1735:"Perhaps the most serious objection against it is that there does not appear to be any way God could come by such knowledge. Knowledge, as we have seen, is not merely a matter of conceiving a proposition and correctly believing it to be true. It requires justification: one must have good reasons for believing. But what justification could God have for believing the propositions that are supposed to constitute middle knowledge? The truth of subjunctives of freedom cannot be discerned a priori, for they are contingent. It is not a necessary truth that if placed in circumstances C, I will decide to attend the concert tonight. Nor can we allow that God might learn the truth of C from my actual behavior â that is, by observing that I actually do, in circumstances C, decide to attend the concert. For God could not make observations like this without also finding out what creative decisions He is actually going to make, which would destroy the whole purpose of middle knowledge.â
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way." William Lane Craig follows up on this by pointing out the burden of proof the grounding objector bears. The grounding objection "asserts that there are no true counterfactuals about how creatures would freely act under any given set of circumstances. This assertion is no mere ostensibly undercutting defeater of
Molinism, but a putatively rebutting defeater. It makes a bold and positive assertion and therefore requires warrant in excess of that which attends the Molinist assumption that there are true counterfactuals about creaturely free actions" and that "AntiâMolinists have not even begun the task of showing that counterfactuals of creaturely freedom are members of the set of propositions or statements which require truthâmakers if they are to be true." Thus the grounding objectors must prove a universal negative regarding the falsity of counterfactuals of freedom or they must explain their theory of the basis for truth and prove that theory true.
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even He must still observe them to know them. Therefore, God cannot know what we will do, unless He sees the future. The
Molinist position, exemplified by Craig in the preceding paragraph, is 1) to argue this requires potentially heretical arguments relating to a limitation of divine omniscience, and 2) that a choice can be free, and yet the way in which an agent will make that choice can be known apart from observation of the actualized choice itself (and even apart from the actualization of the choice entirely). Critics maintain that this is no longer really a free choice: if it is known of someone that "If she were offered a dollar, she would take it," apart from actually offering that person a dollar, then she is not free to take or not take that dollar. The question hinges upon whether, by the definition of a free choice, it is possible to know which choice will be made independently from the actualization of that choice.
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Suårez, agree with the Bañezians that God antecedently elects certain people to eternal glory and only then consults His middle knowledge to discover which graces will guarantee their salvation. Thus, in Peter's case, God would have chosen different graces if those He actually chose had been foreknown to be merely sufficient and not efficacious for Peter's salvation. Other
Molinists, including Molina himself, vigorously reject any such antecedent absolute election of Peter to salvation. They insist instead that God simply chooses to create a world in which He infallibly foresees Peter's good use of the supernatural graces afforded him, and only then does he accept Peter among the elect in light of his free consent to those graces.â Other Molinists avoid the issue altogether by holding to the view of trans-world damnation, the idea that the unsaved in this world would have rejected Christ in any world.
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remain until today. Molinists have responded to this objection by noting that scripture contains examples of God's foreknowledge of evil acts. For example, the
Israelites forsaking God, or Peter's denial of Christ, are both examples of what one would call overt acts of sin. Yet, according to opponents of Molinism, God is actively bringing about these overt acts of sin. This is fallacious according to the Molinist. In order for this account of prophecy to be valid all prophecies must be wholly good, and never contain evil acts; but this is not what opponents believe to be the case. It may simply be the fact that Christ's human nature made a rational prediction of the said actions, as he once experienced beforehand from Peter, to which he replied, "
1675:. Craig accepts that the most these texts indicate is that God has counterfactual knowledge. In order for this knowledge to be middle knowledge, it must be logically prior to God's free knowledge, something the biblical texts mentioned do not seem to affirm or deny. However, Craig argues that if God's decree were logically prior to His middle knowledge, that would âmake God the author of sin and to obliterate human freedom, since in that case it is God who decrees which counterfactuals about creaturely free acts are true, including counterfactuals concerning sinful human decisions. Thus, we have good reason for thinking that if such counterfactuals are now true or false, they must have been so logically prior to God's decree.â
79:
1202:. Molinists, following Luis de Molina himself, present God's knowledge in a sequence of three logical moments. The first is God's knowledge of necessary truths or natural knowledge. These truths are independent of God's will and are non-contingent. This knowledge includes the full range of logical possibilities. Examples include such statements as "All bachelors are unmarried" or "X cannot be A and non-A at the same time, in the same way, at the same place" or "It is possible that X obtain." The second is called "middle knowledge" and it contains the range of possible things that would happen given certain circumstances. The third kind of knowledge is God's free knowledge.
31:
1290:, although technically that term is more broad than simply the knowledge of counterfactuals.) A counterfactual is a statement of the form "If it were the case that P, it would be the case that Q." An example would be, "If Bob were in Tahiti he would freely choose to go swimming instead of sunbathing." The Molinist claims that even if Bob is never in Tahiti, God can still know whether Bob would go swimming or sunbathing. The Molinist believes that God, using his middle knowledge and foreknowledge, surveyed all
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freedom. Since God has middle knowledge, He knows what an agent would freely do in a particular situation. So, agent A, if placed in circumstance C, would freely choose option X over option Y. Thus, if God wanted to accomplish X, all God would do is, using his middle knowledge, actualize the world in which A was placed in C, and A would freely choose X. God retains an element of providence without nullifying A's choice and God's purpose (the actualization of X) is fulfilled.
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called God's "free knowledge" and it contains the future or what will happen. In between God's natural and free knowledge is His middle knowledge by which God knows what His free creatures would do under any circumstance. These are "truths" that do not have to be true, but are true without God being the primary cause of them. In
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which A freely chooses. But, A still retains freedom in the sense of being able to choose either option. Molinism does not affirm two contradictory propositions when it affirms both God's providence and humanity's freedom. God's providence extends to the actualization of the world in which an agent may believe upon Christ.
