37:
1058:), to implement the New Administration. He immediately set about organizing twenty offices to oversee such matters as the military, taxation, police, government and commerce. Plans were made for the colonization of Mongolia with Chinese farmers. In January 1911 a Lieutenant Colonel Tang Zaili arrived to supervise the organization of a Mongolian army, half of which was to consist of Mongolian herdsmen. A 400-room barracks was erected near Urga. The Mongolians saw in all this a threat to their very survival. Their desperation was echoed in a petition to the Qing government: "Among the many directives repeatedly issued, there is not one which benefits the Mongolians. Consequently, we all desire that we be allowed to live according to our ancient ways." The arrogance and brutality of Tang Zaili's staff and military escort did not help.
1219:) of Khalkha to mobilize a thousand soldiers each. Almost immediately 500 men from the neighboring khoshuuns had gathered in Urga. Two days later, Sando received a letter, signed in the name of the nobles and lamas of Khalkha, stating that they had heard of a secessionist movement in China, and that Chinese troops of the "revolutionary party" were preparing to march on Urga from Inner Mongolia. The letter went on to state that, in view of the benefit obtained by the Khalkhas from the Qing in the past, the Khutuktu had ordered the mobilization of 4000 troops to advance on Beijing to defend the Emperor. Sando was asked to provide these men with provisions and arms. He was given three hours to reply. No reply came. Abandoning this thin deception, a delegation of nobles and lamas visited the
1110:
taxes among the khoshuuns. The meeting occurred on July 10 and the
Mongolians discussed whether it would be better to submit to or resist the will of the Qings. The assembly became deadlocked, some arguing for complete, others for partial, resistance. Eighteen nobles decided to take matters into their hands. Meeting secretly in the hills outside of Urga, they decided that Mongolia must declare its independence. They then persuaded the Khutuktu to send a delegation of three prominent representatives—a secular noble, an ecclesiastic, and a lay official from Inner Mongolia—to Russia for assistance. The particular composition of the delegation—a noble, a cleric, and a commoner—may have been intended to invest the mission with a sense of national consensus.
1128:
1119:
1181:
1137:
331:
179:
1098:
167:
1325:
920:
1089:: a minor noble, Togtokh Taij, with a small band, had with the connivance of local Mongolian officials plundered several Chinese merchant shops in eastern Mongolia. Sando dispatched two detachments of soldiers to capture Togtokh. They were led into a trap by their Mongolian guide; most were killed. Mongolian princes resisted providing soldiers for Sando's army. And the prince of the khoshuun which Togtokh had raided refused Sando's demand to pay compensation to the plundered Chinese merchants.
2045:
386:
363:
1223:'s office, and informed him of their decision to declare independence and to install the Khutuktu as emperor. Sando pleaded with the delegation. He admitted that what had come to pass was the result of his own folly, and he promised to recommend full autonomy for Mongolia, but not independence. The delegation curtly replied that it had come simply to deliver a message, not to debate it. Sando was ordered to leave the country within 24 hours.
1159:." It asked for assistance against the Chinese, including arms, and implied that Russian troops would be needed against a Chinese unit which the Mongolians believed was at that moment advancing into Mongolia. To coax a commitment, the Mongols promised economic concessions in return. The letter itself was unclear as to the specific type of relationship the Mongols wished to establish with Russia. Russia wanted to include Outer Mongolia in its
353:
194:
1196:), the Erdene Shanzav, and demanded an explanation. The Erdene Shanzav, pleading that he had not been involved, revealed the entire plot. Sando then demanded that the Khutuktu withdraw his request for Russian troops. The Khutuktu agreed, provided that Sando dismantle the New Administration. Sando cabled to Beijing for instructions, and was told that parts of the New Administration could be delayed.
1043:
931:(1850–1864) were primarily responsible for this economic deterioration. Loss of tax revenue from South China during the rebellion and expenses for its suppression had depleted the Qing treasury. Silver, rather than livestock as was the custom, became the primary medium for paying taxes. The major source of silver for Mongols was from loans borrowed from
1337:
Russia and
Mongolia. The movement for independence in Outer Mongolia was to a large extent the reaction to the new Qing policies aimed at assimilating the Mongols by Han Chinese. The Russian imperial government preferred to see Outer Mongolia as a buffer state against Chinese and Japanese influences on the Russian borders in
1200:
disobedience to bring an additional 500 troops to Urga and to arm the
Chinese population in the city. He posted sentries around the Khutuktu's palace with orders to bar Russian visitors. And he sent a contingent of troops to the Russian-Mongolian border to intercept the Mongolian delegation to Russia on its return.
1167:
offering protection from China and Japan, but never planned to make it a part of her empire. The
Russian government decided to support, by diplomatic rather than by military means, not full independence for Mongolia, but autonomy within the Qing empire. It did, however, increase its consular guard in
1029:
in 1898 and then of
Northern Manchuria in 1900 confirmed the Qing government's fears of a larger Russian design on the entire northern frontier of their empire. Qing rulers came to believe that the continued survival of their state as an integral entity depended on the effectiveness of their frontier
1606:
A.P. Bennigsen, while traveling through
Mongolia in 1909 to 1911, was told by Mongolians that their herds had decreased ten-fold during the past decade. Neskol'ko dannykh o sovremmenoi Mongolii , (St. Petersburg, 1912), p. 57. This is supported by the archives of the ecclesiastical administration of
1336:
The role of the
Russians in this revolution (and later in the revolution of 1921) has been controversial. Chinese historians especially have often explained the events of 1911 as the product of "Tsarist provocations and manipulations". This conclusion however contradicts with archival materials from
1038:
by the
Chinese had started much earlier). A decree in 1910 abrogating the old prohibitions against Chinese settling in Outer Mongolia, Chinese and Mongols intermarrying, and Mongols using the Chinese language was the final step toward dismantling the wall of isolation that the Manchus themselves had
1765:
Sando went to Mukden in
Manchuria, where he received a telegram expressing the emperor's astonishment over Sando's inability to control the Mongols. The Amban was removed from office, and he was ordered to await an inquiry into his conduct. Chen Chungzu, Waimenggu jinshi shi , Shanghai, 1926; repr.
1207:
and a revolution against the minority ruling class had begun. One province after another declared its independence from the Qing authority. Believing that his position was untenable, Sando wired the
Beijing government asking for permission to resign, but his request was denied. In the meantime, the
1109:
persuaded the Jebstundamba Khutukhtu to convene a meeting of nobles and ecclesiastical officials to discuss independence. The Khutukhtu consented. To avoid suspicion, he used as a pretext the occasion of a religious festival, at which time the assembled leaders would discuss the need to reapportion
971:
had always been the same: they invaded; they governed; they assimilated; and eventually they merged, more or less becoming Chinese themselves. Attempts were made to keep the Manchu strain ethnically pure, although these efforts proved fruitless. The early Qing rulers enacted various laws to isolate
1199:
Sando ordered the princes in Urga to sign a statement that only a few individuals had been responsible for the appeal to Russia. The princes did give such a declaration, but only orally. Sando then ordered the Mongolians to have no further contact with the Russian consulate, threatening in case of
1299:
The Mongolian revolution was for the most part an orderly transference of power. Its relatively peaceful character was due to the realism of Qing authorities in Mongolia, and in no small part to the presence of Russian troops, who provided protection for these authorities and Chinese troops. The
1208:
Mongolian delegation to Russia secretly returned, and reported the results of its trip to a group of princes and lamas. They composed a joint memorial to the Khutukhtu asking what Mongolia should do in lieu of the provincial uprisings. He advised that Mongolians form a state of their own.
