalled Zipper, though some of its landings took place after the Japanese capitulation of 15 August 1945 as the quickest way of getting occupation troops into Malaya. Under 2754:

attacked directly. However, that did not mean that Montgomery did not try to use feint and deception in the battle. "Dummy tanks" and other deceptions were used liberally to try to fool the Germans where the stroke would fall.

3485:. The basic plan was for the British to draw in, hold, and destroy German armor in the east, not acquiring territory, while the US forces in the lightly defended territory to the west built up their strength and break out in 773:

and the long seacoast that would preclude a blockade of the sort that hurt Germany in the First World War. Predicting correctly that the UK would make a preemptive move against neutral Norway to stop the flow of ore from

3452:

Most of the initial objectives for the day were not achieved, but a firm beachhead was established. It was gradually built up until offensive operations could begin in earnest. The first major success was the capture of

2571:

Rommel took the offensive again in January 1942. He had been instructed by his high command to only conduct a limited offensive against British positions. However, he disobeyed orders and exploited the British collapse.

2868:

On 10 July 1943, Sicily was invaded. The operation, named Operation Husky, was directed from Malta. British forces attacked on the eastern flank of the landing, with the British Eighth Army's XXX Corps coming ashore at

547:

Nonetheless, "Britain was a very wealthy country, formidable in arms, ruthless in pursuit of its interests and sitting at the heart of a global production system from its empire." After becoming Prime Minister in 1940,

4194:

saw a heavy defeat handed to the Japanese. With the possibility of aerial supply, their infiltration tactics, relying on units carrying their own supplies and hoping to capture enemy victuals were fatally compromised.

3310:

was in a salient held by the Germans, and Lake Comacchio was crossed by an amphibious attack. The Germans were close to breaking. In the next ten days, the German forces were either surrounded or pinned against the

3034:

landing on the left. Initial resistance was heavy, however heavy naval and air support combined with the approach of Eighth Army from the south eventually forced the Germans to withdraw. By 25 September a line from

2014:

It was only after the war in Europe was coming to an end that large British forces were dispatched to the Indian Ocean again after the neutralisation of the German fleet in late 1943 and early 1944. The success of

3159: 13673: 2583:

meant for the Malta attack. It came down to a choice of attacking Malta or supporting Rommel; Rommel's attack won out. At the time Malta seemed neutralised, but this mistake was to come to haunt the Axis later.

3260:

on each coast. As with the previous year, the advance then slowed greatly. The composition of the forces in Italy had changed again with the withdrawal of the French forces for the invasion of southern France,

1260:

enabled accurate attacks on U-boats re-charging their batteries on the surface at night. With convoys securely protected there were enough resources to allow escort carrier groups to aggressively hunt U-boats.

3707:

After December 1944, the strategy was to complete the conquest of the Rhineland and prepare to break into Germany proper en masse. However, what happened next completely caught the Allied staffs by surprise.

4233:

Some of the first operations to recapture Burma took place in Arakan. To gain bases for the aircraft necessary to supply Fourteenth Army in its attack through the heart of the country, two offshore islands,

3966:

Following Japanese landings on Singapore, intense fighting occurred over several days. But the poorly led and increasingly disorganised Allied forces were steadily driven into a small pocket on the island.

2318:

of Persia was somewhat pro-German, and so would not allow this. Consequently, British and Soviet forces invaded and occupied Persia. The Shah was deposed (removed from power) and his son put on the throne.

3783:

began a great pincer movement to destroy the remaining German forces west of the Rhine. The only British forces to take part in the main part of this offensive was XXX Corps, which was part of First Army.

1204:

conducted a highly successful campaign against traffic along the American east coast. A proportion of the ships sunk were en route to assembly points for convoys to the UK. German sailors called this the

455:

followed on 8 May 1945, achieved by the Soviet Union, the United States, the United Kingdom and other Allied countries. The Battle of the Atlantic was the longest continuous military campaign of the War.

1048:

At the start of the war the British and French expected to have command of the seas, as they believed their navies were superior to those of Germany and Italy. The British and French immediately began a

3946:

Reverses in the air and on the ground soon followed. Japanese forces had naval superiority, and they used it to make outflanking amphibious landings as they advanced down the Malayan peninsula towards

55: 2846: 1342:

navies, and Italy was initially a neutral power astride communications in the centre of the area. The situation changed vastly with the fall of France and the declaration of war by Italy. While the

3228: 3685:

and Canadian troops captured the island in the late autumn of 1944, clearing the way for Antwerp to be opened and for the easement of the critical logistical problems the Allies were suffering.

2372:, British forces were massively outnumbered by their Italian opponents. However, unlike Libya, Ethiopia was isolated from the Italian mainland, and the Italians were thus cut off from resupply. 4226:

The recapture of Burma took place during late 1944 and the first half of 1945. Command of the British formations on the front was rearranged in November 1944. 11th Army Group was replaced with

3860: 2677:. However, even in Algeria, despite having a large British content, the allies maintained the illusion that this was an American operation in order to reduce possible resistance by the French. 1737:

On the whole the assault went well, although disaster came nearest to occurring for the Americans at Omaha Beach. There the naval forces provided crucial backup for the assaulting forces, with

3837:

on 2 May, and then halted as they had reached the agreed line of meeting Soviet forces. The war came to an end on 7 May, and British forces reoriented to the task of occupying Germany itself.

10847: 1399:

The Italian battle fleet dominated the centre of the Mediterranean and so the Royal Navy hatched a plan to cripple it. On 11 November 1940, the Royal Navy crippled or destroyed three Italian

3046:

Further relatively rapid advances continued over the next few weeks, but by the end of October, the front was stalled. The Germans had taken up extremely powerful defensive positions on the

4716: 2037:. The oil installations were heavily damaged by the attacks, aggravating the Japanese fuel shortages due to the Allied blockade. The final attack was flown as the carriers were heading for 3295:

After December, operations ground to a halt for the winter. The only major event that took place during this period was the removal of I Canadian Corps from the Italian front to reinforce

938:

Despite failing to destroy the BEF, the Germans had succeeded in cutting off British formations from reaching the evacuation at Dunkirk. They were; the Saar Force, chiefly composed of the

816:

In central Norway, Royal Navy aircraft-carriers and RAF fighter squadrons could not keep the established bases secure, and the British had to evacuate them. In the north, the Germans were

3547:

took over as Ground Forces Command from Montgomery on 1 September, while Montgomery continued to command the British 21st Army Group, now consisting mainly of British and Canadian units.

3191:

forces. In the end, Cassino lost its pivotal position as operations elsewhere on the front managed to turn its flanks. These included a brilliant demonstration of mountain warfare by the

2402:

After their offensives petered out, as in Egypt, the Italians adopted a passive attitude and waited for the inevitable British counter-attack. Attention then shifted to the naval sphere.

2069:

British forces consistently played a secondary but significant role to American forces in the strangling of Japan's trade. The earliest successes were gained by mine laying. The Japanese

1628:. Despite the sinking of about half of the ships sent, the convoy managed to deliver enough food and aviation fuel to enable Malta to hold out until the siege was lifted. With the aid of 13663: 4611:

plants. There remained one last great controversy during the war which would blacken the name of Bomber Command and surpass the firestorm of Hamburg in both destruction and casualties.

4436:

The RAF underwent rapid expansion following the outbreak of war against Germany in 1939. This was aided by the Ottawa Agreement (also known as the Riverdale Agreement, after its chair,

2877:. The Eighth Army's job was to advance up the east coast of Sicily. Originally British forces were to have the main role in the attack on the island but, when their advance slowed, the 3533:

As American forces swept round to the south, British, Canadian and Polish forces pinned and then pushed the Germans from the north. A German pocket formed to the south of the town of

3787:

By 5 March 1945, British Empire and American forces had closed up to the Rhine in all but a small salient on their sectors of the front. That salient was reduced by five days later.

3550:

Following the Normandy battle there was little German resistance left in the west. British forces swept north entering Belgium on 2 September 1944, while American forces swept east.

2881:

on the west side of the island swept around the enemy flank instead. The local Sicilians were also reported to have greatly supported the advancing Americans to defeat the fascists.

2802:

As British forces swept west through Libya and Anglo-American forces closed in from Algeria, the Axis began to pour reinforcements into Tunisia. A new command under Colonel General

2215:

An Armoured Car of No. 2 Armoured Car Company RAF waits outside Baghdad, while negotiations for an armistice take place between British officials and the rebel government, May 1941.

6690: 3628:. All the bridges were captured on the 1st day except the Nijmegen bridge, which caused a near two day delay, the plan then began to run into serious trouble. The relief forces of 2073:

capability was never great, and when confronted with new types of mines they did not adapt quickly. Japanese shipping was driven from the Burmese coast using this type of warfare.

1688:, the task force wreaked havoc with German shipping in the area and re-asserted Allied dominance over the last remaining area of the Mediterranean still controlled by the Germans. 3802:

on the right crossed the Rhine in early April and then swung left to liberate the north of the Netherlands. Second Army drove straight across the North German plain, reaching the

13604: 11982: 2093: 4245:

Fourteenth Army made the main thrust to destroy Japanese forces in Burma. The Army had IV and XXXIII Corps under its command. The plan envisaged that XXXIII Corps would reduce

2994:

by the British 1st Airborne Division, landed directly into the port from warships. News of the Italian surrender was broadcast as the troop convoys were converging on Salerno.

1235:

in mid-1942 created an enormous drop in attacks in those areas. Attention shifted back to the Atlantic convoys. Matters were serious, but not critical throughout much of 1942.

1156:

shortly after Denmark fell to the Germans in 1940, the US was persuaded to provide forces to relieve British troops on the island. American warships began escorting convoys to

4099:

The problems with the Chinese were never satisfactorily resolved. However, after the dissolution of ABDA, India retained control of operations in Burma until the formation of

3943:

were the only Allied modern or 'fast' battleships to be sunk in the entire war. It was the first time that a battleship had been sunk by enemy aircraft while underway at sea.

2975:. On 8 September, the armistice was made public and a government was set up in southern Italy. What was known as the "Badoglio Government" joined the Allies against the Axis. 552:

engaged industry, scientists and engineers to advise and support the government and the military in the prosecution of the war effort. Much of the scientific work that led to

4837: 4346:

and Okinawa, to prevent the Japanese reinforcing the defences of Okinawa from that direction. British forces made a significant contribution to the success of the invasion.

3810:

on 4 April. After the closing of the Ruhr pocket on that day, Ninth Army reverted to the command of 12th Army Group. On 15 April the British troops liberated Bergen-Belsen.

2474:

The regular push to take Ethiopia began once reinforcements arrived from Egypt. The arrival of the first Australian division in North Africa had allowed the release of the

321:

against Germany. Churchill engaged industry, scientists and engineers to advise and support the government and the military in the prosecution of the war effort. Germany's

3554:

fell at the end of August 1944 to brigadier general Charles de Gaulle's Free French troops and American forces. By the end of September much of France had been liberated.

8876: 4191: 3931:

by Japanese land-based planes. The sinking of these ships was triply significant. It represented the loss of the last Allied capital ships in the Pacific left after the

2715:, and the Allies were trying to get sufficient troops into the country quickly enough to stop them before the need for a full-scale campaign to drive them out occurred. 2169:

began. Planned as an extended raid, a force of British, Indian and Australian troops succeeded in cutting off the Italian troops. Pressing their advantage home, General

102: 8621: 2177:(an advance of 500 miles), capturing tens of thousands of enemy troops. The Italian army was virtually destroyed, and it seemed that the Italians would be swept out of 3821:

the next day. The only moves in the Netherlands that the Canadian and Polish forces made for the remainder of the war were reducing a small amount of the coast of the

1730:

clearing and maintaining channels. The bombardment forces were on an enormous scale, with eight battleships taking part in the assault. The formidable defences of the

74: 11432: 10234: 8238: 4456:

were integrated: a total of 167,000 personnel were trained under the plan, mostly in Canada. There were parallel arrangements between the UK and South Africa. Under

4428:

fighters easily riddled the clumsy Stukas as they were pulling out of dives. The race to build the fastest fighter became one of the central themes of World War II.

4053:. However, as the Japanese attack developed, the amount of warning the Rangoon airfields could get of attack decreased, and thus they became increasingly untenable. 2784:

was won for the first time. Rommel's forces, apart from small rearguard actions to hold up Montgomery's men, did not turn and fight again until they were within the

1988:, but the Japanese never contemplated it. The French resisted more than expected, and more operations were needed to capture the island, but it did eventually fall. 3699: 584:

that specified that nuclear weapons would not be used against another country without mutual consent, the atomic bombing of Japan was recorded as a decision of the

4699: 4081: 2637:, but his thrust was stopped. Montgomery then began preparations for a great breakthrough offensive that would result in the pursuit of Axis forces all the way to 8565: 4622:. About 25,000 were killed in those raids, and questions were asked whether they were necessary so late in the war, or whether it was an effort to foreclose the " 2816:

It was decided that First Army should make the main thrust to destroy Axis formations in Africa. II Corps was moved from the south to north of the front, and the

1377:. Force H steamed there to confront the French with terms. Those terms were all rejected and so the French fleet was attacked and heavily damaged by Force H. The 81: 11617: 8161: 8133: 7277: 6779: 825: 786:

succeeded in their mission, landing a large force at vital strategic points in Norway. British land forces were quickly sent to Norway, landing in the centre at

11642: 13578: 13573: 13568: 13563: 10213: 8885: 8572: 7699: 4842: 4550:

The entry of America into the war in December 1941 did not initially change much. However, what did alter matters was the appointment of Air Chief Marshal Sir

1366: 1358:. The British Government was still concerned that the remaining French ships would be used by the Axis powers. Consequently, they took steps to neutralise it. 1745:

Two of the ports used by the German light forces were heavily bombed by the Allied air forces. The larger German ships based in France, three destroyers from

13546: 11111: 10365: 9188: 8551: 7853: 7478: 3658:

had been captured. However, it lay at the end of a long river estuary, and so it could not be used until its approaches were clear. The southern bank of the

2251:

and Basra to capture Baghdad, and put an end to the coup. They succeeded at relatively low cost, but there was a disturbing development during the campaign.

358: 1179:

on certain British bases in the western hemisphere. Although plagued with mechanical problems, these old ships performed anti-submarine patrols in 1941–42.

88: 11427: 11381: 10486: 8194: 8140: 7326: 6226: 6120:

Tami Davis Biddle, "British and American Approaches to Strategic Bombing: Their Origins and Implementation in the World War II Combined Bomber Offensive,"

4821: 1298:, and a large number of aircraft. Particularly during the winter of 1941–2, meaningful material aid was provided to the Soviet Union via the Arctic route. 565: 1369:, were good. The French squadron there was impounded in the port. In the western basin things did not go so smoothly. The bulk of the French fleet was at 726:

The British army began the war with a paper force of 900,000 men 232,000 active regulars, 185,000 regular reserves, 34,000 in the militia, 428,000 in the

11975: 11939: 8658: 8147: 7763: 5049:""Crucial? Helpful? Practically Nil?" Reality and Perception of Britain's Contribution to the Development of Nuclear Weapons during the Second World War" 2823:

The final offensive began at the end of March 1943, and by May, Axis forces had surrendered. 250,000 men were taken prisoner, a number comparable to the

244: 5826:

Stephen Hart, "Montgomery, Morale, Casualty Conservation and 'Colossal Cracks': 21st Army Group's Operational Technique in North-West Europe, 1944–45,"

5770:

Stephen Hart, "Montgomery, Morale, Casualty Conservation and 'Colossal Cracks': 21st Army Group's Operational Technique in North-West Europe, 1944–45,"

2649: 805:

during April 1940 in an effort to stop the Germans advancing North. The British Forces' attacks south were stopped and they were soon surrounded in the

7173: 4316:

Royal Navy Fleet Air Arm aircraft warm up their engines before taking off. Other warships from the British Pacific Fleet can be seen in the background.

3526:

The British and Canadian forces largely destroyed German armour in the east of Normandy allowing the American forces to break out in late July 1944 in

2688:

in 1940, anti-British feeling ran high among the French. This had been exacerbated by later British operations against Vichy-controlled territories at

568:. Several technologies invented in Britain proved critical to the military and were widely manufactured by the Allies during the Second World War. The 70: 4284:

The next major campaign was planned to be the liberation of Malaya. This was to involve an amphibious assault on the western side of Malaya codenamed

12408: 11919: 11884: 8544: 7984: 7860: 6682:

Webster, Charles and Noble Frankland, The Strategic Air Offensive Against Germany, 1939–1945 (HMSO, 1961), 4 vol. Important official British history

4342:

operated as a separate unit from the American task forces in the Okinawa operation. Its job was to strike airfields on the chain of islands between

1182:

In addition, personnel training in the RN improved as the realities of the battle became obvious. For instance, the training regime of Vice Admiral

11276: 7837: 7217: 6094: 1382: 12930: 6204: 5202: 3963:

to "upset" the civilian population. Military neglect was exacerbated when he refused to allow defensive preparations before the Japanese arrived.

380:

in June 1941 committing to no separate peace with Germany and setting out principles to serve as the basis of a future peace. Churchill agreed an

8274: 7586: 4759: 2972: 1980:

might fall into Japanese hands, to be used as a submarine base. Such a blow would have been devastating to British lines of communication to the

12925: 4084:

headquarters under Hutton. Burma was also swapped from command to command during the early months of the war. It had been the responsibility of

2395:

did they enjoy full success. The British garrison in Somaliland was outnumbered, and after a couple of weeks of fighting had to be evacuated to

2345:

The Italians declared war on 10 June 1940 and in addition to the well known campaigns in the western desert, a front was opened against them in

11968: 11949: 11755: 11725: 11708: 8093: 7395: 2952:. V and XIII Corps carried out that attack. Montgomery's forces leap-frogged up the toe of Italy over the next few days. A subsidiary landing, 1722:

from the western French ports. The surface forces assisted by protecting the assault convoys from the small German surface forces in the area.

12920: 11161: 10400: 10106: 4574:

By early 1943, American forces were beginning to build up in large numbers in the UK. Bomber Command was joined in its bombing efforts by the

2820:

took up station on the right wing of the First Army. The Eighth Army was to make a subsidiary thrust along the coast to pin down Axis forces.

11750: 8892: 8855: 8832: 8346: 7268: 7238: 6751: 4633:

as Japan surrendered. Therefore, it was only at the hands of American strategic bombers and British and American carrier aircraft that Japan

4469: 573: 507: 492: 19: 8607: 12308: 11683: 11548: 11156: 8985: 8841: 8825: 8797: 8038: 7245: 5746: 11066: 4629:

Bomber Command was destined to play no further large part in the war. A large number of RAF bombers were being prepared for deployment to

4555:

at that time, such large numbers of aircraft could only be put over the target by stripping training units of their aircraft temporarily.

4489: 3636:

than expected to progress through to Arnhem. By the time XXX Corps reached Arnhem the British 1st Airborne had capitulated on the bridge.

3280:

Between August and December, the Eighth Army slowly progressed up the east coast. The Polish II Corps captured the important port-city of

13599: 12795: 11765: 9749: 8809: 8721: 8665: 8628: 7903: 4257:

Following the taking of Rangoon in May 1945 some Japanese forces remained in Burma, but it was effectively a large mopping up operation.

3646:

In the aftermath of the attack, the salient's flanks were expanded to complete the closing up to the Rhine in that section of the front.

1949:

Fortuitously, or by design, the main British fleet did not make contact with the Japanese and thus remained available for future action.

248: 11412: 6028:

The jungle, the Japanese and the British Commonwealth armies at war, 1941–45: fighting methods, doctrine and training for jungle warfare

5871:

European journal of American Studies, 'A Modern Liberation'. Belgium and the start of the American Century 1944-1946 by Peter Schrijvers

1437:

The first fleet action of the war in the Mediterranean was the Battle of Cape Matapan. It was a decisive Allied victory, fought off the

809:. The British were faced with attacks from the Luftwaffe and increasing difficulty with landing fresh troops and supplies from the sea. 95: 12689: 12323: 12062: 11944: 11924: 11071: 10782: 8714: 7439: 6932: 4104: 3864: 3093:

British 4.2 inch mortar of 307th Battery, 99th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, in action during the Battle of Monte Cassino, 12 May 1944.

2432:

British forces were thin on the ground in East Africa, and the two nations that made the greatest contribution to victory on land were

665: 308: 12007: 3179:

By May 1944, U.S. VI Corps had been reinforced to a strength of seven divisions. In the Fourth Battle of Monte Cassino (also known as

1907:. The weight and experience of this Japanese force far outweighed that available to the Royal Navy. During these attacks, two British 13396: 13301: 10358: 10227: 8848: 7231: 7189: 5358: 3669:

Walcheren guarded the northern approaches to Antwerp and thus had to be stormed. The dikes and dunes were bombed at three locations,

1749:

were defeated in a destroyer action well to the west of the main assault area. Larger problems were caused by U-boats and especially

1290:

85 Allied merchant vessels and 16 Royal Navy warships were lost. The Germans committed significant naval and air assets and lost one

540:– at the time still the largest in the world – was of a greater strength than its German counterpart. The British Army only had nine 4352:

Only a small British naval force was present for Japan's surrender. Most British forces had been withdrawing to base to prepare for

2564:. However outside events again intervened to impede British efforts; as the British attack reached El Agheila Japan attacked in the 424:. The UK, the US and their Allies suffered many disastrous defeats in the Asia-Pacific war during the first six months of 1942. The 12528: 11879: 10926: 10076: 7881: 7655: 7418: 7284: 7095: 6891: 4694: 4669: 4566:, small metal strips dropped from aircraft, was introduced to help confuse the German radars. Planes also got their own radar, the 3846: 3621: 3300:

that Fifth Army would launch the major attack, and a major logistical effort was required to move formations to their start lines.

523: 12473: 12393: 12192: 870:

materials and vehicles continued to arrive in France and Belgium and by 13 March 1940 the BEF had doubled in size to 316,000 men.

11734: 10553: 10526: 10479: 8964: 8761: 8413: 7791: 7291: 7203: 7139: 4968: 4751: 3106: 2568:. That meant that reinforcements that had been destined for the Middle East went elsewhere. This was to have disastrous effects. 2482:, it quickly took the offensive from Sudan, the Indian divisions were supported by a thrust from Kenya. An amphibious assault on 1239:

Yet unlike earlier in the year the attacking submarines were also mauled. After those battles merchant ship losses plummeted and

252: 12873: 12293: 12258: 12243: 11304: 11243: 10671: 10395: 9167: 8679: 7522: 7060: 4441: 3269:

had been activated to replace the French in Fifth Army. Eighth Army was composed of V, X and XIII Corps of the British forces,

3192: 3172: 3168: 2961: 2392: 943: 12538: 6648: 6638: 2945:, Mussolini was taken into custody. Peace feelers were put out to the Allies. However, the invasion of Italy still proceeded. 2599:

fell quickly, and there was no repeat of the epic siege that Rommel's last advance had produced. A prepared defensive line at

2026:

During late 1944, as more British aircraft carriers came into the area, a series of strikes were flown against oil targets in

1969:

was then gradually reduced to little more than a convoy escort force as other commitments called for the more powerful ships.

1527: 668:(BEF) to support France. At first only regular troops from the pre-war Army made up its numbers. In 1940, however, men of the 13366: 12448: 12363: 12358: 11991: 11622: 10777: 9770: 9675: 9195: 8941: 8816: 7895: 7869: 7726: 7432: 7349: 6459: 6374: 5246: 3403: 1578:. On 3 April, during a meeting of British, Yugoslav, and Greek military representatives, the Yugoslavs promised to block the 444: 3472:, an extremely tough nut to crack. The battle for the city turned into a long drawn-out battle. It eventually fell in July. 2711:

Once resistance in Algeria and Morocco was over, the campaign became a race. The Germans were pouring men and supplies into

2302:, but the capacity of that route was limited and subject to enemy action. Supplies were also sent from the United States to 2270:. This overtly hostile action could not be tolerated. Consequently, after victory in Iraq, British forces invaded Syria and 1734:

were difficult to contend with, and many duels between the heavy ships and shore batteries were fought during the invasion.

1696: 950:. Churchill and the Chiefs-of-Staff originally decided to form a "Second BEF" that would help defend the rest of France but 13455: 13413: 13296: 13291: 13106: 12863: 12513: 12508: 12478: 12453: 12283: 12212: 12052: 11269: 10388: 10351: 10003: 9403: 9289: 8454: 7914: 7910: 7888: 7492: 6962: 3775:

Following the reaching of the Roer, Second Army shifted to the mission of pinning German forces opposing it. Ninth Army in

3718:

Most of the forces that took part in the Battle of the Bulge were American. Some great feats of staff work resulted in the

3378: 3120:

With no sign of a breakthrough it was decided to attempt to outflank the Winter Line with an amphibious landing behind it.

2467:

was a major mover behind the Ethiopian "patriots" as they were referred to by the British. The irregulars, formed into the

2340: 951: 366: 12403: 2421:. It consisted of a few destroyers and submarines. However, the squadron was not used aggressively and mostly acted as a " 13391: 13371: 13133: 13111: 12644: 12604: 12428: 12233: 12187: 11558: 9918: 9375: 8707: 8693: 7899: 6587:

A Summer Bright and Terrible: Winston Churchill, Lord Dowding, Radar, and the Impossible Triumph of the Battle of Britain

4595:

Force. Harris and his American counterparts fought hard against being placed under Eisenhower, but they eventually lost.

4493: 4437: 2497:, before they were finally defeated. Amba Alagi fell in mid-May 1941. The last significant Italian forces surrendered at 1152:

By 1941, the United States and Canada (a British Dominion) were taking an increasing part in the war. British forces had

377: 346: 4497: 3744: 3537:

when the two allied forces met. Up to 150,000 German soldiers were trapped and around 60,000 casualties were inflicted.

2903:; by this time the Germans and Italians were retreating. By 17 August all the Axis forces had evacuated the island, and 2806:

was set up, von Arnim was a confirmed enemy of Rommel, and so German command relations did not get off to a good start.