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This type of knowledge consists of contingent truths that are dependent upon God's will, or truths that God brings about, that He does not have to bring about. Examples might include statements such as "God created the earth" or something particular about this world which God has actualized. This is
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of freedom being true, probable counterfactuals are true instead. So instead of truths of the following sort: "God knows that in circumstance C creature X will freely do A" God knows truths of this sort: "God knows that in circumstances C creature X would probably do A." Yet, as Edward
Wierenga has
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exist under the specified conditions." The idea here is that if we imagine God creating multiple universes in multiple dimensions and giving people libertarian free will in the various universes and letting events all play out, we would have no problem grounding counterfactuals of freedom based on
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Molinists have internal disagreements about the extent to which they agree with
Calvinism, some holding to unconditional election, others holding to conditional election and others still holding to an election that is partly both. Alfred Freddoso explains: âSome Molinists, including Bellarmine and
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Some opponents of
Molinism claim that God's foreknowledge and knowledge of counterfactuals are examples of what God is going to actively bring about. That is, when Christ describes the response of the Sodomites in the aforementioned example, God was going to actively bring it about that they would
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The difference in perspectives here may be briefly described in the following way. According to critics, the way in which an agent will make a free choice inherently cannot be known apart from observation of the choice being actualized. God may be able to observe these choices via prescience, but
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Further objections at this point lead to a second line of response. Alvin
Plantinga responds to the grounding objection by saying "It seems to me much clearer that some counterfactuals of freedom are at least possibly true than that the truth of propositions must, in general, be grounded in this
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Take the salvation of Agent A. God knows that if He were to place A in circumstances C, then A would freely choose to believe in Christ. So God actualizes the world where C occurs, and then A freely believes. God still retains a measure of His divine providence because He actualizes the world in
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William Lane Craig calls
Molinism "one of the most fruitful theological ideas ever conceived. For it would serve to explain not only God's knowledge of the future, but divine providence and predestination as well". Under it, God retains a measure of divine providence without hindering humanity's
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Craig gives three reasons for holding that counterfactual statements are true: "First, we ourselves often appear to know such true counterfactuals. Second, it is plausible that the Law of
Conditional Excluded Middle (LCEM) holds for counterfactuals of a certain special form, usually called
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The Molinist claims that in this example, God knows what His free creatures would choose under hypothetical circumstances, namely that the Sodomites would have responded in a way that Sodom would still have been in existence in Jesus' day, given that hypothetical situation.
1363:'counterfactuals of creaturely freedom'. Third, the Scriptures are replete with counterfactual statements, so that the Christian theist, at least, should be committed to the truth of certain counterfactuals about free, creaturely actions."
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by affirming that God grants salvation, but a person has the choice to freely accept it or reject it (but God knows that if the person were put in a particular situation he or she would not reject it). This differs from Calvinistic
1571:. William Lane Craig uses Molinism to reconcile scriptural passages warning of apostasy with passages teaching the security of believers. Craig has also used middle knowledge to explain a wide range of theological issues, such as
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points out that "without middle knowledge, God would find himself, so to speak, with knowledge of the future but without any logical prior planning of the future." The placing of God's middle knowledge between God's knowledge of
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there has been debate over the issue of salvation; more specifically, can God elect believers and believers still come to God freely? Protestants who lean more towards God's election to salvation and sovereignty are usually
1328:
Hence, God's middle knowledge plays an important role in the actualization of the world. In fact, it seems as if God's middle knowledge of counterfactuals plays a more immediate role in perception than God's foreknowledge.
1254:, and middle knowledge is to be distinguished from God's knowledge of counterfactuals (because, for example, Thomists affirm that God has counterfactual knowledge). The Bible contains many examples of foreknowledge such as
1212:, John D. Laing has provided an example of middle knowledge: "If John Laing were given the opportunity to write an article on middle knowledge for the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, he would freely do so."
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the events in the various universes. But why should God need to create such universes to know how events would unfold, and couldn't how they would turn out ground statements about how they would turn out?
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his decree of creation, then God would be actively causing what various creatures would do in various circumstances and thereby destroying libertarian freedom. But by placing middle knowledge (and thereby
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Molinists have often argued that their position is the biblical one by indicating passages they understand to teach God's middle knowledge. Molina advanced the following three texts:
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2008 1905679092 p. 127 "Peter, who after saying âYou are the Messiah,â began to rebuke Jesus. Jesus' rebuke, âGet behind me, Satan!â is connected with the vision ..."
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argues "n order for a counterfactual of freedom to be true, it is not required that the events to which they refer actually exist; all that is required is that they
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Alvin Plantinga, "Reply to Robert Adams", in Alvin Plantinga, ed. James E. Tomberlin and Peter Van Inwagen, Profiles 5 (Dordrecht: D. Reidel, 1985), p. 378.
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Thomas Flint claims the twin foundations of Molinism are God's providence and man's freedom. Molinism harmonizes texts teaching God's providence (such as
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God's sovereign election of individuals, predetermined by His exercise of middle knowledge to know who would respond to Him in faith. This is instead of
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The grounding objection is at present the most debated objection to Molinism, and often considered the strongest. The argument claims that there are no
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and then actualized a particular one. God's middle knowledge of counterfactuals would play an integral part in this "choosing" of a particular world.
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ended the quarrel by forbidding each side to accuse the other of heresy, allowing both views to exist side-by-side in the Catholic Church.
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because it claims that God definitively knows how a person would react to the Gospel message if they were put in a particular situation.
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1503:, which states that a person's salvation is already determined by God such that he or she cannot choose otherwise or resist God's grace.
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2423:
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Craig, William Lane (April 1991). "'Lest anyone should fall': A middle knowledge perspective on perseverance and apostolic warnings".
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Molinism has been controversial and criticized since its inception in Molina's concordia. The Dominican Order which espoused strict
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1712:, which they think implies passivity, which is repugnant to Pure Act. The Thomists disputed it before the Popes, as bordering on
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Molinists argue that God perfectly accomplishes His will in the lives of genuinely free creatures through the use of His
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the creation decree God allows for freedom in the libertarian sense. The placing of middle knowledge logically after
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sense. (Molinists naturally accept this, but deny that this entails that counterfactuals of creaturely freedom lack
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pointed out, probable counterfactuals are also contingent truths and fall victim to the same grounding objection.
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Feddoso. "Molinism," in Edward Craig, ed., Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy (London: Routledge, 1998).
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does not determine the truthfulness of a counterfactual for a creature, if that creature is free in the
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1536:, who had a different understanding of God's foreknowledge and the nature of predestination. In 1597,
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Many philosophers and theologians who embrace the grounding objection prefer to claim that instead of
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1154:, particularly counterfactuals regarding human action. It seeks to reconcile the apparent tension of
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3044:'No Other Name': A Middle Knowledge Perspective on the Exclusivity of Salvation through Christ
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Maitzen, Stephen (6 November 2008). "Does Molinism explain the demographics of theism?".
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has argued at length that many of Christ's statements seem to indicate middle knowledge.
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Wierenga, Edward (2001). "Providence, Middle Knowledge, and the Grounding Objection".
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Calvinism, Arminianism, or Another Option: A Hubmaierian/Molinist View of Soteriology
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1912:. Kenneth J. Perszyk. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2011. pp. Introduction.
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Middle Knowledge, TruthâMakers, and the "Grounding Objection" by William Lane Craig
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1396:. However, the Molinist can embrace both God's sovereignty and human free choice.
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Molinists say the logical ordering of events for creation would be as follows:
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Boyd, Gregory A. (2003). "Neo-Molinism and the Infinite Intelligence of God".
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Boyd, Gregory A. (2003). "Neo-Molinism and the Infinite Intelligence of God".
1487:. Christ's redemption is sufficient for all, but applicable only to the elect.
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Molinists have responded to the aforementioned argument two ways. First, as
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Molinists have supported their case scripturally with Christ's statement in
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McCann, Hugh J.; Johnson, Daniel M. (Spring 2017). Zalta, Edward N. (ed.).
