727:. The new king faced an impossible task of maintaining an empire ruled by autonomous viceroys who were loyal to Bayinnaung, not the kingdom of Toungoo. In June 1583, Thado Minsaw, the viceroy of Ava, sent secret embassies to Prome, Toungoo and Chiang Mai to launch a simultaneous revolt against Nanda. Minkhaung II and the other viceroys sided with Nanda. When Nanda marched to Ava in March 1584, he along with the rulers of Prome and Chiang Mai also marched to Ava. Ava turned out to be Minkhaung's last campaign. He died in June 1584. He was succeeded by his eldest son styled as
430:). Though it was a governorship, as opposed to a viceroyship, the appointment was still an impressive achievement for the young man as he was selected over his older and more experienced brothers Minye Sithu and Thado Dhamma Yaza II both of whom had been commanders since 1540, and over the objections of ministers concerned by handing over the ancestral home of the dynasty to a relatively inexperienced youngster. The ministers actually recommended Bayinnaung but the king rejected, saying that Bayinnaung was already his heir-apparent.
247:
803:
22:
408:
Zeya Nanda came of age at a time when his native
Toungoo was in the process of building the largest polity in Burma since the late 13th century. Although he probably joined his older brothers in Tabinshwehti's later military campaigns in the 1540s, he had not achieved a regimental commander status to
451:
to suppress a rebellion. Three months into his stay at Pegu, he received word that the king had been assassinated. Although
Tabinshwehti had chosen Bayinnaung as his successor since 1542, governors and viceroys of major regions all declared themselves king. Thihathu was no exception. He immediately
465:
But all his other brothers remained loyal to their eldest brother. In
September 1550, Bayinnaung's forces (9600 men, 200 horses, 20 elephants, 200 war boats) laid siege to Toungoo. Minkhaung resisted for four months but finally surrendered on 11 January 1551. Remarkably, Bayinnaung forgave his
715:(Bago) when the capital was rebuilt between 1565 and 1568. (Each of the twenty gates of the new capital was built by key vassal rulers.) For their loyal service, Thado Dhamma Yaza II, Minkhaung II and Thado Minsaw were all honored by their brother the king on 3 March 1580.
855:(Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 226) both say Zeya Nanda (later Minkhaung II) was married to Laygyun Mibaya in 1545. But later, chronicles (Maha Yazawin Vol. 2 2006: 201) and (Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 264) referred to the man later known as Thado Minsaw of Ava as Zeya Nanda.
474:
Minkhaung was overcome by
Bayinnaung's pardon, and proved to be a loyal brother and an effective military commander for the rest of their lives. He immediately redeemed himself by leading the successful attack on
547:
from the center. The two armies drove back Avan defenses into the city walls. After Ava fell, the two armies by
Minkhaung and Thado Minsaw followed up on the armies of Mohnyin, Mogaung, and Kale in the
823:(r. 1446–51) was brutally assassinated. Given that death from violent murders is one of the main criteria for being inducted into the pantheon, Minkhaung I is probably the basis for the
479:(Pyay) on 30 August 1551. He is said to have led the charge on the city walls, rammed his war elephant through the badly damaged massive wooden doors of the main gate, entered the city.
420:
At any rate, the king was apparently impressed by the young man's ability. When viceroy of
Toungoo Mingyi Swe died in March 1549, the king named Zeya Nanda successor with the title of
819:, one of the Thirty Seven Nats in the official pantheon. Based on the nature of his death, however, Minkhaung II, who died of natural causes, may not be the basis. On the other hand,
400:. He was likely born in the late 1520s since his younger brother Thado Minsaw was born in May 1531. He grew up in the palace precincts, and received a military-style education there.
566:
Led an army. Along with Thado Minsaw's and Nanda's army, his army converged on to Thibaw, part of a three-pronged attack. Led a rearguard army to the march to
Mohnyin and Mogaung.
761:
180:
525:
Served under his younger brother Thado Minsaw who commanded the army group. Did not see any action. Was not part of the armies that followed Smim Htaw to the
Irrawaddy delta
674:
Led of one of the three armies that invaded Lan Xang from the middle. His army consisted of 11 regiments along with
Bayinnaung's main army. Took Vientiane in February 1570.
40:
751:. They were married in 1545 at the coronation ceremony of Tabinshwehti at the Pegu Palace. The couple had five children (two sons and three daughters). They were:
482:
The following is a list of campaigns he participated in during the reign of
Bayinnaung. (He did not participate in Manipur in 1560 or Mohnyin/Mogaung in 1571.)