1350:

controlled the eastern end of the Mediterranean, there was a need to replace French naval power in the west. To do this

13594: 13513: 13346: 13191: 12760: 12729: 12709: 12679: 12674: 12649: 12619: 12599: 12398: 12353: 12343: 12313: 12177: 12114: 11837: 11713: 11324: 10802: 10127: 9996: 9874: 9445: 9160: 9111: 8869: 8424: 7669: 7508: 7356: 7210: 4619: 4227: 3020: 1492: 1209:". It came to an end when a convoy system operated along the coast and adequate anti-submarine measures were employed. 1095: 641:. The declaration was made 24 hours after the UK had issued an ultimatum to Germany to withdraw all German forces from 397: 27: 13311: 2734:, since Rommel was at the end of enormously stretched supply lines, the British were close to their supply bases, and 2552:

was put in his place. However, a second British offensive in late 1941 turned Rommel's flank and led to the relief of

1256:

came into service, greatly improving detection and nullifying German radar warning equipment. The introduction of the

13668: 13341: 13271: 13151: 13127: 12842: 12664: 12584: 12443: 12383: 12263: 12248: 12057: 11934: 11859: 11805: 11785: 11553: 11495: 11462: 11386: 11319: 10939: 10797: 10410: 10243: 9118: 9090: 8907: 8489: 8201: 8168: 6420: 6323: 6078: 5856: 5792:

American Experience in World War II: The United States in the European Theater edited by Walter L. Hixson p 149 - 151

5369: 5328: 5174: 5031: 3578: 2505: 2030:

to prepare British carriers for the upcoming operations in the Pacific. For the first attack, the United States lent

939: 669: 460: 121: 7384: 4069:

of any size in Burma besides Rangoon) and air communications out of the question due to lack of transport aircraft.

3012: 2579:, and thus reduce its strangulation of Rommel's supply lines. However, with his new offensive, Rommel was consuming 528:

Although the UK had increased military spending and funding prior to 1939 in response to the increasing strength of

13380: 13276: 13266: 13209: 13145: 12899: 12889: 12739: 12719: 12669: 12659: 12634: 12523: 12418: 12348: 12197: 12109: 12037: 11891: 11627: 11575: 11565: 10770: 10516: 10280: 9431: 9368: 8503: 8332: 7455: 6734: 4539: 4481: 3749: 3359:

On 2 May, the German forces in Italy capitulated. This occurred shortly before the main German surrender on 8 May.

3322:

while attempting to flee Italy. Mussolini and about fifteen other fascists were executed and their bodies taken to

1069: 337:, and by its marked inferiority in naval power. Subsequently, urban areas in Britain suffered heavy bombing during 214: 11825: 8009: 3794:

Armies took the lead. Ninth Army, on the south flank, took part in the great encirclement of German forces in the

2076:

British submarines also operated against Japanese shipping, although later in the war. They were based in Ceylon,

1965:, as their more forward fleet anchorages could not be adequately protected from Japanese attack. The fleet in the 1640:, the siege was lifted. For the fortitude and courage of the Maltese during the siege, the island was awarded the 13306: 13286: 12816: 12699: 12684: 11580: 11262: 11198: 10616: 10560: 9804: 9645: 9634: 9463: 9222: 9181: 9074: 9012: 8392: 7662: 7531: 7499: 6987: 6764: 4891: 4874: 3186:

The front had been reorganised. V Corps was left on the Adriatic, but the rest of Eighth Army was moved over the

3089: 2842: 2836: 2231:

took power in the coup and ordered British forces out of Iraq. There were two main British bases in Iraq, around

1522: 1050: 436: 11760: 11183: 11173: 8179: 7747: 5430: 4349:

During the final strikes against Japan, British forces operated as an integral part of the American task force.

2587:

Confusion in British ranks was horrendous as attempts to shore up the position failed time and again. After the

13525: 12518: 11914: 11869: 11452: 11442: 11012: 11000: 10374: 10190: 10162: 10040: 9833: 9063: 8514: 8440: 8229: 7600: 7319: 7224: 7109: 6835: 6810: 5893: 5761:

American Experience in World War II: The United States in the European Theater edited by Walter L. Hixson p 149

4816: 4731: 4721: 4706: 4440:) that same year, between the governments of the UK, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. As a result, under the 4365: 3419: 3415: 1419:

and never again based in such a forward position. The Japanese used lessons from this battle in planning their

1270: 1172: 638: 622:

to Britain; the ships served alongside (and under the command of) the Royal Navy for the remainder of the war.

553: 370: 318: 59: 23: 6906: 13609: 13406: 12130: 11602: 11587: 11510: 11480: 11457: 11299: 11151: 10751: 10651: 10631: 10250: 10183: 10134: 10065: 9890: 9389: 9340: 9104: 9097: 8700: 8461: 8245: 7298: 4684: 4139:

During the 1942–1943 dry season, two operations were mounted. The first was a small scale offensive into the

4077: 3896: 3617: 3395: 3202:, the commander of Eighth Army, made an enormous mistake by sending the heavily mechanised XIII Corps up the 3133: 2611:, came forward to take command of it himself. After Matruh there was only one more defensive position before 2206: 1621: 1604: 727: 519: 417: 409: 4088:

since 1937, but in the early weeks of the war, it was transferred from India to the ill-fated ABDA Command (

4072:

Besides the Japanese superiority in training and experience, command problems beset the Burma campaign. The

2933:

After operations in Sicily, the Italian Government was teetering on the brink of collapse. Italian dictator

2548:– a prerequisite for successful modern desert warfare. Cunningham was relieved of command and Major General 2262:, and so the aircraft had to stage through somewhere to be able to get to Iraq. The only possible place was 13094: 12780: 11929: 11810: 11800: 11790: 11678: 11526: 11500: 11490: 11376: 11223: 11086: 11034: 10916: 10581: 10543: 10324: 10220: 9595: 9549: 8468: 8296: 8281: 8208: 8187: 8005: 7683: 7469: 7462: 7446: 7157: 7116: 7088: 6901: 6523:

Old Friends, New Enemies: The Royal Navy and the Imperial Japanese Navy, vol. 2: The Pacific War, 1942–1945

4563: 4148: 3407: 3277:. However, during this period, XIII Corps was temporarily placed under the command of the U.S. Fifth Army. 2942: 2761: 2479: 2475: 2077: 1575: 425: 10944: 5783:

Field Marshal Bernard Law Montgomery, 1887-1976: A Selected Bibliography edited by Colin F. Baxter p 68-69

4523:

made were mostly ineffective. However, once France had fallen in the summer of 1940 that began to change.

4202:

The Japanese threw themselves repeatedly against the defences of the two strong points, in the battles of

3284:, thus significantly shortening the allied supply line. The original aim had been to break through in the 2948:

On 3 September 1943, the first attacks were made directly across the Straits of Messina by Eighth Army in

1753:, but the U-boats were hunted down and the mines swept effectively enough to make the invasion a success. 412:

of the United Kingdom, the United States and the Soviet Union was formed and Britain and America agreed a

13450: 12800: 12790: 12135: 11820: 11780: 11775: 11505: 11437: 10995: 10956: 10681: 10656: 10594: 10429: 10287: 9611: 9556: 9174: 9146: 8999: 8614: 8593: 8107: 7770: 7676: 7166: 4776: 4746: 4726: 4674: 4664: 4369: 2723: 2654: 1845:

becoming the first battleship in history to be sunk strictly by airpower while at sea and fighting back.

1633: 1343: 1307: 969:, resulting in the deaths of about 4,000 of those on board; the exact number has never been established. 705: 6040: 1632:, Malta-based aircraft and submarines sank crucial Axis shipping to North Africa immediately before the 1117: 275:

by Germany. There was little, however, the Anglo-French alliance could do or did do to help Poland. The

13186: 13099: 11896: 11854: 11842: 11815: 11770: 11703: 11447: 11422: 11349: 11334: 11329: 11238: 11218: 11168: 10990: 10872: 10661: 10646: 10641: 10424: 10085: 9574: 9493: 9438: 9326: 9282: 8932: 8558: 8482: 8377: 8254: 8126: 8119: 8079: 8052: 7784: 7717: 7312: 7123: 7053: 6830: 5801:

Field Marshal Bernard Law Montgomery, 1887-1976: A Selected Bibliography edited by Colin F. Baxter p 68

5198: 4477: 4103:

in late 1943. The problems of a lack of corps headquarters were also solved. A skeleton force known as

3632: 3241: 3183:), a concerted attack was made at both Anzio and the Winter Line. The German defences finally cracked. 2878: 2809:

Rommel turned to face Montgomery's forces who had caught up with the Panzerarmee Afrika at last at the

2623: 2525: 1323: 982: 681: 479:

to drive Japan out of the British colony. Involving a million troops at its peak, drawn primarily from

12338: 10606: 3983:, but those islands also fell to the Japanese within a short time. British forces were forced back to 3662:

was cleared by Canadian and Polish forces relatively quickly, but the thorny problem of the island of

3595: 3292:, with the Germans holding a salient to the west. Fifth Army was in the high passes of the Apennines. 3143:

Again, like Salerno, there were serious problems with the landings. The commander, Lieutenant General

2532:

After Rommel's first offensive, a reorganisation of British command took place. In November 1941, the

813:

was given orders to evacuate his forces on 28 April. All British troops were evacuated by 4 May 1940.

12253: 11832: 11597: 11417: 11371: 11228: 11213: 11188: 10741: 10621: 10533: 10434: 9987: 9904: 9689: 9542: 9514: 9347: 9252: 9042: 8475: 7542: 7196: 7027: 6769: 4736: 4689: 4530: 3670: 2863: 2306:

in Soviet-flagged ships. However, yet more capacity was needed, the obvious answer was to go through

2119: 1562:, the transportation of troops and equipment to Greece. Twenty-six troopships arrived at the port of 1075: 924: 677: 585: 496: 296: 11134: 11129: 7740: 4385: 1996: 1175:

in September 1940. Fifty old American destroyers were handed over to the Royal Navy in exchange for

12894: 11847: 11632: 11607: 11536: 11407: 11076: 10716: 9726: 9703: 8948: 8749: 8742: 8399: 8059: 8031: 8024: 7411: 6431: 6364: 5848: 5594:

Hill, Alexander (2007). "British Lend Lease Aid and the Soviet War Effort, June 1941 – June 1942".

4711: 3918: 2938: 2920: 1880:

and three aircraft carriers. However, four of the battleships were old and obsolete and one of the

1839: 1825: 1571: 673: 464: 12724: 12533: 7756: 7733: 6337:

Masters and Commanders – How Roosevelt, Churchill, Marshall and Alanbrooke Won the War in the West

3464:

A British soldier helps an old woman amongst the ruins of Caen after its liberation, 10 July 1944.

3175:, occupy a captured German communications trench during the breakout at Anzio, Italy, 22 May 1944. 2444:

made up the mainstay of the British ground forces. In the end, two Indian divisions saw combat in

1539:

on 6 April 1941, winning a quick victory but delaying the much larger planned invasion of Russia (

881:

patrols. The Allied generals believed that time was on their side, and hoped to weaken Germany by

13531: 12694: 12609: 12458: 12145: 11874: 11795: 11745: 11740: 11730: 11698: 11693: 11688: 11673: 11663: 11364: 11344: 11285: 11178: 10877: 10756: 10343: 10148: 10092: 9962: 9822: 9500: 9153: 9049: 8955: 8523: 8384: 8354: 8318: 8303: 8175: 8067: 8045: 7991: 7977: 7959: 7623: 7404: 7132: 7081: 6972: 6825: 6820: 6580: 6200:

Bombing the European Axis Powers: A Historical Digest of the Combined Bomber Offensive, 1939–1945

5413: 5161: 4804: 4651: 4183: 4112: 4100: 3609: 3590: 3541: 3348:

The progress in May was rapid. The American forces mopped up in the upper Po Valley and captured

3342: 3208: 3084: 3064: 2769: 2327: 1567: 1566:

and more than 62,000 Commonwealth troops landed in Greece. The Commonwealth forces comprised the

1362: 1106: 48: 11254: 5739: 4945: 3681:, in order to inundate the island. In the last great amphibious operation of the war in Europe, 3434:. Beyond the main formations, various smaller units went ashore. Prominent among those were the 1794:, there were several vital operations in that area. British convoys running through the western 1217: 692:

cooperation squadrons to help with matters like reconnaissance for the French Army. Others were

431:

There were eventual hard-fought victories in 1943 in the North-African campaign, led by General

428:

between the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany became the largest theatre of war ever to take place.

280: 13623: 13497: 13492: 13219: 12012: 11531: 11485: 11402: 11354: 11233: 11206: 10791: 10626: 10601: 10417: 9840: 9733: 9528: 9479: 9382: 9275: 9245: 9028: 8916: 8642: 8433: 8017: 7998: 7968: 7515: 7485: 6997: 6947: 6774: 4679: 3932: 3917:

On 10 December 1941, the first major setback to British power in the region was the sinking of

3443: 3245: 3110: 2258:

aircraft was shot down over Iraq during the advance on Baghdad. The nearest Axis bases were on

2202: 2189:. Weeks later the first German troops were arriving in North Africa to reinforce the Italians. 2098: 1838:

in December 1941. However, on 10 December those two ships were sunk by Japanese aircraft, with

1802:. They faced a small but consistent threat from both German and Japanese "surface raiders" and 1536: 1510: 1432: 1420: 1083: 928: 908: 810: 723:

leaflet raids (code-named "Nickels") and the Royal Navy imposed a coastal blockade on Germany.

642: 421: 401: 381: 362: 350: 300: 288: 12413: 12238: 6656: 5930: 5382: 1903:

took the main force after the British fleet and a subsidiary raid was made on shipping in the

1449:

forces, under the command of the British Admiral Cunningham, intercepted those of the Italian

1312: 13638: 12904: 12821: 12463: 11637: 11612: 11570: 11339: 11309: 11007: 10911: 10891: 10666: 10586: 10474: 10331: 10054: 9897: 9793: 9763: 9719: 9588: 9452: 9417: 9410: 9333: 9231: 8672: 8649: 8496: 8100: 7637: 7377: 7363: 7046: 7002: 6886: 6789: 4781: 4473: 4339: 3868: 3678: 3391: 3356:, and the British forces cleared the lower Po and reached the Yugoslav and Austrian borders. 2776:

After El Alamein, Rommel's forces were pursued through the western desert for the last time.

2290:

desperately needed supplies for its war against Germany. Supplies were being sent around the

2228: 1873: 1463: 1446: 1183: 634: 495:

to design a nuclear weapon. The decision to use these weapons was made by the Anglo-American

484: 264: 12579: 12373: 12333: 7935: 6556: 5021: 3288:

by the end of 1944, but that was nowhere near possible. December saw the line just south of

1613:

Convoy on its way to Malta under heavy air attack during Operation Pedestal, 11 August 1942.

384:

in July and began sending supplies to the USSR. By August, Churchill and American President

13214: 12868: 12775: 12755: 12629: 12493: 11647: 11051: 10691: 10636: 10506: 10491: 10405: 10155: 10010: 9661: 9618: 9581: 9507: 9317: 9296: 8215: 7692: 7370: 6815: 6784: 6727: 6552: 4505: 4457: 4397:

The "Battle of Britain" in the autumn of 1940 involved German plans for an invasion called

4026: 4006: 3888: 3315:. The Germans were reduced in large part to scattered bands and bereft of heavy equipment. 3137: 3132:, but as with Salerno, there was a substantial British component to the assault force. The 2916: 2824: 2634: 2509: 2399:. In Sudan and Kenya, the Italians conquered only some small areas around border villages. 2158:

On 11 November 1940, the Royal Navy crippled or destroyed three Italian battleships in the

2143: 2106:

On 13 September 1940, the Italian Tenth Army crossed the border from the Italian colony of

1912: 1771: 1629: 1558:

forces against German, Italian and Bulgarian forces. On 2 March 1941, the British launched

1555: 1540: 1475: 1469: 1102: 824:

As a consequence of the loss of Norway and Denmark, the Royal Navy commenced a pre-emptive

452: 440: 12847: 12278: 12202: 5289: 5275: 3790:

On 23 March, the operations to cross the Rhine in the north began. The British Second and

3514: 3214:

Rome fell on 5 June, and the pursuit continued well beyond the city, into northern Italy.

2603:

was outflanked, and disaster beckoned. Ritchie was dismissed as Eighth Army commander and

2544:

blunted the thrust. British operational doctrine failed to encourage the effective use of

8: 13356: 13316: 13245: 12785: 12438: 12318: 11144: 10978: 10973: 10934: 10901: 10896: 10837: 10696: 10273: 10047: 9925: 9881: 9396: 8530: 8289: 7816: 7646: 7630: 7579: 6881: 6876: 6866: 4809: 4587: 4218: 3908: 3904: 3780: 3765: 3712: 3694: 3559: 3237: 2987: 2979: 2953: 2884: 2608: 2533: 2441: 2350: 2170: 2031: 1857: 1668: 1609: 1153: 989: 832: 697: 661:. The Polish Navy in the United Kingdom was then supplemented with leased British ships. 541: 463:, the United States and Japan, was geographically the largest theater of the war. In the 181: 12594: 12468: 12423: 12378: 11960: 6707: 4637:. There was to be no far eastern equivalent of the combined bomber offensive of Europe. 3616:

American paratroops were dropped at intermediate points north of Allied lines, with the

2925: 2772:

amphitheatre of ancient Carthage to address 3,000 British and American troops, June 1943

2726:

was being fought in Egypt. The new commander of the Eighth Army, Lieutenant General Sir

849: 650: 13519: 13386: 13326: 13281: 13229: 12837: 12298: 12162: 12083: 11139: 11091: 11061: 10885: 10807: 10731: 10721: 10686: 10611: 10576: 10548: 10538: 10469: 10459: 10266: 10099: 10024: 9978: 9948: 9856: 9696: 9354: 9238: 9132: 9083: 9021: 8777: 8728: 8537: 8154: 7809: 7607: 6952: 6937: 6871: 6088: 5619: 5611: 5239:

Fighting the people's war: the British and Commonwealth armies and the Second World War

5157: 5107: 5078: 4634: 4517: 4504:" were formed from American volunteers when the US was neutral (1939–1941), as well as 4399: 4353: 4325: 4301: 4182:

As the 1943–44 dry period dawned, both sides were preparing to take the offensive. The

4174: 4073: 3925: 3872: 3373: 3334: 3128:

on the West coast on 23 January 1944. The assaulting formations were controlled by the

2892: 2727: 2630: 2483: 2388: 2358: 2291: 2248: 2102:

British 6 inch howitzers in action at Tobruk during Operation Compass, 23 January 1941.

2020: 2016: 1973: 1933: 1832: 1723: 1625: 1316: 1165: 745: 701: 500: 432: 385: 322: 312: 272: 12558: 12498: 12182: 6849: 6146:

Tami Davis Biddle, "Bombing By The Square Yard: Sir Arthur Harris At War, 1942–1945,"

5554:

Daniel S. Greenberg, "U.S. Destroyers For British Bases – Fifty Old Ships Go To War,"

5543:

Slide Rules and Submarines: American Scientists and Subsurface Warfare in World War II

5442:

The Sinking of the Lancastria, Jonathan Fenby, 2005 Simon & Schuster UK Ltd, p.247

4972: 4127: 1884:

was small and virtually useless in a fleet action as the new fleet commander, Admiral

13476: 13401: 13361: 13336: 13331: 13250: 13224: 13139: 13068: 12983: 12948: 12624: 12093: 12022: 11359: 11056: 10867: 10812: 10746: 10701: 10676: 10464: 10449: 10439: 10257: 10141: 10031: 9971: 9932: 9865: 9847: 9813: 9756: 9710: 9654: 9472: 9210: 9202: 9139: 8992: 8586: 8111: 7572: 7551: 7261: 6992: 6977: 6967: 6942: 6455: 6416: 6370: 6342: 6319: 6220: 6074: 6067: 5852: 5678: 5623: 5365: 5324: 5242: 5241:. Armies of the Second World War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 64. 5180: 5170: 5127: 5082: 5070: 5027: 4995:

Engineers of Victory: The Problem Solvers Who Turned The Tide in the Second World War

4949: 4794: 4769: 4591: 4485: 4417: 4380: 4335: 4331: 4330:

In their final actions of the war, substantial British naval forces took part in the

4321: 3776: 3739: 3682: 3574: 3534: 3435: 3387: 3319: 3296: 3262: 3121: 3080: 3059: 2949: 2888: 2765: 2604: 2426: 2376: 2182: 2166: 2159: 2070: 2004: 1919: 1896: 1861: 1777: 1710: 1700: 1624:

came in August 1942, when the British sent a very heavily defended convoy code named

1506: 1412: 1394: 1206: 1195: 1062: 993: 817: 569: 549: 488: 448: 334: 292: 186: 12734: 12714: 12654: 12614: 12483: 12207: 6645: 6635: 5721: 4558:

Other important advances occurred in the technical field. The first navigation aid,

2633:

assuming command of the Eighth Army. Rommel tried to break through again during the

2471:, disrupted Italian supply lines and provided vital intelligence to British forces. 2127: 2019:

in June meant even more craft from the Home Fleet could be sent, including precious

688:(RAF) also sent significant forces to France at the start of hostilities. Some were 611: 13471: 13376: 13351: 13053: 13043: 12978: 12765: 12639: 12589: 12563: 12488: 12328: 12268: 12088: 12002: 11314: 11101: 11096: 11027: 11022: 10951: 10881: 10832: 10787: 10726: 10706: 10567: 10176: 10169: 10113: 9777: 9535: 9521: 9424: 9361: 9312: 9125: 8978: 8925: 8735: 8686: 8600: 7823: 7800: 7333: 6794: 5603: 5119: 5060: 4941: 4623: 4575: 4559: 4425: 4289: 4285: 4207: 4203: 4062: 3900: 3856: 3640: 3330: 3270: 3180: 3114: 2934: 2899:

The Eighth Army eventually battered its way past the German defences and enveloped

2874: 2817: 2803: 2797: 2588: 2452: 2414: 2220: 1885: 1881: 1849: 1559: 1547: 1514: 1408: 1404: 1142: 1122: 977: 956: 947: 865:

British troops line up on the beach at Dunkirk to await evacuation, 26–29 May 1940.

844: 693: 625: 581: 389: 304: 236: 209: 12503: 12288: 12172: 7342: 5996: 5065: 5048: 3481:

stated three years after the war in his memoirs, Crusade in Europe, that the plan

3303:

On 2 April 1945, the attack was launched and the advance was again slow at first.

1231:

The institution of an interlocking convoy system on the American coast and in the

861: 629:

The message sent to ships of the Royal Navy informing them of the outbreak of war.

13321: 13063: 13033: 13003: 12078: 11592: 11124: 11119: 10961: 10906: 10842: 10736: 10572: 10501: 10454: 10199: 9911: 9826: 9784: 9682: 9625: 9486: 9268: 9259: 8788: 8363: 8339: 7593: 6720: 6712: 6652: 6642: 5931:

The Everything World War II Book: People, Places, Battles, and All the Key Events

5840: 5750: 5199:"Minutes of a Meeting of the Combined Policy Committee, Washington, July 4, 1945" 5097: 4789: 4501: 4465: 4404: 4269: 4249:

and act as a diversion for the main striking force of IV Corps, which would take

4093: 4018: 3971: 3955: 3852: 3799: 3791: 3527: 3486: 3449:

The operation was a success. Both tactical and strategic surprise were achieved.

3274: 3125: 3031: 3016: 3004: 2968: 2719: 2666: 2537: 2198: 2000: 1926: 1685: 1660: 1653: 1637: 1518: 1275:

The Arctic convoys travelled from the US and the UK to the northern ports of the

1041: 904: 888:

On 10 May the stalemated Phoney War ended with a sweeping German invasion of the

802: 791: 755: 685: 656: 617: 420:

drafted by Roosevelt and Churchill in Washington in December 1941 formalised the

393: 326: 12770: 12704: 12388: 12303: 12273: 10311: 6663:

Air War for Burma: The Allied Air Forces Fight Back in South-East Asia 1942–1945

1338:

At the outset of the war, the area was numerically dominated by the British and

911:

on 21 May. The BEF was unable to repel the Germans and it became clear that the

150: 13429: 13181: 13058: 13018: 13008: 12988: 12953: 12433: 11017: 10985: 10966: 10711: 10206: 9742: 9668: 7706: 7565: 6982: 6957: 6413:

Decision in Normandy: The Unwritten Story of Montgomery and the Allied Campaign

4908:"Britain's War Machine: Weapons, Resources and Experts in the Second World War" 4630: 4390: 4000: 3988: 3629: 3431: 3289: 3233: 2999: 2508:

and Eritrea that lasted until the middle of 1943 when Italy left the war, (see

2422: 1456: 1249: 1221: 1200:

The Japanese declarations of war in December 1941 made it a global war. German

1133: 960: 878: 646: 561: 476: 260: 12368: 6309:

Britain's War Machine: Weapons, Resources, and Experts in the Second World War

3711:

The Germans launched their last great offensive in December, resulting in the

2486:

was staged from Aden. The three thrusts converged on the Ethiopian capital of

1497:. The British lost one torpedo plane and suffered light damage to some ships. 1244: 13657: 13073: 13048: 12998: 12993: 12973: 10763: 10444: 10017: 7928: 7777: 7616: 5649: 5184: 5131: 5074: 4953: 4608: 4551: 4144: 4061:

was removed from command shortly before Rangoon fell. He was replaced by Sir

4058: 4050: 4014: 3834: 3825:

that had not been captured and liberating a small amount of territory around

3761: 3723: 3719: 3566:. Heated discussions then took place over the next phase of Allied strategy. 3382:

Troops of 3rd Infantry Division on Queen Red beach, Sword Beach, 6 June 1944.

3266: 3164: 3144: 3129: 3098: 3054: 3027: 3023: 2685: 2437: 2236: 1908: 1904: 1731: 1460: 1370: 1361:

At Alexandria, relations between the French and British commanders, Admirals

1291: 1232: 1176: 1137: 912: 854: 806: 775: 712:

and other machines that did not have the range to reach Germany from the UK.

709: 468: 284: 12228: 5894:

http://warfarehistorynetwork.com/daily/wwii/nijmegen-the-bridges-to-nowhere/

4907: 4444:

the training and operational postings of half of all aircrews from the RAF,

4312: 4260: 2929:

British Troops coming ashore from landing ships at Reggio, 3 September 1943.

672:(TA) divisions being mobilized in the UK were sent. In the end, the BEF had 560:, was done before 1940, and shared with the Americans that year through the 544:

available for war, whereas Germany had seventy-eight and France eighty-six.