2007:
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has developed what he considers other implications of Molinism, including
1458:, where God elects individuals independent of their libertarian free will.
1355:, but before the creation decree also gives God the possibility to survey
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Luis de Molina: The Life and Theology of the Founder of Middle Knowledge
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and God's creative decree is crucial. For if God's middle knowledge was
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of creaturely freedom. But counterfactuals are to be distinguished from
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1544:, a committee whose purpose was to settle this controversy. In 1607,
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Regenerate believers will not fall away from a state of justification.
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The Bible also contains several examples of counterfactuals, such as
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1716:, and afterwards there were ten years of debate in the Congregation
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1286:. (God's knowledge of counterfactuals is often referred to as his
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4165:
4080:
4008:
3962:
3447:
3228:
3223:
1826:
1703:
1517:
1403:
770:
425:
390:
348:
343:
222:
1392:
while those who lean more towards humanity's free choice follow
4293:
4175:
4070:
3770:
3377:
3062:"Middle Knowledge" from the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2698:
Hasker, William (2002). "The Antinomies of Divine Providence".
2475:"Middle Knowledge, Truth-Makers, and the 'Grounding Objection'"
1568:
1139:
530:
490:
450:
2809:
Providence & Prayer : How Does God Work in the World?
3598:
2222:"Middle Knowledge, Truth-Makers, and the Grounding Objection"
1440:
God's grace overcomes man's radical depravity. As opposed to
1228:
1227:, will you be exalted to heaven? You will be brought down to
1182:, John D. Laing, Timothy A. Stratton, Kirk R. MacGregor, and
1829: â Philosophical system originating from Thomas Aquinas
1817:, also known as Moderate Calvinism â Christian doctrine
1422:
has devised an acrostic summary for Molinism called ROSES:
4263:
560:
2815:
Perszyk, Kenneth J. (2000). "Molinism and Compatibilism".
1743:. Opponents to middle knowledge claim that the historical
1375:
Molinists also believe it can aid one's understanding of
2473:
Craig, William Lane (2001). l. Peterson, Michael (ed.).
2220:
Craig, William Lane (2001). l. Peterson, Michael (ed.).
1706:
criticized that novel doctrine and found fault with the
2869:
Perszyk, Ken (August 2013). "Recent Work on Molinism".
1968:. Nashville: B&H Publishing Group. pp. 16â41.
1231:. For if the mighty works done in you had been done in
1805: â 17/18th-century European religious controversy
1262:
will forsake God after they are delivered from Egypt.
2773:
Plantinga, Alvin (1986). l. Peterson, Michael (ed.).
1278:
Molinists believe that God has knowledge not only of
1841: â Protestants pretending to accept Catholicism
5306:
Intermediates between Catholicism and Protestantism
1991:"Mere Molinism: A Defense of Two Essential Pillars"
2032:Human Freedom, Divine Knowledge, and Mere Molinism
1731:of creaturely freedom. As Hugh J. McCann puts it:
1146:, is the thesis that God has middle knowledge (or
2655:
2459:William Lane Craig. "The Middle Knowledge View."
1430:Man's nature is radically depraved from the fall.
5490:
3904:
2817:International Journal for Philosophy of Religion
2424:"A Molinist Perspective on Biblical Inspiration"
2351:International Journal for Philosophy of Religion
2101:. Eugene OR: Wipf and Stock. pp. 128â130.
1988:
1686:) with texts emphasizing man's choice (such as
1528:In 1581, a heated argument erupted between the
1273:
1196:Salvation and Sovereignty: A Molinist Approach,
2739:Salvation and Sovereignty: A Molinist Approach
2443:"Middle Knowledge and Christian Particularism"
1989:Stratton, Tim; Erasmus, Jacobus (2018-06-01).
1966:Salvation and Sovereignty: A Molinist Approach
1739:Thus, there are no "truth makers" that ground
1590:
1518:Debate between Jesuit Molinists and Dominicans
1404:Difference from Calvinism and from Arminianism
5291:
3890:
3086:
2526:
2463:Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press, 2001. 124.
2192:. In Beilby, James K.; Eddy, Paul R. (eds.).
2098:Can We Believe It?: Evidence for Christianity
2075:The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (IEP)
1799: â Philosophical concept about free will
1116:
2344:
2342:
2215:
2213:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1366:
1189:
1162:. Prominent contemporary Molinists include
5298:
5284:
3897:
3883:
3093:
3079:
2575:"Middle Knowledge and the Problem of Evil"
1123:
1109:
3011:
2984:
2907:
2772:
2733:. London, Cornell University Press; 1989.
2694:. London, Cornell University Press; 1998.
2490:
2339:
2237:
2210:
2006:
1948:
1607:. Other passages which Molinists use are
1246:11:23 contains what is commonly called a
1194:According to Kenneth Keathley, author of
2736:
2606:
2403:Craig, William Lane (October 20, 2008).
2196:. InterVarsity Press. pp. 119â159.
2029:
1963:
1235:, it would have remained until this day.
29:
3100:
2966:
2916:
2868:
2814:
2741:. Nashville: B&H Publishing Group.
2692:Divine Providence, The Molinist Account
2533:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2515:Divine Providence: The Molinist Account
2334:Divine Providence: The Molinist Account
2298:
2149:takes, among other places, in his book
1909:Molinism : the contemporary debate
1209:The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
16:Theological position on God's knowledge
5491:
4898:Wilhelm Emmanuel Freiherr von Ketteler
2889:
2846:"On Hasker's Defense of Anti-Molinism"
2697:
2673:Divine Foreknowledge and Human Freedom
2636:Divine Foreknowledge and Human Freedom
2384:Craig, William Lane (April 19, 2010).
1823: â Christian theological movement
1408:In contrast to the Calvinist acrostic
5360:Assembly of Notables at Fontainebleau
5279:
3878:
3074:
2993:
2843:
2678:
2633:
2572:
2472:
2421:
2402:
2383:
2348:
2299:Lashley, James Douglas (2013-05-22).
2219:
2187:
2094:
2030:Stratton, Timothy (October 2, 2020).
1551:
1359:and decide which world to actualize.
5519:Philosophical schools and traditions
2945:
2638:. New York: E.J. Brill. p. 260.
2545:
1849:
2422:Craig, William Lane (May 9, 2011).
1282:and contingent truths, but also of
1138:, named after 16th-century Spanish
13:
2996:"Is Molinism as Bad as Calvinism?"
1532:, who advocated Molinism, and the
1308:God's middle knowledge (including
1178:, Thomas Flint, Kenneth Keathley,
14:
5530:
3021:
2461:Divine Foreknowledge, Four Views.
