192:(where air temperature increases with height) forms over the gulf. The densities in this stable layer are different above and below the inversion. The air descending from the peninsula to the east goes underneath the inversion layer and this generates a series of waves or rolling cylinders which travel across the gulf. These cylinders of air roll along the underside of the inversion layer, so that the air rises at the front of the wave and sinks at the rear. In the early morning, the air is saturated enough so that the rising air in the front produces a cloud, which forms the leading edge of the cylinder, and evaporates in the back, hence forming the Morning Glory cloud. The cloud lasts until the surface inversion disappears with the heating of the day.
22:
326:
116:, a rapid increase in the vertical displacement of air parcels, and a sharp pressure jump at the surface. Cloud is continuously formed at the leading edge while being eroded at the trailing edge. Showers or thunderstorms may develop in its wake. In the front of the cloud, there is strong vertical motion that transports air up through the cloud and creates the rolling appearance, while the air in the middle and rear of the cloud becomes turbulent and sinks. The cloud quickly dissipates over land where the air is drier.
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247:), followed up by a series of them (but much less distinctive) shortly after midnight on 24 October 2015. There was another rare roll cloud formation that was observed in Masury, Ohio, 41.211168°N, -80.537849°W, on 27 May 2012, at 2:30 pm EST. This rare cloud event was observed by a mother and daughter, who also reported that high winds accompanied this formation, immediately after it being observed. Considering the rarity of the event in this region, it is seen as a once in a lifetime occurrence.
38:
188:, which is the peninsula that lies to the east of the gulf, is large enough that sea breezes develop on both sides. During the day, the breeze from the Coral Sea coast blows in from the east and the breeze from the gulf blows in from the west. The two breezes meet in the middle of the peninsula, forcing the air to rise there and form a line of clouds over the spine of the peninsula. When night comes, the air cools and descends and at the same time a surface
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109:, that can be up to 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) long,1 to 2 kilometres (0.62 to 1.24 mi) high, often only 100 to 200 metres (330 to 660 ft) above the ground. The cloud often travels at the rate of 10 to 20 metres per second. Sometimes there is only one cloud, sometimes there are up to ten consecutive roll clouds. Three distinct types of Morning Glory clouds have been identified.
97:
intent on riding this phenomenon. There are generally only a handful of well formed spectacular clouds during this period at
Burketown. During the 2012 season there were only four to be seen from there, but quite a few ragged unspectacular cloud lines were seen. Often they start to break up before
270:, in April 2009, as well as several communities in Newfoundland in May 2022. In contrast to the Gulf of Carpentaria where the Morning Glory is visible in the morning, those in the Maritimes have all occurred during the evening. Rare examples have been observed via satellite observation over the
235:, and other maritime regions of Australia. There was one distinct and well formed roll cloud observed spanning from horizon to horizon (east to west), just prior to midnight on 22 October 2015 at 50.3044°N, 96.9692°W (about 35 km North of
49:
Satellite photo of morning cloud formations over the Gulf of
Carpentaria. Northern part of the visible linear cloud is North Australian Squall Line, Morning Glory cloud is the very southern part of this linear
202:
frost over and the café tables' corners curl upwards at the
Burketown Pub, there is enough moisture in the air for the clouds to form. Reportedly, all winds cease at ground level as the cloud passes over.
131:, which is a wave that has a single crest and moves without changing speed or shape. They have been called "the biggest waves on the planet". The wave may occur without the appearance of any clouds.
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211:
Although the
Morning Glory clouds over the southern part of the Gulf of Carpentaria are the most frequent and predictable, similar phenomena have occasionally been observed elsewhere,
294:
in Brazil. The phenomenon was also recorded on
Batroun's shore (Lebanon – Middle East) in September 2004. On 20 November 2013, a Morning Glory formation formed over the greater
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The following is a summary of the conditions that cause the
Morning Glory cloud to form in the Gulf of Carpentaria (after hypothesis of R.H.Clarke, as described in 1981). First,
157:
The
Morning Glory cloud of the Gulf of Carpentaria has been studied by multiple teams of scientists since the early 1970s. The first studies were published by Reg H. Clarke (
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circulations associated with a difference in sea breezes that develop over the
Peninsula and the Gulf. On the large scale, Morning Glories are usually associated with
62:
consisting of a low-level atmospheric solitary wave and associated cloud, occasionally observed in different locations around the world. The wave often occurs as an
98:
arriving at
Burketown or pass to the north and only stay well formed over water. In an aircraft there is a significantly better chance of sighting the cloud.
751:
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There are other ways in which
Morning Glory clouds form, especially in rarer cases in other parts of the world, but these are far less understood.