13013: 12963: 11720: 10827: 10316: 10120: 8406: 8311: 7942: 7305: 7069: 5997:"History: The Flying Tigers – American Volunteer Group – Chinese Air Force" 5582:

The allied convoy system 1939–1945: its organization, defence and operation

4543: 4159: 4140: 4108: 3199: 3053:

About two months after his ouster, Mussolini was rescued by the Germans in

2870: 2781: 2731: 2662: 2629:

A new command team arrived in the Middle East, with Lieutenant General Sir

2600: 2549: 2541: 2468: 2456: 2433: 2287: 2263: 2123: 1966: 1814: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1727: 1641: 1579: 1451: 1438: 1378: 1374: 1331: 1276: 1054: 1033: 1017:

the Mediterranean open to the Allies and closed to the Germans and Italians

1006: 779: 533: 529: 472: 413: 354: 268: 6687:

The Narrow Margin: The Battle of Britain and the Rise of Air Power 1930–40

5607: 5307:

The Lion and the White Falcon: Britain and Iceland in the World War II Era

5169:. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press. pp. 372–373. 3703:

A 6th Airborne Division sniper on patrol in the Ardennes, 14 January 1945.

3518:

British infantry aboard Sherman tanks wait for the order to advance, near

2730:, had the opportunity to conclusively defeat the Panzerarmee Afrika under 1636:

of October–November 1942. Following Allied territorial gains in Libya and

923:, but after hard fighting, both ports were in German hands by 26 May (see 787: 649:, the Royal Navy was strengthened by the arrival of two Polish submarines 13166: 13028: 12140: 10862: 10822: 9955: 9941: 9603: 8265: 8086: 8071: 7425: 6702: 6570:

The Most Dangerous Enemy: The Definitive History of the Battle of Britain

6392:

Browned Off and Bloody-Minded: The British Soldier Goes to War, 1939–1945

6109:

The Most Dangerous Enemy: The Definitive History of the Battle of Britain

5431:

Ellis, L. F. (1954) The War in France and Flanders 1939–1940. HMSO London

3984: 3951: 3814: 3803: 3399: 3223: 3203: 3076: 3070: 3047: 2810: 2785: 2487: 2303: 2299: 2283: 2147: 2081: 1985: 1962: 1865: 1766: 1400: 1339: 1280: 1257: 901: 689: 604:

in late August and early September 1939, moving three modern destroyers,

601: 597: 577: 572:, however, was undertaken during the war beginning in 1942, to which the 480: 405: 240: 5810:

Stephen T. Powers, "The Battle of Normandy: The Lingering Controversy,"

5615: 3883: 3318:

On 28 April, Mussolini and a group of fascist Italians were captured by

2520: 2010:

forming up for raid on a Japanese oil refinery in Sumatra, January 1945.

503:, which was announced on 15 August 1945 and signed on 2 September 1945. 13674:

Military history of the British Empire and Commonwealth in World War II

13023: 12968: 10857: 10852: 9303: 9056: 9035: 7921: 7254: 7182: 7022: 6927: 6896: 6625: 6360: 6316:

Medicine and Victory: British Military Medicine in the Second World War

4826: 4741: 3863:, the declaration was not delivered until after the attacks began. The 3855:

invaded Hong Kong, Thailand and Malaya from bases located in China and

3822: 3544: 3423: 3411: 3097:

The linchpin of the Winter Line position was the town and monastery of

2900: 2742: 2701: 2616: 2561: 2494: 2174: 2131: 2115: 1977: 1877: 1803: 1750: 1591: 1347: 1079: 973: 966: 955:

rescued from eight major sea ports on the southwest coast of France in

874: 720: 716: 537: 342: 276: 156: 6670:

A Time for Courage: The Royal Air Force in the European War, 1939–1945

4136:

closer to home and a campaign against the far more dangerous Germans.

1586:

In the aftermath of the German invasion of Greece, only the island of

1186:

is credited in improving personnel standards to a significant degree.

13038: 12958: 12027: 12017: 11668: 11541: 10817: 9566: 8971: 8768: 8579: 8370: 8325: 6759: 6516:

Engage the Enemy More Closely: The Royal Navy in the Second World War

6366:

The Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy

5530:

Engage the Enemy More Closely: The Royal Navy in the Second World War

5504:

Engage the Enemy More Closely: The Royal Navy in the Second World War

5478:

Engage the Enemy More Closely: The Royal Navy in the Second World War

4717:

Demobilisation of the British Armed Forces after the Second World War

4579: 4567: 4535: 4464:

Another 43 squadrons were formed during the war out of aircrews from

4297: 4085: 3947: 3826: 3663: 3600: 3454: 3187: 2777: 2750: 2746: 2595:, and somewhat into Egypt, but he pushed deep into the protectorate. 2557: 2332: 2255: 2142:. Following the halt of the Italian Tenth Army, the British used the 2139: 1958: 1940: 1869: 1821: 1738: 1481: 1355: 795: 783: 605: 338: 330: 168: 7846: 5815: 2185:

ordered that the advance be stopped and troops dispatched to defend

2126:, approximately 95 km inside Egypt. The Italians then began to 2087: 37: 7830: 7558: 6015:

The Chindit war: Stilwell, Wingate, and the campaign in Burma, 1944

5123: 4799: 4764: 4614:

In February 1945, as Soviet forces closed in on the German city of

4421: 4250: 4246: 4152: 4022: 3833:

also fell to Canadian and Polish forces. British units reached the

3519: 3312: 3285: 3117:

and were also driven back, as was a joint French-American attempt.

2580: 2565: 2464: 2445: 2354: 2295: 2276: 1981: 1853: 1746: 1284: 916: 897: 893: 882: 766: 256: 10373: 6041:"BBC – WW2 People's War – Operation Jurist and the end of the War" 4599:

from Eisenhower's control. The striking of German cities resumed.

3768:). The XIII Corps removed German forces from the west bank of the 3460: 2540:. Its first offensive failed disastrously as German Field Marshal 11284: 6288:

Britain at Bay: The Epic Story of the Second World War, 1938–1941

5985:; Cambridge, Massachusetts; Harvard University Press, 2005, p294. 4646: 4615: 4119:

up Burcorps were withdrawn from the line for long refit periods.

4089: 4046: 3976: 3659: 3655: 3563: 3353: 3307: 2991: 2983: 2957: 2904: 2712: 2697: 2681: 2674: 2670: 2638: 2418: 2410: 2362: 2271: 2240: 2219:

In May 1941, to add to British troubles in the area, there was a

2058: 2027: 1892: 1719: 1563: 1416: 1381:

government broke off all ties with the British as a result. (See

1351: 1295: 1201: 1161: 1157: 932: 915:

were threatened. Fresh troops were rushed from England to defend

889: 4296:

was retaken on 2 September 1945, while the Japanese garrison in

3483:"was never abandoned, even momentarily, throughout the campaign" 2451:

Another important aspect of the campaign to retake Ethiopia was

2331:

Men of the King's African Rifles collecting surrendered arms at

2084:. A major success was the sinking of several Japanese cruisers. 1706:

bombarding German defensive positions off Normandy, 6 June 1944.

750: 719:, the RAF carried out small bombing raids and a large number of 8447: 7038: 6304:(6 vol 1947–1951), classic personal history with many documents 4343: 4293: 4265: 4239: 3830: 3625: 3281: 3257: 3036: 2735: 2596: 2553: 2498: 2406: 2346: 2335:

Pass, after the last Italians had ceased resistance in Ethiopia

2307: 2259: 2186: 2094:

Mediterranean, Middle East and African theatres of World War II

2050: 2038: 1900: 1691: 1664: 1442: 1240: 1146: 1058: 920: 770: 762: 291:

in May 1940. The defeat of other European countries followed –

6615:"Bomber" Harris and the Strategic Bombing Offensive, 1939–1945 5944:

Battleship: the sinking of the Prince of Wales and the Repulse

3861:

Japan declared war on the United States and the British Empire

3599:

The crew of a Cromwell tank is welcomed by Dutch civilians in

3426:; the remaining divisions were provided by the United States. 3113:

divisions) on the left flank of Fifth Army tried to cross the

2560:

fell into British hands, this time the advance went as far as

2379:

fell to the Italians. They attacked in three directions, into

396:

attacked British and American holdings with near-simultaneous

8635: 6187:

Bomber" Harris and the Strategic Bombing Offensive, 1939–1945

4838:

Timeline of the United Kingdom home front during World War II

4829: 4453: 4389:

Shots from a Supermarine Spitfire Mark I hitting a Luftwaffe

4304:. The rest of Malaya was liberated over the following weeks. 4235: 4010: 3817:, isolating the German forces there. Second Army reached the 3813:

By 18 April, First Army had reached the coast in much of the

3807: 3757: 3674: 3551: 3349: 3323: 2990:, was also made on the same day at the Italian naval base of 2693: 2689: 2612: 2592: 2576: 2460: 2440:. South Africa provided much needed airpower and troops. The 2384: 2380: 2369: 2267: 2232: 2178: 2135: 2111: 2107: 2054: 2046: 1782:

under Japanese air attack and heavily damaged on 5 April 1942

1684:

carrier task force moved into the area. Composed entirely of

1617: 1587: 1253: 1057:

began to attack British shipping with both surface ships and

734: 557: 5569:

The defeat of the German U-boats: the Battle of the Atlantic

4626:" rumours of the sort the Nazis had exploited in the 1920s. 2956:, was also made on 9 September at the Italian naval base of 2845:

was the name of Allied operations in and around Italy, from

959:. The only serious setback was the bombing of the troopship 71:"Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II" 5683:

Rommel's Desert War: The Life and Death of the Afrika Korps

5102:. United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority. St Martin's Press 5006:

James W. Brennan, "The Proximity Fuze: Whose Brainchild?,"

4449: 4445: 4222:

Sherman tanks and trucks advancing on Meiktila, March 1945.

3980: 3818: 3795: 3769: 3503: 3469: 3253: 3102: 3101:. The extremely powerful position dominated a key route to 3040: 2850: 2545: 2396: 2315: 2311: 2224: 1976:, a campaign launched when it was feared that Vichy French 1807: 1068:

within hours of the declaration of war. The German cruiser

1020:

routes open through the Indian Ocean to India and Australia

532:, its forces were still weak by comparison, especially the 218: 13664:

Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II

6495:

The Imperial War Museum Book of the War in Burma 1942–1945

5023:

Nuclear Rivals: Anglo-American Atomic Relations, 1941–1952

4932:"Work Done by 1,500,000 Horses in France during the War". 2661:

8 November 1942 saw the first great amphibious assault of

2417:. This was a threat to the British convoys heading up the 1872:), and in February 1942, they were reconstituted into the 1550:(also known as to the Wehrmacht as "Operation Marita", or 205: 11990: 6452:

And We Shall Shock Them: The British Army in World War II

6399:

The Day of Battle: The War in Sicily and Italy, 1943–1944

4143:

region of Burma. The Arakan is a coastal strip along the

3756:

The penultimate preliminary operation to close up to the

3733: 1726:

saw an enormous minesweeping operation, with hundreds of

877:, as there was little combat apart from minor clashes of 491:

and the final naval strikes on Japan. British scientists

439:. British forces played major roles in the production of 404:. Britain and America declared war on Japan, opening the 398:

offensives against Southeast Asia and the Central Pacific

392:

to define goals for the post-war world. In December, the

6069:

Forgotten Wars: Freedom and Revolution in Southeast Asia

6065:

Bayly; Christopher Alan, Harper, Timothy Norman (2007).

4861:"Royal Navy in 1939 and 1945". Naval-history.net. 8/7/11 3050:. There the front would remain for the next six months. 1957:

Following those attacks, the British fleet retreated to

1895:, the main Japanese carrier force made its one and only 988:

During the Battle of France, the British Prime Minister

835:

to install naval and air bases on this Atlantic island.

6601:

Fire and Fury: The Allied Bombing of Germany, 1942–1945

6347:

Ministers at War: Winston Churchill and His War Cabinet

6267:

The Storm of War: A New History of the Second World War

6254:

Fire and Fury: The Allied Bombing of Germany, 1942–1945

6064: 5108:"Britain and Atomic Energy, 1939-1945. Margaret Gowing" 4562:, was introduced to help pilots to find their targets. 4186:

struck first, but only marginally before the Japanese.

3217: 1876:. On paper, the fleet looked impressive, boasting five 1445:

from 27 March to 29 March 1941 in which Royal Navy and

873:

This period leading up to 10 May 1940 was known as the

483:, the campaign was finally successful in mid-1945. The 7700:

Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

6632:

Royal Air Force, 1939–1945: The Fight at Odds – Vol. 1

6549:

War at Sea 1939–1945, Volume 3: The Offensive, Part 2,

6545:

War at Sea 1939–1945, Volume 3: The Offensive, Part 1,

6541:

War at Sea 1939–1945, Volume 2: The Period of Balance,

6477:

Master of the Battlefield: Monty's War Years 1942–1944

4843:

United Kingdom-United States relations in World War II

4403:. First the Luftwaffe began operations to destroy the 4131:

A Chindit column crossing a river in Burma during 1943

3867:

the same day. Action in this theatre ended when Japan

3608:

temporarily out of the question. Montgomery conceived

3071:

The Winter Line, Anzio and the Battle of Monte Cassino

2967:

Also on 3 September, King Victor Emmanuel and Marshal

2653:

Sherman tanks of 9th Queen's Royal Lancers during the

2504:

After December 1941, some Italians launched a limited

2173:

pressed the attack forwards and succeeded in reaching

1864:

forcing the remaining British warships to withdraw to

233:

military history of the United Kingdom in World War II

5983:

Forgotten Armies: The Fall of British Asia, 1941-1945

5709:

Grand Strategy. Vol. IV: August 1942 – September 1943

5696:

Grand Strategy. Vol. IV: August 1942 – September 1943

5138: 3252:

By the end of August 1944, Allied forces had reached

2282:

The final major military operation in the war in the

1004:

The Royal Navy was far more powerful than the German

996:, who had opposed negotiation with Hitler all along. 765:

loomed large in German strategy because of the great

4822:

Allied technological cooperation during World War II

4356:, the second part of the massive invasion of Japan. 3198:

British forces were not well handled during Diadem.

3105:

and thus it had to be captured. British forces (the

1415:. As a result, the Italian fleet was withdrawn from 5839: 5359:Thomas B. Buell, John N. Bradley, John H. Bradley, 3878: 3468:In the east, the first major British objective was 2493:The Italians made a final stand around the town of 664:The British Army immediately began dispatching the 376:The United Kingdom and allied countries signed the 62:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 6742: 6066: 5361:The Second World War: Europe and the Mediterranean 5323:. Edinburgh: Birlinn Limited. pp. 16–17, 58. 3891:held at gunpoint by Japanese infantry in Singapore 3446:provided direct support to the Empire formations. 2669:, an Anglo-American force landed on the shores of 2501:in November 1941, receiving full military honors. 1128:displaying anti-aircraft rounds, 11 November 1940. 1105:intelligence that revealed the location of German 1053:, which had little effect on German industry. The 1014:the North Atlantic open, despite German submarines 782:ordered an invasion to begin on 9 April 1940. The 11623:Sarawak, Brunei, Labuan, and British North Borneo 6438:Victory in the West, Volume 1: Battle of Normandy 5638:The Attack on Taranto: Blueprint for Pearl Harbor 4033:Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and Canada. 2738:was about to be attacked from the rear by Torch. 2644: 2405:The Italians had a small naval squadron based at 2088:The North African desert, Middle East, and Africa 554:technology that determined the outcome of the war 13655: 6530:The White Ensign: British Navy at War, 1939–1945 6445:Victory in the West, Volume 2: Defeat of Germany 6225:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 5517:The White Ensign: British Navy at War, 1939–1945 5491:The White Ensign: British Navy at War, 1939–1945 5019: 4700:British Empire divisions in the Second World War 4178:British troops marching through the jungle, 1944 4045:The first Japanese attacks were aimed at taking 3394:, with the British seaborne divisions being the 1891:Following successes over American forces in the 1500: 1383:destruction of the French Fleet at Mers-el-Kebir 976:tactics and superior German communications, the 931:). Gort ordered that the BEF should withdraw to 684:under its command, controlling 200,000 men. The 6622:The Battle of Britain: The Myth and the Reality 5919:World at arms: a global history of World War II 5667:Ten Days to Destiny: The Battle for Crete, 1941 5156: 4760:British hardened field defences of World War II 4230:and XV Corps was placed directly under ALFSEA. 3959:the Allied ground forces steadily gave ground. 3760:in the British section was the clearing of the 794:and in the north of the country at Narvik. The 10375:British Empire battles of the Second World War 4885: 4883: 4080:at first had to be controlled directly by the 1322:under attack from Italian aircraft during the 1212: 1168:also helped escort the main Atlantic convoys. 580:work since 1941. Under the clause of the 1943 11976: 11286:History of World War II by region and country 11270: 10359: 7054: 6728: 6537:War at Sea 1939–1945, Volume 1: The Defensive 5318: 4969:"British Technology and the Second World War" 4111:, later to gain fame as the commander of the 3236:halts near infantrymen of the 1st Battalion, 857:during the evacuation from France, June 1940. 508:United Kingdom home front during World War II 20:United Kingdom home front during World War II 6803: 6525:with Mark Jacobsen and John Horsfield (1990) 6406:British Armour in the Normandy Campaign 1944 6207:. Archived from the original on 14 June 2006 6093:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4511: 4338:) and the final naval strikes on Japan. The 3506:that Montgomery was unnecessarily cautious. 2749:. Rommel's forces had laid large numbers of 2524:British infantry near El Alamein during the 2515: 1806:. Tankers sailing from the oil terminals of 1692:Operation Overlord and the Normandy landings 591: 6172:Malcolm Smith, "The Allied Air Offensive," 4946:10.1038/scientificamerican02151919-105bsupp 4880: 4872:Grand Strategy: Volume 1 Rearmament Policy 4410: 4300:formally surrendered on 12 September under 3654:Following Market Garden, the great port of 3362: 2895:pass through Pedara, Sicily, 9 August 1943. 2591:, Rommel not only drove the British out of 2536:was activated under Lieutenant General Sir 2114:, where British troops were protecting the 1171:More American help came in the form of the 892:. German troops entered France through the 801:British troops made amphibious landings at 11983: 11969: 11277: 11263: 11072:Japanese occupation of the Andaman Islands 11041: 10366: 10352: 7061: 7047: 6735: 6721: 6466:Tug of War: The Battle for Italy 1943–1945 4374: 4264:A Japanese officer signs the surrender of 4005:The Burma Campaign pitted forces from the 3584: 3540:As arranged before the Normandy invasion, 2622:Auchinlek managed to stop Rommel with the 2478:to be sent to East Africa. Along with the 1798:were vital for supplying Allied forces in 1160:, and had several hostile encounters with 735:Western and northern Europe, 1940 and 1941 637:declared war on Germany as obliged by the 459:The Pacific War, fought primarily between 149: 13302:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 11046: 6473:Monty: The Making of a General: 1887–1942 6428:The War in France and Flanders, 1939–1940 5312: 5064: 3875:ceremony took place on 2 September 1945. 3509: 2192: 1824:region were reinforced by the battleship 1531:Destroyed British cruiser tank in Greece. 1426: 1089: 122:Learn how and when to remove this message 11081: 5981:Christopher Bayly & Timothy Harper, 5942:Martin Middlebrook and Patrick Mahoney, 5636:Thomas P. Lowry and John W. G. Wellham, 5105: 4889: 4695:British brigades of the Second World War 4670:British Army during the Second World War 4529: 4384: 4311: 4259: 4217: 4173: 4126: 4107:was formed under Lieutenant General Sir 3882: 3847:South-East Asian theatre of World War II 3772:during the second half of January 1945. 3743: 3698: 3622:Polish 1st Independent Parachute Brigade 3594: 3513: 3459: 3377: 3227: 3158: 3088: 2924: 2883: 2760: 2648: 2519: 2326: 2210: 2097: 1995: 1765: 1761: 1695: 1647: 1608: 1526: 1311: 1216: 1116: 1032: 860: 848: 749: 624: 524:British Army during the Second World War 319:Britain and its Empire continued the war 245:declaration of war by the United Kingdom 243:, starting on 3 September 1939 with the 13422: 6488:War In Italy, 1943–1945: A Brutal Story 5833: 5814:July 1992, Vol. 56 Issue 3, pp 455–471 5236: 4966: 4752:Military production during World War II 4431: 3154: 2830: 2780:was retaken from Axis forces, and then 1952: 1227:conducting a depth charge attack, 1944. 838: 285:Winston Churchill became prime minister 13656: 10672:Battle of the Strait of Otranto (1940) 8915: 8893:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union 6354:Britain's War: Into Battle, 1937––1941 6161:World War II in Europe: the final year 6124:March 1995, Vol. 18 Issue 1, pp 91–144 5466:Grand Strategy: Sept. 1939 – June 1941 5453:Grand Strategy: Sept. 1939 – June 1941 5263:Grand Strategy: Sept. 1939 – June 1941 5225:Grand Strategy: Sept. 1939 – June 1941 5205:from the original on 18 September 2017 5144: 5095: 4442:British Commonwealth Air Training Plan 4036: 3734:Crossing the Rhine and final surrender 3688: 3140:formed the left flank of the assault. 2575:An operation had been planned to take 2393:Italian conquest of British Somaliland 2223:against the pro-British government in 1991: 1817:took place in early 1942 and 1944/45. 1189: 1040:in flames after being scuttled in the 896:on 13 May. Most Allied forces were in 402:attack on the US fleet at Pearl Harbor 11992:Strategic bombing during World War II 11964: 11258: 10940:Battle of Kowloon and New Territories 10347: 9771:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign 9196:Japanese invasion of French Indochina 8842:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union 8798:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union 7896:Rape during the occupation of Germany 7042: 6915: 6716: 6359: 6073:. United States: Harvard University. 5994: 5830:Dec 1996, Vol. 19 Issue 4, pp 132–153 5344:"Britains Armies in France Doubled". 5201:. United States Department of State. 4971:. Stanford University. Archived from 3404:50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division 3367: 2910: 2857: 2791: 2041:to become the British Pacific Fleet. 1112: 1086:navies and its captain scuttled her. 739: 281:German invasion of Denmark and Norway 13174: 8886:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union 7911:Rape during the liberation of France 6685:Wood, Derek, and Derek D. Dempster. 5882:Arnhem 1944: Operation Market Garden 5593: 5558:Nov 1962, Vol. 88 Issue 11, pp 70–83 5414:"HyperWar: London Gazette No. 37573" 5099:Britain and Atomic Energy, 1939-1945 4506:one made up of Argentinean nationals 4307: 4169: 3865:United Kingdom declared war on Japan 3641:held the Arnhem bridge for four days 3218:The Gothic Line and victory in Italy 2341:East African Campaign (World War II) 2064: 1388: 1301: 493:contributed to the Manhattan Project 60:adding citations to reliable sources 31: 13631: 6696: 6606:Hough, Richard and Denis Richards. 6330:Winston's War: Churchill, 1940–1945 5774:Dec 1996, Vol. 19 Issue 4, foreword 5740:"Canadians on D-Day: June 6, 1944" 5046: 4940:(2250supp): 105. 15 February 1919. 4158:Under the command of Major General 3569: 3163:Men of 'D' Company, 1st Battalion, 3030:landing on the right flank and the 2849:. Joint Allied Forces Headquarters 2349:. This front was in and around the 2286:took place shortly thereafter. The 2279:from Iraq, the French surrendered. 1810:also had to run the same gauntlet. 853:Troops on their way to the port at 708:, composed of squadrons flying the 13: 11219:Battle of the Gulf of St. Lawrence 9112:German invasion of the Netherlands 7385:Weather events during World War II 6481:Monty: The Field-Marshal 1944–1976 6275: 6058: 6033: 5906:Monty: The Field-Marshal 1944–1976 4228:Allied Land Forces South East Asia 2982:, was delivered on 9 September at 2181:. However, at the crucial moment, 1096:Battle of the Atlantic (1939-1945) 596:Anticipating a German attack, the 349:and protect merchant ships in the 279:culminated in April 1940 with the 28:Diplomatic history of World War II 14: 13685: 10411:Italian guerrilla war in Ethiopia 9750:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan 6562: 5556:U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, 5383:"Siege of Calais, 23-26 May 1940" 4468:countries, comprising designated 4122: 4017:forces against the forces of the 3994: 3579:2nd Independent Parachute Brigade 3043:was controlled by Allied forces. 2375:The first offensive moves of the 1644:by King George VI in early 1942. 1264: 999: 946:, and an improvised force called 940:51st (Highland) Infantry Division 798:deterred landings farther south. 341:in late 1940 and early 1941. The 11067:Evacuation of British Somaliland 10310: 7068: 6848: 5026:. Ohio State U.P. pp. 1–5. 5008:U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings 4393:(left) on its starboard quarter. 4213: 3879:Disaster in Malaya and Singapore 3869:announced an intent to surrender 3750:Bergen-Belsen concentration camp 3475: 3248:, near Tanara, Italy, April 1945 2490:, which fell early in May 1941. 2153: 2150:to harass their lines in Egypt. 1590:remained in Allied hands in the 1407:borne aircraft, the obsolescent 1044:Estuary off Montevideo, Uruguay. 1028: 566:Allied technological cooperation 416:grand strategy for the war. The 378:Declaration of St James's Palace 217: 204: 36: 11244:Western Approaches Escort Force 10406:Recapture of British Somaliland 6703:Checklist of official histories 6311:(Oxford University Press; 2011) 6259: 6246: 6233: 6192: 6179: 6166: 6153: 6140: 6127: 6114: 6101: 6020: 6007: 5988: 5975: 5962: 5949: 5936: 5923: 5911: 5898: 5887: 5874: 5865: 5820: 5804: 5795: 5786: 5777: 5764: 5755: 5732: 5714: 5701: 5688: 5672: 5659: 5643: 5630: 5596:The Journal of Military History 5587: 5574: 5561: 5548: 5535: 5522: 5509: 5496: 5483: 5470: 5458: 5445: 5436: 5424: 5406: 5399:Doug Dildy and Howard Gerrard, 5393: 5375: 5352: 5337: 5299: 5283: 5268: 5255: 5230: 5217: 5191: 5150: 5089: 4967:Roberts, Eric (16 March 2004). 4875:History of the Second World War 4620:series of extremely heavy raids 4582:and killed some 50,000 people. 3840: 2837:Italian Campaign (World War II) 1932:, and the Australian destroyer 1678: 1523:Balkans Campaign (World War II) 1010:. Its main roles were to keep: 900:, anticipating a re-run of the 885:before going on the offensive. 831:On 10 May 1940, the Royal Navy 826:occupation of the Faroe Islands 47:needs additional citations for 11102:Bombardment of Northern Malaya 11097:Bombardment of Andaman Islands 10778:Battle of the Heligoland Bight 10396:Invasion of British Somaliland 9997:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 7693:Territorial changes of Germany 7601:Indonesian National Revolution 6744:United Kingdom in World War II 6634:(HMSO 1953), official history 6502:Dunkirk: Fight to the Last Man 6384: 5401:Dunkirk 1940: Operation Dynamo 5047:Lee, Sabine (2 January 2022). 5040: 5013: 5000: 4987: 4960: 4925: 4864: 4855: 4817:Technology during World War II 4732:History of the Royal Air Force 4722:Destroyers for Bases Agreement 4707:British Empire in World War II 4366:History of the Royal Air Force 4359: 3871:on 15 August 1945. The formal 3420:3rd Canadian Infantry Division 2788:defences of southern Tunisia. 2645:Operation Torch and El Alamein 1271:Arctic convoys of World War II 1173:Destroyers for Bases Agreement 639:Anglo-Polish military alliance 382:alliance with the Soviet Union 289:head of a coalition government 139:United Kingdom in World War II 24:British Empire in World War II 1: 10917:Liberation of the Netherlands 10401:Capture of Italian Somaliland 9390:Japanese invasion of Thailand 9341:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 9105:German invasion of Luxembourg 7479:Mediterranean and Middle East 6577:Defence of the United Kingdom 6508: 6148:International History Review, 6122:Journal of Strategic Studies, 5828:Journal of Strategic Studies, 5772:Journal of Strategic Studies, 5160:; Anderson, Oscar E. (1962). 5066:10.1080/09592296.2022.2041805 4849: 4685:British Corps in World War II 4078:Indian 17th Infantry Division 4042:overwhelm the Allied forces. 3970:On 15 February 1942, General 3897:Japanese Invasion of Thailand 3624:at the tip of the salient at 3618:British 1st Airborne Division 3352:, the Polish forces captured 3134:British 1st Infantry Division 2207:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 1605:Siege of Malta (World War II) 1501:Yugoslavia, Greece, and Crete 1491:, and damaged the battleship 520:Statement Relating to Defence 513: 506:For the domestic history see 418:Declaration by United Nations 359:Mediterranean and Middle East 200: 11224:Battle of the Denmark Strait 11087:Battle of the Malacca Strait 9297:Invasion of the Soviet Union 8986:Occupation of Czechoslovakia 8297:Independent State of Croatia 6902:Special Operations Executive 6205:"Template for book abstract" 6174:Journal of Strategic Studies 5812:Journal of Military History, 5364:Square One Publishers 2002, 5321:Pillar of Fire: Dunkirk 1940 4640: 4149:77th Indian Infantry Brigade 3649: 3630:Lieutenant General Horrock's 2480:Indian 5th Infantry Division 2476:Indian 4th Infantry Division 2078:Fremantle, Western Australia 1813:The major operations in the 1638:in the Western Mediterranean 1576:British 1st Armoured Brigade 1136:in June 1940, ports such as 992:resigned, to be replaced by 972:As a result of the Germans' 530:Germany under the Nazi Party 7: 10957:Japanese invasion of Malaya 10430:Second Battle of El Alamein 10288:End of World War II in Asia 10128:Western invasion of Germany 9635:Chinese famine of 1942–1943 9612:Second Battle of El Alamein 9175:Hundred Regiments Offensive 9147:Battle of the Mediterranean 9000:Italian invasion of Albania 7167:Air warfare of World War II 6933:British Expeditionary Force 6836:Women's Auxiliary Air Force 6811:Women's Royal Naval Service 5933:, Adams Media, 2010, p. 331 5744:, accessioned 19 April 2015 5348:. 12 March 1940. p. 8. 5106:Anderson, Oscar E. (1965). 4777:Political Warfare Executive 4747:Military history of Britain 4727:History of the British Army 4675:British Army Groups in WWII 4665:Air warfare of World War II 4657: 4370:Air warfare of World War II 2724:Second Battle of El Alamein 2655:Second Battle of El Alamein 2322: 1897:foray into the Indian Ocean 1756: 1634:Second Battle of El Alamein 1344:British Mediterranean Fleet 1330:The Royal Navy battled the 1308:Battle of the Mediterranean 1213:Success against the U-boats 706:Advanced Air Striking Force 666:British Expeditionary Force 633:On 3 September, the UK and 475:. The British Army led the 309:British Expeditionary Force 10: 13690: 11239:Western Local Escort Force 10991:Japanese invasion of Burma 10945:Battle of Hong Kong Island 10873:Clearing the Channel Coast 10662:Battle of the Ligurian Sea 10642:Battle of Cape Spartivento 10425:First Battle of El Alamein 10214:Naval bombardment of Japan 9575:First Battle of El Alamein 9494:Battle of Christmas Island 9439:Japanese invasion of Burma 9203:Italian invasion of Greece 9119:German invasion of Belgium 9091:German invasion of Denmark 9064:1939–1940 Winter Offensive 8933:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 7190:Comparative military ranks 6831:Mechanised Transport Corps 6280: 5237:Fennell, Jonathan (2019). 5053:Diplomacy & Statecraft 4515: 4378: 4363: 4319: 3998: 3894: 3851:On 7/8 December 1941, the 3844: 3737: 3692: 3639:The 1st Airborne Division 3588: 3371: 3341:, the army of Mussolini's 3221: 3193:French Expeditionary Corps 3074: 2914: 2861: 2847:1943 to the end of the war 2834: 2795: 2758:Germans were thrown back. 2624:First Battle of El Alamein 2526:First Battle of El Alamein 2338: 2196: 2165:Then, on 8 December 1940, 2091: 1602: 1504: 1430: 1392: 1324:Battle of Cape Spartivento 1305: 1268: 1193: 1093: 983:French Mediterranean Fleet 842: 754:British troops during the 743: 517: 443:signals intelligence, the 323:planned invasion of the UK 17: 13622: 13587: 13556: 13545: 13506: 13485: 13464: 13443: 13259: 13238: 13202: 13165: 13120: 13084: 12939: 12913: 12882: 12856: 12830: 12809: 12748: 12572: 12551: 12221: 12161: 12154: 12123: 12102: 12071: 12045: 12036: 11998: 11905: 11656: 11519: 11473: 11395: 11292: 11229:Newfoundland Escort Force 11214:Battle of the River Plate 11197: 11110: 10925: 10803:Battle of the Netherlands 10549:Evacuation of Spitsbergen 10534:Battle of the Barents Sea 10515: 10435:Italian invasion of Egypt 10381: 10303: 10135:Bratislava–Brno offensive 10075: 10066:Dutch famine of 1944–1945 9803: 9690:Allied invasion of Sicily 9644: 9543:Aleutian Islands campaign 9515:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign 9462: 9453:Greek famine of 1941–1944 9348:Second Battle of Changsha 9253:German invasion of Greece 9221: 9098:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang 9073: 9011: 8906: 8787: 8513: 8423: 8264: 7967: 7958: 7716: 7541: 7433:North and Central Pacific 7394: 7156: 7149: 7076: 7028:Destroyers-for-bases deal 7015: 6857: 6846: 6821:Women's Voluntary Service 6770:Ministry of Home Security 6750: 6630:Richards, Dennis, et al. 5096:Gowing, Margaret (1964). 5020:Septimus H. Paul (2000). 4737:History of the Royal Navy 4690:British Divisions in WWII 4512:Combined bomber offensive 4279: 4192:Battle of Ngakyedauk Pass 2973:armistice with the Allies 2864:Allied invasion of Sicily 2745:saw enormous use made of 2607:, the Commander-in-Chief 2516:War in the Western Desert 2506:guerrilla war in Ethiopia 1848:Japanese forces captured 1243:losses rocketed, forcing 1076:Battle of the River Plate 925:Battle of Boulogne (1940) 592:Beginning of the conflict 586:Combined Policy Committee 497:Combined Policy Committee 471:conducted strikes in the 213: 203: 195: 174: 164: 155:British Second World War 148: 143: 138: 13669:Politics of World War II 12008:Aerial bombing of cities 11162:Invasion of Central Iran 11077:Indian Ocean raid (1944) 10902:Battle of the Reichswald 10554:Faroe Islands occupation 9727:Allied invasion of Italy 9704:Solomon Islands campaign 9446:Third Battle of Changsha 9043:First Battle of Changsha 8949:Second Sino-Japanese War 7882:German military brothels 7748:United States war crimes 7016:Diplomatic participation 6500:Sebag-Montefiore, Hugh. 6150:vol 9#1 1999, pp 626–664 5849:Indiana University Press 5845:Eisenhower's Lieutenants 5274:Steinkjer Encyclopedia: 5163:The New World, 1939–1946 4890:Edgerton, David (2012). 4712:Civil Resettlement Units 4411:Strategic bombing theory 3363:The liberation of Europe 3333:surrendered the Italian 2939:Grand Council of Fascism 2921:Allied invasion of Italy 2459:, later to gain fame in 2049:, including landings on 1711:The invasion of Normandy 1598: 1572:New Zealand 2nd Division 465:South-East Asian theatre 435:, and in the subsequent 357:counter-attacked in the 10996:Arakan Campaign 1942–43 10878:Operation Market Garden 10848:Evacuation of Gibraltar 10757:Battle of Grand Harbour 10607:Attack on Mers-el-Kébir 10568:Reinforcement of Greece 10149:Second Guangxi campaign 10004:Philippines (1944–1945) 9501:Battle of the Coral Sea 9404:Fall of the Philippines 9050:Battle of South Guangxi 8956:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 8355:Italian Social Republic 6973:Western Desert campaign 6826:Air Transport Auxiliary 6708:Britain in World War II 6661:Shores, Christopher F. 6626:excerpt and text search 5685:(2007) p. 205 for quote 4805:Long Range Desert Group 4375:Battle of Britain: 1940 4184:British Fourteenth Army 4101:South East Asia Command 3887:Surrendering troops of 3610:Operation Market Garden 3591:Operation Market Garden 3585:Operation Market Garden 3343:Italian Social Republic 3085:Battle of Monte Cassino 3065:Italian Social Republic 2941:and, on orders of King 2907:was captured that day. 2684:on the French fleet at 1925:, the aircraft carrier 1790:was a backwater during 1770:British heavy cruisers 1568:6th Australian Division 564:which led to extensive 333:air superiority in the 12013:Area bombing directive 11234:Mid-Ocean Escort Force 10632:Battle of Cape Passero 10627:Battle of Cape Matapan 9734:Armistice of Cassibile 9529:Battle of Dutch Harbor 9480:Battle of the Java Sea 9383:Attack on Pearl Harbor 9283:Syria–Lebanon campaign 9276:Battle of South Shanxi 9246:Invasion of Yugoslavia 9029:Battle of the Atlantic 8643:Korean Liberation Army 8349:(until September 1943) 8306:(until September 1944) 8284:(until September 1944) 6948:Battle of the Atlantic 6859:Military participation 6775:London in World War II 6617:(1984), defends Harris 6369:. London: Allen Lane. 6293:Butler, J.R.M. et al. 6135:The Air War, 1939–1945 5749:9 January 2018 at the 5722:"A Who's Who Of D-Day" 5319:Atkin, Ronald (1990). 