2440:
2068:
1320:God's free knowledge (the actual
1258:, where God tells Moses that the
5387:Crypto-Catholic or Crypto-Papist
5258:
3857:
3845:
3739:Stratification of emotional life
3188:
3182:
3176:
2969:"On Behalf of Maverick Molinism"
2582:American Philosophical Quarterly
2194:Divine Foreknowledge: Four Views
1854:
1727:grounds for the truthfulness of
1089:
1077:
85:
77:
69:
44:
5509:Christian theological movements
5379:Individuals with hidden beliefs
5370:(Lutheran and crypto-Calvinist)
5354:(Lutheran and crypto-Calvinist)
4216:Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite
2769:. Grand Rapids, Eerdmans; 1974.
2642:
2627:
2600:
2573:Adams, Robert Merrihew (1977).
2566:
2539:
2520:
2507:
2466:
2453:
2434:
2415:
2396:
2377:
2326:
2317:
2292:
2267:
2254:
2181:
2168:
1587:, and Christian particularism.
5514:Catholic theology and doctrine
3929:History of the Catholic Church
3031:from the Catholic Encyclopedia
2892:"Anti-Molinism is Undefeated!"
2656:References and further reading
2405:"Molinism and Divine Election"
2155:
2139:
2122:
2023:
1982:
1900:
1651:cites the following passages:
1:
4578:Giovanni Pico della Mirandola
3975:History of Christian theology
2967:Kvanvig, Jonathan L. (2002).
2675:. New York, E.J. Brill; 1991.
2665:Illinois, InterVarsity; 2001.
2663:Divine Foreknowledge: 4 Views
2054:: CS1 maint: date and year (
1415:Five Articles of Remonstrance
5411:Movements within Catholicism
5318:Movements predating Luther:
3906:History of Catholic theology
2844:Craig, William Lane (1998).
2679:Craig, William Lane (1999).
2661:James Beilby and Paul Eddy.
2634:Craig, William Lane (1991).
2188:Craig, William Lane (2009).
2095:Seber, George A. F. (2016).
1697:
1274:Knowledge of counterfactuals
19:Not to be confused with the
7:
3331:Theological intellectualism
2190:"The Middle-Knowledge View"
1790:
1591:Biblical texts for Molinism
1301:God's natural knowledge of
10:
5535:
5004:Pierre Teilhard de Chardin
4994:Reginald Garrigou-Lagrange
4279:Transubstantiation dispute
3709:Principle of double effect
2986:10.5840/faithphil200219332
2862:10.5840/faithphil199815220
2737:Keathley, Kenneth (2010).
2492:10.5840/faithphil200118329
2239:10.5840/faithphil200118329
2163:Jesus In History And Today
1964:Keathley, Kenneth (2010).
1585:perseverance of the saints
1521:
132:Principle of Double Effect
37:, the namesake of Molinism
18:
5455:
5410:
5378:
5346:Diet of Regensburg (1541)
5311:
5253:
5172:
4981:
4840:
4710:
4586:
4465:
4322:
4229:
4089:
3983:
3921:
3912:
3840:
3779:
3576:
3353:
3323:
3285:
3242:
3204:
3197:
3174:
3108:
2931:10.1017/S0034412508009670
2909:10.5840/faithphil20001715
2794:10.5840/faithphil19863322
2759:. Grand Rapids: Zondervan
2683:. Eugene, Wipf and Stock.
1835: â Cultural movement
4918:Matthias Joseph Scheeben
4111:Athanasius of Alexandria
4003:First Epistle of Clement
3013:10.5840/faithphil1990712
2994:Walls, Jerry L. (1990).
2890:Hasker, William (2000).
2731:God, Time, and Knowledge
2386:"Molinism vs. Calvinism"
2145:This is the stance that
1845:
1367:Theological implications
1268:Get thee behind me Satan
1190:God's types of knowledge
5473:Evangelical Catholicism
5468:High Church Lutheranism
5029:Dietrich von Hildebrand
4893:Giovanni Maria Cornoldi
4767:Jacques-BĂ©nigne Bossuet
4747:Mary of Jesus of Ăgreda
4289:Paulinus II of Aquileia
4284:Predestination disputes
3336:Theological voluntarism
2829:10.1023/A:1004084320464
2811:Illinois, InterVarsity;
2755:MacGregor, Kirk. 2015.
2447:Christian Particularism
1542:Congregatio de Auxiliis
1524:Congregatio de Auxiliis
1315:âCreation of the Worldâ
248:Theological determinism
5324:Renaissance evangelism
5265:Catholicism portal
5114:Hans Urs von Balthasar
4913:Tommaso Maria Zigliara
4853:Félicité de La Mennais
4532:The Cloud of Unknowing
4033:The Shepherd of Hermas
3852:Catholicism portal
2767:God, Freedom, and Evil
2008:10.2478/perc-2018-0008
1940:: CS1 maint: others (
1809:Law of excluded middle
1737:
1494:Molinism differs from
1456:unconditional election
1084:Catholicism portal
436:Gregory (of Nazianzus)
300:Christian Neoplatonism
38:
5039:Marie-Dominique Chenu
4958:Marie-Joseph Lagrange
4943:Désiré-Joseph Mercier
4827:Clement Mary Hofbauer
4822:Johann Michael Sailer
4249:Maximus the Confessor
3941:History of the papacy
3864:Philosophy portal
3679:Infused righteousness
3039:by Alfred J. Freddoso
2775:"On Ockham's Way Out"
2441:Craig, William Lane.
1811: â Logic theorem
1803:Formulary controversy
1733:
1506:It also differs from
1501:double predestination
1096:Philosophy portal
33:
5504:Catholic terminology
5499:Christian philosophy
5215:Raniero Cantalamessa
5185:Alice von Hildebrand
5134:Edward Schillebeeckx
4812:Maria Gaetana Agnesi
4697:Lawrence of Brindisi
4627:Francisco de Vitoria
4417:Beatrice of Nazareth
4392:Hugh of Saint Victor
4372:Bernard of Clairvaux
4352:Anselm of Canterbury
4314:John Scotus Eriugena
4309:Paschasius Radbertus
4156:Gregory of Nazianzus
4050:Epistle to Diognetus
3812:Doctor of the Church
3694:Ontological argument
3052:Faith and Philosophy
3000:Faith and Philosophy
2973:Faith and Philosophy
2896:Faith and Philosophy
2850:Faith and Philosophy
2782:Faith and Philosophy
2479:Faith and Philosophy
2428:Question of the Week
2409:Question of the Week
2390:Question of the Week
2226:Faith and Philosophy
2151:God of the possible.