320:(Myanmar). He briefly revolted against his eldest half-brother Bayinnaung from 1550 to 1551 but was pardoned by Bayinnaung. Alongside his brothers Bayinnaung,
443:
Now styled as Thihathu, he remained Tabinshwehti's favorite. In January/February 1550 (Tabodwe 911 ME), the king entrusted him to administer
594:
Led the rearguard army, following Bayinnaung's central army and three vanguard armies led by Thado Dhamma Yaza II, Thado Minsaw, and Nanda.
544:
1256:
410:
414:
409:
be mentioned in the chronicles. His name does not appear in the commander lists down to the last campaigns of Tabinshwehti:
1312:
264:
260:
332:
and his nephew Nanda, he fought in nearly every campaign between 1552 and 1584 that rebuilt, expanded and defended the
466:
brother, saying that their father had wanted all the brothers to remain united like the five fingers of the hand.
1412:
393:
325:
1394:
755:
728:
176:
106:
1382:
297:
76:
389:
321:
608:
Led one of the four armies that invaded the trans-Salween states. His army invaded from Thibaw.
820:
385:
351:
1422:
864:(Zata 1960: 79): Thado Minsaw was born on Saturday, 5th waxing of Nayon 893 ME (20 May 1531).
447:(Bago) while he went on a months-long hunting trip and Bayinnaung was on the campaign in the
1417:
640:
One of four armies that marched to Chiang Mai from Ayutthaya. From Chiang Mai, marched to
8:
779:
767:
708:
He was appointed viceroy of Toungoo on 6 June 1552 (Monday, 14th waxing of Waso 914 ME).
397:
329:
192:
184:
580:
Led an army but did not see any action. Thado Dhamma Yaza II's vanguard army took Mone.
1303:
235:
1321:(in Burmese). Vol. 1–3 (2003 ed.). Yangon: Ministry of Information, Myanmar.
1296:(in Burmese). Vol. 1–3 (2006, 4th printing ed.). Yangon: Ya-Pyei Publishing.
1260:
1165:(Maha Yazawin Vol. 3 2006: 69): Thursday, 4th waning of Tabaung 941 ME = 3 March 1580
161:
36:
350:
in the official pantheon of Burmese spirits although the actual basis may have been
811:
623:
340:
292:
280:
268:
254:
139:
31:
1343:
1317:
887:
851:
773:
448:
313:
204:
188:
967:(Maha Yazawin 2006: 201): Sunday, 5th waxing of Tabodwe 912 ME = 11 January 1551
879:
does not mention him in the commander list although it does mention later. Both
740:
333:
154:
1406:
748:
377:
300:(Taungoo) from 1549 to 1551 and from 1552 to 1584 during the reigns of kings
225:
1292:
881:
875:
845:
815:
381:
346:
301:
543:
from the right flank while Thado Minsaw led another army that invaded via
724:
712:
641:
444:
309:
1201:(Maha Yazawin Vol. 3 2006: 83): Waso 946 ME = 8 June 1584 to 6 July 1584
1375:
1307:(1960 ed.). Historical Research Directorate of the Union of Burma.
802:
744:
373:
305:
214:
96:
1275:
1330:(in Burmese) (2006, 2nd printing ed.). Yangon: Yan Aung Sarpay.
1311:
1301:
Royal Historians of Burma (c. 1680). U Hla Tin (Hla Thamein) (ed.).
663:
549:
540:
723:
Bayinnaung died on 10 October 1581, and was succeeded by his son
511:
Led the charge that broke through the defenses on 30 August 1551
199:
143:
122:
452:
returned to Toungoo and declared himself king with the title of
1287:
688:
Led one of four armies, which took Lan Xang without a fight.
317:
1300:
476:
135:
1328:
Mintaya Shwe Hti and Bayinnaung: Ketumadi Taungoo Yazawin
626:
in December 1563. Attacked the fort defending Ayutthaya.
810:
Minkhaung II has been referred to as the basis for the
339:
Minkhaung II is sometimes referred to as the basis for
843:
Chronicles are inconsistent with the name Zeya Nanda.
1282:. New York and London: Cambridge University Press.
776:, Queen of the Northern Palace of Burma (1583–99)
770:, Queen of the Southern Palace of Burma (1583–96)
1404:
1051:
782:, Queen of the Central Palace of Burma (1583–99)
873:(Maha Yazawin Vol. 2 2006: 267, footnote #1):
658:Led one of the five armies that invaded Siam.