4680:British Armies in WWII 4547: 4420:(1940), when its fast 4394: 4317: 4276: 4223: 4179: 4151:, better known as the 4132: 3892: 3753: 3704: 3604: 3523: 3510:Breakout from Normandy 3465: 3444:2nd Tactical Air Force 3383: 3249: 3246:56th (London) Division 3176: 3094: 3026:. It consisted of the 2930: 2896: 2891:of the 2nd Battalion, 2773: 2700:, and the invasion of 2658: 2529: 2336: 2216: 2203:Syria-Lebanon campaign 2193:Iraq, Syria and Persia 2103: 2011: 1820:British forces in the 1783: 1707: 1659:Torch was followed by 1614: 1537:invasion of Yugoslavia 1532: 1511:Invasion of Yugoslavia 1459:. The Allies sank the 1433:Battle of Cape Matapan 1427:Battle of Cape Matapan 1421:attack on Pearl Harbor 1327: 1252:aircraft. Centimetric 1228: 1129: 1090:Battle of the Atlantic 1045: 929:Siege of Calais (1940) 866: 858: 759: 630: 422:Allies of World War II 367:East-African campaigns 351:Battle of the Atlantic 11157:Invasion of Khuzestan 11042:Indian Ocean disaster 10912:Liberation of Belgium 10892:Battle of the Scheldt 10667:Battle of Skerki Bank 10544:Occupation of Iceland 10475:Operation Sonnenblume 9898:Second Battle of Guam 9794:Bengal famine of 1943 9764:Second Battle of Kiev 9720:Battle of the Dnieper 9589:Kokoda Track campaign 9418:Battle of Wake Island 9290:East African campaign 9232:Battle of South Henan 8877:atrocities by Germans 8650:Korean Volunteer Army 7624:Occupation of Germany 7378:Music in World War II 6963:East African Campaign 6887:Anti-Aircraft Command 6790:Civil Defence Service 6608:The Battle of Britain 5917:Gerhard L. Weinberg, 5665:G. C. Kiriakopoulos, 5654:The Battle of Matapan 5608:10.1353/jmh.2007.0206 5541:Montgomery C. Meigs, 5104:; see book review by 5010:(1968) 94#9 pp 72–78. 4893:Britain's War Machine 4782:Royal Sussex Regiment 4533: 4388: 4340:British Pacific Fleet 4315: 4263: 4221: 4177: 4130: 3886: 3747: 3702: 3598: 3517: 3463: 3396:3rd Infantry Division 3392:6th Airborne Division 3381: 3329:On 29 April, Marshal 3231: 3162: 3092: 2962:1st Airborne Division 2928: 2887: 2879:American Seventh Army 2764: 2741:The Second Battle of 2652: 2523: 2330: 2214: 2101: 1999: 1874:British Eastern Fleet 1769: 1762:Indian Ocean disaster 1699: 1648:Large-scale invasions 1612: 1535:Germany launched its 1530: 1447:Royal Australian Navy 1315: 1220: 1184:Gilbert O. Stephenson 1120: 1036: 944:1st Armoured Division 864: 852: 769:deposits in northern 753: 628: 485:British Pacific Fleet 12409:Ludwigshafen / Oppau 12146:Saint-Leu-d'Esserent 11052:Cocos Islands mutiny 11047:Indian Ocean retreat 10692:Operation Abstention 10637:Battle of Cape Spada 10539:Evacuation of Norway 10507:Operation Postmaster 10492:Battle of Madagascar 10184:Surrender of Germany 9662:Battle of West Hubei 9619:Guadalcanal campaign 9582:Battle of Stalingrad 9508:Battle of Madagascar 8275:Albania protectorate 8062:(formerly Swaziland) 7771:Wehrmacht war crimes 7587:Expulsion of Germans 7371:Art and World War II 7269:British contribution 7218:Governments in exile 6785:Air Raid Precautions 6677:The Bomber Offensive 6657:vol 3 online edition 6646:vol 2 online edition 6636:vol 1 online edition 6613:Messenger, Charles, 6539:London: HMSO, 1954; 6302:The Second World War 6300:Churchill, Winston. 5995:Rossi, J.R. (1998). 5726:Imperial War Museums 5387:www.historyofwar.org 4756:Military structures 4432:Expansion of the RAF 4275:on 2 September 1945. 4027:Indian National Army 4007:British Commonwealth 3889:the Suffolk Regiment 3603:, 19 September 1944. 3408:8th Armoured Brigade 3388:invasion of Normandy 3155:Breakthrough to Rome 3138:2nd Commando Brigade 2917:Armistice with Italy 2831:The Italian campaign 2825:battle of Stalingrad 2680:After the attack by 2635:Battle of Alam Halfa 2510:Armistice with Italy 2429:to return to Italy. 2351:Italian East African 2144:Western Desert Force 1953:Indian Ocean retreat 1556:British Commonwealth 1541:Operation Barbarossa 1423:on 7 December 1941. 1074:was cornered in the 839:The Battle of France 818:driven out of Narvik 574:British contribution 453:liberation of Europe 447:of Germany, and the 56:improve this article 13557:Mandatory Palestine 11735:Carpathian Ruthenia 11189:Capture of Damascus 11174:Invasion of Lebanon 11082:Indian Ocean strike 10897:Operation Blackcock 10838:Operation Steinbock 10697:Operation Agreement 10480:Occupation of Libya 10274:Potsdam Declaration 10163:Italy (Spring 1945) 9926:Liberation of Paris 9376:Siege of Sevastopol 8387:(until August 1944) 8290:Wang Jingwei regime 8112:from September 1943 8072:from September 1944 8010:from September 1944 7870:Romanian war crimes 7861:Persecution of Jews 7847:Croatian war crimes 7817:Japanese war crimes 7631:Occupation of Japan 7580:First Indochina War 7292:Military production 7204:Declarations of war 6882:RAF Coastal Command 6877:RAF Balloon Command 6867:RAF Fighter Command 6651:6 July 2010 at the 6641:6 July 2010 at the 6185:Charles Messenger, 6176:13 (Mar 1990) 67–83 6159:Charles F. Brower, 5957:Singapore 1941–1942 5847:. Bloomington, IN: 5841:Weigley, Russell F. 5305:Donald F. Bittner, 5158:Hewlett, Richard G. 4934:Scientific American 4896:. www.penguin.co.uk 4810:Special Air Service 4588:Fifteenth Air Force 4037:Forced out of Burma 3909:Battle of Hong Kong 3905:Battle of Singapore 3806:on 1 April and the 3781:Operation Veritable 3766:Operation Blackcock 3713:Battle of the Bulge 3695:Battle of the Bulge 3689:Battle of the Bulge 3238:London Irish Rifles 3067:in northern Italy. 3013:landings at Salerno 2988:Operation Slapstick 2980:Operation Avalanche 2971:secretly signed an 2954:Operation Slapstick 2609:Middle East Command 2534:British Eighth Army 2122:carried through to 1992:Indian Ocean strike 1669:Operation Avalanche 1554:) pitted Greek and 1326:, 27 November 1940. 1190:Second 'Happy Time' 1051:blockade of Germany 990:Neville Chamberlain 952:General Alan Brooke 698:RAF Fighter Command 325:was averted by the 271:in response to the 182:Neville Chamberlain 12796:Rotterdam (Allied) 12761:Amsterdam (Allied) 11325:French West Africa 11305:British Somaliland 11145:Capture of Baghdad 11135:Siege of Habbaniya 11130:Battle of Fallujah 11092:Bombing of Sumatra 11001:Recapture of Burma 10886:Battle of Nijmegen 10808:Dunkirk evacuation 10742:Raid on Alexandria 10732:Operation Vigorous 10722:Operation Pedestal 10687:Battle off Zuwarah 10622:Battle of Cape Bon 10612:Battle of Calabria 10470:Operation Skorpion 10267:Surrender of Japan 10100:Battle of Iwo Jima 9949:Belgrade offensive 9355:Siege of Leningrad 9239:Battle of Shanggao 9168:British Somaliland 9133:Dunkirk evacuation 9084:Norwegian campaign 9022:Invasion of Poland 8849:Japanese prisoners 7810:Italian war crimes 7741:British war crimes 7656:Soviet occupations 7440:South-West Pacific 7327:Allied cooperation 7285:Military equipment 6953:Norwegian campaign 6938:Dunkirk evacuation 6872:RAF Bomber Command 6675:Verrier, Anthony. 6514:Barnett, Corelli. 6493:Thompson, Julian. 6464:Graham, Dominick. 6198:Richard G. Davis, 6133:Richard J. Overy, 6030:(Frank Cass, 2005) 6013:Shelford Bidwell, 5968:Raymond Callahan, 5346:The New York Times 4912:Reviews in History 4548: 4546:with RAF personnel 4544:Princess Elizabeth 4518:RAF Bomber Command 4400:Operation Sea Lion 4395: 4326:Operation Downfall 4318: 4302:Operation Tiderace 4277: 4224: 4180: 4133: 4074:1st Burma Division 3893: 3873:surrender of Japan 3779:and First Army in 3754: 3748:The liberation of 3705: 3605: 3524: 3466: 3384: 3374:Operation Overlord 3368:Operation Overlord 3250: 3177: 3095: 3021:Lieutenant General 2937:was ousted by the 2931: 2911:Surrender of Italy 2897: 2893:Wiltshire Regiment 2889:Universal carriers 2873:and XIII Corps at 2858:Invasion of Sicily 2792:Battle for Tunisia 2774: 2728:Bernard Montgomery 2659: 2631:Bernard Montgomery 2530: 2484:British Somaliland 2389:British Somaliland 2359:Italian Somaliland 2337: 2217: 2104: 2023:assault shipping. 2017:Operation Overlord 2012: 1974:Operation Ironclad 1972:One exception was 1831:and battlecruiser 1784: 1724:Operation Overlord 1708: 1626:Operation Pedestal 1615: 1552:Unternehmen Marita 1533: 1363:René-Émile Godfroy 1328: 1229: 1166:United States Navy 1130: 1113:First 'Happy Time' 1046: 867: 859: 828:on 12 April 1940. 760: 746:Norwegian campaign 740:Norwegian campaign 631: 501:surrender of Japan 451:of June 1944. The 433:Bernard Montgomery 386:Franklin Roosevelt 313:Dunkirk evacuation 273:invasion of Poland 13651: 13650: 13647: 13646: 13618: 13617: 13547:Mediterranean and 13541: 13540: 13439: 13438: 13161: 13160: 12964:Barrow-in-Furness 12949:Battle of Britain 12547: 12546: 12319:Freiburg (Allies) 12023:Strategic bombing 11958: 11957: 11549:Dutch East Indies 11387:Southern Rhodesia 11320:French Somaliland 11252: 11251: 11184:Invasion of Syria 11179:Capture of Beirut 11057:Indian Ocean raid 11013:Invasion of India 10979:Fall of Singapore 10967:Defence of Johore 10868:Operation Windsor 10813:Battle of Britain 10798:Battle of Belgium 10747:Raid on Souda Bay 10717:Operation Harpoon 10702:Operation Albumen 10677:Battle of Taranto 10617:Campobasso Convoy 10465:Operation Brevity 10460:Capture of Tobruk 10450:Siege of Giarabub 10440:Operation Compass 10341: 10340: 10299: 10298: 10142:Battle of Okinawa 10041:Burma (1944–1945) 9875:Mariana and Palau 9655:Tunisian campaign 9473:Fall of Singapore 9397:Fall of Hong Kong 9140:Battle of Britain 8993:Operation Himmler 8902: 8901: 8566:Dutch East Indies 8202:Southern Rhodesia 7954: 7953: 7854:Genocide of Serbs 7757:German war crimes 7734:Soviet war crimes 7727:Allied war crimes 7573:Division of Korea 7552:Chinese Civil War 7350:Strategic bombing 7262:Manhattan Project 7036: 7035: 7011: 7010: 6993:Normandy landings 6978:Fall of Singapore 6968:Tunisian campaign 6943:Battle of Britain 6844: 6843: 6816:Women's Land Army 6624:(2001) 192 pages 6599:Hansen, Randall. 6585:Fisher, David E, 6568:Bungay, Stephen. 6471:Hamilton, Nigel. 6460:978-0-340-42637-1 6376:978-0-7139-9566-4 6343:Schneer, Jonathan 6335:Roberts, Andrew. 6307:Edgerton, David. 5679:Samuel W. Mitcham 5476:Corelli Barnett, 5455:(1975) pp 175–206 5290:François Kersaudy 5248:978-1-107-03095-4 4795:British Commandos 4770:Taunton Stop Line 4592:No. 205 Group RAF 4466:occupied European 4418:Battle of Britain 4381:Battle of Britain 4354:Operation Coronet 4336:Operation Iceberg 4332:Battle of Okinawa 4322:Operation Iceberg 4308:Okinawa and Japan 4170:Kohima and Imphal 3829:. Most of German 3777:Operation Grenade 3740:Operation Plunder 3683:British Commandos 3575:Operation Dragoon 3522:, 21 August 1944. 3436:British Commandos 3320:Italian partisans 3297:Canadian 1st Army 3263:Operation Dragoon 3126:landings at Anzio 3122:Operation Shingle 3081:Operation Shingle 3063:). He set up the 3060:Unternehmen Eiche 3015:were made by the 2978:The main attack, 2950:Operation Baytown 2766:Winston Churchill 2657:, 5 November 1942 2605:Claude Auchinleck 2427:Cape of Good Hope 2183:Winston Churchill 2167:Operation Compass 2160:Battle of Taranto 2065:Blockade of Japan 1882:aircraft carriers 1862:Dutch East Indies 1507:Greco-Italian War 1413:Battle of Taranto 1403:in port by using 1395:Battle of Taranto 1389:Battle of Taranto 1367:Andrew Cunningham 1302:The Mediterranean 1207:second happy time 1196:Second Happy Time 1071:Admiral Graf Spee 1038:Admiral Graf Spee 994:Winston Churchill 570:Manhattan Project 550:Winston Churchill 489:Battle of Okinawa 487:took part in the 449:Normandy landings 445:strategic bombing 335:Battle of Britain 311:which led to the 229: 228: 225: 224: 187:Winston Churchill 132: 131: 124: 106: 13681: 13629: 13628: 13554: 13553: 13451:Allied Singapore 13420: 13419: 13172: 13171: 13142:(Czechoslovakia) 12931:Zürich and Basel 12791:Rotterdam (Axis) 12756:Amsterdam (Axis) 12159: 12158: 12043: 12042: 12038:European theatre 12003:Area bombardment 11985: 11978: 11971: 11962: 11961: 11709:Military history 11463:Native Americans 11279: 11272: 11265: 11256: 11255: 11125:Invasion of Iraq 11062:Battle of Ceylon 11028:Battle of Kohima 11023:Battle of Imphal 10882:Battle of Arnhem 10833:Operation Gisela 10788:Battle of France 10727:Operation Scylla 10707:Operation Excess 10368: 10361: 10354: 10345: 10344: 10334: 10327: 10320: 10317:World portal 10315: 10314: 10290: 10283: 10276: 10269: 10260: 10253: 10246: 10237: 10230: 10223: 10216: 10209: 10202: 10193: 10186: 10179: 10177:Prague offensive 10172: 10170:Battle of Berlin 10165: 10158: 10151: 10144: 10137: 10130: 10123: 10116: 10114:Vienna offensive 10109: 10102: 10095: 10093:Battle of Manila 10088: 10068: 10059: 10050: 10043: 10034: 10027: 10020: 10013: 10006: 9999: 9992: 9983: 9974: 9967: 9958: 9951: 9944: 9937: 9928: 9921: 9914: 9907: 9900: 9893: 9886: 9877: 9870: 9861: 9852: 9843: 9836: 9834:Korsun–Cherkassy 9829: 9818: 9796: 9787: 9780: 9773: 9766: 9759: 9752: 9745: 9736: 9729: 9722: 9715: 9706: 9699: 9692: 9685: 9678: 9676:Bombing of Gorky 9671: 9664: 9657: 9637: 9630: 9621: 9614: 9607: 9598: 9591: 9584: 9577: 9570: 9559: 9552: 9545: 9538: 9536:Battle of Midway 9531: 9524: 9522:Battle of Gazala 9517: 9510: 9503: 9496: 9489: 9482: 9475: 9455: 9448: 9441: 9434: 9432:Battle of Borneo 9427: 9425:Malayan campaign 9420: 9413: 9406: 9399: 9392: 9385: 9378: 9371: 9369:Bombing of Gorky 9364: 9362:Battle of Moscow 9357: 9350: 9343: 9336: 9329: 9322: 9306: 9299: 9292: 9285: 9278: 9271: 9262: 9255: 9248: 9241: 9234: 9214: 9205: 9198: 9191: 9184: 9177: 9170: 9163: 9156: 9149: 9142: 9135: 9128: 9126:Battle of France 9121: 9114: 9107: 9100: 9093: 9086: 9066: 9059: 9052: 9045: 9038: 9031: 9024: 9002: 8995: 8988: 8981: 8979:Munich Agreement 8974: 8967: 8958: 8951: 8944: 8935: 8928: 8913: 8912: 8895: 8888: 8879: 8872: 8865: 8864:Soviet prisoners 8858: 8851: 8844: 8835: 8828: 8819: 8812: 8805: 8804:German prisoners 8800: 8780: 8771: 8764: 8757: 8752: 8745: 8738: 8731: 8724: 8717: 8710: 8703: 8696: 8689: 8682: 8675: 8668: 8661: 8652: 8645: 8638: 8631: 8624: 8617: 8610: 8603: 8596: 8589: 8582: 8575: 8568: 8561: 8554: 8547: 8540: 8533: 8526: 8506: 8499: 8492: 8485: 8478: 8471: 8464: 8457: 8450: 8443: 8436: 8416: 8409: 8402: 8395: 8388: 8380: 8373: 8366: 8357: 8350: 8342: 8335: 8333:French Indochina 8328: 8321: 8314: 8307: 8299: 8292: 8285: 8277: 8257: 8248: 8241: 8232: 8225: 8218: 8211: 8204: 8197: 8190: 8183: 8180:from August 1944 8171: 8164: 8157: 8150: 8143: 8136: 8129: 8122: 8115: 8103: 8096: 8089: 8082: 8075: 8063: 8055: 8048: 8041: 8034: 8027: 8020: 8013: 8001: 7994: 7987: 7980: 7965: 7964: 7945: 7938: 7931: 7924: 7917: 7906: 7891: 7884: 7877: 7872: 7863: 7856: 7849: 7840: 7833: 7826: 7824:Nanjing Massacre 7819: 7812: 7803: 7801:Nuremberg trials 7794: 7787: 7780: 7773: 7766: 7759: 7750: 7743: 7736: 7729: 7709: 7702: 7695: 7686: 7679: 7672: 7665: 7658: 7651: 7642: 7633: 7626: 7619: 7612: 7603: 7596: 7589: 7582: 7575: 7568: 7561: 7554: 7534: 7525: 7518: 7511: 7502: 7495: 7488: 7481: 7472: 7465: 7458: 7449: 7442: 7435: 7428: 7421: 7414: 7407: 7405:Asia and Pacific 7387: 7380: 7373: 7366: 7359: 7352: 7345: 7336: 7334:Mulberry harbour 7329: 7322: 7315: 7308: 7301: 7294: 7287: 7280: 7271: 7264: 7257: 7248: 7241: 7234: 7227: 7220: 7213: 7206: 7199: 7192: 7185: 7176: 7169: 7154: 7153: 7142: 7135: 7126: 7119: 7112: 7105: 7098: 7091: 7084: 7063: 7056: 7049: 7040: 7039: 6988:Italian Campaign 6913: 6912: 6852: 6801: 6800: 6795:Beveridge Report 6737: 6730: 6723: 6714: 6713: 6697:External sources 6668:Terraine, John. 6620:Overy, Richard. 6575:Collier, Basil. 6535:Roskill, S. W. 6528:Roskill, S. W. 6521:Marder, Arthur. 6397:Atkinson, Rick. 6380: 6352:Todman, Daniel. 6270: 6269:(2011) p. lxviii 6265:Andrew Roberts, 6263: 6257: 6252:Randall Hansen, 6250: 6244: 6237: 6231: 6230: 6224: 6216: 6214: 6212: 6196: 6190: 6183: 6177: 6170: 6164: 6157: 6151: 6144: 6138: 6131: 6125: 6118: 6112: 6107:Stephen Bungay, 6105: 6099: 6098: 6092: 6084: 6072: 6062: 6056: 6055: 6053: 6051: 6037: 6031: 6024: 6018: 6011: 6005: 6004: 5992: 5986: 5979: 5973: 5970:Burma, 1942–1945 5966: 5960: 5953: 5947: 5940: 5934: 5927: 5921: 5915: 5909: 5904:Nigel Hamilton, 5902: 5896: 5891: 5885: 5880:Stephen Badsey, 5878: 5872: 5869: 5863: 5862: 5837: 5831: 5824: 5818: 5808: 5802: 5799: 5793: 5790: 5784: 5781: 5775: 5768: 5762: 5759: 5753: 5736: 5730: 5729: 5718: 5712: 5711:(1972) pp 359–71 5707:Michael Howard, 5705: 5699: 5698:(1972) pp 337–56 5694:Michael Howard, 5692: 5686: 5676: 5670: 5663: 5657: 5647: 5641: 5634: 5628: 5627: 5591: 5585: 5578: 5572: 5565: 5559: 5552: 5546: 5539: 5533: 5526: 5520: 5513: 5507: 5500: 5494: 5487: 5481: 5474: 5468: 5462: 5456: 5449: 5443: 5440: 5434: 5428: 5422: 5421: 5410: 5404: 5397: 5391: 5390: 5379: 5373: 5356: 5350: 5349: 5341: 5335: 5334: 5316: 5310: 5303: 5297: 5287: 5281: 5280: 5272: 5266: 5265:(1957) pp 119–50 5259: 5253: 5252: 5234: 5228: 5221: 5215: 5214: 5212: 5210: 5195: 5189: 5188: 5168: 5154: 5148: 5142: 5136: 5135: 5103: 5093: 5087: 5086: 5068: 5044: 5038: 5037: 5017: 5011: 5004: 4998: 4991: 4985: 4984: 4982: 4980: 4964: 4958: 4957: 4929: 4923: 4922: 4920: 4918: 4904: 4903: 4901: 4887: 4878: 4868: 4862: 4859: 4635:received attacks 4624:stab in the back 4576:Eighth Air Force 4426:Hawker Hurricane 4290:Operation Jurist 4286:Operation Zipper 4063:Harold Alexander 3901:Battle of Malaya 3857:French Indochina 3570:Riviera invasion 3418:landed with the 3331:Rodolfo Graziani 3271:Canadian I Corps 3181:Operation Diadem 3115:Garigliano River 2935:Benito Mussolini 2843:Italian Campaign 2818:French XIX Corps 2804:Jurgen von Arnim 2798:Tunisia Campaign 2589:Battle of Gazala 2453:irregular forces 2415:Red Sea Flotilla 2294:convoy route to 2171:Richard O'Connor 2120:Italian invasion 2080:and finally the 1886:James Somerville 1663:the invasion of 1560:Operation Lustre 1548:Battle of Greece 1515:Battle of Greece 1485:Vittorio Alfieri 1455:, under Admiral 1409:Fairey Swordfish 1154:occupied Iceland 1143:First Happy Time 978:Battle of France 957:Operation Aerial 948:Beauman Division 845:Battle of France 833:occupied Iceland 811:General De Wiart 728:territorial army 694:Hawker Hurricane 670:Territorial Army 600:implemented the 582:Quebec Agreement 437:Italian campaign 390:Atlantic Charter 388:had drafted the 361:, including the 347:blockade Germany 307:– alongside the 237:Second World War 221: 210:Interwar Britain 208: 201: 153: 136: 135: 127: 120: 116: 113: 107: 105: 64: 40: 32: 13689: 13688: 13684: 13683: 13682: 13680: 13679: 13678: 13654: 13653: 13652: 13643: 13614: 13583: 13548: 13537: 13502: 13481: 13460: 13435: 13418: 13255: 13234: 13198: 13157: 13116: 13080: 12941: 12935: 12909: 12878: 12852: 12826: 12805: 12744: 12690:Reggio Calabria 12568: 12543: 12324:Friedrichshafen 12314:Freiburg (Axis) 12217: 12164: 12150: 12119: 12098: 12067: 12063:Wiener Neustadt 12032: 11994: 11989: 11959: 11954: 11950:Pacific Islands 11945:Solomon Islands 11925:Gilbert Islands 11907: 11901: 11880:Channel Islands 11652: 11515: 11469: 11391: 11288: 11283: 11253: 11248: 11193: 11140:Battle of Basra 11106: 10962:Battle of Jitra 10921: 10907:St Nazaire Raid 10843:Operation Diver 10737:Operation White 10652:Duisburg Convoy 10573:Battle of Crete 10511: 10502:Battle of Dakar 10487:Southern Africa 10455:Siege of Tobruk 10377: 10372: 10342: 10337: 10330: 10323: 10309: 10307: 10295: 10286: 10279: 10272: 10265: 10256: 10249: 10242: 10233: 10228:Atomic bombings 10226: 10219: 10212: 10205: 10198: 10189: 10182: 10175: 10168: 10161: 10154: 10147: 10140: 10133: 10126: 10119: 10112: 10105: 10098: 10091: 10084: 10071: 10064: 10053: 10046: 10039: 10030: 10023: 10016: 10009: 10002: 9995: 9986: 9977: 9970: 9961: 9954: 9947: 9940: 9931: 9924: 9919:Eastern Romania 9917: 9912:Warsaw Uprising 9910: 9905:Tannenberg Line 9903: 9896: 9891:Western Ukraine 9889: 9880: 9873: 9864: 9855: 9846: 9839: 9832: 9821: 9812: 9799: 9792: 9783: 9776: 9769: 9762: 9755: 9748: 9741: 9732: 9725: 9718: 9709: 9702: 9695: 9688: 9683:Battle of Kursk 9681: 9674: 9667: 9660: 9653: 9640: 9633: 9624: 9617: 9610: 9601: 9594: 9587: 9580: 9573: 9564: 9555: 9548: 9541: 9534: 9527: 9520: 9513: 9506: 9499: 9492: 9487:St Nazaire Raid 9485: 9478: 9471: 9458: 9451: 9444: 9437: 9430: 9423: 9416: 9409: 9402: 9395: 9388: 9381: 9374: 9367: 9360: 9353: 9346: 9339: 9332: 9325: 9311: 9302: 9295: 9288: 9281: 9274: 9269:Anglo-Iraqi War 9267: 9260:Battle of Crete 9258: 9251: 9244: 9237: 9230: 9217: 9208: 9201: 9194: 9189:Eastern Romania 9187: 9180: 9173: 9166: 9159: 9152: 9145: 9138: 9131: 9124: 9117: 9110: 9103: 9096: 9089: 9082: 9069: 9062: 9055: 9048: 9041: 9034: 9027: 9020: 9007: 8998: 8991: 8984: 8977: 8970: 8963: 8954: 8947: 8940: 8931: 8924: 8898: 8891: 8884: 8875: 8868: 8863: 8854: 8847: 8840: 8831: 8824: 8815: 8808: 8803: 8796: 8783: 8776: 8767: 8760: 8755: 8750:Western Ukraine 8748: 8741: 8734: 8727: 8720: 8713: 8706: 8699: 8694:Northeast China 8692: 8685: 8678: 8671: 8664: 8657: 8648: 8641: 8634: 8627: 8620: 8613: 8606: 8599: 8592: 8585: 8578: 8571: 8564: 8557: 8550: 8543: 8536: 8529: 8522: 8509: 8502: 8495: 8488: 8481: 8474: 8467: 8460: 8453: 8446: 8439: 8432: 8419: 8412: 8405: 8398: 8393:Slovak Republic 8391: 8383: 8376: 8369: 8364:Empire of Japan 8362: 8353: 8345: 8338: 8331: 8324: 8317: 8310: 8302: 8295: 8288: 8280: 8273: 8260: 8253: 8244: 8237: 8228: 8221: 8214: 8207: 8200: 8193: 8186: 8174: 8167: 8160: 8153: 8146: 8139: 8132: 8125: 8118: 8106: 8099: 8092: 8085: 8078: 8066: 8058: 8051: 8044: 8037: 8030: 8023: 8016: 8004: 7997: 7990: 7983: 7976: 7950: 7941: 7934: 7927: 7920: 7909: 7894: 7887: 7880: 7876:Sexual violence 7875: 7868: 7859: 7852: 7845: 7836: 7829: 7822: 7815: 7808: 7799: 7790: 7783: 7776: 7769: 7762: 7755: 7746: 7739: 7732: 7725: 7712: 7705: 7698: 7691: 7682: 7675: 7668: 7661: 7654: 7645: 7636: 7629: 7622: 7615: 7606: 7599: 7594:Greek Civil War 7592: 7585: 7578: 7571: 7564: 7557: 7550: 7537: 7530: 7521: 7514: 7507: 7498: 7491: 7484: 7477: 7468: 7461: 7454: 7445: 7438: 7431: 7424: 7419:South-East Asia 7417: 7410: 7403: 7390: 7383: 7376: 7369: 7362: 7355: 7348: 7341: 7332: 7325: 7318: 7311: 7304: 7297: 7290: 7283: 7278:Military awards 7276: 7267: 7260: 7253: 7244: 7237: 7230: 7223: 7216: 7209: 7202: 7195: 7188: 7181: 7172: 7165: 7145: 7138: 7131: 7122: 7115: 7108: 7103: 7094: 7087: 7080: 7072: 7067: 7037: 7032: 7007: 6923:List of battles 6911: 6907:Campaign medals 6853: 6840: 6799: 6746: 6741: 6699: 6679:(1969), British 6653:Wayback Machine 6643:Wayback Machine 6592:Hastings, Max. 6565: 6532:(1960). summary 6511: 6486:Lamb, Richard. 