1869:for the books listed
1839:Crypto-Protestantism
1621:Deuteronomy 28:51â57
1581:biblical inspiration
1150:): the knowledge of
332:Second scholasticism
5368:Liturgical struggle
5340:Six Articles (1539)
5320:Proto-Protestantism
5190:Carlo Maria Martini
5154:Johann Baptist Metz
5124:Frederick Copleston
4948:Friedrich von HĂŒgel
4908:Joseph Hergenröther
4888:Gaetano Sanseverino
4868:Ignaz von Döllinger
4792:Nicolas Malebranche
4632:Thomas of Villanova
4593:Counter-Reformation
4573:Girolamo Savonarola
4387:Hildegard of Bingen
4196:Cyril of Alexandria
4039:Aristides of Athens
4026:Epistle of Barnabas
4015:Ignatius of Antioch
3953:Ecumenical councils
3639:Divine illumination
3295:Augustinian realism
3163:Theological virtues
3102:Catholic philosophy
2948:Philosophia Christi
2807:Tiessen, Terrance.
2700:Philosophia Christi
2609:Philosophia Christi
2548:Philosophia Christi
2529:"Divine Providence"
2449:. Reasonable Faith.
2430:. Reasonable Faith.
2411:. Reasonable Faith.
2392:. Reasonable Faith.
2275:"What Is Molinism?"
1833:School of Salamanca
1561:papal infallibility
1483:A modified view of
1450:Sovereign Election
162:Liberation Theology
63:Catholic philosophy
5205:Alasdair MacIntyre
5084:Nouvelle théologie
4973:ThérÚse of Lisieux
4817:Alfonso Muzzarelli
4757:Jean-Jacques Olier
4727:Tommaso Campanella
4642:Francisco de Osuna
4637:Ignatius of Loyola
4506:Catherine of Siena
4402:Robert Grosseteste
4299:Benedict of Aniane
4239:Isidore of Seville
4181:Augustine of Hippo
4146:Cyril of Jerusalem
4141:Hilary of Poitiers
3807:Islamic philosophy
3761:Trademark argument
3654:Formal distinction
3604:Augustinian values
3277:Analytical Thomism
3257:Christian humanism
3048:William Lane Craig
2960:10.5840/pc20035112
2883:10.1111/phc3.12057
2871:Philosophy Compass
2712:10.5840/pc20024239
2669:William Lane Craig
2621:10.5840/pc20013242
2560:10.5840/pc20035112
2363:10.1007/BF00133805
2279:The Christian Post
2071:"Middle Knowledge"
2034:. Wipf and Stock.
1772:William Lane Craig
1645:William Lane Craig
1552:Other implications
1444:, man can respond.
1442:irresistible grace
1426:Radical Depravity
1331:William Lane Craig
1164:William Lane Craig
441:Gregory (of Nyssa)
169:Christian Humanism
39:
5486:
5485:
5463:Anglo-Catholicism
5451:
5450:
5394:Crypto-Protestant
5273:
5272:
5200:Gustavo Gutiérrez
5195:Pope Benedict XVI
5180:Pope John Paul II
5079:JosemarĂa EscrivĂĄ
5069:Henri Daniel-Rops
4953:Vladimir Solovyov
4933:Neo-scholasticism
4873:John Henry Newman
4807:Louis de Montfort
4802:Alphonsus Liguori
4797:Giambattista Vico
4732:Pierre de BĂ©rulle
4718:French Revolution
4687:Robert Bellarmine
4667:John of the Cross
4553:Julian of Norwich
4511:Bridget of Sweden
4501:John of Ruusbroec
4491:William of Ockham
4407:Francis of Assisi
4397:Dominic de GuzmĂĄn
4367:Decretum Gratiani
4342:Berengar of Tours
4231:Early Middle Ages
4201:Peter Chrysologus
4151:Basil of Caesarea
4136:Ephrem the Syrian
4076:Antipope Novatian
3872:
3871:
3787:Catholic theology
3734:Seven deadly sins
3704:Peripatetic axiom
3614:Cartesian dualism
3349:
3348:
3315:Scotistic realism
3272:Neo-scholasticism
2919:Religious Studies
2803:on June 13, 2010.
2748:978-0-8054-3198-8
2681:The Only Wise God
2262:The Only Wise God
2203:978-0-8308-7493-4
2176:The Only Wise God
2134:Wisdom of Solomon
1975:978-0-8054-3198-8
1919:978-0-19-959062-9
1896:
1895:
1688:Deuteronomy 30:19
1617:1 Corinthians 2:8
1613:Jeremiah 38:17â18
1573:divine providence
1538:Pope Clement VIII
1485:limited atonement
1436:Overcoming Grace
1412:and the Arminian
1156:divine providence
1133:
1132:
1066:
1065:
951:Garrigou-Lagrange
260:Divine Attributes
25:Miguel de Molinos
5526:
5403:
5390:
5376:
5375:
5371:
5363:
5355:
5352:Augsburg Interim
5332:
5300:
5293:
5286:
5277:
5276:
5263:
5262:
5104:Emmanuel Mounier
5099:Bernard Lonergan
5024:Georges Bernanos
5009:Jacques Maritain
4989:G. K. Chesterton
4878:Henri Lacordaire
4777:Cornelius Jansen
4772:François Fénelon
4702:Francis de Sales
4692:Francisco SuĂĄrez
4563:Nicholas of Cusa
4447:Siger of Brabant
4432:Boetius of Dacia
4412:Anthony of Padua
4357:Joachim of Fiore
4337:Gregory of Narek
4324:High Middle Ages
4269:John of Damascus
4161:Gregory of Nyssa
3899:
3892:
3885:
3876:
3875:
3862:
3861:
3860:
3850:
3849:
3674:Homo unius libri
3619:Cogito, ergo sum
3609:Cardinal virtues
3310:Moderate realism
3202:
3201:
3192:
3191:
3186:
3185:
3180:
3179:
3118:Cardinal virtues
3095:
3088:
3081:
3072:
3071:
3017:
3015:
2990:
2988:
2963:
2942:
2913:
2911:
2886:
2865:
2840:
2804:
2802:
2796:. Archived from
2779:
2752:
2723:
2684:
2649:
2646:
2640:
2639:
2631:
2625:
2624:
2604:
2598:
2597:
2579:
2570:
2564:
2563:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2524:
2518:
2511:
2505:
2504:
2494:
2470:
2464:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2419:
2413:
2412:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2346:
2337:
2336:, pages 179-250.