1325:
1233:Hla Thamein, No. 35 Shin Mingaung of Taungoo
909:
907:
457:
425:
367:
63:
1114:
1096:
1087:
1078:
1069:
1060:
1042:
1033:
1024:
1015:
997:
988:
764:(personal name Ba Saw Phyu), Gov. of Kawliya
622:He and Nanda jointly-attacked and conquered
388:, three elder half-brothers, Bayinnaung and
970:
934:
380:, royal household servants of Crown Prince
1211:
1209:
1207:
1132:
1123:
904:
469:
1274:
1236:
1195:
539:Led a vanguard army that invaded Ava via
1218:
1150:
1141:
1105:
1006:
979:
801:
1254:
1204:
1186:
1177:
1168:
1159:
961:
952:
943:
925:
786:He also had a daughter by a concubine.
265:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
174:two sons and four daughters including:
1405:
1066:Maha Yazawin Vol. 2 2006: 230, 237–239
1057:Maha Yazawin Vol. 2 2006: 230, 233–234
916:
1227:
797:
372:) in the Toungoo Palace precincts to
291:
1313:Royal Historical Commission of Burma
1286:
849:(Maha Yazawin Vol. 2 2006: 172) and
15:
403:
13:
940:Maha Yazawin Vol. 2 2006: 149, 194
599:Trans-Salween Chinese Shan states
14:
1434:
1326:Sein Lwin Lay, Kahtika U (1968).
1120:Maha Yazawin Vol. 2 2006: 327–329
1102:Maha Yazawin Vol. 2 2006: 277–279
1093:Maha Yazawin Vol. 2 2006: 261–262
1084:Maha Yazawin Vol. 2 2006: 243–244
1075:Maha Yazawin Vol. 2 2006: 241–242
1048:Maha Yazawin Vol. 2 2006: 223–224
1039:Maha Yazawin Vol. 2 2006: 220–221
1030:Maha Yazawin Vol. 2 2006: 217–218
1021:Maha Yazawin Vol. 2 2006: 205–210
1012:Maha Yazawin Vol. 2 2006: 203–204
1003:Maha Yazawin Vol. 2 2006: 336–338
994:Maha Yazawin Vol. 2 2006: 256–257
702:His army did not see any action.
433:
245:
20:
1248:
1138:Maha Yazawin Vol. 3 2006: 46–47
1129:Maha Yazawin Vol. 3 2006: 39–40
867:
438:
384:. He had an elder half-sister,
891:(Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 348) do.
858:
837:
644:and secured allegiance there.
1:
1352:
1224:Maha Yazawin Vol. 2 2006: 172
1156:Maha Yazawin Vol. 2 2006: 295
1147:Maha Yazawin Vol. 2 2006: 210
1111:Maha Yazawin Vol. 2 2006: 309
985:Maha Yazawin Vol. 2 2006: 204
958:Maha Yazawin Vol. 2 2006: 197
949:Maha Yazawin Vol. 2 2006: 196
931:Maha Yazawin Vol. 2 2006: 194
898:
758:, King of Toungoo (1597–1609)
711:He built the Toungoo gate of
357:
1215:Maha Yazawin Vol. 3 2006: 83
1192:Maha Yazawin Vol. 3 2006: 80
1174:Maha Yazawin Vol. 3 2006: 79
729:Minye Thihathu II of Toungoo
718:
7:
1387:March 1549 – 30 April 1550
976:Sein Lwin Lay 2006: 258–259
913:Sein Lwin Lay 2006: 247–248
484:
396:and a younger full-brother
167:
86:March 1549 – 30 April 1550
29:It has been suggested that
10:
1439:
1259:. Yangonow. Archived from
376:and the younger sister of
1391:
1380:
1372:
1367:
1337:
1242:Sein Lwin Lay 2006: 32–33
734:
552:and defeated them there.
496:
493:
487:
458:
426:
368:
284:
231:
220:
210:
198:
160:
150:
129:
116:
112:
102:
92:
82:
75:
64:
60:
46:Proposed since June 2024.