6450:Fraser, David. 6411:D'Este, Carlo. 6404:Buckley, John. 6394:(Yale UP, 2015) 6390:Allport, Alan. 6387: 6377: 6328:Hastings, Max. 6314:Harrison, Mark 6286:Allport, Alan. 6283: 6278: 6276:Further reading 6273: 6264: 6260: 6251: 6247: 6239:Max Hastings, 6238: 6234: 6218: 6217: 6210: 6208: 6203: 6197: 6193: 6184: 6180: 6171: 6167: 6158: 6154: 6145: 6141: 6132: 6128: 6119: 6115: 6106: 6102: 6086: 6085: 6081: 6063: 6059: 6049: 6047: 6039: 6038: 6034: 6026:T. R. Moreman, 6025: 6021: 6012: 6008: 5993: 5989: 5980: 5976: 5967: 5963: 5954: 5950: 5941: 5937: 5928: 5924: 5916: 5912: 5903: 5899: 5892: 5888: 5879: 5875: 5870: 5866: 5859: 5851:. p. 253. 5838: 5834: 5825: 5821: 5809: 5805: 5800: 5796: 5791: 5787: 5782: 5778: 5769: 5765: 5760: 5756: 5751:Wayback Machine 5737: 5733: 5720: 5719: 5715: 5706: 5702: 5693: 5689: 5677: 5673: 5664: 5660: 5648: 5644: 5635: 5631: 5592: 5588: 5579: 5575: 5566: 5562: 5553: 5549: 5540: 5536: 5532:(1991) pp 194–6 5527: 5523: 5514: 5510: 5501: 5497: 5489:S. W. Roskill, 5488: 5484: 5475: 5471: 5464:J.R.M. Butler, 5463: 5459: 5451:J.R.M. Butler, 5450: 5446: 5441: 5437: 5429: 5425: 5418:www.ibiblio.org 5412: 5411: 5407: 5398: 5394: 5381: 5380: 5376: 5357: 5353: 5343: 5342: 5338: 5331: 5317: 5313: 5304: 5300: 5288: 5284: 5278: 5273: 5269: 5261:J.R.M. Butler, 5260: 5256: 5249: 5235: 5231: 5227:(1957)pp 151–74 5223:J.R.M. Butler, 5222: 5218: 5208: 5206: 5197: 5196: 5192: 5177: 5166: 5155: 5151: 5143: 5139: 5094: 5090: 5045: 5041: 5034: 5018: 5014: 5005: 5001: 4992: 4988: 4978: 4976: 4975:on 21 June 2015 4965: 4961: 4931: 4930: 4926: 4916: 4914: 4906: 4899: 4897: 4888: 4881: 4869: 4865: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4847: 4790:Auxiliary Units 4786:Special forces 4660: 4643: 4540:Queen Elizabeth 4520: 4514: 4502:Eagle Squadrons 4482:Czechoslovakian 4434: 4413: 4405:Royal Air Force 4383: 4377: 4372: 4364:Main articles: 4362: 4334:(also known as 4328: 4320:Main articles: 4310: 4282: 4216: 4172: 4125: 4113:Fourteenth Army 4094:Chiang Kai-shek 4039: 4019:Empire of Japan 4003: 3997: 3972:Arthur Percival 3954:, British, and 3937:Prince of Wales 3921:Prince of Wales 3911: 3895:Main articles: 3881: 3853:Empire of Japan 3849: 3843: 3800:U.S. First Army 3742: 3736: 3697: 3691: 3652: 3593: 3587: 3572: 3528:Operation Cobra 3512: 3487:Operation Cobra 3478: 3376: 3370: 3365: 3335:LXXXXVII Army ( 3275:Polish II Corps 3226: 3220: 3157: 3087: 3075:Main articles: 3073: 3032:British X Corps 3017:U.S. Fifth Army 3005:Operation Achse 2969:Pietro Badoglio 2943:Victor Emmanuel 2923: 2915:Main articles: 2913: 2866: 2860: 2839: 2833: 2800: 2794: 2720:Operation Torch 2667:Operation Torch 2647: 2538:Alan Cunningham 2528:, 17 July 1942. 2518: 2343: 2325: 2227:. A pro-German 2209: 2199:Anglo-Iraqi War 2195: 2156: 2096: 2090: 2067: 2001:Grumman Avenger 1994: 1955: 1899:in April 1942. 1842:Prince of Wales 1828:Prince of Wales 1764: 1759: 1694: 1686:escort carriers 1681: 1661:Operation Husky 1654:Operation Torch 1650: 1607: 1601: 1525: 1519:Battle of Crete 1505:Main articles: 1503: 1494:Vittorio Veneto 1489:Giosue Carducci 1435: 1429: 1397: 1391: 1310: 1304: 1273: 1267: 1215: 1198: 1192: 1115: 1098: 1092: 1042:Rio de la Plata 1031: 1002: 905:Schlieffen Plan 847: 841: 756:Namsos Campaign 748: 742: 737: 696:squadrons from 686:Royal Air Force 594: 526: 516: 499:and led to the 394:Empire of Japan 327:Royal Air Force 297:the Netherlands 215:Postwar Britain 199: 191: 160: 128: 117: 111: 108: 65: 63: 53: 41: 30: 12: 11: 5: 13687: 13677: 13676: 13671: 13666: 13649: 13648: 13645: 13644: 13642: 13641: 13635: 13633: 13626: 13620: 13619: 13616: 13615: 13613: 13612: 13607: 13602: 13597: 13591: 13589: 13585: 13584: 13582: 13581: 13576: 13571: 13566: 13560: 13558: 13551: 13543: 13542: 13539: 13538: 13536: 13535: 13529: 13523: 13517: 13510: 13508: 13504: 13503: 13501: 13500: 13495: 13489: 13487: 13483: 13482: 13480: 13479: 13474: 13468: 13466: 13462: 13461: 13459: 13458: 13456:Axis Singapore 13453: 13447: 13445: 13441: 13440: 13437: 13436: 13434: 13433: 13426: 13424: 13417: 13416: 13411: 13410: 13409: 13399: 13394: 13389: 13384: 13374: 13369: 13364: 13359: 13354: 13349: 13344: 13339: 13334: 13329: 13324: 13319: 13314: 13309: 13304: 13299: 13294: 13289: 13284: 13279: 13274: 13269: 13263: 13261: 13257: 13256: 13254: 13253: 13248: 13242: 13240: 13236: 13235: 13233: 13232: 13227: 13222: 13217: 13212: 13206: 13204: 13200: 13199: 13197: 13196: 13195: 13194: 13192:Allied Rangoon 13189: 13182:Burma campaign 13178: 13176: 13169: 13163: 13162: 13159: 13158: 13156: 13155: 13149: 13143: 13137: 13131: 13124: 13122: 13118: 13117: 13115: 13114: 13109: 13104: 13103: 13102: 13097: 13088: 13086: 13082: 13081: 13079: 13078: 13077: 13076: 13071: 13066: 13061: 13056: 13051: 13046: 13041: 13036: 13031: 13026: 13021: 13016: 13011: 13006: 13001: 12996: 12991: 12986: 12981: 12976: 12971: 12966: 12956: 12954:Baedeker Blitz 12951: 12945: 12943: 12937: 12936: 12934: 12933: 12928: 12926:Stein am Rhein 12923: 12917: 12915: 12911: 12910: 12908: 12907: 12902: 12897: 12892: 12886: 12884: 12880: 12879: 12877: 12876: 12871: 12866: 12860: 12858: 12854: 12853: 12851: 12850: 12845: 12840: 12834: 12832: 12828: 12827: 12825: 12824: 12819: 12813: 12811: 12807: 12806: 12804: 12803: 12798: 12793: 12788: 12783: 12778: 12773: 12768: 12763: 12758: 12752: 12750: 12746: 12745: 12743: 12742: 12737: 12732: 12727: 12722: 12717: 12712: 12707: 12702: 12697: 12692: 12687: 12682: 12677: 12672: 12667: 12662: 12657: 12652: 12647: 12642: 12637: 12632: 12627: 12622: 12617: 12612: 12607: 12602: 12597: 12592: 12587: 12582: 12576: 12574: 12570: 12569: 12567: 12566: 12561: 12555: 12553: 12549: 12548: 12545: 12544: 12542: 12541: 12536: 12531: 12526: 12521: 12516: 12511: 12506: 12501: 12496: 12491: 12486: 12481: 12476: 12471: 12466: 12461: 12456: 12451: 12446: 12441: 12436: 12431: 12426: 12421: 12416: 12411: 12406: 12401: 12396: 12391: 12386: 12381: 12376: 12374:Kaiserslautern 12371: 12366: 12361: 12356: 12351: 12346: 12341: 12336: 12331: 12326: 12321: 12316: 12311: 12306: 12301: 12296: 12291: 12286: 12281: 12276: 12271: 12266: 12261: 12256: 12251: 12246: 12241: 12236: 12231: 12225: 12223: 12219: 12218: 12216: 12215: 12210: 12205: 12200: 12195: 12190: 12185: 12180: 12175: 12169: 12167: 12156: 12152: 12151: 12149: 12148: 12143: 12138: 12133: 12127: 12125: 12121: 12120: 12118: 12117: 12112: 12106: 12104: 12100: 12099: 12097: 12096: 12091: 12086: 12081: 12075: 12073: 12069: 12068: 12066: 12065: 12060: 12055: 12049: 12047: 12040: 12034: 12033: 12031: 12030: 12025: 12020: 12015: 12010: 12005: 11999: 11996: 11995: 11988: 11987: 11980: 11973: 11965: 11956: 11955: 11953: 11952: 11947: 11942: 11937: 11932: 11927: 11922: 11917: 11911: 11909: 11903: 11902: 11900: 11899: 11894: 11889: 11888: 11887: 11882: 11877: 11872: 11870:British Empire 11865:United Kingdom 11862: 11857: 11852: 11851: 11850: 11845: 11840: 11838:Basque Country 11830: 11829: 11828: 11823: 11818: 11808: 11803: 11798: 11793: 11788: 11783: 11778: 11773: 11768: 11763: 11758: 11753: 11748: 11743: 11738: 11728: 11723: 11718: 11717: 11716: 11714:Basque Country 11711: 11701: 11696: 11691: 11686: 11684:Czechoslovakia 11681: 11676: 11671: 11666: 11660: 11658: 11654: 11653: 11651: 11650: 11645: 11640: 11635: 11630: 11625: 11620: 11615: 11610: 11605: 11600: 11595: 11590: 11585: 11584: 11583: 11573: 11568: 11563: 11562: 11561: 11556: 11546: 11545: 11544: 11534: 11529: 11523: 11521: 11517: 11516: 11514: 11513: 11508: 11503: 11498: 11493: 11488: 11483: 11477: 11475: 11471: 11470: 11468: 11467: 11466: 11465: 11460: 11455: 11450: 11445: 11440: 11430: 11425: 11420: 11415: 11410: 11405: 11399: 11397: 11393: 11392: 11390: 11389: 11384: 11379: 11374: 11369: 11368: 11367: 11362: 11352: 11347: 11342: 11337: 11332: 11327: 11322: 11317: 11312: 11307: 11302: 11296: 11294: 11290: 11289: 11282: 11281: 11274: 11267: 11259: 11250: 11249: 11247: 11246: 11241: 11236: 11231: 11226: 11221: 11216: 11211: 11203: 11201: 11195: 11194: 11192: 11191: 11186: 11181: 11176: 11171: 11165: 11164: 11159: 11154: 11148: 11147: 11142: 11137: 11132: 11127: 11122: 11116: 11114: 11108: 11107: 11105: 11104: 11099: 11094: 11089: 11084: 11079: 11074: 11069: 11064: 11059: 11054: 11049: 11044: 11039: 11031: 11030: 11025: 11020: 11018:Operation U-Go 11015: 11010: 11004: 11003: 10998: 10993: 10988: 10982: 10981: 10976: 10970: 10969: 10964: 10959: 10954: 10948: 10947: 10942: 10937: 10931: 10929: 10923: 10922: 10920: 10919: 10914: 10909: 10904: 10899: 10894: 10889: 10875: 10870: 10865: 10860: 10855: 10850: 10845: 10840: 10835: 10830: 10825: 10820: 10815: 10810: 10805: 10800: 10795: 10785: 10780: 10775: 10772:Western Europe 10767: 10766: 10761: 10760: 10759: 10752:Siege of Malta 10749: 10744: 10739: 10734: 10729: 10724: 10719: 10714: 10712:Operation Grog 10709: 10704: 10699: 10694: 10689: 10684: 10679: 10674: 10669: 10664: 10659: 10654: 10649: 10644: 10639: 10634: 10629: 10624: 10619: 10614: 10609: 10604: 10599: 10591: 10590: 10584: 10579: 10570: 10565: 10557: 10556: 10551: 10546: 10541: 10536: 10531: 10523: 10521: 10513: 10512: 10510: 10509: 10504: 10499: 10495: 10494: 10489: 10483: 10482: 10477: 10472: 10467: 10462: 10457: 10452: 10447: 10442: 10437: 10432: 10427: 10422: 10414: 10413: 10408: 10403: 10398: 10393: 10385: 10383: 10379: 10378: 10371: 10370: 10363: 10356: 10348: 10339: 10338: 10336: 10335: 10328: 10321: 10304: 10301: 10300: 10297: 10296: 10294: 10293: 10292: 10291: 10284: 10277: 10263: 10262: 10261: 10247: 10244:South Sakhalin 10240: 10239: 10238: 10224: 10217: 10210: 10203: 10196: 10195: 10194: 10180: 10173: 10166: 10159: 10152: 10145: 10138: 10131: 10124: 10117: 10110: 10103: 10096: 10089: 10081: 10079: 10073: 10072: 10070: 10069: 10062: 10061: 10060: 10044: 10037: 10036: 10035: 10021: 10014: 10007: 10000: 9993: 9984: 9975: 9968: 9959: 9952: 9945: 9938: 9929: 9922: 9915: 9908: 9901: 9894: 9887: 9878: 9871: 9862: 9853: 9844: 9837: 9830: 9819: 9809: 9807: 9801: 9800: 9798: 9797: 9790: 9789: 9788: 9781: 9767: 9760: 9753: 9746: 9739: 9738: 9737: 9723: 9716: 9707: 9700: 9693: 9686: 9679: 9672: 9669:Battle of Attu 9665: 9658: 9650: 9648: 9642: 9641: 9639: 9638: 9631: 9622: 9615: 9608: 9599: 9592: 9585: 9578: 9571: 9562: 9561: 9560: 9553: 9539: 9532: 9525: 9518: 9511: 9504: 9497: 9490: 9483: 9476: 9468: 9466: 9460: 9459: 9457: 9456: 9449: 9442: 9435: 9428: 9421: 9414: 9411:Battle of Guam 9407: 9400: 9393: 9386: 9379: 9372: 9365: 9358: 9351: 9344: 9337: 9334:Battle of Kiev 9330: 9323: 9309: 9308: 9307: 9293: 9286: 9279: 9272: 9265: 9264: 9263: 9249: 9242: 9235: 9227: 9225: 9219: 9218: 9216: 9215: 9206: 9199: 9192: 9185: 9178: 9171: 9164: 9157: 9150: 9143: 9136: 9129: 9122: 9115: 9108: 9101: 9094: 9087: 9079: 9077: 9071: 9070: 9068: 9067: 9060: 9053: 9046: 9039: 9032: 9025: 9017: 9015: 9009: 9008: 9006: 9005: 9004: 9003: 8996: 8989: 8982: 8975: 8961: 8960: 8959: 8952: 8938: 8937: 8936: 8921: 8919: 8910: 8904: 8903: 8900: 8899: 8897: 8896: 8889: 8882: 8881: 8880: 8873: 8861: 8860: 8859: 8845: 8838: 8837: 8836: 8833:United Kingdom 8829: 8822: 8821: 8820: 8801: 8793: 8791: 8785: 8784: 8782: 8781: 8774: 8773: 8772: 8765: 8753: 8746: 8739: 8732: 8725: 8718: 8711: 8704: 8697: 8690: 8683: 8676: 8669: 8662: 8655: 8654: 8653: 8646: 8632: 8625: 8618: 8611: 8604: 8597: 8590: 8583: 8576: 8569: 8562: 8555: 8548: 8541: 8534: 8527: 8519: 8517: 8511: 8510: 8508: 8507: 8500: 8493: 8486: 8479: 8472: 8465: 8458: 8451: 8444: 8437: 8429: 8427: 8421: 8420: 8418: 8417: 8410: 8403: 8396: 8389: 8381: 8374: 8367: 8360: 8359: 8358: 8343: 8336: 8329: 8322: 8315: 8308: 8300: 8293: 8286: 8278: 8270: 8268: 8262: 8261: 8259: 8258: 8251: 8250: 8249: 8235: 8234: 8233: 8230:British Empire 8223:United Kingdom 8219: 8212: 8205: 8198: 8191: 8184: 8172: 8165: 8158: 8151: 8144: 8137: 8130: 8123: 8116: 8104: 8097: 8090: 8083: 8076: 8064: 8056: 8049: 8042: 8039:Czechoslovakia 8035: 8028: 8021: 8014: 8002: 7995: 7988: 7981: 7973: 7971: 7962: 7956: 7955: 7952: 7951: 7949: 7948: 7947: 7946: 7939: 7936:Rape of Manila 7932: 7925: 7918: 7907: 7892: 7885: 7873: 7866: 7865: 7864: 7857: 7843: 7842: 7841: 7834: 7827: 7813: 7806: 7805: 7804: 7797: 7796: 7795: 7788: 7774: 7767: 7753: 7752: 7751: 7744: 7737: 7722: 7720: 7714: 7713: 7711: 7710: 7707:United Nations 7703: 7696: 7689: 7688: 7687: 7680: 7673: 7666: 7652: 7643: 7634: 7627: 7620: 7613: 7604: 7597: 7590: 7583: 7576: 7569: 7566:Decolonization 7562: 7555: 7547: 7545: 7539: 7538: 7536: 7535: 7528: 7527: 7526: 7512: 7505: 7504: 7503: 7496: 7489: 7475: 7474: 7473: 7466: 7452: 7451: 7450: 7443: 7436: 7429: 7422: 7415: 7400: 7398: 7392: 7391: 7389: 7388: 7381: 7374: 7367: 7360: 7353: 7346: 7339: 7338: 7337: 7330: 7316: 7309: 7302: 7295: 7288: 7281: 7274: 7273: 7272: 7258: 7251: 7250: 7249: 7242: 7239:United Kingdom 7235: 7221: 7214: 7207: 7200: 7193: 7186: 7179: 7178: 7177: 7162: 7160: 7151: 7147: 7146: 7144: 7143: 7136: 7129: 7128: 7127: 7120: 7113: 7101: 7100: 7099: 7085: 7077: 7074: 7073: 7066: 7065: 7058: 7051: 7043: 7034: 7033: 7031: 7030: 7025: 7019: 7017: 7013: 7012: 7009: 7008: 7006: 7005: 7000: 6995: 6990: 6985: 6983:Bletchley Park 6980: 6975: 6970: 6965: 6960: 6958:Burma campaign 6955: 6950: 6945: 6940: 6935: 6930: 6925: 6919: 6917: 6910: 6909: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6879: 6874: 6869: 6863: 6861: 6855: 6854: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6841: 6839: 6838: 6833: 6828: 6823: 6818: 6813: 6807: 6805: 6798: 6797: 6792: 6787: 6782: 6777: 6772: 6767: 6762: 6756: 6754: 6748: 6747: 6740: 6739: 6732: 6725: 6717: 6711: 6710: 6705: 6698: 6695: 6694: 6693: 6691:online edition 6683: 6680: 6673: 6666: 6659: 6628: 6618: 6611: 6604: 6597: 6594:Bomber Command 6590: 6583: 6573: 6572:(2nd ed. 2010) 6564: 6563:War in the air 6561: 6560: 6559: 6533: 6526: 6519: 6510: 6507: 6506: 6505: 6498: 6491: 6484: 6469: 6462: 6448: 6441: 6434: 6424: 6409: 6402: 6395: 6386: 6383: 6382: 6381: 6375: 6357: 6350: 6340: 6333: 6326: 6312: 6305: 6298: 6295:Grand Strategy 6291: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6271: 6258: 6245: 6241:Bomber Command 6232: 6191: 6178: 6165: 6152: 6139: 6126: 6113: 6100: 6079: 6057: 6032: 6019: 6006: 5987: 5974: 5961: 5948: 5935: 5922: 5910: 5897: 5886: 5873: 5864: 5857: 5832: 5819: 5803: 5794: 5785: 5776: 5763: 5754: 5731: 5713: 5700: 5687: 5671: 5658: 5642: 5629: 5602:(3): 773–808. 5586: 5580:Arnold Hague, 5573: 5567:David Syrett, 5560: 5547: 5534: 5521: 5508: 5495: 5482: 5469: 5457: 5444: 5435: 5423: 5405: 5392: 5374: 5351: 5336: 5329: 5311: 5298: 5282: 5279:(in Norwegian) 5276:Bombing Sunday 5267: 5254: 5247: 5229: 5216: 5190: 5175: 5149: 5147:, p. 372. 5137: 5124:10.1086/349949 5118:(1): 111–113. 5088: 5039: 5032: 5012: 4999: 4993:Paul Kennedy, 4986: 4959: 4924: 4879: 4863: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4834: 4833: 4824: 4814: 4813: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4773: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4704: 4703: 4702: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4682: 4677: 4667: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4655: 4654: 4649: 4642: 4639: 4516:Main article: 4513: 4510: 4438:Lord Riverdale 4433: 4430: 4412: 4409: 4391:Heinkel He 111 4379:Main article: 4376: 4373: 4361: 4358: 4309: 4306: 4281: 4278: 4215: 4212: 4171: 4168: 4124: 4123:Forgotten army 4121: 4038: 4035: 4001:Burma Campaign 3999:Main article: 3996: 3995:Burma Campaign 3993: 3935:disaster. The 3880: 3877: 3845:Main article: 3842: 3839: 3738:Main article: 3735: 3732: 3693:Main article: 3690: 3687: 3651: 3648: 3589:Main article: 3586: 3583: 3571: 3568: 3511: 3508: 3499: 3498: 3477: 3474: 3432:Pegasus Bridge 3416:No.48 Commando 3372:Main article: 3369: 3366: 3364: 3361: 3290:Lake Comacchio 3234:Churchill tank 3222:Main article: 3219: 3216: 3156: 3153: 3072: 3069: 3000:Operation Axis 2912: 2909: 2862:Main article: 2859: 2856: 2835:Main article: 2832: 2829: 2796:Main article: 2793: 2790: 2646: 2643: 2517: 2514: 2423:fleet in being 2391:. Only in the 2324: 2321: 2239:north east of 2194: 2191: 2155: 2152: 2089: 2086: 2066: 2063: 1993: 1990: 1954: 1951: 1946:dive bombers. 1909:heavy cruisers 1868:, Ceylon (now 1763: 1760: 1758: 1755: 1693: 1690: 1680: 1677: 1649: 1646: 1622:siege of Malta 1603:Main article: 1600: 1597: 1580:Strimon valley 1502: 1499: 1461:heavy cruisers 1457:Angelo Iachino 1431:Main article: 1428: 1425: 1393:Main article: 1390: 1387: 1354:was formed at 1306:Main article: 1303: 1300: 1294:, at least 30 1269:Main article: 1266: 1265:Arctic convoys 1263: 1250:B-24 Liberator 1214: 1211: 1194:Main article: 1191: 1188: 1177:99-year leases 1134:fall of France 1114: 1111: 1094:Main article: 1091: 1088: 1030: 1027: 1022: 1021: 1018: 1015: 1001: 1000:The war at sea 998: 942:, most of the 879:reconnaissance 843:Main article: 840: 837: 807:town of Namsos 744:Main article: 741: 738: 736: 733: 702:Bomber Command 700:. Separately, 647:fall of Poland 593: 590: 562:Tizard Mission 515: 512: 477:Burma campaign 467:, the British 410:Grand Alliance 371:in the Balkans 315:in June 1940. 261:Crown colonies 227: 226: 223: 222: 212: 193: 192: 190: 189: 184: 178: 176: 172: 171: 166: 162: 161: 154: 146: 145: 141: 140: 130: 129: 44: 42: 35: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13686: 13675: 13672: 13670: 13667: 13665: 13662: 13661: 13659: 13640: 13637: 13636: 13634: 13630: 13627: 13625: 13621: 13611: 13608: 13606: 13603: 13601: 13598: 13596: 13593: 13592: 13590: 13586: 13580: 13577: 13575: 13572: 13570: 13567: 13565: 13562: 13561: 13559: 13555: 13552: 13550: 13544: 13534:(Philippines) 13533: 13530: 13527: 13524: 13521: 13518: 13515: 13512: 13511: 13509: 13505: 13499: 13496: 13494: 13491: 13490: 13488: 13486:United States 13484: 13478: 13475: 13473: 13470: 13469: 13467: 13463: 13457: 13454: 13452: 13449: 13448: 13446: 13442: 13431: 13428: 13427: 13425: 13421: 13415: 13412: 13408: 13405: 13404: 13403: 13400: 13398: 13395: 13393: 13390: 13388: 13385: 13382: 13381:10 March 1945 13378: 13375: 13373: 13370: 13368: 13365: 13363: 13360: 13358: 13355: 13353: 13350: 13348: 13345: 13343: 13340: 13338: 13335: 13333: 13330: 13328: 13325: 13323: 13320: 13318: 13315: 13313: 13310: 13308: 13305: 13303: 13300: 13298: 13295: 13293: 13290: 13288: 13285: 13283: 13280: 13278: 13275: 13273: 13270: 13268: 13265: 13264: 13262: 13258: 13252: 13249: 13247: 13244: 13243: 13241: 13237: 13231: 13228: 13226: 13223: 13221: 13218: 13216: 13213: 13211: 13208: 13207: 13205: 13201: 13193: 13190: 13188: 13185: 13184: 13183: 13180: 13179: 13177: 13173: 13170: 13168: 13164: 13153: 13150: 13147: 13144: 13141: 13138: 13135: 13132: 13129: 13126: 13125: 13123: 13119: 13113: 13110: 13108: 13105: 13101: 13098: 13096: 13093: 13092: 13090: 13089: 13087: 13083: 13075: 13072: 13070: 13067: 13065: 13062: 13060: 13057: 13055: 13052: 13050: 13047: 13045: 13042: 13040: 13037: 13035: 13032: 13030: 13027: 13025: 13022: 13020: 13017: 13015: 13012: 13010: 13007: 13005: 13002: 13000: 12997: 12995: 12992: 12990: 12987: 12985: 12982: 12980: 12977: 12975: 12972: 12970: 12967: 12965: 12962: 12961: 12960: 12957: 12955: 12952: 12950: 12947: 12946: 12944: 12938: 12932: 12929: 12927: 12924: 12922: 12919: 12918: 12916: 12912: 12906: 12903: 12901: 12898: 12896: 12893: 12891: 12888: 12887: 12885: 12881: 12875: 12872: 12870: 12867: 12865: 12862: 12861: 12859: 12855: 12849: 12846: 12844: 12841: 12839: 12836: 12835: 12833: 12829: 12823: 12820: 12818: 12815: 12814: 12812: 12808: 12802: 12799: 12797: 12794: 12792: 12789: 12787: 12784: 12782: 12779: 12777: 12774: 12772: 12769: 12767: 12764: 12762: 12759: 12757: 12754: 12753: 12751: 12747: 12741: 12738: 12736: 12733: 12731: 12728: 12726: 12723: 12721: 12718: 12716: 12713: 12711: 12708: 12706: 12703: 12701: 12698: 12696: 12693: 12691: 12688: 12686: 12683: 12681: 12678: 12676: 12673: 12671: 12668: 12666: 12663: 12661: 12658: 12656: 12653: 12651: 12648: 12646: 12643: 12641: 12638: 12636: 12633: 12631: 12628: 12626: 12623: 12621: 12618: 12616: 12613: 12611: 12608: 12606: 12603: 12601: 12598: 12596: 12593: 12591: 12588: 12586: 12583: 12581: 12578: 12577: 12575: 12571: 12565: 12562: 12560: 12557: 12556: 12554: 12550: 12540: 12537: 12535: 12532: 12530: 12529:Wilhelmshaven 12527: 12525: 12522: 12520: 12517: 12515: 12512: 12510: 12507: 12505: 12502: 12500: 12497: 12495: 12492: 12490: 12487: 12485: 12482: 12480: 12477: 12475: 12472: 12470: 12467: 12465: 12462: 12460: 12457: 12455: 12452: 12450: 12447: 12445: 12442: 12440: 12437: 12435: 12432: 12430: 12427: 12425: 12422: 12420: 12417: 12415: 12412: 12410: 12407: 12405: 12402: 12400: 12397: 12395: 12392: 12390: 12387: 12385: 12382: 12380: 12377: 12375: 12372: 12370: 12367: 12365: 12362: 12360: 12357: 12355: 12352: 12350: 12347: 12345: 12342: 12340: 12337: 12335: 12332: 12330: 12327: 12325: 12322: 12320: 12317: 12315: 12312: 12310: 12307: 12305: 12302: 12300: 12297: 12295: 12292: 12290: 12287: 12285: 12282: 12280: 12277: 12275: 12272: 12270: 12267: 12265: 12262: 12260: 12257: 12255: 12252: 12250: 12247: 12245: 12242: 12240: 12237: 12235: 12232: 12230: 12227: 12226: 12224: 12220: 12214: 12211: 12209: 12206: 12204: 12203:Gelsenkirchen 12201: 12199: 12196: 12194: 12191: 12189: 12186: 12184: 12181: 12179: 12176: 12174: 12171: 12170: 12168: 12166: 12160: 12157: 12153: 12147: 12144: 12142: 12139: 12137: 12134: 12132: 12129: 12128: 12126: 12122: 12116: 12113: 12111: 12108: 12107: 12105: 12101: 12095: 12092: 12090: 12087: 12085: 12082: 12080: 12077: 12076: 12074: 12070: 12064: 12061: 12059: 12056: 12054: 12051: 12050: 12048: 12044: 12041: 12039: 12035: 12029: 12026: 12024: 12021: 12019: 12016: 12014: 12011: 12009: 12006: 12004: 12001: 12000: 11997: 11993: 11986: 11981: 11979: 11974: 11972: 11967: 11966: 11963: 11951: 11948: 11946: 11943: 11941: 11938: 11936: 11933: 11931: 11928: 11926: 11923: 11921: 11918: 11916: 11913: 11912: 11910: 11904: 11898: 11895: 11893: 11890: 11886: 11883: 11881: 11878: 11876: 11873: 11871: 11868: 11867: 11866: 11863: 11861: 11858: 11856: 11853: 11849: 11846: 11844: 11841: 11839: 11836: 11835: 11834: 11831: 11827: 11824: 11822: 11819: 11817: 11814: 11813: 11812: 11809: 11807: 11804: 11802: 11799: 11797: 11794: 11792: 11789: 11787: 11784: 11782: 11779: 11777: 11774: 11772: 11769: 11767: 11764: 11762: 11761:Liechtenstein 11759: 11757: 11754: 11752: 11749: 11747: 11744: 11742: 11739: 11736: 11732: 11729: 11727: 11724: 