2330:
2324:
2321:
2315:
2314:
2296:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2286:
2271:
2265:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2241:
2217:
2208:
2207:
2185:
2179:
2172:
2166:
2159:
2153:
2143:
2137:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2053:
2045:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2010:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1961:
1946:
1945:
1939:
1931:
1904:
1891:
1888:
1882:
1858:
1850:
1714:semi-Pelagianism
1625:Matthew 23:27â32
1597:1 Samuel 23:8â14
1540:established the
1353:necessary truths
1336:necessary truths
1303:necessary truths
1288:middle knowledge
1280:necessary truths
1176:Michael Bergmann
1125:
1118:
1111:
1094:
1093:
1092:
1082:
1081:
471:John of Damascus
379:
378:
209:Moderate realism
117:Cardinal virtues
89:
88:
84:
81:
80:
76:
73:
72:
48:
41:
40:
5534:
5533:
5529:
5528:
5527:
5525:
5524:
5523:
5489:
5488:
5487:
5482:
5478:Taizé Community
5447:
5406:
5398:
5385:
5374:
5366:
5358:
5350:
5326:
5307:
5304:
5274:
5269:
5257:
5249:
5230:Jean-Luc Marion
5168:
5119:Marcel Lefebvre
5044:Romano Guardini
4999:Joseph Maréchal
4977:
4968:Maurice Blondel
4863:Antonio Rosmini
4858:Luigi Taparelli
4836:
4762:Louis Thomassin
4737:Pierre Gassendi
4720:
4716:
4706:
4657:Teresa of Ăvila
4595:
4591:
4582:
4568:Marsilio Ficino
4558:Thomas Ă Kempis
4548:Devotio Moderna
4521:Johannes Tauler
4516:Meister Eckhart
4486:Dante Alighieri
4461:
4427:Albertus Magnus
4318:
4225:
4171:John Chrysostom
4099:
4095:
4085:
3998:Clement of Rome
3979:
3917:
3908:
3903:
3873:
3868:
3858:
3856:
3844:
3836:
3797:Aristotelianism
3775:
3624:Dehellenization
3572:
3345:
3341:Foundationalism
3319:
3281:
3238:
3193:
3189:
3187:
3183:
3181:
3177:
3172:
3158:Social teaching
3104:
3099:
3024:
2800:
2777:
2763:Alvin Plantinga
2749:
2658:
2653:
2652:
2647:
2643:
2632:
2628:
2605:
2601:
2577:
2571:
2567:
2544:
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2525:
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2512:
2508:
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2255:
2218:
2211:
2204:
2186:
2182:
2173:
2169:
2160:
2156:
2144:
2140:
2130:1Samuel 23:1â14
2127:
2123:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2093:
2089:
2079:
2077:
2069:Laing, John D.
2067:
2063:
2047:
2046:
2042:
2028:
2024:
1987:
1983:
1976:
1962:
1949:
1933:
1932:
1920:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1892:
1886:
1883:
1872:
1859:
1848:
1793:
1764:counterfactuals
1741:counterfactuals
1729:counterfactuals
1700:
1593:
1554:
1526:
1520:
1406:
1369:
1357:possible worlds
1345:counterfactuals
1310:counterfactuals
1292:possible worlds
1284:counterfactuals
1276:
1192:
1172:Alvin Plantinga
1168:Alfred Freddoso
1152:counterfactuals
1129:
1100:
1090:
1088:
1076:
1068:
1067:
1062:
1061:
1060:
895:
887:
886:
885:
705:
697:
696:
695:
515:
507:
506:
505:
385:
376:
366:
365:
273:
265:
264:
194:
184:
183:
157:Social teaching
112:
102:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5532:
5522:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5484:
5483:
5481:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5459:
5457:
5453:
5452:
5449:
5448:
5446:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5414:
5412:
5408:
5407:
5405:
5404:
5396:
5391:
5382:
5380:
5373:
5372:
5364:
5356:
5348:
5343:
5337:
5315:
5313:
5309:
5308:
5303:
5302:
5295:
5288:
5280:
5271:
5270:
5268:
5267:
5254:
5251:
5250:
5248:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5176:
5174:
5170:
5169:
5167:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5059:Henri de Lubac
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5034:Gabriel Marcel
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5014:Ătienne Gilson
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4985:
4983:
4979:
4978:
4976:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4963:George Tyrrell
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4923:Ămile Boutroux
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4903:Giuseppe Pecci
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4844:
4842:
4838:
4837:
4835:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4752:AntĂłnio Vieira
4749:
4744:
4742:René Descartes
4739:
4734:
4729:
4723:
4721:
4713:Baroque period
4711:
4708:
4707:
4705:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4677:Luis de Molina
4674:
4672:Peter Canisius
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4652:Francis Xavier
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4607:Thomas Cajetan
4604:
4598:
4596:
4587:
4584:
4583:
4581:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4538:Heinrich Seuse
4535:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4472:
4470:
4463:
4462:
4460:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4442:Thomas Aquinas
4439:
4437:Henry of Ghent
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4382:Anselm of Laon
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4328:
4326:
4320:
4319:
4317:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4304:Rabanus Maurus
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4235:
4233:
4227:
4226:
4224:
4223:
4221:Pope Gregory I
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4102:
4100:
4097:Pope Gregory I
4090:
4087:
4086:
4084:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4029:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3989:
3987:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3977:
3972:
3971:
3970:
3968:Biblical canon
3965:
3958:Catholic Bible
3955:
3950:
3949:
3948:
3938:
3937:
3936:
3925:
3923:
3919:
3918:
3913:
3910:
3909:
3902:
3901:
3894:
3887:
3879:
3870:
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3866:
3854:
3841:
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3835:
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3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3783:
3781:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3757:
3756:
3751:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3699:Pascal's wager
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3659:Guardian angel
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3580:
3578:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
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3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3359:
3357:
3351:
3350:
3347:
3346:
3344:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3327:
3325:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3291:
3289:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3248:
3246:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3214:Augustinianism
3210:
3208:
3199:
3195:
3194:
3175:
3173:
3171:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3123:Divine command
3120:
3114:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3098:
3097:
3090:
3083:
3075:
3069:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3041:
3033:
3023:
3022:External links
3020:
3019:
3018:
2991:
2979:(3): 348â357.
2964:
2954:(1): 187â204.
2943:
2925:(4): 473â477.
2914:
2902:(1): 126â131.
2887:
2877:(8): 755â770.
2866:
2856:(2): 236â240.
2841:
2812:
2805:
2770:
2760:
2753:
2747:
2734:
2727:William Hasker
2724:
2706:(2): 361â375.
2695:
2685:
2676:
2666:
2657:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2641:
2626:
2615:(2): 447â457.
2599:
2565:
2554:(1): 187â204.
2538:
2519:
2513:Thomas Flint,
2506:
2465:
2452:
2433:
2414:
2395:
2376:
2338:
2332:Thomas Flint,
2325:
2316:
2310:978-1490323961
2309:
2291:
2266:
2264:. 1999 p. 127.
2253:
2209:
2202:
2180:
2178:. 1999 p. 134.
2167:
2161:Takashi Onuki
2154:
2138:
2121:
2108:978-1498289191
2107:
2087:
2061:
2041:978-1725276116
2040:
2022:
1981:
1974:
1947:
1918:
1898:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1862:
1860:
1853:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1842:
1836:
1830:
1824:
1818:
1812:
1806:
1800:
1792:
1789:
1749:possible world
1709:scientia media
1699:
1696:
1684:Ephesians 1:11
1592:
1589:
1577:predestination
1553:
1550:
1522:Main article:
1519:
1516:
1492:
1491:
1490:
1489:
1474:
1473:
1472:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1448:
1447:
1446:
1434:
1433:
1432:
1420:Timothy George
1405:
1402:
1368:
1365:
1326:
1325:
1324:of the world).