1389:6 June 1552 – June 1584
1339:Minkhaung II of Toungoo
830:
490:
293:[tàʊɴŋùmɪ́ɴɡàʊɴ]
61:Minkhaung II of Toungoo
922:Sein Lwin Lay 2006: 109
470:In Bayinnaung's service
277:Minkhaung II of Toungoo
88:6 June 1552 – June 1584
807:
352:Minkhaung I of Toungoo
253:This article contains
805:
743:, a daughter of King
1413:First Toungoo Empire
806:Taungoo Mingaung nat
739:His chief queen was
693:Mohnyin and Mogaung
394:Thado Dhamma Yaza II
326:Thado Dhamma Yaza II
39:into this article. (
1257:"Thirty-Seven Nats"
1183:Htin Aung 1967: 129
768:Min Phyu of Toungoo
70:Thihathu of Toungoo
1383:Viceroy of Toungoo
1304:Zatadawbon Yazawin
1280:A History of Burma
808:
798:In popular culture
298:viceroy of Toungoo
296:; 1520s–1584) was
236:Theravada Buddhism
77:Viceroy of Toungoo
55:Viceroy of Toungoo
1401:
1400:
1395:Minye Thihathu II
1392:Succeeded by
762:Thado Dhamma Yaza
756:Minye Thihathu II
706:
705:
494:Troops commanded
285:တောင်ငူ မင်းခေါင်
261:rendering support
241:
240:
181:Thado Dhamma Yaza
177:Minye Thihathu II
107:Minye Thihathu II
71:
65:တောင်ငူ မင်းခေါင်
53:
52:
48:
1430:
1373:Preceded by
1363:
1356:
1354:
1335:
1334:
1331:
1322:
1308:
1297:
1283:
1276:Htin Aung, Maung
1271:
1269:
1268:
1243:
1240:
1234:
1231:
1225:
1222:
1216:
1213:
1202:
1199:
1193:
1190:
1184:
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1175:
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1166:
1163:
1157:
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1145:
1139:
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1127:
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1118:
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1109:
1103:
1100:
1094:
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1064:
1058:
1055:
1049:
1046:
1040:
1037:
1031:
1028:
1022:
1019:
1013:
1010:
1004:
1001:
995:
992:
986:
983:
977:
974:
968:
965:
959:
956:
950:
947:
941:
938:
932:
929:
923:
920:
914:
911:
892:
871:
865:
862:
856:
841:
812:Taungoo Mingaung
485:
461:
460:
429:
428:
415:Siam (1547–1549)
411:Arakan (1545–47)
404:Tabinshwehti era
371:
370:
341:Taungoo Mingaung
295:
290:
286:
267: instead of
249:
248:
171:
69:
67:
66:
58:
57:
44:
32:Taungoo Mingaung
24:
23:
16:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1428:
1427:
1403:
1402:
1397:
1388:
1386:
1378:
1357:
1348:
1347:
1344:Toungoo Dynasty
1340:
1318:Hmannan Yazawin
1266:
1264:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1237:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1219:
1214:
1205:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1187:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1169:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1151:
1146:
1142:
1137:
1133:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1106:
1101:
1097:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1061:
1056:
1052:
1047:
1043:
1038:
1034:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1007:
1002:
998:
993:
989:
984:
980:
975:
971:
966:
962:
957:
953:
948:
944:
939:
935:
930:
926:
921:
917:
912:
905:
901:
896:
895:
888:Hmannan Yazawin
872:
868:
863:
859:
852:Hmannan Yazawin
842:
838:
833:
800:
774:Khin Hpone Htut
737:
721:
472:
449:Irrawaddy delta
441:
436:
406:
360:
314:Toungoo Dynasty
288:
274:
273:
272:
259:Without proper
250:
246:
191:
189:Thiri Yaza Dewi
187:
183:
179:
175:
168:among others...
165:
164:
142:
134:
121:
87:
68:
62:
56:
49:
25:
21:
12:
11:
5:
1436:
1426:
1425:
1420:
1415:
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1393:
1390:
1379:
1374:
1370:
1369:
1365:
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1341:
1338:
1333:
1332:
1323:
1309:
1298:
1284:
1272:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1244:
1235:
1226:
1217:
1203:
1194:
1185:
1176:
1167:
1158:
1149:
1140:
1131:
1122:
1113:
1104:
1095:
1086:
1077:
1068:
1059:
1050:
1041:
1032:
1023:
1014:
1005:
996:
987:
978:
969:
960:
951:
942:
933:
924:
915:
902:
900:
897:
894:
893:
866:
857:
835:
834:
832:
829:
799:
796:
795:
794:
791:
790:Min Hpone Myat
784:
783:
777:
771:
765:
759:
741:Laygyun Mibaya
736:
733:
720:
717:
704:
703:
700:
697:
694:
690:
689:
686:
683:
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582:
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564:
561:
558:
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537:
534:
531:
527:
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517:
513:
512:
509:
506:
503:
499:
498:
495:
492:
489:
471:
468:
440:
437:
435:
434:Bayinnaung era
432:
405:
402:
359:
356:
334:Toungoo Empire
269:Burmese script
263:, you may see
255:Burmese script
251:
244:
243:
242:
239:
238:
233:
229:
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155:Laygyun Mibaya
152:
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28:
26:
19:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1421:
1419:
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1408:
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1385:
1384:
1377:
1371:
1368:Royal titles
1366:
1361:
1351:
1346:
1345:
1336:
1329:
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1320:
1319:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1305:
1299:
1295:
1294:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1263:on 2006-06-24
1262:
1258:
1255:Hla Thamein.