1171:
The Russian minister in Beijing was then instructed to inform the Qing government that the Mongols had sent a delegation to St. Petersburg complaining of Chinese immigration, military build-up, and administrative reorganization. He stated that Russia could not but be concerned about these
1082:(variously spelled), the spiritual leader in Urga of the Mongolians, surrender a particular lama believed to be the ringleader of the incident. The Khutuktu refused and Sando fined him. In response, the Mongolians petitioned the Qing government to remove Sando, but without success.
1261:
On December 1, the Provisional Government of Khalkha issued a general proclamation announcing the end of Qing rule and the establishment of a theocracy under the Jebtsundamba Khutuktu. At the end of the month, on December 29, the Khutuktu was formally installed as the
1793:
Some shops in Urga were looted and burned, but for the most part the Chinese were left unmolested. The departure of the Uliastai Military Governor was also peaceful. The storming of Khovd and the loss of life and property several months later were the
1258:. The troops came too late: the town was surrounded by Mongolian troops, and the reinforcement detachment was crushed. In August 1912, his stronghold was overcome by Mongolian troops, and he and his staff were escorted out of the country by Cossacks.
36:
942:
A disintegrating economy, growing debt, and increasing tax demands were ingredients of social and political unrest in Mongolia. However, it was Qing plans for the transformation of Outer Mongolia that produced the impetus for rebellion.
1074:(Buddhist priests) and Chinese at a Chinese carpentry shop in Urga. Such incidents were not unknown in the past, but they had been firmly suppressed by Qing officials. This one developed differently. When Sando arrived at
1226:
There was little Sando could do. He had only 150 troops, who in any event were in a refractory mood because of arrears in back pay. On the following day, his soldiers were disarmed by Mongolian militiamen, as well as
1815:
On the establishment of the Jebtsundamba Khutuktu, letters were sent to the Inner Mongols, the Barguts, the Oirats of western Mongolia, the Tannu Uriankhai inviting them to join in the all-Mongolian state. Ewing, p.
1246:. On December 5, Sando left Mongolia with Russian escort. Chinese authority in the rest of the country collapsed quickly after that. Later that month or in January 1912 (sources differ) the Military Governor of
3100:
1442:
1033:
Between 1901 and 1910, therefore, the Qing government inaugurated an expansive plan for Chinese colonization of the frontier and reorganization of its native governments (though the colonization of lands in
899:. A combination of factors, including economic hardship and failure to resist Western imperialism, led many in China to be unhappy with the Qing government. When a new program to settle Mongolia with
1010:, were widely interpreted in China as the triumph of constitutionalism over autocracy. It was then that far-reaching economic, political, and military reforms, known as the "New Administration" or "
1300:
situation was different in Inner Mongolia. There, Chinese authorities remained in power, even though Mongol activists were preparing to join Outer Mongolia in independence. Members of the pro-Qing
1693:
L. Dendev, Monglyn tovch tüükh ,(Ulan Bator, 1934), p. 2; Sh. Sandag, Mongolyn uls töriin gadaad khariltsaa (1850–1919) Foreign relations of Mongila (1850–1919) (Ulan Bator, 1971), p. 244.
3164:
1316:, forged close contacts with the Japanese in December 1911. He and other inner Mongolian princes took loans, promised the Japanese mining rights and received major arms shipments.
3720:
2998:
3759:
1702:
Batsaikhan, O. Mongolyn tusgaar togtnol ba Khyatad, Oros Mongol gurvan ulsyn 1915 ony Khiagtyn geree (1911–1916). Ulaanbaatar: Mongol Ulsyn Shinjlekh Ukhaany Acad. Publ.
1021:
In Outer Mongolia, however, the New Administration was implemented rather differently. The aim was not simply modernization, as it was in Han Chinese territories, but
1030:
serving as a protective "shield" (in the language of the time) for China proper. To accomplish this, the peoples inhabiting this region would have to become Chinese.
1328:
Group of Russian and Mongolian officials, photo taken after the signing of the Russo-Mongol agreement in Urga in November 1912. Russia cautiously recognizes the
1211:
Buoyed by the Khutuktu's support and by the impending collapse of the Qing dynasty, the Provisional Government of Khalkha was formed, headed by some prominent
1172:
developments, in view of the common boundary shared with Khalkha, and cautioned that China would have to bear the consequences if this warning were ignored.
991:
3093:
1078:, the principal monastery in the city, to make arrests, the lamas pelted him and his troops with stones, forcing them to withdraw. Sando demanded that the
1614:), which recorded a decline in the number of livestock from a million in 1861 to around 12,000 in 1909. D. Tsedev, Ikh shav' , (Ulan Bator, 1964), p. 91.
3764:
3600:
1345:
on the part of the Mongolians, and their desire to form a nation state, political and social forces that were at work in China at that time as well.
988:
or intermarrying with the Han Chinese. While over time enforcement waned, the laws still remained on the books, receiving at least token observance.
3439:
903:
and assimilate the natives was unveiled, it was met with resistance that resulted in a relatively bloodless separation from the Qing Empire. Many
3179:
2080:
1250:
in western Mongolia, his staff and military guards, peacefully departed under the protection of Cossack troops. The Deputy Military Governor of
1428:
1413:
1406:
284:
78:
3584:
3555:
3174:
2630:
866:
319:
289:
3256:
1054:(or Sandowa), a Mongol himself and former deputy lieutenant governor of Guihwa, as viceroy of Mongolia in the capital city of Urga (modern
2795:
1448:
299:
294:
3137:
4074:
3244:
3229:
1888:
1002:
and the "scramble for concessions" that followed dramatically proved the inadequacy of previous Qing efforts to resist the West. The
2931:
1957:
671:
626:
4064:
3967:
3306:
4069:
4059:
3998:
3239:
2308:
1845:
1438:
1372:
244:
3468:
3219:
3132:
2856:
2257:
994:
during the latter part of the 19th century changed political priorities in China. The Qing defeat by the Japanese in 1895 (
3041:
2871:
3684:
3053:
2926:
2750:
2588:
2168:
2124:
1901:
4079:
4054:
4029:
3973:
3814:
3689:
3046:
2623:
2301:
935:
merchants. These loans, transacted at crippling interest rates, were repaid in livestock, which was then exported to
859:
3784:
2250:
2092:
1281:
1075:
939:. The result was a catastrophic decline in the size of the herds upon which the livelihood of Mongolians depended.