11722: 11719: 11715: 11712: 11710: 11707: 11706: 11705: 11702: 11700: 11697: 11695: 11692: 11690: 11687: 11685: 11682: 11680: 11677: 11675: 11672: 11670: 11667: 11665: 11662: 11661: 11659: 11655: 11649: 11646: 11644: 11641: 11639: 11636: 11634: 11631: 11629: 11626: 11624: 11621: 11619: 11616: 11614: 11611: 11609: 11606: 11604: 11601: 11599: 11596: 11594: 11591: 11589: 11586: 11582: 11579: 11578: 11577: 11574: 11572: 11569: 11567: 11564: 11560: 11557: 11555: 11552: 11551: 11550: 11547: 11543: 11540: 11539: 11538: 11535: 11533: 11530: 11528: 11525: 11524: 11522: 11518: 11512: 11509: 11507: 11504: 11502: 11499: 11497: 11496:Latin America 11494: 11492: 11489: 11487: 11484: 11482: 11479: 11478: 11476: 11474:South America 11472: 11464: 11461: 11459: 11456: 11454: 11451: 11449: 11446: 11444: 11441: 11439: 11436: 11435: 11434: 11433:United States 11431: 11429: 11426: 11424: 11421: 11419: 11416: 11414: 11411: 11409: 11406: 11404: 11401: 11400: 11398: 11396:North America 11394: 11388: 11385: 11383: 11380: 11378: 11375: 11373: 11370: 11366: 11363: 11361: 11358: 11357: 11356: 11353: 11351: 11348: 11346: 11343: 11341: 11338: 11336: 11333: 11331: 11328: 11326: 11323: 11321: 11318: 11316: 11313: 11311: 11308: 11306: 11303: 11301: 11300:Belgian Congo 11298: 11297: 11295: 11291: 11287: 11280: 11275: 11273: 11268: 11266: 11261: 11260: 11257: 11245: 11242: 11240: 11237: 11235: 11232: 11230: 11227: 11225: 11222: 11220: 11217: 11215: 11212: 11210: 11209: 11205: 11204: 11202: 11200: 11196: 11190: 11187: 11185: 11182: 11180: 11177: 11175: 11172: 11170: 11169:Syria–Lebanon 11167: 11166: 11163: 11160: 11158: 11155: 11153: 11150: 11149: 11146: 11143: 11141: 11138: 11136: 11133: 11131: 11128: 11126: 11123: 11121: 11118: 11117: 11115: 11113: 11109: 11103: 11100: 11098: 11095: 11093: 11090: 11088: 11085: 11083: 11080: 11078: 11075: 11073: 11070: 11068: 11065: 11063: 11060: 11058: 11055: 11053: 11050: 11048: 11045: 11043: 11040: 11038: 11037: 11033: 11032: 11029: 11026: 11024: 11021: 11019: 11016: 11014: 11011: 11009: 11006: 11005: 11002: 10999: 10997: 10994: 10992: 10989: 10987: 10984: 10983: 10980: 10977: 10975: 10972: 10971: 10968: 10965: 10963: 10960: 10958: 10955: 10953: 10950: 10949: 10946: 10943: 10941: 10938: 10936: 10933: 10932: 10930: 10928: 10924: 10918: 10915: 10913: 10910: 10908: 10905: 10903: 10900: 10898: 10895: 10893: 10890: 10887: 10883: 10879: 10876: 10874: 10871: 10869: 10866: 10864: 10861: 10859: 10856: 10854: 10851: 10849: 10846: 10844: 10841: 10839: 10836: 10834: 10831: 10829: 10826: 10824: 10821: 10819: 10816: 10814: 10811: 10809: 10806: 10804: 10801: 10799: 10796: 10793: 10789: 10786: 10784: 10781: 10779: 10776: 10774: 10773: 10769: 10768: 10765: 10764:Malta convoys 10762: 10758: 10755: 10754: 10753: 10750: 10748: 10745: 10743: 10740: 10738: 10735: 10733: 10730: 10728: 10725: 10723: 10720: 10718: 10715: 10713: 10710: 10708: 10705: 10703: 10700: 10698: 10695: 10693: 10690: 10688: 10685: 10683: 10682:Tarigo Convoy 10680: 10678: 10675: 10673: 10670: 10668: 10665: 10663: 10660: 10658: 10657:Espero Convoy 10655: 10653: 10650: 10648: 10645: 10643: 10640: 10638: 10635: 10633: 10630: 10628: 10625: 10623: 10620: 10618: 10615: 10613: 10610: 10608: 10605: 10603: 10600: 10598: 10597: 10596:Mediterranean 10593: 10592: 10588: 10585: 10583: 10580: 10578: 10574: 10571: 10569: 10566: 10564: 10563: 10559: 10558: 10555: 10552: 10550: 10547: 10545: 10542: 10540: 10537: 10535: 10532: 10530: 10529: 10525: 10524: 10522: 10520: 10519: 10514: 10508: 10505: 10503: 10500: 10497: 10496: 10493: 10490: 10488: 10485: 10484: 10481: 10478: 10476: 10473: 10471: 10468: 10466: 10463: 10461: 10458: 10456: 10453: 10451: 10448: 10446: 10445:Run for Tunis 10443: 10441: 10438: 10436: 10433: 10431: 10428: 10426: 10423: 10421: 10420: 10416: 10415: 10412: 10409: 10407: 10404: 10402: 10399: 10397: 10394: 10392: 10391: 10387: 10386: 10384: 10380: 10376: 10369: 10364: 10362: 10357: 10355: 10350: 10349: 10346: 10333: 10329: 10326: 10322: 10319: 10318: 10313: 10306: 10305: 10302: 10289: 10285: 10282: 10278: 10275: 10271: 10270: 10268: 10264: 10259: 10255: 10254: 10252: 10251:Kuril Islands 10248: 10245: 10241: 10236: 10232: 10231: 10229: 10225: 10222: 10218: 10215: 10211: 10208: 10204: 10201: 10197: 10192: 10188: 10187: 10185: 10181: 10178: 10174: 10171: 10167: 10164: 10160: 10157: 10153: 10150: 10146: 10143: 10139: 10136: 10132: 10129: 10125: 10122: 10118: 10115: 10111: 10108: 10104: 10101: 10097: 10094: 10090: 10087: 10083: 10082: 10080: 10078: 10074: 10067: 10063: 10058: 10057: 10052: 10051: 10049: 10045: 10042: 10038: 10033: 10029: 10028: 10026: 10022: 10019: 10018:Syrmian Front 10015: 10012: 10008: 10005: 10001: 9998: 9994: 9991: 9990: 9985: 9982: 9981: 9976: 9973: 9969: 9966: 9965: 9964:Market Garden 9960: 9957: 9953: 9950: 9946: 9943: 9939: 9936: 9935: 9930: 9927: 9923: 9920: 9916: 9913: 9909: 9906: 9902: 9899: 9895: 9892: 9888: 9885: 9884: 9879: 9876: 9872: 9869: 9868: 9863: 9860: 9859: 9854: 9851: 9850: 9845: 9842: 9838: 9835: 9831: 9828: 9824: 9823:Monte Cassino 9820: 9817: 9816: 9811: 9810: 9808: 9806: 9802: 9795: 9791: 9786: 9782: 9779: 9775: 9774: 9772: 9768: 9765: 9761: 9758: 9754: 9751: 9747: 9744: 9740: 9735: 9731: 9730: 9728: 9724: 9721: 9717: 9714: 9713: 9708: 9705: 9701: 9698: 9694: 9691: 9687: 9684: 9680: 9677: 9673: 9670: 9666: 9663: 9659: 9656: 9652: 9651: 9649: 9647: 9643: 9636: 9632: 9629: 9628: 9623: 9620: 9616: 9613: 9609: 9606: 9605: 9600: 9597: 9593: 9590: 9586: 9583: 9579: 9576: 9572: 9569: 9568: 9563: 9558: 9554: 9551: 9547: 9546: 9544: 9540: 9537: 9533: 9530: 9526: 9523: 9519: 9516: 9512: 9509: 9505: 9502: 9498: 9495: 9491: 9488: 9484: 9481: 9477: 9474: 9470: 9469: 9467: 9465: 9461: 9454: 9450: 9447: 9443: 9440: 9436: 9433: 9429: 9426: 9422: 9419: 9415: 9412: 9408: 9405: 9401: 9398: 9394: 9391: 9387: 9384: 9380: 9377: 9373: 9370: 9366: 9363: 9359: 9356: 9352: 9349: 9345: 9342: 9338: 9335: 9331: 9328: 9324: 9320: 9319: 9314: 9310: 9305: 9301: 9300: 9298: 9294: 9291: 9287: 9284: 9280: 9277: 9273: 9270: 9266: 9261: 9257: 9256: 9254: 9250: 9247: 9243: 9240: 9236: 9233: 9229: 9228: 9226: 9224: 9220: 9213: 9212: 9207: 9204: 9200: 9197: 9193: 9190: 9186: 9183: 9182:Baltic states 9179: 9176: 9172: 9169: 9165: 9162: 9158: 9155: 9151: 9148: 9144: 9141: 9137: 9134: 9130: 9127: 9123: 9120: 9116: 9113: 9109: 9106: 9102: 9099: 9095: 9092: 9088: 9085: 9081: 9080: 9078: 9076: 9072: 9065: 9061: 9058: 9054: 9051: 9047: 9044: 9040: 9037: 9033: 9030: 9026: 9023: 9019: 9018: 9016: 9014: 9010: 9001: 8997: 8994: 8990: 8987: 8983: 8980: 8976: 8973: 8969: 8968: 8966: 8962: 8957: 8953: 8950: 8946: 8945: 8943: 8939: 8934: 8930: 8929: 8927: 8923: 8922: 8920: 8918: 8914: 8911: 8909: 8905: 8894: 8890: 8887: 8883: 8878: 8874: 8871: 8867: 8866: 8862: 8857: 8853: 8852: 8850: 8846: 8843: 8839: 8834: 8830: 8827: 8826:United States 8823: 8818: 8814: 8813: 8811: 8807: 8806: 8802: 8799: 8795: 8794: 8792: 8790: 8786: 8779: 8775: 8770: 8766: 8763: 8762:Quốc dân Đảng 8759: 8758: 8754: 8751: 8747: 8744: 8740: 8737: 8733: 8730: 8726: 8723: 8719: 8716: 8712: 8709: 8705: 8702: 8698: 8695: 8691: 8688: 8684: 8681: 8677: 8674: 8670: 8667: 8663: 8660: 8656: 8651: 8647: 8644: 8640: 8639: 8637: 8633: 8630: 8626: 8623: 8619: 8616: 8612: 8609: 8605: 8602: 8598: 8595: 8591: 8588: 8584: 8581: 8577: 8574: 8570: 8567: 8563: 8560: 8556: 8553: 8549: 8546: 8542: 8539: 8535: 8532: 8528: 8525: 8521: 8520: 8518: 8516: 8512: 8505: 8501: 8498: 8494: 8491: 8487: 8484: 8480: 8477: 8473: 8470: 8466: 8463: 8462:Liechtenstein 8459: 8456: 8452: 8449: 8445: 8442: 8438: 8435: 8431: 8430: 8428: 8426: 8422: 8415: 8414:Collaboration 8411: 8408: 8404: 8401: 8397: 8394: 8390: 8386: 8382: 8379: 8375: 8372: 8368: 8365: 8361: 8356: 8352: 8351: 8348: 8344: 8341: 8337: 8334: 8330: 8327: 8323: 8320: 8316: 8313: 8309: 8305: 8301: 8298: 8294: 8291: 8287: 8283: 8279: 8276: 8272: 8271: 8269: 8267: 8263: 8256: 8252: 8247: 8243: 8242: 8240: 8239:United States 8236: 8231: 8227: 8226: 8224: 8220: 8217: 8213: 8210: 8206: 8203: 8199: 8196: 8192: 8189: 8185: 8181: 8177: 8173: 8170: 8166: 8163: 8159: 8156: 8152: 8149: 8145: 8142: 8138: 8135: 8131: 8128: 8124: 8121: 8117: 8113: 8109: 8105: 8102: 8098: 8095: 8091: 8088: 8084: 8081: 8077: 8073: 8069: 8065: 8061: 8057: 8054: 8050: 8047: 8043: 8040: 8036: 8033: 8029: 8026: 8022: 8019: 8015: 8011: 8007: 8003: 8000: 7996: 7993: 7989: 7986: 7982: 7979: 7975: 7974: 7972: 7970: 7966: 7963: 7961: 7957: 7944: 7940: 7937: 7933: 7930: 7929:Comfort women 7926: 7923: 7919: 7916: 7913: / 7912: 7908: 7905: 7902: / 7901: 7898: / 7897: 7893: 7890: 7889:Camp brothels 7886: 7883: 7879: 7878: 7874: 7871: 7867: 7862: 7858: 7855: 7851: 7850: 7848: 7844: 7839: 7835: 7832: 7828: 7825: 7821: 7820: 7818: 7814: 7811: 7807: 7802: 7798: 7793: 7789: 7786: 7782: 7781: 7779: 7778:The Holocaust 7775: 7772: 7768: 7765: 7764:forced labour 7761: 7760: 7758: 7754: 7749: 7745: 7742: 7738: 7735: 7731: 7730: 7728: 7724: 7723: 7721: 7719: 7715: 7708: 7704: 7701: 7697: 7694: 7690: 7685: 7681: 7678: 7674: 7671: 7667: 7664: 7660: 7659: 7657: 7653: 7650: 7649: 7644: 7641: 7640: 7635: 7632: 7628: 7625: 7621: 7618: 7617:Marshall Plan 7614: 7611: 7610: 7605: 7602: 7598: 7595: 7591: 7588: 7584: 7581: 7577: 7574: 7570: 7567: 7563: 7560: 7556: 7553: 7549: 7548: 7546: 7544: 7540: 7533: 7529: 7524: 7520: 7519: 7517: 7513: 7510: 7506: 7501: 7497: 7494: 7490: 7487: 7483: 7482: 7480: 7476: 7471: 7470:Eastern Front 7467: 7464: 7463:Western Front 7460: 7459: 7457: 7453: 7448: 7444: 7441: 7437: 7434: 7430: 7427: 7423: 7420: 7416: 7413: 7409: 7408: 7406: 7402: 7401: 7399: 7397: 7393: 7386: 7382: 7379: 7375: 7372: 7368: 7365: 7361: 7358: 7357:Puppet states 7354: 7351: 7347: 7344: 7340: 7335: 7331: 7328: 7324: 7323: 7321: 7317: 7314: 7310: 7307: 7303: 7300: 7299:Naval history 7296: 7293: 7289: 7286: 7282: 7279: 7275: 7270: 7266: 7265: 7263: 7259: 7256: 7252: 7247: 7246:United States 7243: 7240: 7236: 7233: 7229: 7228: 7226: 7222: 7219: 7215: 7212: 7208: 7205: 7201: 7198: 7194: 7191: 7187: 7184: 7180: 7175: 7171: 7170: 7168: 7164: 7163: 7161: 7159: 7155: 7152: 7148: 7141: 7137: 7134: 7130: 7125: 7121: 7118: 7114: 7111: 7107: 7106: 7102: 7097: 7093: 7092: 7090: 7086: 7083: 7079: 7078: 7075: 7071: 7064: 7059: 7057: 7052: 7050: 7045: 7044: 7041: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7020: 7018: 7014: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6920: 6918: 6914: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6864: 6862: 6860: 6856: 6851: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6808: 6806: 6804:British women 6802: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6757: 6755: 6753: 6749: 6745: 6738: 6733: 6731: 6726: 6724: 6719: 6718: 6715: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6700: 6692: 6688: 6684: 6681: 6678: 6674: 6671: 6667: 6664: 6660: 6658: 6654: 6650: 6647: 6644: 6640: 6637: 6633: 6629: 6627: 6623: 6619: 6616: 6612: 6609: 6605: 6602: 6598: 6595: 6591: 6588: 6584: 6582: 6579:(HMSO, 1957) 6578: 6574: 6571: 6567: 6566: 6558: 6554: 6550: 6546: 6542: 6538: 6534: 6531: 6527: 6524: 6520: 6517: 6513: 6512: 6503: 6499: 6496: 6492: 6489: 6485: 6482: 6478: 6474: 6470: 6467: 6463: 6461: 6457: 6453: 6449: 6446: 6442: 6439: 6435: 6433: 6430:(HMSO, 1953) 6429: 6425: 6422: 6421:0-00-217056-6 6418: 6414: 6410: 6407: 6403: 6400: 6396: 6393: 6389: 6388: 6378: 6372: 6368: 6367: 6362: 6358: 6355: 6351: 6348: 6344: 6341: 6338: 6334: 6331: 6327: 6325: 6324:0-19-926859-2 6321: 6317: 6313: 6310: 6306: 6303: 6299: 6296: 6292: 6289: 6285: 6284: 6268: 6262: 6255: 6249: 6242: 6236: 6228: 6222: 6206: 6201: 6195: 6188: 6182: 6175: 6169: 6163:(1988) p, 126 6162: 6156: 6149: 6143: 6136: 6130: 6123: 6117: 6110: 6104: 6096: 6090: 6082: 6080:9780674021532 6076: 6071: 6070: 6061: 6046: 6045:www.bbc.co.uk 6042: 6036: 6029: 6023: 6016: 6010: 6002: 5998: 5991: 5984: 5978: 5971: 5965: 5958: 5955:Louis Allen, 5952: 5945: 5939: 5932: 5929:David White, 5926: 5920: 5914: 5907: 5901: 5895: 5890: 5883: 5877: 5868: 5860: 5858:0-253-13333-5 5854: 5850: 5846: 5842: 5836: 5829: 5823: 5817: 5813: 5807: 5798: 5789: 5780: 5773: 5767: 5758: 5752: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5742:Canada at War 5735: 5727: 5723: 5717: 5710: 5704: 5697: 5691: 5684: 5680: 5675: 5668: 5662: 5655: 5651: 5650:S. W. C. Pack 5646: 5639: 5633: 5625: 5621: 5617: 5613: 5609: 5605: 5601: 5597: 5590: 5583: 5577: 5570: 5564: 5557: 5551: 5544: 5538: 5531: 5525: 5518: 5512: 5505: 5499: 5492: 5486: 5479: 5473: 5467: 5461: 5454: 5448: 5439: 5432: 5427: 5419: 5415: 5409: 5402: 5396: 5388: 5384: 5378: 5371: 5370:0-7570-0160-2 5367: 5363: 5362: 5355: 5347: 5340: 5332: 5330:1-84158-078-3 5326: 5322: 5315: 5308: 5302: 5295: 5291: 5286: 5277: 5271: 5264: 5258: 5250: 5244: 5240: 5233: 5226: 5220: 5204: 5200: 5194: 5186: 5182: 5178: 5176:0-520-07186-7 5172: 5165: 5164: 5159: 5153: 5146: 5141: 5133: 5129: 5125: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5101: 5100: 5092: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5043: 5035: 5033:9780814208526 5029: 5025: 5024: 5016: 5009: 5003: 4996: 4990: 4974: 4970: 4963: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4928: 4913: 4909: 4895: 4894: 4886: 4884: 4876: 4873: 4867: 4858: 4854: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4831: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4819: 4818: 4815: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4787: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4765:GHQ Stop Line 4763: 4761: 4758: 4757: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4672: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4663: 4662: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4644: 4638: 4636: 4632: 4627: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4612: 4610: 4609:synthetic oil 4604: 4600: 4596: 4593: 4589: 4583: 4581: 4577: 4572: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4556: 4553: 4552:Arthur Harris 4545: 4541: 4537: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4519: 4509: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4462: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4429: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4408: 4406: 4402: 4401: 4392: 4387: 4382: 4371: 4367: 4357: 4355: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4327: 4323: 4314: 4305: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4274: 4273: 4267: 4262: 4258: 4255: 4252: 4248: 4243: 4241: 4237: 4231: 4229: 4220: 4214:Burma retaken 4211: 4209: 4205: 4200: 4196: 4193: 4187: 4185: 4176: 4167: 4163: 4161: 4156: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4145:Bay of Bengal 4142: 4137: 4129: 4120: 4116: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4097: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4070: 4066: 4064: 4060: 4059:Thomas Hutton 4054: 4052: 4051:Flying Tigers 4048: 4043: 4034: 4030: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4015:United States 4012: 4008: 4002: 3992: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3973: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3944: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3929: 3923: 3922: 3915: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3890: 3885: 3876: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3848: 3838: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3811: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3788: 3785: 3782: 3778: 3773: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3762:Roer Triangle 3759: 3752:, April 1945 3751: 3746: 3741: 3731: 3727: 3725: 3721: 3716: 3714: 3709: 3701: 3696: 3686: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3667: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3647: 3644: 3642: 3637: 3634: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3614: 3611: 3602: 3597: 3592: 3582: 3580: 3576: 3567: 3565: 3561: 3555: 3553: 3548: 3546: 3543: 3538: 3536: 3531: 3529: 3521: 3516: 3507: 3505: 3496: 3495: 3494: 3490: 3488: 3484: 3476:Controversies 3473: 3471: 3462: 3458: 3456: 3450: 3447: 3445: 3439: 3437: 3433: 3427: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3380: 3375: 3360: 3357: 3355: 3351: 3346: 3344: 3340: 3338: 3332: 3327: 3326:for display. 3325: 3321: 3316: 3314: 3309: 3306:By 20 April, 3304: 3301: 3298: 3293: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3278: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3267:U.S. IV Corps 3264: 3259: 3255: 3247: 3243: 3242:167th Brigade 3239: 3235: 3230: 3225: 3215: 3212: 3210: 3205: 3201: 3196: 3194: 3189: 3184: 3182: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3165:Green Howards 3161: 3152: 3148: 3146: 3145:John P. Lucas 3141: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3130:U.S. VI Corps 3127: 3123: 3118: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3099:Monte Cassino 3091: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3068: 3066: 3062: 3061: 3056: 3055:Operation Oak 3051: 3049: 3044: 3042: 3038: 3033: 3029: 3028:U.S. VI Corps 3025: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3009: 3007: 3006: 3001: 2995: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2976: 2974: 2970: 2965: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2946: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2927: 2922: 2918: 2908: 2906: 2902: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2865: 2855: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2838: 2828: 2826: 2821: 2819: 2814: 2812: 2807: 2805: 2799: 2789: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2739: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2716: 2714: 2709: 2708:surrendered. 2705: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2686:Mers el Kebir 2683: 2678: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2656: 2651: 2642: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2627: 2625: 2620: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2585: 2582: 2578: 2573: 2569: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2527: 2522: 2513: 2511: 2507: 2502: 2500: 2496: 2491: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2472: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2449: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2430: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2413:, called the 2412: 2408: 2403: 2400: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2373: 2371: 2366: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2342: 2334: 2329: 2320: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2280: 2278: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2252: 2250: 2244: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2213: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2190: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2163: 2161: 2154:The Offensive 2151: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2100: 2095: 2085: 2083: 2079: 2074: 2072: 2062: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2042: 2040: 2036: 2035: 2029: 2024: 2022: 2018: 2009: 2008: 2007:Indefatigable 2002: 1998: 1989: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1970: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1950: 1947: 1945: 1942: 1939:were sunk by 1938: 1937: 1931: 1930: 1924: 1923: 1917: 1916: 1910: 1906: 1905:Bay of Bengal 1902: 1898: 1894: 1889: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1846: 1844: 1843: 1837: 1836: 1830: 1829: 1823: 1818: 1816: 1811: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1781: 1780: 1775: 1774: 1768: 1754: 1752: 1748: 1743: 1740: 1735: 1733: 1732:Atlantic Wall 1729: 1725: 1721: 1715: 1712: 1705: 1704: 1698: 1689: 1687: 1676: 1672: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1657: 1655: 1652:In late 1942 1645: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1611: 1606: 1596: 1593: 1589: 1584: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1544: 1542: 1538: 1529: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1498: 1496: 1495: 1490: 1486: 1483: 1479: 1478: 1473: 1472: 1467: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1453: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1434: 1424: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1396: 1386: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1371:Mers-el-Kebir 1368: 1364: 1359: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1336: 1333: 1325: 1321: 1320: 1314: 1309: 1299: 1297: 1293: 1292:battlecruiser 1288: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1272: 1262: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1246: 1242: 1236: 1234: 1233:Caribbean Sea 1226: 1225: 1219: 1210: 1208: 1203: 1197: 1187: 1185: 1180: 1178: 1174: 1169: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1150: 1148: 1144: 1139: 1138:Brest, France 1135: 1127: 1126: 1119: 1110: 1108: 1104: 1097: 1087: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1072: 1067: 1066: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1029:Opening moves 1026: 1019: 1016: 1013: 1012: 1011: 1009: 1008: 997: 995: 991: 986: 984: 979: 975: 970: 968: 964: 963: 958: 953: 949: 945: 941: 936: 934: 930: 926: 922: 918: 914: 913:Channel ports 910: 906: 903: 899: 895: 891: 886: 884: 880: 876: 871: 863: 856: 851: 846: 836: 834: 829: 827: 822: 819: 814: 812: 808: 804: 799: 797: 793: 789: 785: 781: 777: 772: 768: 764: 757: 752: 747: 732: 731:hostilities. 