1253:
1252:
1239:
1230:
1221:
1212:
1210:
1208:
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792:
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769:
766:
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630:
629:
625:
621:
618:
615:
612:
611:
607:
604:
601:
598:
597:
593:
591:10 regiments
590:
587:
584:
583:
579:
576:
573:
570:
569:
565:
562:
559:
556:
555:
551:
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542:
538:
535:
532:
529:
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524:
521:
518:
515:
514:
510:
507:
504:
501:
500:
486:
483:
480:
478:
467:
463:
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450:
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387:
383:
379:
378:Shin Myo Myat
375:
365:
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349:
348:
345:Thirty Seven
343:, one of the
342:
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78:
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59:
47:
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38:
34:
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27:
18:
17:
1423:1520s births
1381:
1359:
1349:
1342:
1327:
1316:
1302:
1293:Maha Yazawin
1291:
1279:
1265:. Retrieved
1261:the original
1249:Bibliography
1238:
1229:
1220:
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882:Yazawin Thit
880:
876:Maha Yazawin
874:
869:
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846:Maha Yazawin
844:
839:
824:
814:
809:
793:Thiri Yadana
785:
738:
722:
710:
707:
557:Shan states
536:7 regiments
516:Hanthawaddy
481:
473:
464:
453:
442:
439:In rebellion
421:
419:
407:
398:Thado Minsaw
382:Tabinshwehti
363:
362:He was born
361:
344:
338:
330:Thado Minsaw
302:Tabinshwehti
276:
275:
252:
166:
45:
30:
1418:1584 deaths
821:Minkhaung I
642:Chiang Saen
522:1 regiment
508:1 regiment
390:Minye Sithu
386:Dhamma Dewi
322:Minye Sithu
93:Predecessor
1407:Categories
1376:Mingyi Swe
1267:2010-08-28
899:References
745:Bayin Htwe
696:1575–1576
668:1569–1570
652:1568–1569
616:1563–1564
533:1554–1555
374:Mingyi Swe
364:Zeya Nanda
358:Early life
306:Bayinnaung
289:pronounced
224:Sister of
215:Mingyi Swe
133:June 1584
97:Mingyi Swe
1362:June 1584
719:Nanda era
679:Lan Xang
624:Sukhothai
550:Mu valley
491:Duration
488:Campaign
459:မင်းခေါင်
454:Minkhaung
146:(Taungoo)
125:(Taungoo)
103:Successor
1315:(1832).
1290:(1724).
1278:(1967).
780:Min Htwe
699:an army
664:Lan Xang
563:an army
541:Yamethin
422:Thihathu
369:ဇေယျနန္ဒ
232:Religion
193:Min Htwe
185:Min Phyu
1288:Kala, U
685:11,000
671:11,000
655:11,000
637:12,000
631:Lan Na
619:14,000
605:12,000
585:Lan Na
545:Pintale
281:Burmese
205:Toungoo
144:Toungoo
123:Toungoo
41:Discuss
1358:
735:Family
502:Prome
497:Notes
221:Mother
211:Father
151:Spouse
37:merged
1360:Died:
1355:1520s
1350:Born:
831:Notes
749:Prome
725:Nanda
682:1574
649:Siam
634:1564
613:Siam
602:1563
588:1558
577:8000
574:1557
571:Mone
560:1557
519:1552
505:1551
477:Prome
427:သီဟသူ
318:Burma
310:Nanda
200:House
162:Issue
120:1520s
83:Reign
885:and
713:Pegu
530:Ava
445:Pegu
413:and
347:Nats
308:and
138:946
136:Waso
130:Died
117:Born
825:nat
816:nat
747:of
462:).
316:of
312:of
35:be
1409::
1353:c.
1206:^
906:^
827:.
731:.
417:.
392:,
354:.
336:.
328:,
324:,
304:,
287:,
283::
140:ME
1270:.
456:(
424:(
366:(
279:(
271:.
257:.
43:)
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