1784:
Proceedings of the Fifth East Asian Altaistic Conference, December 26, 1979 – January 2, 1980, Taipei, China, p144
1592:
Sh. Natsagdorj, Manjiin erkhsheeld baisan üyeiin Khalkhyn khurangui tüükh (1691–1911) , (Ulan Bator, 1963, p. 173.
3901:
3144:
2831:
2717:
2007:
800:
3485:
3351:
3119:
2866:
2805:
2775:
2765:
2531:
2362:
2017:
813:
3919:
3694:
3550:
3234:
3224:
3209:
3204:
3036:
2986:
2966:
2906:
2740:
2344:
2267:
2146:
1917:
1881:
1354:
1232:
1106:
395:
357:
229:
1577:"Mongolia's National Revolution of 1911 and the last emperor of Mongolia – VIII Bogdo Jetsundamba Khutukhtu"
3678:
3456:
3323:
3189:
2693:
2683:
2616:
2386:
2065:
2029:
2012:
1711:
Die Internationalen Beziehungen im Zeitalter des Imperialismus , (Berlin, 1931–40), s. III, v. 1.1, p. 405.
1476:
1470:
1296:, in reality however, most of them were too prudent or irresolute to attempt joining the Bogd Khan regime.
852:
823:
796:
1304:
were known to support the independence of Inner Mongolia, and some argued for a monarchist state covering
1292:
29 hoshuns, 35 hoshuns from the Inner Mongolian 49 hoshuns sent statements to support Bogd Khan's call of
3595:
3578:
3088:
3063:
3026:
2936:
2896:
2648:
2460:
2450:
2291:
2107:
1497:
1384:
254:
4039:
3978:
3424:
2229:
2173:
2114:
2097:
2070:
2034:
1400:
833:
279:
1192:
to investigate. Sando immediately summoned the head of the Khutukhtu's ecclesiastical administration (
4044:
3988:
3707:
3636:
3429:
2961:
2886:
2755:
2673:
2516:
2470:
2245:
2129:
2102:
1537:
4034:
3909:
3729:
3463:
3434:
3184:
2488:
2445:
2398:
2349:
2279:
2211:
2022:
1997:
1987:
1947:
1874:
1487:
1482:
967:). They were certainly not the first non-Han people to rule all of China, but the fate of previous
776:
741:
599:
141:
1766:
Taipei, 1965), bien 1, p. 13. The fall of the Qing saved him from further embarrassment, or worse.
1203:
Events of historic proportions were then taking place in China proper. On October 10 there was an
3505:
2971:
2956:
2790:
2688:
2334:
2284:
1576:
995:
603:
980:
were prohibited from entering Mongolia and Mongols were not allowed to travel outside their own
4049:
3886:
3774:
3655:
3480:
2698:
2511:
2339:
2296:
2234:
2002:
1492:
1394:
1378:
1329:
1269:
786:
595:
476:
259:
249:
3960:
3819:
3779:
3446:
3408:
3296:
3276:
3194:
2993:
2976:
2841:
2810:
2745:
2430:
2372:
2354:
2272:
2262:
2224:
2053:
1972:
1239:. Sando and his staff moved into the compound of the Russian consulate for their own safety.
1022:
425:
405:
400:
3891:
3858:
3824:
3769:
3649:
3631:
3341:
3271:
3078:
2861:
2549:
2521:
2199:
1922:
1341:, a dependent state or autonomy of China. The revolution also reflected a growing sense of
1180:
446:
435:
420:
1136:
1127:
1118:
8:
3944:
3794:
3734:
3666:
3346:
3199:
3154:
2901:
2780:
2760:
2668:
2581:
2480:
2367:
2322:
2087:
1909:
1360:
1160:
721:
506:
415:
377:
234:
3829:
3540:
3535:
3361:
3301:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3105:
2951:
2770:
2501:
2455:
2440:
2435:
2216:
2134:
2044:
1552:
1516:
1026:
1007:
968:
516:
496:
466:
456:
430:
410:
3839:
3834:
3809:
3754:
3749:
3672:
3620:
3525:
3356:
3261:
3159:
3058:
3021:
2946:
2876:
2846:
2800:
2597:
2562:
2536:
2526:
2506:
2465:
2161:
2156:
1841:
1465:
1277:
1097:
928:
115:
1324:
3993:
3876:
3799:
3739:
3545:
3266:
3127:
3073:
2916:
2881:
2785:
2710:
2678:
1942:
1623:
1204:
1189:
1155:
brought with it a letter signed in the name of the Khutuktu and the "four khans of
1086:
1067:
1051:
985:
981:
636:
581:
526:
335:
362:
4008:
3954:
3804:
3789:
3613:
3068:
3031:
2981:
2941:
2891:
2836:
2705:
2408:
2151:
1982:
1861:
1835:
1452:
1243:
1003:
960:
919:
896:
731:
536:
340:
28:
1775:
A.V. Burdukov, V staroi i novoi Mongolii. Vospominaniya, pis'ma (Moscow, 1969).
3871:
3744:
3510:
3473:
2921:
2911:
2851:
1417:
1301:
1188:
On learning of the Mongolian mission to Russia, the Qing government instructed
1152:
1035:
908:
884:
486:
311:
199:
67:
63:
4023:
3983:
3949:
3914:
3530:
3520:
3336:
2727:
2178:
1962:
1927:
1432:
1388:
1313:
1309:
1293:
1289:
1273:
927:
By the early 20th century, Mongolia was impoverished. Repercussions from the
904:
888:
711:
691:
681:
591:
571:
93:
80:
4003:
3700:
3642:
3331:
3313:
3169:
2639:
2183:
1967:
1952:
1251:
1164:
1011:
973:
952:
936:
892:
701:
646:
184:
71:
1862:
Asia's First Modern Revolution-Mongolia Proclaims Its Independence in 1911
1644:
Journal of Asian History, v. 12, p. 104 (1978). See also Thomas E. Ewing,
3939:
3660:
3381:
3376:
2554:
2119:
2075:
1342:
1268:("Great Khan", or "Emperor") of the new Mongolian state. This ushered in
1055:
977:
956:
932:
911:
chieftains assisted in the revolution and became the revolution leaders.
900:
385:
42:
1105:
By the spring of 1911, some prominent Mongolian nobles including Prince
3607:
3451:
3401:
3371:
3214:
1977:
1085:
Other incidents followed, all underscoring the diminished authority of
2608:
976:(Eighteen Provinces) and Mongolia. They did the same for the Mongols:
3396:
3386:
1657:
Chen Chungzu, Wai menggu jinshi shi , (Shanghai, 1926), bien 2, p. 5.