729: 724: 722: 718: 713: 711: 710:Fairey Battle 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 662: 660: 659: 654: 653: 648: 644: 640: 636: 627: 623: 621: 620: 615: 614: 609: 608: 603: 599: 589: 587: 583: 579: 576:included the 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 545: 543: 539: 535: 531: 525: 521: 511: 509: 504: 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 481:British India 478: 474: 470: 469:Eastern Fleet 466: 462: 457: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 434: 429: 427: 426:Eastern Front 423: 419: 415: 411: 407: 403: 400:including an 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 379: 374: 372: 368: 364: 363:North-African 360: 356: 352: 348: 344: 340: 336: 332: 328: 324: 320: 316: 314: 310: 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 286: 282: 278: 274: 270: 266: 265:protectorates 262: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 234: 220: 216: 211: 207: 202: 198: 194: 188: 185: 183: 180: 179: 177: 173: 170: 167: 163: 158: 152: 147: 142: 137: 134: 126: 123: 115: 104: 101: 97: 94: 90: 87: 83: 80: 76: 73: – 72: 68: 67:Find sources: 61: 57: 51: 50: 45:This article 43: 39: 34: 33: 29: 25: 21: 16: 13624:North Africa 13526:Kuala Lumpur 13507:Other cities 13493:Pearl Harbor 13121:Other cities 12921:Schaffhausen 12883:Soviet Union 12459:Obersalzberg 12259:Braunschweig 12239:Aschersleben 12222:Other cities 11892:Vatican City 11864: 11811:Soviet Union 11559:West Sumatra 11428:Newfoundland 11382:South Africa 11377:Sierra Leone 11355:North Africa 11207: 11036:Indian Ocean 11035: 10828:Channel Dash 10771: 10647:Cigno Convoy 10602:Convoy AN 14 10595: 10561: 10527: 10517: 10419:North Africa 10418: 10389: 10325:Bibliography 10308: 10121:Project Hula 10086:Vistula–Oder 10055: 9988: 9979: 9963: 9933: 9882: 9866: 9857: 9848: 9814: 9711: 9626: 9602: 9565: 9316: 9209: 9154:North Africa 8856:Soviet Union 8810:Soviet Union 8736:Soviet Union 8504:Vatican City 8407:Vichy France 8312:German Reich 8222: 8209:Soviet Union 8195:South Africa 8188:Sierra Leone 8141:Newfoundland 7960:Participants 7943:Marocchinate 7647: 7638: 7608: 7486:North Africa 7447:Indian Ocean 7306:Nazi plunder 7197:Cryptography 7070:World War II 6922: 6892:British Army 6858: 6743: 6686: 6676: 6669: 6662: 6631: 6621: 6614: 6607: 6600: 6593: 6586: 6576: 6569: 6557:online vol 2 6553:online vol 1 6548: 6544: 6540: 6536: 6529: 6522: 6515: 6501: 6494: 6487: 6480: 6476: 6472: 6465: 6451: 6447:(HMSO, 1968) 6444: 6443:Ellis, L.F. 6440:(HMSO, 1962) 6437: 6436:Ellis, L.F. 6427: 6426:Ellis, L.F. 6412: 6405: 6398: 6391: 6365: 6353: 6346: 6336: 6329: 6315: 6308: 6301: 6294: 6287: 6266: 6261: 6253: 6248: 6240: 6235: 6209:. Retrieved 6199: 6194: 6186: 6181: 6173: 6168: 6160: 6155: 6147: 6142: 6134: 6129: 6121: 6116: 6108: 6103: 6068: 6060: 6048:. Retrieved 6044: 6035: 6027: 6022: 6014: 6009: 6000: 5990: 5982: 5977: 5969: 5964: 5956: 5951: 5943: 5938: 5925: 5918: 5913: 5905: 5900: 5889: 5881: 5876: 5867: 5844: 5835: 5827: 5822: 5811: 5806: 5797: 5788: 5779: 5771: 5766: 5757: 5741: 5734: 5725: 5716: 5708: 5703: 5695: 5690: 5682: 5674: 5666: 5661: 5653: 5645: 5637: 5632: 5599: 5595: 5589: 5581: 5576: 5571:(1994) p 263 5568: 5563: 5555: 5550: 5542: 5537: 5529: 5524: 5516: 5511: 5503: 5498: 5490: 5485: 5477: 5472: 5465: 5460: 5452: 5447: 5438: 5426: 5417: 5408: 5400: 5395: 5386: 5377: 5360: 5354: 5345: 5339: 5320: 5314: 5306: 5301: 5293: 5285: 5270: 5262: 5257: 5238: 5232: 5224: 5219: 5207:. Retrieved 5193: 5162: 5152: 5140: 5115: 5111: 5098: 5091: 5059:(1): 19–40. 5056: 5052: 5042: 5022: 5015: 5007: 5002: 4994: 4989: 4977:. Retrieved 4973:the original 4962: 4937: 4933: 4927: 4915:. Retrieved 4911: 4898:. Retrieved 4892: 4871: 4870:N.H. Gibbs, 4866: 4857: 4628: 4613: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4584: 4573: 4557: 4549: 4525: 4521: 4500:units. Two " 4463: 4435: 4414: 4398: 4396: 4351: 4348: 4329: 4283: 4271: 4256: 4244: 4232: 4225: 4201: 4197: 4188: 4181: 4164: 4160:Orde Wingate 4157: 4138: 4134: 4117: 4109:William Slim 4098: 4071: 4067: 4055: 4044: 4040: 4031: 4004: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3945: 3940: 3936: 3933:Pearl Harbor 3927: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3850: 3841:The Far East 3812: 3789: 3786: 3774: 3755: 3728: 3717: 3710: 3706: 3668: 3653: 3645: 3638: 3615: 3606: 3573: 3556: 3549: 3539: 3532: 3525: 3500: 3491: 3482: 3479: 3467: 3451: 3448: 3440: 3428: 3385: 3358: 3347: 3336: 3328: 3317: 3305: 3302: 3294: 3279: 3251: 3213: 3200:Oliver Leese 3197: 3185: 3178: 3173:5th Division 3169:13th Brigade 3149: 3142: 3119: 3096: 3058: 3052: 3045: 3010: 3003: 2996: 2977: 2966: 2947: 2932: 2898: 2871:Cape Passero 2867: 2840: 2822: 2815: 2808: 2801: 2782:Tripolitania 2775: 2756: 2740: 2732:Erwin Rommel 2718:Just before 2717: 2710: 2706: 2679: 2663:World War II 2660: 2628: 2621: 2601:Mersa Matruh 2586: 2574: 2570: 2550:Neil Ritchie 2542:Erwin Rommel 2531: 2503: 2492: 2473: 2469:Gideon Force 2457:Orde Wingate 2450: 2434:South Africa 2431: 2404: 2401: 2374: 2367: 2344: 2288:Soviet Union 2281: 2266:-controlled 2253: 2245: 2218: 2164: 2157: 2148:Jock columns 2124:Sidi Barrani 2105: 2075: 2071:minesweeping 2068: 2043: 2033: 2025: 2013: 2006: 1971: 1967:Indian Ocean 1956: 1948: 1943: 1935: 1928: 1921: 1914: 1890: 1847: 1841: 1834: 1827: 1819: 1815:Indian Ocean 1812: 1800:North Africa 1796:Indian Ocean 1792:World War II 1788:Indian Ocean 1785: 1778: 1772: 1744: 1736: 1728:minesweepers 1716: 1709: 1702: 1682: 1679:Aegean sweep 1673: 1658: 1651: 1642:George Cross 1616: 1585: 1551: 1545: 1534: 1493: 1488: 1484: 1476: 1470: 1464: 1452:Regia Marina 1450: 1439:Peloponnesus 1436: 1398: 1379:Vichy French 1375:North Africa 1360: 1337: 1332:Italian Navy 1329: 1318: 1289: 1277:Soviet Union 1274: 1237: 1230: 1223: 1199: 1181: 1170: 1151: 1149:commanders. 1131: 1124: 1099: 1070: 1064: 1047: 1037: 1023: 1007:Kriegsmarine 1005: 1003: 987: 971: 961: 937: 887: 872: 868: 830: 823: 815: 800: 780:Adolf Hitler 761: 725: 714: 663: 657: 651: 645:. After the 632: 618: 612: 606: 595: 546: 534:British Army 527: 505: 473:Indian Ocean 458: 430: 414:Europe first 375: 329:denying the 317: 269:Nazi Germany 239:against the 232: 230: 196: 133: 118: 109: 99: 92: 85: 78: 66: 54:Please help 49:verification 46: 15: 13588:Other areas 13549:Middle East 13522:(Sri Lanka) 13167:Pacific War 13069:Southampton 12984:Bournemouth 12914:Switzerland 12749:Netherlands 12580:Alessandria 12499:Schweinfurt 12494:Saarbrücken 12334:Halberstadt 12294:Dietzenbach 12244:Baden-Baden 11940:New Zealand 11906:Oceania and 11860:Switzerland 11821:Byelorussia 11776:Netherlands 11618:Philippines 11458:Puerto Rico 11413:El Salvador 11112:Middle East 10863:Sword Beach 10823:Dieppe Raid 10582:Thermopylae 10498:West Africa 10390:East Africa 10056:Bodenplatte 9942:Gothic Line 9161:West Africa 8708:Philippines 8687:Netherlands 8552:Czech lands 8490:Switzerland 8434:Afghanistan 8378:Philippines 8246:Puerto Rico 8162:Philippines 8148:New Zealand 8134:Netherlands 8087:Free France 7838:Prosecution 7639:Osoaviakhim 7509:West Africa 7493:East Africa 7140:Conferences 6897:Royal Navy‎ 6780:Evacuations 6385:War on land 6361:Tooze, Adam 6211:11 February 5519:(1960) ch 3 5294:Norway 1940 5209:22 November 5145:Gowing 1964 4877:(1976) HMSO 4607:bombing of 4498:Yugoslavian 4360:The air war 3859:. Although 3815:Netherlands 3671:Westkapelle 3400:Sword Beach 3398:landing at 3224:Gothic Line 3204:Liri Valley 3077:Winter Line 3048:Winter Line 2811:Mareth Line 2786:Mareth Line 2488:Addis Ababa 2442:Indian Army 2304:Vladivostok 2300:Arkhangelsk 2284:Middle East 2247:Habbaniya, 2221:coup d'état 2082:Philippines 1986:Middle East 1963:East Africa 1915:Dorsetshire 1878:battleships 1866:Trincomalee 1786:Though the 1773:Dorsetshire 1401:battleships 1281:Arkhangelsk 1258:Leigh Light 1245:Karl Dönitz 1121:Gunners of 1084:New Zealand 1055:German navy 902:World War I 715:During the 690:French Army 602:Peking Plan 598:Polish Navy 578:Tube Alloys 536:. Only the 406:Pacific War 253:followed by 241:Axis powers 235:covers the 13658:Categories 13528:(Malaysia) 13516:(Thailand) 13397:Utsunomiya 13148:(Bulgaria) 13085:Yugoslavia 13054:Nottingham 13044:Manchester 12979:Birmingham 12905:Stalingrad 12817:Hammerfest 12781:Middelburg 12474:Peenemünde 12449:Nordhausen 12394:Königsberg 12364:Hildesheim 12279:Crailsheim 12193:Düsseldorf 12084:Copenhagen 11935:New Guinea 11915:Antarctica 11908:Antarctica 11897:Yugoslavia 11816:Azerbaijan 11771:Luxembourg 11554:New Guinea 11453:New Mexico 11443:California 11350:Madagascar 11335:Gold Coast 11330:The Gambia 10858:Gold Beach 10853:Juno Beach 10156:West Hunan 9989:Pointblank 9318:Silver Fox 9304:Summer War 9057:Winter War 9036:Phoney War 8817:Azerbaijan 8778:Yugoslavia 8673:Luxembourg 8515:Resistance 8255:Yugoslavia 8120:Luxembourg 7922:Sook Ching 7718:War crimes 7320:Technology 7313:Opposition 7255:Lend-Lease 7232:Australian 7225:Home front 7183:Blitzkrieg 7133:Casualties 7124:Commanders 7096:Operations 7023:Lend-Lease 6928:Phoney War 6752:Home front 6509:War at sea 5506:(1991) ch2 5372:(pp.43-44) 4850:References 4827:Chain Home 4742:Lend-Lease 4458:Article XV 4082:Burma Army 3956:Australian 3823:IJsselmeer 3792:U.S. Ninth 3764:(codename 3724:Ninth Army 3720:Third Army 3666:remained. 3545:Eisenhower 3412:Gold Beach 3240:, part of 3167:, part of 3024:Mark Clark 2901:Mount Etna 2743:El Alamein 2702:Madagascar 2617:El Alamein 2562:El Agheila 2495:Amba Alagi 2353:colonies: 2339:See also: 2292:North Cape 2197:See also: 2175:El Agheila 2132:Alexandria 2116:Suez Canal 2092:See also: 2021:amphibious 1978:Madagascar 1934:HMAS 1804:submarines 1742:invasion. 1739:destroyers 1574:, and the 1482:destroyers 1348:Alexandria 1061:, sinking 974:Blitzkrieg 967:St Nazaire 962:Lancastria 875:Phoney War 721:propaganda 717:Phoney War 613:Błyskawica 556:, such as 538:Royal Navy 518:See also: 514:Background 345:sought to 343:Royal Navy 301:Luxembourg 277:Phoney War 197:Chronology 165:Monarch(s) 157:propaganda 112:March 2023 82:newspapers 18:See also: 13639:Fort Lamy 13605:Gibraltar 13465:Australia 13444:Singapore 13414:Yokkaichi 13407:June 1944 13387:Toyohashi 13297:Hiratsuka 13292:Hamamatsu 13239:Indonesia 13220:Hong Kong 13215:Chongqing 13154:(Croatia) 13136:(Finland) 13130:(Ireland) 13107:Podgorica 13091:Belgrade 13064:Sheffield 13034:Liverpool 13004:Clydebank 12959:The Blitz 12895:Leningrad 12874:Timișoara 12864:Bucharest 12801:The Hague 12776:Enkhuizen 12766:Eindhoven 12595:Benevento 12514:Stuttgart 12509:Stralsund 12479:Pforzheim 12469:Paderborn 12464:Osnabrück 12454:Nuremberg 12424:Magdeburg 12379:Karlsruhe 12359:Heilbronn 12309:Frankfurt 12284:Darmstadt 12213:Wuppertal 12163:Battle of 12053:Innsbruck 12028:V-weapons 12018:Firestorm 11920:Australia 11885:Gibraltar 11843:Catalonia 11766:Lithuania 11628:Singapore 11576:Indochina 11566:Hong Kong 11542:Manchuria 11511:Venezuela 11481:Argentina 11418:Greenland 11372:Nyasaland 10974:Singapore 10935:Hong Kong 10818:The Blitz 10221:Manchuria 10107:Indochina 9883:Bagration 9327:Lithuania 8972:Anschluss 8769:Viet Minh 8666:Lithuania 8608:Hong Kong 8371:Manchukuo 8326:Azad Hind 7985:Australia 7785:Aftermath 7648:Paperclip 7543:Aftermath 7343:Total war 7211:Diplomacy 7174:In Europe 6765:Rationing 6760:The Blitz 6475:(1981); 6089:cite book 5624:159715267 5528:Barnett, 5515:Roskill, 5502:Barnett, 5185:637004643 5132:0021-1753 5083:247253473 5075:0959-2296 4954:0036-8733 4641:Airfields 4580:firestorm 4568:H2S radar 4536:George VI 4478:Norwegian 4298:Singapore 4086:GHQ India 3948:Singapore 3827:Groningen 3664:Walcheren 3650:Walcheren 3633:XXX Corps 3601:Eindhoven 3455:Cherbourg 3209:Wehrmacht 3188:Apennines 3124:involved 2778:Cyrenaica 2747:artillery 2558:Cyrenaica 2463:with the 2333:Wolchefit 2256:Luftwaffe 2249:Palestine 2237:Habbaniya 2140:Port Said 2057:and near 2032:USS 2005:HMS 1959:Kilindini 1941:Aichi D3A 1920:HMS 1913:HMS 1888:, noted. 1870:Sri Lanka 1858:Singapore 1822:Singapore 1701:HMS 1441:coast of 1411:, in the 1356:Gibraltar 1346:based at 1319:Ark Royal 1317:HMS 1222:HMS 1132:With the 1123:HMS 1107:wolfpacks 796:Luftwaffe 788:Åndalsnes 784:Wehrmacht 704:sent the 682:III Corps 542:divisions 339:the Blitz 331:Luftwaffe 257:Dominions 255:the UK's 175:Leader(s) 169:George VI 144:1939–1945 13579:Tel Aviv 13498:Unalaska 13432:(Taiwan) 13423:Colonies 13392:Toyokawa 13372:Shizuoka 13317:Kumagaya 13251:Surabaya 13246:Sukabumi 13230:Shanghai 13187:Mandalay 13134:Helsinki 13112:Sarajevo 13059:Plymouth 13019:Greenock 13009:Coventry 12989:Brighton 12869:Ploiești 12786:Nijmegen 12771:Enschede 12645:Grosseto 12630:Frascati 12605:Cagliari 12559:Budapest 12539:Würzburg 12429:Mannheim 12414:Lüneburg 12354:Hannover 12274:Chemnitz 12234:Augsburg 12188:Duisburg 12183:Dortmund 12165:the Ruhr 12136:Le Havre 11806:Slovenia 11801:Slovakia 11791:Portugal 11679:Bulgaria 11633:Thailand 11608:Mongolia 11581:Cambodia 11501:Suriname 11491:Colombia 11315:Ethiopia 11208:Atlantic 11199:Americas 10927:Far East 10577:Rethymno 10332:Category 10281:document 10191:document 10048:Ardennes 10032:Budapest 9980:Crossbow 9858:Overlord 9697:Smolensk 8908:Timeline 8743:Slovakia 8729:Thailand 8580:Ethiopia 8545:Bulgaria 8469:Portugal 8400:Thailand 8282:Bulgaria 8060:Eswatini 8053:Ethiopia 8006:Bulgaria 7831:Unit 731 7792:Response 7609:Keelhaul 7559:Cold War 7532:Americas 7523:timeline 7516:Atlantic 7396:Theaters 6649:Archived 6639:Archived 6479:(1984); 6454:(1988). 6415:(1983). 6363:(2006). 6318:(2004). 6221:cite web 6050:11 March 5843:(1981). 5816:in JSTOR 5747:Archived 5616:30052890 5203:Archived 4979:26 April 4800:Chindits 4658:See also 4652:Southend 4422:Spitfire 4251:Meiktila 4247:Mandalay 4153:Chindits 4105:Burcorps 4025:and the 4023:Thailand 3939:and the 3679:Flushing 3560:Lorraine 3520:Argentan 3313:River Po 3286:Po plain 2875:Syracuse 2615:itself; 2581:materiel 2566:Far East 2556:. Again 2465:Chindits 2455:. Major 2446:Ethiopia 2377:campaign 2355:Ethiopia 2323:Ethiopia 2296:Murmansk 2277:Damascus 2128:entrench 2034:Saratoga 1982:Far East 1922:Cornwall 1860:and the 1854:Malaysia 1779:Cornwall 1757:The East 1747:Bordeaux 1703:Warspite 1480:and the 1285:Murmansk 1063:SS 917:Boulogne 898:Flanders 894:Ardennes 883:blockade 767:iron ore 13595:Bahrain 13520:Colombo 13514:Bangkok 13430:Taihoku 13347:Okazaki 13327:Nagaoka 13282:Fukuoka 13225:Nanjing 13074:Swansea 13049:Norwich 12999:Cardiff 12994:Bristol 12974:Belfast 12942:Kingdom 12857:Romania 12838:Frampol 12735:Viterbo 12730:Vicenza 12715:Trieste 12710:Treviso 12680:Pescara 12675:Palermo 12655:Messina 12650:Livorno 12620:Ferrara 12615:Catania 12610:Cassino 12600:Bologna 12552:Hungary 12489:Rostock 12484:Potsdam 12439:Münster 12399:Leipzig 12344:Hamburg 12329:Giessen 12299:Dresden 12269:Breslau 12254:Bocholt 12208:Krefeld 12178:Cologne 12155:Germany 12115:Tallinn 12103:Estonia 12072:Denmark 12046:Austria 11848:Galicia 11826:Ukraine 11796:Romania 11746:Ireland 11741:Iceland 11731:Hungary 11721:Germany 11699:Finland 11694:Estonia 11689:Denmark 11674:Belgium 11669:Austria 11664:Albania 11506:Uruguay 11438:Arizona 11365:Morocco 11360:Tunisia 11345:Liberia 10562:Balkans 10258:Shumshu 10025:Hungary 9972:Estonia 9956:Lapland 9934:Dragoon 9867:Neptune 9849:Ichi-Go 9815:Tempest 9757:Changde 9712:Cottage 9604:Jubilee 9313:Finland 9211:Compass 8917:Prelude 8870:Finland 8756:Vietnam 8722:Romania 8594:Germany 8573:Estonia 8559:Denmark 8538:Belgium 8531:Austria 8524:Albania 8455:Ireland 8441:Andorra 8425:Neutral 8385:Romania 8319:Hungary 8304:Finland 8176:Romania 8068:Finland 8046:Denmark 7992:Belgium 7978:Algeria 7684:Romania 7670:Hungary 7426:Pacific 7150:General 7104:Leaders 7089:Battles 7082:Outline 6689:(1975) 6483:(1986). 6349:(2015). 6281:General 6202:(2006) 6189:(1984), 5433:(p.305) 4647:Duxford 4631:Okinawa 4616:Dresden 4494:Belgian 4344:Formosa 4268:aboard 4090:ABDACOM 4047:Rangoon 3977:Sumatra 3941:Repulse 3928:Repulse 3660:Scheldt 3656:Antwerp 3564:Belgium 3542:General 3535:Falaise 3354:Bologna 3337:Liguria 3308:Bologna 2992:Taranto 2984:Salerno 2960:by the 2958:Taranto 2905:Messina 2768:in the 2713:Tunisia 2698:Lebanon 2682:Force H 2675:Morocco 2671:Algeria 2639:Tunisia 2419:Red Sea 2411:Eritrea 2363:Eritrea 2314:). The 2272:Lebanon 2241:Baghdad 2235:and at 2059:Rangoon 2028:Sumatra 1936:Vampire 1893:Pacific 1835:Repulse 1720:U-boats 1564:Piraeus 1417:Taranto 1405:carrier 1352:Force H 1296:U-boats 1202:U-boats 1162:U-boats 1158:Iceland 1145:by the 1080:British 1078:by the 1065:Athenia 1059:U-boats 933:Dunkirk 890:Benelux 790:and at 293:Belgium 96:scholar 13600:Cyprus 13532:Manila 13477:Darwin 13472:Broome 13402:Yawata 13367:Sendai 13362:Sabang 13357:Rabaul 13342:Numazu 13332:Nagoya 13272:Aomori 13152:Zagreb 13140:Prague 13128:Dublin 13039:London 13014:Exeter 12940:United 12848:Wieluń 12843:Warsaw 12831:Poland 12822:Namsos 12810:Norway 12725:Verona 12695:Rimini 12665:Naples 12625:Foggia 12585:Ancona 12504:Siegen 12444:Munich 12404:Lübeck 12384:Kassel 12289:Dessau 12264:Bremen 12249:Berlin 12229:Aachen 12173:Bochum 12124:France 12079:Aarhus 12058:Vienna 11855:Sweden 11786:Poland 11781:Norway 11756:Latvia 11726:Greece 11704:France 11657:Europe 11643:Turkey 11603:Malaya 11532:Ceylon 11486:Brazil 11448:Nevada 11423:Mexico 11403:Canada 11293:Africa 10528:Arctic 10518:Europe 10382:Africa 10235:Debate 10207:Taipei 10200:Borneo 9778:Tarawa 8965:Europe 8926:Africa 8715:Poland 8701:Norway 8680:Malaya 8659:Latvia 8601:Greece 8587:France 8483:Sweden 8448:Bhutan 8169:Poland 8155:Norway 8127:Mexico 8094:Greece 8080:France 8018:Canada 7999:Brazil 7969:Allies 7915:Serbia 7904:Poland 7677:Poland 7663:Baltic 7456:Europe 7158:Topics 7110:Allied 7003:VE-Day 6998:VJ-Day 6916:Events 6672:(1985) 6665:(2005) 6610:(1989) 6603:(2009) 6596:(1979) 6589:(2005) 6581:online 6551:1961. 6547:1960; 6543:1956; 6518:(1991) 6504:(2008) 6497:(2004) 6490:(1996) 6468:(2004) 6458: 6432:online 6419: 6408:(2004) 6401:(2008) 6373: 6356:(2016) 6339:(2008) 6332:(2010) 6322: 6290:(2020) 6256:(2009) 6243:(1979) 6137:(1981) 6111:(2010) 6077: 6017:(1980) 5972:(1979) 5959:(1993) 5946:(1979) 5908:(1986) 5884:(1993) 5855: 5669:(1997) 5656:(1968) 5640:(2000) 5622: 5614: 5584:(2000) 5545:(2002) 5493:(1960) 5480:(1991) 5403:(2010) 5368: 5327: 5309:(1983) 5296:(1998) 5245: 5183: 5173: 5130: 5081: 5073: 5030: 4997:(2013) 4952: 4917:10 May 4900:10 May 4832:system 4564:Window 4542:, and 4474:French 4470:Polish 4294:Penang 4280:Malaya 4272:Nelson 4266:Penang 4240:Ramree 4208:Kohima 4204:Imphal 4141:Arakan 4013:, and 3989:Ceylon 3952:Indian 3907:, and 3835:Baltic 3831:Frisia 3798:. The 3626:Arnhem 3282:Ancona 3265:. The 3258:Pesaro 3083:, and 3037:Naples 3019:under 2736:Rommel 2722:, the 2597:Tobruk 2554:Tobruk 2499:Gondar 2407:Asmara 2368:As in 2361:, and 2347:Africa 2308:Persia 2260:Rhodes 2205:, and 2187:Greece 2138:, and 2118:. The 2051:Ramree 2039:Sydney 1929:Hermes 1901:Nagumo 1850:Malaya 1667:, and 1665:Sicily 1592:Aegean 1570:, the 1521:, and 1443:Greece 1340:French 1241:U-boat 1164:. The 1147:U-boat 1125:Vivien 921:Calais 803:Namsos 792:Namsos 776:Narvik 771:Sweden 763:Norway 643:Poland 635:France 616:, and 408:. The 369:, and 353:. The 305:France 249:France 159:poster 98: 91: 84: 77: 69: 26:, and 13610:Malta 13574:Jaffa 13569:Haifa 13377:Tokyo 13352:Osaka 13277:Fukui 13267:Akita 13260:Japan 13210:Chiba 13203:China 13175:Burma 13146:Sofia 13029:Leeds 12900:Minsk 12890:Gorky 12740:Zadar 12720:Turin 12705:Terni 12670:Padua 12660:Milan 12640:Gorla 12635:Genoa 12573:Italy 12564:Kassa 12534:Worms 12524:Wesel 12434:Moers 12419:Mainz 12389:Kleve 12349:Hanau 12339:Halle 12304:Emden 12198:Essen 12141:Royan 12110:Narva 12094:Rønne 11930:Nauru 11875:Wales 11833:Spain 11751:Italy 11638:Tibet 11613:Nepal 11598:Japan 11571:India 11537:China 11527:Burma 11340:Kenya 11310:Egypt 11008:India 10986:Burma 10952:Malay 10792:Arras 10011:Leyte 9841:Narva 9827:Anzio 9785:Makin 9743:Burma 9627:Torch 9596:Rzhev 9550:Kiska 8636:Korea 8622:Japan 8615:Italy 8497:Tibet 8476:Spain 8347:Italy 8108:Italy 8101:India 8025:China 7900:Japan 7500:Italy 7412:China 7364:Women 5620:S2CID 5612:JSTOR 5167:(PDF) 5079:S2CID 4830:radar 4534:King 4490:Greek 4486:Dutch 4454:RNZAF 4236:Akyab 4011:China 3985:India 3808:Weser 3758:Rhine 3675:Veere 3552:Paris 3350:Genoa 3324:Milan 2770:Roman 2751:mines 2694:Syria 2690:Dakar 2665:. In 2613:Cairo 2593:Libya 2577:Malta 2546:tanks 2461:Burma 2438:India 2385:Kenya 2381:Sudan 2370:Egypt 2310:(now 2268:Syria 2264:Vichy 2233:Basra 2229:ruler 2179:Libya 2136:Haifa 2112:Egypt 2110:into 2108:Libya 2055:Akyab 2047:Burma 2003:from 1852:(now 1751:mines 1630:Ultra 1618:Malta 1599:Malta 1588:Crete 1465:Fiume 1254:radar 1103:Ultra 909:Arras 855:Brest 652:Orzeł 607:Burza 558:radar 461:China 441:Ultra 103:JSTOR 89:books 13632:Chad 13564:Acre 13337:Naha 13322:Kure 13312:Kōfu 13307:Kobe 13287:Gifu 13100:1944 13095:1941 13024:Hull 12969:Bath 12700:Rome 12685:Pisa 12590:Bari 12369:Jena 12131:Caen 12089:Nexø 11648:Tuva 11593:Iraq 11588:Iran 11520:Asia 11408:Cuba 11152:Iran 11120:Iraq 10587:Vevi 10077:1945 9805:1944 9646:1943 9567:Blue 9557:Attu 9464:1942 9223:1941 9075:1940 9013:1939 8942:Asia 8789:POWs 8629:Jews 8340:Iraq 8266:Axis 8216:Tuva 8032:Cuba 7117:Axis 6456:ISBN 6417:ISBN 6371:ISBN 6320:ISBN 6227:link 6213:2011 6095:link 6075:ISBN 6052:2017 5853:ISBN 5738:See 5366:ISBN 5325:ISBN 5243:ISBN 5211:2017 5181:OCLC 5171:ISBN 5128:ISSN 5112:Isis 5071:ISSN 5028:ISBN 4981:2015 4950:ISSN 4919:2020 4902:2020 4590:and 4496:and 4452:and 4450:RAAF 4446:RCAF 4424:and 4368:and 4324:and 4270:HMS 4238:and 4206:and 4076:and 3987:and 3981:Java 3979:and 3926:HMS 3924:and 3919:HMS 3819:Elbe 3796:Ruhr 3770:Roer 3722:and 3677:and 3620:and 3562:and 3504:myth 3470:Caen 3424:Juno 3406:and 3402:and 3386:The 3273:and 3256:and 3254:Pisa 3136:and 3111:56th 3109:and 3107:46th 3103:Rome 3041:Bari 3011:The 2919:and 2851:AFHQ 2841:The 2696:and 2673:and 2436:and 2397:Aden 2387:and 2316:Shah 2312:Iran 2298:and 2225:Iraq 1984:and 1927:HMS 1918:and 1840:HMS 1833:HMS 1826:HMS 1808:Iran 1776:and 1546:The 1487:and 1477:Pola 1474:and 1471:Zara 1365:and 1283:and 1224:Kite 1082:and 965:off 927:and 919:and 680:and 658:Wilk 655:and 619:Grom 522:and 365:and 355:Army 303:and 287:and 263:and 247:and 231:The 75:news 12519:Ulm 10783:BEF 6001:AVG 5604:doi 5120:doi 5061:doi 4942:doi 4560:GEE 3804:Ems 3422:at 3410:on 3244:of 3171:of 3039:to 3008:). 2512:). 2146:'s 1961:in 1944:Val 1856:), 1543:). 1385:.) 1373:in 267:on 58:by 13660:: 10884:, 9825:/ 6655:; 6555:; 6345:. 6223:}} 6219:{{ 6091:}} 6087:{{ 6043:. 5999:. 5724:. 5681:: 5652:, 5618:. 5610:. 5600:71 5598:. 5416:. 5385:. 5292:, 5179:. 5126:. 5116:56 5114:. 5110:. 5077:. 5069:. 5057:33 5055:. 5051:. 4948:. 4938:87 4936:. 4910:. 4905:; 4882:^ 4538:, 4508:. 4492:, 4488:, 4484:, 4480:, 4476:, 4472:, 4448:, 4292:, 4155:. 4115:. 4065:. 4029:. 4021:, 4009:, 3991:. 3903:, 3899:, 3673:, 3489:. 3457:. 3438:. 3414:. 3345:. 3232:A 3195:. 3079:, 2964:. 2827:. 2692:, 2641:. 2626:. 2619:. 2448:. 2409:, 2383:, 2365:. 2357:, 2254:A 2201:, 2162:. 2134:, 2061:. 2053:, 1911:, 1517:, 1513:, 1509:, 1468:, 1287:. 1279:– 1109:. 985:. 778:, 678:II 676:, 610:, 588:. 510:. 373:. 299:, 295:, 283:. 259:, 251:, 22:, 13383:) 13379:( 11984:e 11977:t 11970:v 11737:) 11733:( 11278:e 11271:t 11264:v 10888:) 10880:( 10794:) 10790:( 10589:) 10575:( 10367:e 10360:t 10353:v 9321:) 9315:( 8182:) 8178:( 8114:) 8110:( 8074:) 8070:( 8012:) 8008:( 7062:e 7055:t 7048:v 6736:e 6729:t 6722:v 6423:. 6379:. 6229:) 6215:. 6097:) 6083:. 6054:. 6003:. 5861:. 5728:. 5626:. 5606:: 5420:. 5389:. 5333:. 5251:. 5213:. 5187:. 5134:. 5122:: 5085:. 5063:: 5036:. 4983:. 4956:. 4944:: 4921:. 3339:) 3057:( 3002:( 1205:" 758:. 674:I 125:) 119:( 114:) 110:( 100:· 93:· 86:· 79:· 52:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge

Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II

Index