161:). Multiple studies have followed since then, proposing diverse mathematical models explaining the complex movements of air masses in the region.
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crossing central Australia and high pressure in northern Australia. Locals have noted that the Morning Glory is likely to occur when the
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is the only known location where it can be predicted and observed regularly due to the configuration of land and sea in the area.
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in the area is high, which provides moisture for the cloud to form, and when strong sea breezes have blown the preceding day.
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673:"Prachtige #morningglory deze #ochtend boven #Appelscha (Nederland). Via @MichelTel #cloudporn. #weather #world"
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Grimshaw, Roger; James W. Rottman (2002). "Atmospheric Internal Solitary Waves". In Grimshaw, Roger (ed.).
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562:"What's the science behind these spectacular weather photos? - Social Media Blog - Bureau of Meteorology"
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bay in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. In August 2011, it happened again over
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One of the main contributors for the formation of the morning glory clouds is the
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The Morning Glory is often accompanied by sudden wind squalls, intense low-level
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Unusual cloud formations have been noticed here since ancient times. The local
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Morning Glory clouds have occasionally been reported on Cape Cod and in the
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306:, The Netherlands. On 5 February 2018 a Morning Glory cloud formed over
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and selected species, supplementary features, and other airborne
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Galleries and articles covering the history of soaring the wave.
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Cumulus castellanus (unofficial alternative name for Cu con))
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607:
Morning Glory Cloud @ South Campos Basin on August 14th, 2011
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No differentiated sub-types; tends to resemble cirrostratus
310:, US. On 30 August 2018, a Morning Glory cloud formed over
302:, US. On 3 November 2016 a Morning Glory cloud formed over
429:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 67, 69.
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from late September to early November. The town attracts
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area. On 4 June 2015 a Morning Glory cloud formed over
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282:. A Morning Glory cloud was observed in 2007 over the
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Local weather lore in the area suggests that when the
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term for Cu con and "Cu cas" is Towering cumulus ))
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661:. Independent Online. Retrieved on 30 August 2014.
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1668:(Mother cloud)+mutatus (e.g. cumulomutatus (cumut)
1665:(Mother cloud)+genitus (e.g. cumulogenitus (cugen)
258:coast. The phenomenon has also been observed from
698:Morning Glory lures scientists to ride cloud nine
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464:"Weird, Rare Clouds and the Physics Behind Them"
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648:. South Africa Today. Retrieved 30 August 2014.
406:. Dropbears.com. Retrieved on 28 December 2012.
404:Morning Glory Clouds of the Gulf of Carpentaria
154:pilots first reported this phenomenon in 1942.
716:Morning Glory Cloud of the Gulf of Carpentaria
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595:the cloud that glider pilots surf, pp 283–305
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707:The Sydney Morning Herald. 16 September 2002
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659:Rare cloud behind Durban’s unusual weather
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89:Morning Glory clouds can be observed from
66:-ordered series of waves forming bands of
845:Nacreous polar stratospheric clouds (PSC)
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766:Latin terminology except where indicated
646:PHOTOS: Strange clouds spotted in Durban
278:region of Australia as well as over the
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41:The location of the Gulf of Carpentaria.
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25:A Morning Glory cloud formation between
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1069:Mutatus non-height specific (see below)
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711:Meteorology of the Morning Glory Cloud
620:from the original on 11 December 2021.
266:. A Morning Glory also passed through
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385:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation
119:The cloud can also be described as a
671:NoodweerBenelux (3 November 2016).
1471:Stratocumulus stratiformis (Sc str)
1466:Stratocumulus lenticularis (Sc len)
657:(21 November 2013) Lauren Rawlins.
548:"Morning Glory of Carpentaria Gulf"
505:
13:
1456:Stratocumulus castellanus (Sc cas)
1012:Cirrocumulus stratiformis (Cc str)
1007:Cirrocumulus lenticularis (Cc len)
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450:
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1128:Altocumulus stratiformis (Ac str)
1123:Altocumulus lenticularis (Ac len)
997:Cirrocumulus castellanus (Cc cas)
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493:. Meteorological Institute Munich
462:Betsy Mason (29 September 2009).
1233:Cumulonimbus capillatus (Cb cap)
1108:Altocumulus castellanus (Ac cas)
866:polar stratospheric clouds (PSC)
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1412:St-only genitus cloud and other
1048:Cirrostratus nebulosus (Cs neb)
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1715:Natural history of Nova Scotia
1481:Stratocumulus volutus (Sc vol)
1461:Stratocumulus floccus (Sc flo)
1242:Cb-only supplementary features
1043:Cirrostratus fibratus (Cs fib)
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554:
550:. Wondermondo. 24 August 2010.