1421:
1366:
1305:
1285:
1264:
1079:
964:
616:
239:
1866:
1242:
On 30 November 1911 the Mongols established Temporary Government of
3881:
3626:
3573:
3515:
3391:
3366:
2493:
2139:
1897:
1255:
1247:
1228:
1215:
nobles. On November 28, the government ordered all four provinces (
999:
166:
3866:
2423:
2413:
2403:
1937:
1932:
1837:
Japanese-Mongolian Relations, 1873-1945: Faith, Race and Strategy
1338:
1212:
1156:
561:
2541:
2418:
1236:
1145:
Letter to foreign ministries declaring Mongolia's independence.
3590:
3149:
1348:
1254:, however, decided to resist, hoping for reinforcements from
1220:
1409:- Inner Mongolian Gorlos chieftain, battled against Chinese.
3760:
Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet
3249:
1642:
Revolution on the Chinese Frontier: Outer Mongolia in 1911,
1071:
1042:
41:
Anti-Chinese commanders Togtokh and Bayar in Khüree (now
998:), followed shortly afterwards by the German seizure of
1542:
1070:'s arrival, a brawl broke out between some intoxicated
1473:, the transition from theocratic monarchy to communism
3765:
Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory
1308:as well as Outer and Inner Mongolia. Most notably,
1797:
120:Cultural assimilation and colonisation of Mongolia
946:
4021:
1684:Chen Lu, Jrshi biji , Shanghai (1919), p. 179.
3165:Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations
1455:chieftain, battled against Chinese until 1915.
3585:Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China
3556:Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties
2624:
1882:
1443:Eastern Mongolian Declaration of Independence
1050:In early 1910, the Qing government appointed
860:
1720:Die Internationalen Beziehungen, pp. 494–95.
1553:[untɘ̆sˈnʲi‿irxt͡ɕoˈɮonʲiˈχʊ̈ɸsɢə̆ɮ]
1479:, the transition from communism to democracy
1092:
1646:Ch'ing Policies in Outer Mongolia 1900–1911
955:(1644–1912) was founded by the Manchu clan
2631:
2617:
1889:
1875:
1349:Leaders and main figures of the revolution
1168:Urga to protect the returning delegation.
867:
853:
35:
3245:Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty
923:Outer Mongolia within Qing China in 1911.
3094:Imperial Edict of the Abdication of Puyi
1323:
1231:of the consular convoy under command of
1179:
1096:
1041:
918:
3701:Complete Library of the Four Treasuries
2638:
1840:. Folkestone: Global Oriental (Brill).
1424:), he came in Mongolia with 271 people.
1061:
984:. Mongols were forbidden from speaking
341:
16:1911 uprising in Mongolia, Qing dynasty
4022:
3999:Timeline of late anti-Qing rebellions
3240:Principles of the Constitution (1908)
2612:
1896:
1870:
1648:, Modern Asian Studies, v. 14 (1980).
1551:
1373:Jalkhanz Khutagt Sodnomyn Damdinbazar
3220:Ministry of Posts and Communications
1833:
1803:
1738:Internationalen Beziehungen, p. 495.
1624:"Willow Palisade | wall, China"
3968:History of Qing (People's Republic)
1008:Japan's victory over Russia in 1905
887:declared its independence from the
801:Soviet intervention in Bogd Khanate
13:
3685:Sacred Edict of the Kangxi Emperor
3054:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)
3047:1909 Provincial Assembly elections
2927:Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)
2751:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)
147:Inner Mongolia remains under China
14:
4091:
3974:Imperial hunt of the Qing dynasty
3815:Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881)
3690:Shamanism during the Qing dynasty
2842:Dogra–Tibetan war (Sino-Sikh war)
1855:
1544:Ündesnii erkh chölöönii khuwisgal
1397:- Outer Mongolia, military leader
1319:
4075:1910s establishments in Mongolia
3785:Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking
3101:Articles of Favourable Treatment
2857:Red Turban Rebellion (1854–1856)
2043:
1521:Үндэсний эрх чөлөөний хувьсгал,
1312:, leader of the Inner Mongolian
1135:
1126:
1117:
384:
361:
351:
329:
192:
177:
165:
2832:Eight Trigrams uprising of 1813
2718:Revolt of the Three Feudatories
1819:
1809:
1787:
1778:
1769:
1759:
1750:
1741:
1732:
1723:
1714:
1705:
1696:
1687:
1678:
1332:and obtains trade concessions.
1184:The Russian Consulate in Khüree
1175:
4065:Rebellions in the Qing dynasty
3486:Guest House of Imperial Envoys
2776:Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas
1669:
1660:
1651:
1634:
1616:
1595:
1586:
1569:
1510:
1:
3920:Banknotes of the Da Qing Bank
3695:Islam during the Qing dynasty
3551:Zhao Mausoleum (Qing dynasty)
3235:Provincial military commander
3225:Nine Gates Infantry Commander
3210:Imperial Household Department
3037:Preparative Constitutionalism
2741:Sino-Russian border conflicts
1562:
1039:erected centuries earlier.