1318:
1317:
1316:
1306:
1275:
1272:
1248:counterfactual
1237:
1236:
1191:
1188:
1180:Dave Armstrong
1148:scientia media
1144:Luis de Molina
1131:
1130:
1128:
1127:
1120:
1113:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1099:
1098:
1086:
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718:
713:
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523:
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483:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
443:
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
387:
386:
383:
382:
377:
372:
371:
368:
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364:
363:
362:
361:
356:
346:
341:
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339:
334:
324:
319:
314:
309:
308:
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305:Friends of God
297:
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287:
286:
285:
278:Augustinianism
274:
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270:
267:
266:
263:
262:
257:
256:
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243:Predestination
240:
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179:Works of mercy
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108:
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66:
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58:
50:
49:
35:Luis de Molina
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5531:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5496:
5494:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5460:
5458:
5454:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5415:
5413:
5409:
5401:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5388:
5384:
5383:
5381:
5377:
5369:
5365:
5361:
5357:
5353:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5330:
5325:
5321:
5317:
5316:
5314:
5310:
5301:
5296:
5294:
5289:
5287:
5282:
5281:
5278:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5255:
5252:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5240:Aidan Nichols
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5220:MichaĆ Heller
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5210:Walter Kasper
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5177:
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5171:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5139:Thomas Merton
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5109:Jean Daniélou
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
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5070:
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5065:
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5057:
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5050:
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5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
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4992:
4990:
4987:
4986:
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4980:
4974:
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4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
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4956:
4954:
4951:
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4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4848:Joseph Görres
4846:
4845:
4843:
4839:
4833:
4832:Bruno Lanteri
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4787:Blaise Pascal
4785:
4782:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4724:
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4719:
4714:
4709:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
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4682:
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4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4647:John of Ăvila
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
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4608:
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4603:
4600:
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4585:
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4574:
4571:
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4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4533:
4529:
4527:
4526:Walter Hilton
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4496:Richard Rolle
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4464:
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4453:
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4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4377:Peter Lombard
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4362:Peter Abelard
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4329:
4327:
4325:
4321:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4254:Monothelitism
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4244:John Climacus
4242:
4240:
4237:
4236:
4234:
4232:
4228:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
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4194:
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4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4131:Monophysitism
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4051:
4047:
4045:
4044:Justin Martyr
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4034:
4030:
4028:
4027:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
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4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3990:
3988:
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3973:
3969:
3966:
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3959:
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3954:
3951:
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3946:Papal primacy
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3881:
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3877:
3865:
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3833:
3832:Phenomenology
3830:
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3825:
3823:
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3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
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3729:Rota Fortunae
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3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
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3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3689:Occam's razor
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
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3670:
3669:Head of a pin
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3662:
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3584:Actus Essendi
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3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3418:Chateaubriand
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
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3379:
3376:
3374:
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3369:
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3342:
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3334:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3322:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3305:Conceptualism
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3288:
3284:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3245:
3241:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3219:Scholasticism
3217:
3215:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3207:
3203:
3200:
3196:
3169:
3168:Virtue ethics
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3153:Seven virtues
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3096:
3091:
3089:
3084:
3082:
3077:
3076:
3073:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3057:172â88, 1989.
3056:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3038:
3034:
3032:
3030:
3026:
3025:
3014:
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2810:
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2799:
2795:
2791:
2788:(3): 235â69.
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2603:
2595:
2591:
2588:(2): 109â17.
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2485:(3): 337â52.
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2281:. 17 May 2018
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2232:(3): 337â52.
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2018:
2014:
2009:
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1937:
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1911:
1910:
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1899:
1890:
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1876:
1875:add the ISBNs
1870:
1868:
1863:This article
1861:
1857:
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1831:
1828:
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1822:
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1801:
1798:
1797:Compatibilism
1795:
1794:
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1777:
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1715:
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1705:
1695:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1676:
1674:
1673:Matthew 26:24
1670:
1666:
1662:
1661:John 15:22â24
1658:
1654:
1653:Matthew 17:27
1650:
1646:
1642:
1641:Luke 22:67â68
1638:
1637:Luke 16:30â31
1634:
1633:Matthew 24:43
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1609:Ezekiel 3:6â7
1606:
1605:Matthew 11:23
1602:
1601:Proverbs 4:11
1598:
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1397:
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1391:
1386:
1382:
1379:. Ever since
1378:
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1257:
1256:Deut 31:16â17
1253:
1252:foreknowledge
1249:
1245:
1241:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1217:Matthew 11:23
1213:
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1187:
1185:
1184:J.P. Moreland
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787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
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772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
756:Chateaubriand
754:
752:
749:
747:
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739:
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734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
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621:Gundissalinus
619:
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609:
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327:Scholasticism
325:
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317:Ressourcement
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253:Compatibilism
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241:
239:
236:
234:
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228:
224:
220:
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215:
212:
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199:Conceptualism
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174:Virtue ethics
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68:
67:
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61:
60:
56:
52:
51:
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43:
42:
36:
32:
26:
22:
5433:Febronianism
5402:(pejorative)
5389:(pejorative)
5335:preachership
5225:Peter Kreeft
5173:21st century
5164:Henri Nouwen
5074:Jean Guitton
5054:Fulton Sheen
4982:20th century
4883:Jaime Balmes
4841:19th century
4680:
4662:Luis de LeĂłn
4543:Geert Groote
4530:
4347:Peter Damian
4186:John Cassian
4126:Nestorianism
4048:
4031:
4024:
4007:
3985:Early Church
3802:Neoplatonism
3724:Ressentiment
3719:Quinque viae
3684:Memento mori
3644:Double truth
3589:Actus primus
3355:Philosophers
3266:
3262:Cartesianism
3054:
3051:
3036:
3028:
3006:(1): 85â98.
3003:
2999:
2976:
2972:
2951:
2947:
2922:
2918:
2899:
2895:
2874:
2870:
2853:
2849:
2823:(1): 11â33.
2820:
2816:
2808:
2798:the original
2785:
2781:
2766:
2756:
2738:
2730:
2703:
2699:
2691:
2688:Thomas Flint
2680:
2672:
2662:
2644:
2635:
2629:
2612:
2608:
2602:
2585:
2581:
2568:
2551:
2547:
2541:
2532:
2522:
2514:
2509:
2482:
2478:
2468:
2460:
2455:
2446:
2436:
2427:
2417:
2408:
2398:
2389:
2379:
2357:(2): 65â74.
2354:
2350:
2333:
2328:
2319:
2300:
2294:
2283:. Retrieved
2278:
2269:
2261:
2256:
2229:
2225:
2193:
2183:
2175:
2170:
2162:
2157:
2150:
2147:Gregory Boyd
2141:
2124:
2112:. Retrieved
2097:
2090:
2078:. Retrieved
2074:
2064:
2031:
2025:
2001:(2): 17â29.