1025:. Russia's occupation of the
914:
144:established in Outer Mongolia
54:April 1910 – 29 December 1911
4060:Military history of Mongolia
3679:Researches on Manchu Origins
3084:Mongolian Revolution of 1911
2694:Transition from Ming to Qing
2684:Later Jin invasion of Joseon
1477:Mongolian Revolution of 1990
1471:Mongolian Revolution of 1921
1367:Eighth Jebtsundamba Khutugtu
1280:, Khovd, Huvsgul region, 26
992:Western imperialism in China
883:occurred when the region of
881:Mongolian Revolution of 1911
240:Eighth Jebtsundamba Khutugtu
22:Mongolian Revolution of 1911
7:
3579:Changzhou School of Thought
3089:1911 Revolution in Xinjiang
3064:Railway Protection Movement
3042:1909 Parliamentary election
3027:British expedition to Tibet
2937:Qing reconquest of Xinjiang
2897:Self-Strengthening Movement
2872:Nepal–Tibet War (1855–1856)
2081:Historical cities and towns
2018:Mongolian People's Republic
1543:
1498:Independence Day (Mongolia)
1459:
1441:- Inner Mongolia, he wrote
1066:No more than a month after
10:
4096:
3979:Legacy of the Qing dynasty
2867:Miao Rebellion (1854–1873)
2806:Miao Rebellion (1795–1806)
2796:Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa
2766:Miao Rebellion (1735–1736)
3989:Names of the Qing dynasty
3932:
3900:
3857:
3850:
3719:
3637:Manchu Han Imperial Feast
3564:
3496:
3417:
3322:
3118:
3009:
2967:Dungan Revolt (1895–1896)
2962:Gongche Shangshu movement
2907:Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)
2819:
2756:Chinese Rites controversy
2726:
2656:
2647:
2575:
2479:
2394:
2385:
2330:
2321:
2207:
2198:
2061:
2052:
2041:
1908:
1607:the Jebzundamba Hutuhtu (
1520:
1420:chieftain of Ili region (
1288:Oirads), 24 hoshuns from
1093:Decision for independence
215:
210:
158:
153:
134:
126:
109:
58:
50:
34:
26:
21:
4080:20th century in Mongolia
4070:China–Mongolia relations
4055:20th-century revolutions
3910:Great Qing Treasure Note
3730:Treaty of Kyakhta (1727)
3440:Administrative divisions
3257:Administrative divisions
3185:Flag of the Qing dynasty
2258:Administrative divisions
1948:Eastern Turkic Khaganate
1503:
1488:Bogd Khanate of Mongolia
1483:Mongolia under Qing rule
1385:Manlaibaatar Damdinsüren
1355:Tögs-Ochiryn Namnansüren
1107:Tögs-Ochiryn Namnansüren
604:Second Turkic Khaganates
255:Manlaibaatar Damdinsüren
230:Tögs-Ochiryn Namnansüren
130:Independence of Mongolia
3506:Chengde Mountain Resort
3307:Three Eastern Provinces
2957:First Sino-Japanese War
2932:Northern Chinese Famine
2791:Lin Shuangwen rebellion
2689:Qing invasion of Joseon
1628:Encyclopedia Britannica
1294:Mongolian reunification
996:First Sino-Japanese War
3887:Great Qing Copper Coin
3775:Convention of Tientsin
3708:Annotated Bibliography
3656:Qing official headwear
2699:Battle of Shanhai Pass
2512:Goyol Fashion Festival
2302:Chief of General Staff
1493:Occupation of Mongolia
1395:Khatanbaatar Magsarjav
1379:Mijiddorjiin Khanddorj
1333:
1185:
1102:
1047:
924:
477:Munkhkhairkhan culture
260:Khatanbaatar Magsarjav
250:Mijiddorjiin Khanddorj
171:Mongolian nationalists
94:47.92028°N 106.91722°E
3961:Draft History of Qing
3820:Treaty of Shimonoseki
3601:performance criticism
3205:Imperial Commissioner
3195:Great Qing Legal Code
2994:Eight-Nation Alliance
2977:Third plague pandemic
2887:Punti–Hakka Clan Wars
2811:White Lotus Rebellion
2273:Third neighbor policy
1973:Northern Yuan dynasty
1401:Bayantömöriin Khaisan
1327:
1183:
1100:
1080:Jebstundamba Khutuktu
1046:Jebstundamba Khutuktu
1045:
1023:cultural assimilation
922:
824:Democratic Revolution
280:Bayantömöriin Khaisan
4030:Mongolia (1911–1924)
3892:Great Qing Gold Coin
3825:Treaty of Tarbagatai
3770:Convention of Peking
3650:Pentaglot Dictionary
3632:Literary inquisition
3342:Ever Victorious Army
3175:Deliberative Council
3079:Xinhai Lhasa turmoil
3032:1905 Batang uprising
2972:Hundred Days' Reform
2862:Small Swords Society
2532:Traditional medicine
2251:Constitutional Court
2093:Environmental issues
1923:Prehistoric Mongolia
1834:Boyd, James (2011).
1756:Chen Lu, pp. 185–86.
1330:autonomy of Mongolia
1062:Mongolian resistance
947:"New Administration"
245:Sodnomyn Damdinbazar
138:Nationalist victory
3945:Anti-Qing sentiment
3795:Treaty of the Bogue
3735:Treaty of Nerchinsk
3667:Complete Tang Poems
3347:Green Standard Army
3230:Provincial governor
3200:Imperial Clan Court
3180:Diplomatic missions
3155:Consultative Bureau
2902:Tongzhi Restoration
2781:Afaqi Khoja revolts
2761:Ten Great Campaigns
2669:Jurchen unification
2217:State Great Khural
2008:Soviet intervention
1666:Natsagdorj, p. 261.
1361:Da Lam Tserenchimed
1205:uprising in Wuchang
1161:sphere of influence
1006:, and particularly
797:People's Revolution
767:National Revolution
722:Oirat Confederation
507:Deer stones culture
378:History of Mongolia
235:Da Lam Tserenchimed
99:47.92028; 106.91722
90: /
3830:Treaty of Tientsin
3541:Western Qing tombs
3536:Eastern Qing tombs
3362:Peking Field Force
3106:Manchu Restoration
2999:Declaration of war
2952:Jindandao incident
2771:Lhasa riot of 1750
2456:List of Mongolians
2363:Telecommunications
2003:Chinese occupation
1825:Ewing, pp. 117–18.
1747:Dendev, pp. 19–21.
1451:- Inner Mongolian
1334:
1186:
1151:The delegation to
1103:
1101:Prince Namnansüren
1048:
1027:Liaodong Peninsula
925:
787:Chinese occupation
517:Slab-grave culture
497:Ulaanzuukh culture
467:Chemurchek culture
457:Afanasievo culture
4040:Conflicts in 1911
4017:
4016:
3928:
3927:
3840:Treaty of Whampoa
3835:Treaty of Wanghia
3810:Treaty of Nanking
3780:Li–Lobanov Treaty
3755:Chefoo Convention
3750:Burlingame Treaty
3621:Kangxi Dictionary
3526:Old Summer Palace
3357:Firearm Battalion
3160:Cup of Solid Gold
3114:
3113:
3059:Manchurian plague
3022:Late Qing reforms
3013:(1901–1912)
2947:Sikkim expedition
2877:Panthay Rebellion
2847:Taiping Rebellion
2823:(1801–1900)
2801:Sino-Nepalese War
2746:Dzungar–Qing Wars
2732:(1683–1799)
2660:(1616–1683)
2606:
2605:
2571:
2570:
2381:
2380:
2317:
2316:
2309:Political parties
2268:Foreign relations
2194:
2193:
1847:978-1-906876-19-7
1640:Thomas E. Ewing,
1541:
1466:Xinhai Revolution
1391:, military leader
1018:), were ordered.
986:Chinese languages
959:in what is today
929:Taiping Rebellion
897:Xinhai Revolution
877:
876:
842:
841:
814:People's Republic
750:
749:
655:
654:
627:Tang protectorate
545:
544:
372:
371:
206:
205:
116:Late Qing reforms
4087:
4045:1911 in Mongolia
3994:New Qing History
3877:Qianlong Tongbao
3855:
3854:
3800:Treaty of Canton
3740:Unequal treaties
3546:Fuling Mausoleum
3145:Advisory Council
3074:Wuchang Uprising
3014:
2917:Tianjin Massacre
2882:Second Opium War
2824:
2786:Sino-Burmese War
2733:
2711:Battle of Penghu
2679:Seven Grievances
2661:
2654:
2653:
2633:
2626:
2619:
2610:
2609:
2591:
2584:
2558:
2557:(New Year's Day)
2545:
2497:
2424:Southern Mongols
2392:
2391:
2358:
2328:
2327:
2238:
2220:
2205:
2204:
2059:
2058:
2047:
1943:Rouran Khaganate
1891:
1884:
1877:
1868:
1867:
1851:
1826:
1823:
1817:
1813:
1807:
1801:
1795:
1791:
1785:
1782:
1776:
1773:
1767:
1763:
1757:
1754:
1748:
1745:
1739:
1736:
1730:
1729:Chen Lu, p. 185.
1727:
1721:
1718:
1712:
1709:
1703:
1700:
1694:
1691:
1685:
1682:
1676:
1673:
1667:
1664:
1658:
1655:
1649:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1620:
1608:
1602:
1593:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1573:
1556:
1555:
1550:
1546:
1536:
1534:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1514:
1403:- Inner Mongolia
1381:- Outer Mongolia
1375:- Outer Mongolia
1369:- Outer Mongolia
1363:- Outer Mongolia
1357:- Outer Mongolia
1233:Grigory Semyonov
1229:Russian Cossacks
1139:
1130:
1121:
1076:Gandan Monastery
869:
862:
855:
763:
762:
676:9th–12th century
668:
667:
637:Uyghur Khaganate
582:Rouran Khaganate
558:
557:
527:Chandman culture
453:
452:
388:
374:
373:
365:
358:Grigory Semyonov
356:
355:
354:
343:
334:
333:
332:
198:
196:
195:
183:
181:
180:
170:
169:
160:
159:
105:
104:
102:
101:
100:
95:
91:
88:
87:
86:
83:
39:
19:
18:
4095:
4094:
4090:
4089:
4088:
4086:
4085:
4084:
4035:1911 Revolution
4020:
4019:
4018:
4013:
4009:Willow Palisade
3955:Chuang Guandong
3924:
3896:
3846:
3805:Treaty of Kulja
3790:Treaty of Aigun
3723:
3715:
3614:History of Ming
3566:
3560:
3498:
3492:
3418:Special regions
3413:
3352:Imperial Guards
3318:
3110:
3069:1911 Revolution
3015:
3012:
3005:
2982:Boxer Rebellion
2942:Sino-French War
2892:Amur Annexation
2837:First Opium War
2825:
2822:
2815:
2734:
2731:
2722:
2706:Great Clearance
2662:
2659:
2643:
2637:
2607:
2602:
2594:
2587:
2580:
2567:
2556:
2543:
2495:
2475:
2471:Writing systems
2461:Sex trafficking
2451:Public holidays
2377:
2356:
2313:
2292:Law enforcement
2236:
2218:
2190:
2048:
2039:
2035:Modern Mongolia
2030:1990 Revolution
2013:1921 Revolution
1993:1911 Revolution
1983:Dzungar Khanate
1958:Medieval tribes
1904:
1895:
1858:
1848:
1830:
1829:
1824:
1820:
1814:
1810:
1802:
1798:
1792:
1788:
1783:
1779:
1774:
1770:
1764:
1760:
1755:
1751:
1746:
1742:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1724:
1719:
1715:
1710:
1706:
1701:
1697:
1692:
1688:
1683:
1679:
1674:
1670:
1665:
1661:
1656:
1652:
1639:
1635:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1605:
1596:
1591:
1587:
1579:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1559:
1548:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1515:
1511:
1506:
1462:
1351:
1322:
1290:Upper Mongolian
1284:of Ili region (
1178:
1149:
1148:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1141:
1140:
1132:
1131:
1123:
1122:
1095:
1064:
1004:Boxer Rebellion
972:Manchuria from
963:(also known as
961:Northeast China
949:
917:
909:Inner Mongolian
873:
844:
843:
834:Modern Mongolia
807:
760:
752:
751:
732:Dzungar Khanate
672:Mongol khanates
665:
664:Medieval period
657:
656:
610:
555:
547:
546:
537:Pazyryk culture
450:
368:
367:
352:
350:
347:
338:
330:
328:
325:
324:
316:
315:
307:
304:
273:
272:
271:Inner Mongolia:
267:
264:
223:
222:
221:Outer Mongolia:
202:
193:
191:
187:
178:
176:
172:
164:
98:
96:
92:
89:
84:
81:
79:
77:
76:
75:
74:
46:
29:1911 Revolution
17:
12:
11:
5:
4093:
4083:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3964:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3936:
3934:
3930:
3929:
3926:
3925:
3923:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3906:
3904:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3872:Kangxi Tongbao
3869:
3863:
3861:
3852:
3848:
3847:
3845:
3844:
3843:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3745:Boxer Protocol
3737:
3732:
3726:
3724:
3717:
3716:
3714:
3713:
3712:
3711:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3675:
3670:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3646:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3617:
3610:
3605:
3604:
3603:
3593:
3588:
3581:
3576:
3570:
3568:
3562:
3561:
3559:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3511:Forbidden City
3508:
3502:
3500:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3490:
3489:
3488:
3478:
3477:
3476:
3474:General of Ili
3471:
3461:
3460:
3459:
3457:List of ambans
3454:
3444:
3443:
3442:
3432:
3427:
3421:
3419:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3411:
3406:
3405:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3328:
3326:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3316:
3311:
3310:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3259:
3254:
3253:
3252:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3141:
3140:
3135:
3124:
3122:
3116:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3097:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3050:
3049:
3044:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3018:
3016:
3011:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3003:
3002:
3001:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2922:Margary Affair
2919:
2914:
2912:Mudan incident
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2852:Nian Rebellion
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2828:
2826:
2821:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2737:
2735:
2730:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2720:
2715:
2714:
2713:
2703:
2702:
2701:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2665:
2663:
2658:
2651:
2645:
2644:
2636:
2635:
2628:
2621:
2613:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2600:
2593:
2592:
2585:
2577:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2565:
2560:
2552:
2547:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2491:
2485:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2427:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2401:
2395:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2375:
2373:Transportation
2370:
2365:
2360:
2352:
2350:Stock Exchange
2347:
2342:
2337:
2331:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2311:
2306:
2305:
2304:
2294:
2289:
2288:
2287:
2277:
2276:
2275:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2248:
2240:
2232:
2230:Prime Minister
2227:
2222:
2214:
2208:
2202:
2196:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2188:
2187:
2186:
2181:
2171:
2169:National parks
2166:
2165:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2144:
2143:
2142:
2137:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2111:
2110:
2105:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2078:
2068:
2062:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2026:
2025:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1914:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1894:
1893:
1886:
1879:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1857:
1856:External links
1854:
1853:
1852:
1846:
1828:
1827:
1818:
1808:
1796:
1786:
1777:
1768:
1758:
1749:
1740:
1731:
1722:
1713:
1704:
1695:
1686:
1677:
1675:Ewing, p. 106.