1998:
1995:Perichoresis
1994:
1984:
1965:
1908:
1902:
1884:
1879:citation bot
1873:Please help
1864:
1785:
1781:
1775:
1769:
1761:
1757:truth values
1738:
1734:
1725:metaphysical
1722:
1717:
1707:
1701:
1677:
1669:Luke 4:24â44
1629:Matthew 12:7
1594:
1557:Thomas Flint
1555:
1527:
1512:
1505:
1493:
1482:
1469:
1465:Eternal life
1453:
1439:
1429:
1413:
1407:
1398:
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1370:
1361:
1348:
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1327:
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1207:
1204:
1195:
1193:
1147:
1135:
1134:
996:John Paul II
921:Benedict XVI
894:Contemporary
374:Philosophers
311:
295:Cartesianism
238:Quinque Viae
23:doctrine of
5456:Present-day
5443:Cisalpinism
5438:Josephinism
5428:Gallicanism
5327: [
5235:TomĂĄĆĄ HalĂk
5159:Jean Vanier
5144:René Girard
5129:Alfred Delp
5094:Yves Congar
5089:Karl Rahner
5064:Dorothy Day
5049:Edith Stein
5019:Ronald Knox
4617:John Fisher
4612:Thomas More
4589:Reformation
4481:Duns Scotus
4476:Ramon Llull
4469:and reforms
4457:Roger Bacon
4422:Bonaventure
4332:Roscellinus
4121:Pelagianism
4092:Constantine
3915:Key figures
3822:Rationalism
3817:Renaissance
3749:Augustinian
3634:Disputation
3629:Differentia
3594:Actus purus
3498:Malebranche
3413:Bonaventure
3148:Personalism
3143:Natural law
3138:Probabilism
1887:August 2012
1877:or run the
1821:Open theism
1753:libertarian
1718:de Auxiliis
1546:Pope Paul V
1508:Arminianism
1394:Arminianism
1200:omniscience
1142:theologian
811:Malebranche
671:Roscellinus
616:Grosseteste
576:Bonaventure
396:Athenagoras
192:Metaphysics
152:Personalism
147:Natural law
142:Probabilism
5493:Categories
5400:Nicodemite
5342:(Anglican)
5312:Historical
5245:Scott Hahn
4622:Johann Eck
4274:Iconoclasm
4206:Pope Leo I
4066:Tertullian
3827:Empiricism
3649:Evil demon
3423:Chesterton
3300:Nominalism
3287:Universals
3128:Just price
2517:, page 11.
2285:2021-09-12
1815:Amyraldism
1745:antecedent
1692:Luke 13:34
1665:John 18:36
1534:Dominicans
1478:redemption
1390:Calvinists
1260:Israelites
1158:and human
991:Hildebrand
931:Chesterton
796:La Mennais
726:Bellarmine
721:Azpilcueta
666:Paschasius
546:Autrecourt
501:Tertullian
461:Chrysostom
401:Athanasius
283:Victorines
214:Nominalism
122:Just price
5423:Jansenism
5418:Modernism
5149:Hans KĂŒng
4938:LĂ©on Bloy
4928:Modernism
4781:Jansenism
4467:Mysticism
4061:Montanism
3792:Platonism
3766:Univocity
3664:Haecceity
3543:Ratzinger
3508:Montaigne
3488:MacIntyre
3443:Dionysius
3438:Descartes
3398:Augustine
3252:Salamanca
2837:169668539
2720:171716863
2501:170723396
2371:159974214
2248:170723396
2050:cite book
2017:2284-7308
1936:cite book
1928:751726095
1698:Criticism
1680:Acts 4:28
1657:John 21:6
1496:Calvinism
1476:Singular
1381:Augustine
1377:salvation
1225:Capernaum
1223:And you,
1160:free will
1011:MacIntyre
971:Gutiérrez
941:Copleston
911:Balthasar
766:Descartes
626:Hildegard
611:Gregory I
586:Catherine
536:Alexander
486:Dionysius
406:Augustine
359:Salamanca
233:Haecceity
137:Casuistry
4681:Molinism
4259:Ecthesis
4211:Boethius
4116:Arianism
4106:Eusebius
4056:Irenaeus
4020:Polycarp
3934:Timeline
3754:Irenaean
3744:Theodicy
3714:Quiddity
3577:Concepts
3503:Maritain
3473:Krasicki
3463:Gassendi
3453:Eriugena
3408:Boethius
3383:Anscombe
3373:Albertus
3267:Molinism
3234:Occamism
3206:Medieval
3133:Just war
3037:Molinism
3029:Molinism
2939:67791278
2594:20009657
2260:Craig.
2174:Craig.
2114:17 April
2080:17 April
1791:See also
1565:prophecy
1385:Pelagius
1322:ontology
1136:Molinism
1026:Maritain
1001:Lonergan
981:Guardini
906:Anscombe
881:Caramuel
791:Krasicki
786:KoĆĆÄ
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741:Brentano
601:Eriugena
566:Berengar
514:Medieval
466:Climacus
446:Irenaeus
416:Boethius
411:Benedict
354:Analytic
322:Occamism
312:Molinism
290:Llullism
219:Quiddity
127:Just war
55:a series
53:Part of
21:quietist
4602:Erasmus
4452:Thomism
4191:Orosius
4166:Ambrose
4081:Cyprian
4009:Didache
3963:Vulgate
3922:General
3780:Related
3568:WojtyĆa
3548:Scheler
3493:Maistre
3483:Lombard
3468:Isidore
3448:Erasmus
3428:Clement
3393:Aquinas
3363:Abelard
3229:Scotism
3224:Thomism
3198:Schools
1827:Thomism
1747:of any
1704:Thomism
1530:Jesuits
1244:Matthew
1036:Mounier
1031:McLuhan
986:Haldane
926:Blondel
876:Vitoria
851:Rosmini
826:Mercado
821:Meinong
816:Mariana
806:Maistre
801:Liguori
781:GraciĂĄn
776:FĂ©nelon
771:Erasmus
751:Cajetan
736:Bossuet
711:Arnauld
691:Thierry
646:Lombard
636:Isidore
596:Eckhart
581:Buridan
571:Bernard
551:Aquinas
521:Abelard
481:Maximus
456:Cassian
426:Cyprian
421:Clement
391:Ambrose
384:Ancient
349:Thomism
344:Scotism
272:Schools
223:essence
204:Realism
92:Aquinas
5362:(1560)
5333:, and
4294:Alcuin
4176:Jerome
4071:Origen
3771:Utopia
3563:SuĂĄrez
3553:Scotus
3538:Rahner
3528:Pascal
3518:Newman
3458:Ficino
3388:Anselm
3378:Alcuin
3244:Modern
3110:Ethics
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1041:Pieper
1021:Marion
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841:Newman
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761:Cortés
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704:Modern
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2833:S2CID
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2778:(PDF)
2716:S2CID
2590:JSTOR
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