1668:
1659:
1650:
1633:
1615:
1594:
1585:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1474:
1468:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1456:
1446:
1435:
1431:- delegate of
1425:
1410:
1404:
1398:
1392:
1389:Barga Mongolia
1382:
1376:
1370:
1364:
1358:
1350:
1347:
1321:
1320:Role of Russia
1318:
1302:Royalist Party
1177:
1174:
1153:St. Petersburg
1144:
1143:
1134:
1133:
1125:
1124:
1116:
1115:
1114:
1113:
1112:
1094:
1091:
1063:
1060:
1036:Inner Mongolia
948:
945:
916:
913:
885:Outer Mongolia
875:
874:
872:
871:
864:
857:
849:
846:
845:
840:
839:
836:
830:
829:
826:
820:
819:
816:
810:
809:
804:
793:
792:
789:
783:
782:
779:
777:Bogd Khaganate
773:
772:
769:
761:
758:
757:
754:
753:
748:
747:
744:
738:
737:
734:
728:
727:
724:
718:
717:
714:
708:
707:
704:
698:
697:
694:
688:
687:
684:
678:
677:
674:
666:
663:
662:
659:
658:
653:
652:
649:
643:
642:
639:
633:
632:
629:
623:
622:
619:
613:
612:
607:
588:
587:
584:
578:
577:
574:
568:
567:
564:
556:
554:Ancient period
553:
552:
549:
548:
543:
542:
539:
533:
532:
529:
523:
522:
519:
513:
512:
509:
503:
502:
499:
493:
492:
489:
487:Sagsai culture
483:
482:
479:
473:
472:
469:
463:
462:
459:
451:
445:
444:
441:
440:
439:
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
390:
389:
381:
380:
370:
369:
348:
326:
323:
322:
312:Upper Mongolia
310:
309:
308:
306:
305:
303:
302:
297:
292:
287:
282:
276:
270:
269:
268:
266:
265:
263:
262:
257:
252:
247:
242:
237:
232:
226:
220:
219:
218:
217:
216:
213:
212:
208:
207:
204:
203:
200:Russian Empire
190:
188:
175:
173:
163:
156:
155:
151:
150:
149:
148:
145:
136:
132:
131:
128:
124:
123:
122:
121:
118:
111:
107:
106:
68:Inner Mongolia
62:
60:
56:
55:
52:
48:
47:
40:
32:
31:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4092:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4050:1911 in China
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4027:
4025:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3984:Manchu people
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3969:
3965:
3963:
3962:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3950:Canton System
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3937:
3935:
3931:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3915:Hubu Guanpiao
3913:
3911:
3908:
3907:
3905:
3903:
3899:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3860:
3856:
3853:
3849:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3718:
3710:
3709:
3705:
3704:
3703:
3702:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3680:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3668:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3651:
3647:
3645:
3644:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3622:
3618:
3616:
3615:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3602:
3599:
3598:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3586:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3571:
3569:
3565:Society &
3563:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3531:Summer Palace
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3521:Mukden Palace
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3497:Palaces &
3495:
3487:
3484:
3483:
3482:
3479:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3466:
3465:
3462:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3449:
3448:
3445:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3416:
3410:
3407:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3337:Eight Banners
3335:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3325:
3321:
3315:
3312:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3190:Grand Council
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3121:
3117:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3071:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3010:20th century
3008:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2995:
2992:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2820:19th century
2818:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2729:
2725:
2719:
2716:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2707:
2704:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2646:
2641:
2634:
2629:
2627:
2622:
2620:
2615:
2614:
2611:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2590:
2586:
2583:
2579:
2578:
2574:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2517:Horse culture
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2478:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2384:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2320:
2310:
2307:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2281:
2278:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2246:Supreme Court
2244:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2197:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2148:
2145:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2046:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1963:Mongol Empire
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1928:Proto-Mongols
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1892:
1887:
1885:
1880:
1878:
1873:
1872:
1869:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1849:
1843:
1839:
1838:
1832:
1831:
1822:
1812:
1806:, p. 74.
1805:
1800:
1790:
1781:
1772:
1762:
1753:
1744:
1735:
1726:
1717:
1708:
1699:
1690:
1681:
1672:
1663:
1654:
1647:
1643:
1637:
1629:
1625:
1619:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1601:
1600:
1589:
1578:
1572:
1568:
1554:
1545:
1539:
1518:
1513:
1509:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1454:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1434:
1433:Upper Mongols
1430:
1426:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1331:
1326:
1317:
1315:
1314:Harqin Banner
1311:
1310:Gungsangnorbu
1307:
1303:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1270:Bogd Khan era
1267:
1266:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1209:
1206:
1201:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1182:
1173:
1169:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1138:
1129:
1120:
1111:
1108:
1099:
1090:
1088:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1044:
1040:
1037:
1031:
1028:
1024:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
987:
983:
979:
975:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
944:
940:
938:
934:
930:
921:
912:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
870:
865:
863:
858:
856:
851:
850:
848:
847:
837:
835:
832:
831:
827:
825:
822:
821:
817:
815:
812:
811:
805:
802:
798:
795:
794:
790:
788:
785:
784:
780:
778:
775:
774:
770:
768:
765:
764:
759:Modern period
756:
755:
745:
743:
740:
739:
735:
733:
730:
729:
725:
723:
720:
719:
715:
713:
712:Northern Yuan
710:
709:
705:
703:
700:
699:
695:
693:
692:Mongol Empire
690:
689:
685:
683:
682:Khamag Mongol
680:
679:
675:
673:
670:
669:
661:
660:
650:
648:
645:
644:
640:
638:
635:
634:
630:
628:
625:
624:
620:
618:
615:
614:
608:
605:
601:
597:
593:
590:
589:
585:
583:
580:
579:
575:
573:
572:Xianbei state
570:
569:
565:
563:
560:
559:
551:
550:
540:
538:
535:
534:
530:
528:
525:
524:
520:
518:
515:
514:
510:
508:
505:
504:
500:
498:
495:
494:
490:
488:
485:
484:
480:
478:
475:
474:
470:
468:
465:
464:
460:
458:
455:
454:
448:
443:
442:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
393:
392:
391:
387:
383:
382:
379:
376:
375:
366:
364:
359:
346:
344:
337:
321:
318:
317:
313:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
277:
275:
274:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
227:
225:
224:
214:
209:
201:
189:
186:
174:
168:
162:
161:
157:
152:
146:
143:
140:
139:
137:
133:
129:
125:
119:
117:
114:
113:
112:
108:
103:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
44:
38:
33:
30:
25:
20:
4004:Treaty ports
3966:
3959:
3933:Other topics
3706:
3699:
3677:
3665:
3648:
3643:Peiwen Yunfu
3641:
3619:
3612:
3583:
3332:Beiyang Army
3314:Zongli Yamen
3170:Da-Qing Bank
3083:
2987:Red Lanterns
2640:Qing dynasty
2555:Tsagaan Sar
2489:Architecture
2446:Prostitution
2399:Demographics
2280:Human rights
2219:(parliament)
2212:Constitution
2023:World War II
1998:Bogd Khanate
1992:
1968:Yuan dynasty
1953:Liao dynasty
1836:
1821:
1811:
1799:
1789:
1780:
1771:
1761:
1752:
1743:
1734:
1725:
1716:
1707:
1698:
1689:
1680:
1671:
1662:
1653:
1645:
1641:
1636:
1627:
1618:
1611:
1604:
1603:
1599:
1598:
1588:
1571:
1512:
1407:Togtokh Taij
1335:
1298:
1272:. While all
1263:
1260:
1241:
1225:
1216:
1210:
1202:
1198:
1193:
1187:
1176:Independence
1170:
1165:buffer state
1150:
1104:
1084:
1065:
1049:
1032:
1020:
1015:
1012:New Policies
990:
974:China proper
953:Qing dynasty
950:
941:
937:China proper
926:
880:
878:
838:1990–present
766:
742:Qing dynasty
702:Yuan dynasty
647:Liao dynasty
566:209 BC–93 AD
501:1450–1150 BC
491:1500–1000 BC
481:1800–1600 BC
471:2750–1900 BC
461:3300–2500 BC
349:
327:
285:Togtokh Taij
211:Lead figures
185:Qing dynasty
142:Bogd Khanate
72:Qing dynasty
27:Part of the
3940:Aisin Gioro
3902:Paper money
3661:Qing poetry
3382:Wuwei Corps
3377:Shuishiying
3138:Family tree
2335:Agriculture
2235:Government
2120:Gobi Desert
2076:Ulaanbaatar
1804:Boyd (2011)
1343:nationalism
1056:Ulaanbaatar
978:Han Chinese
957:Aisin Gioro
895:during the
521:1100–300 BC
511:1400–700 BC
447:Prehistoric
320:Hurleg beis
290:Sumiya beis
135:Resulted in
97: /
85:106°55′02″E
43:Ulaanbaatar
4024:Categories
3608:Four Wangs
3499:mausoleums
3452:Golden Urn
3425:Inner Asia
3402:Xiang Army
3372:Hushenying
3297:Liangguang
3277:Liangjiang
3215:Lifan Yuan
3120:Government
2544:(festival)
2522:Literature
2357:(currency)
2242:Judiciary
1978:Four Oirat
1794:exception.
1563:References
1549:pronounced
1529:ᠴᠢᠯᠦᠭᠡᠨ ᠦ
1523:ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠨ ᠦ
1286:Dzungarian
1265:Bodg Khaan
915:Background
901:ethnic Han
893:Qing China
541:600–300 BC
531:700–300 BC
82:47°55′13″N
3430:Manchuria
3397:Huai Army
3387:Yong Ying
3272:Shaan-Gan
2728:High Qing
2674:Later Jin
2494:Biyelgee
2431:Education
2345:Companies
2263:Elections
2237:(cabinet)
2225:President
2147:Mountains
2125:Grassland
2054:Geography
1988:Qing rule
1538:romanized
1517:Mongolian
1422:Dzungaria
1306:Manchuria
1278:Dariganga
1235:, future
1194:Ikh shav'
1163:and as a
1016:Xin zheng
969:dynasties
965:Manchuria
818:1924–1992
808:1921–1924
791:1919–1921
781:1911–1919
746:1691–1911
736:1634–1757
726:1399–1634
716:1368–1635
706:1271–1368
696:1206–1368
686:1130–1206
617:Xueyantuo
426:Geography
110:Caused by
3882:Hongqian
3851:Currency
3721:Treaties
3627:Kaozheng
3574:Booi Aha
3516:Hetu Ala
3469:Timeline
3464:Xinjiang
3435:Mongolia
3392:Chu Army
3367:New Army
3324:Military
3262:Viceroys
2598:Category
2550:Religion
2441:Language
2297:Military
2200:Politics
2135:Khövsgöl
1918:Timeline
1902:articles
1898:Mongolia
1612:Ikh Shav
1532:ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠰᠬᠠᠯ
1460:See also
1449:Bavuujav
1445:in 1913.
1256:Xinjiang
1248:Uliastai
1000:Shandong
651:907–1125
592:Göktürks
436:Religion
431:Language
421:Politics
411:Nobility
396:Timeline
300:Bavuujav
295:Udai van
59:Location
3867:Zhiqian
3859:Coinage
3596:Economy
3567:culture
3302:Yun-Gui
3292:Min-Zhe
3287:Sichuan
3282:Huguang
3128:Emperor
2649:History
2582:Outline
2542:Naadam
2507:Cuisine
2496:(dance)
2481:Culture
2414:Buryats
2409:Khalkha
2404:Mongols
2387:Society
2368:Tourism
2355:Tögrög
2340:Banking
2323:Economy
2179:Selenga
2162:Khentii
2157:Khangai
2108:Mammals
2088:Climate
2066:Borders
1938:Xianbei
1933:Xiongnu
1910:History
1540::
1453:Harchin
1427:Hurleg
1412:Sumiya
1339:Siberia
1282:hoshuns
1244:Khalkha
1213:Khalkha
1157:Khalkha
982:leagues
641:744–840
631:647–682
621:628–646
611:682–744
609:555–630
600:Eastern
586:330–555
562:Xiongnu
416:Culture
339: (
154:Parties
3481:Taiwan
2657:Early
2642:topics
2502:Cinema
2436:Health
2419:Oirats
2184:Orkhon
2174:Rivers
2071:Cities
1900:
1844:
1418:Chahar
1237:Ataman
889:Manchu
602:, and
576:93–234
449:period
406:Rulers
401:States
360:
197:
182:
3673:Queue
3591:Dibao
3447:Tibet
3267:Zhili
3150:Amban
2589:Index
2563:Sport
2537:Music
2527:Media
2466:Women
2152:Altai
2130:Lakes
2115:Flora
2103:Birds
2098:Fauna
1580:(PDF)
1504:Notes
1437:Udai
1274:Barga
1252:Khovd
1221:amban
1217:aimag
1190:Sando
1087:Sando
1072:lamas
1068:Sando
1052:Sando
905:Barga
891:-led
596:First
336:Sando
127:Goals
64:Outer
3409:Navy
3250:Ejen
3133:List
2285:LGBT
1842:ISBN
1816:116.
1526:ᠡᠷᠬᠡ
1429:beis
1414:beis
951:The
907:and
879:The
828:1990
806:1921
771:1911
66:and
51:Date
2140:Uvs
1439:van
1014:" (
933:Han
342:POW
4026::
1626:.
1547:,
1535:,
1519::
1416:-
1276:,
598:,
345:)
70:,
2632:e
2625:t
2618:v
1890:e
1883:t
1876:v
1850:.
1630:.
1597:'
1582:.
1387:-
868:e
861:t
854:v
803:)
799:(
606:)
594:(
314::
45:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.jpg)