426:Environmental Stratified Flows
397:
377:Abbie Thomas (7 August 2003).
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1:
1419:Stratus silvagenitus (St sil)
1277:Cumulonimbus flumen ((Cb flu)
1270:Cb-only accessories and other
1118:Altocumulus lacunosus (Ac la)
1002:Cirrocumulus floccus (Cc flo)
1228:Cumulonimbus calvus (Cb cal)
1133:Altocumulus volutus (Ac vol)
1113:Altocumulus floccus (Ac flo)
807:Noctilucent type III billows
575:Gavin Pretor-Pinney (2006).
7:
1182:Nimbostratus virga (Ns vir)
925:Cirrus castellanus (Ci cas)
317:
262:, 180 km southeast of
101:A Morning Glory cloud is a
10:
1736:
1403:Stratus nebulosus (St neb)
1337:Cumulus congestus (Cu con)
1331:Cumulus mediocris (Cu med)
966:Cirrus vertebratus (Ci ve)
810:Noctilucent type IV whirls
579:. Hodder & Stoughton.
519:. May 2010. Archived from
513:"The world's biggest wave"
207:Other reported occurrences
152:Royal Australian Air Force
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1249:Cumulonimbus cauda ((cau)
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73:The southern part of the
60:meteorological phenomenon
16:Meteorological phenomenon
1398:Stratus fractus (St fra)
1326:Cumulus humilis (Cu hum)
1305:Variable vertical extent
1255:Cumulonimbus incus (inc)
930:Cirrus fibratus (Ci fib)
801:Noctilucent type I veils
795:Polar mesospheric clouds
577:The Cloudspotter's Guide
364:
1476:Stratocumulus Undulatus
961:Cirrus intortus (Ci in)
945:Cirrus uncinus (Ci unc)
935:Cirrus floccus (Ci flo)
696:Smith, Deborah. (2002)
159:University of Melbourne
1616:Supplementary features
1496:supplementary features
491:"Tropical Cloud Lines"
165:Atmospheric conditions
135:History of exploration
51:
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1720:North West Queensland
1659:and human-made clouds
1155:Altostratus undulatus
864:Nitric acid and water
703:28 March 2019 at the
517:Geographical Magazine
284:Campos dos Goytacazes
272:Joseph Bonaparte Gulf
268:Yarmouth, Nova Scotia
48:
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644:(21 November 2013).
1705:Gulf of Carpentaria
1677:Homomutatus (homut)
1673:Homogenitus (hogen)
1643:Praecipitatio (pra)
855:Lenticular nacreous
523:on 3 September 2014
379:"Soaring the glory"
75:Gulf of Carpentaria
56:Morning Glory cloud
1439:Stratocumulus (Sc)
1426:(Fg) Surface level
1367:Trade wind cumulus
852:Cirriform nacreous
308:Richmond, Virginia
252:Gulf of California
79:Northern Australia
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632:"Follow the sign"
593:The Morning Glory
144:Aboriginal people
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1063:mutatus cloud
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827:Stratospheric
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300:St. Cloud, FL
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1541:Pannus (pan)
1531:Pileus (pil)
1503:Arcus ((arc)
1381:Stratus (St)
1302:Cumulus (Cu)
1279:Beaver tail)
1081:Medium-level
890:Tropospheric
760:hydrometeors
666:
653:
640:
626:
611:
606:
600:
592:
591:Chapter 13,
576:
570:
556:
525:. Retrieved
521:the original
516:
507:
495:. Retrieved
484:
472:. Retrieved
470:. Condé Nast
467:
440:. Retrieved
425:
399:
387:. Retrieved
382:
372:
354:Gravity wave
292:Campos Basin
260:Sable Island
249:
212:
210:
197:
194:
183:
168:
156:
147:
138:
129:undular bore
118:
111:
100:
88:
72:
55:
53:
33:, Australia.
18:
1710:Cloud types
1648:Virga (vir)
1638:Mamma (mam)
1628:Cavum (cav)
1587:Opacus (op)
1536:Velum (vel)
1509:Tuba ((tub)
1262:Wall cloud)
1251:Tail cloud)
1168:Multi-level
908:Cirrus (Ci)
791:Noctilucent
773:Mesospheric
383:ABC Science
280:Arabian Sea
264:Nova Scotia
107:arcus cloud
85:Description
68:roll clouds
1699:Categories
1561:Non-height
898:High-level
436:0792376056
312:Ruskin, FL
231:, eastern
146:called it
114:wind shear
103:roll cloud
58:is a rare
1570:Varieties
1524:and other
1362:Horseshoe
1288:Hot tower
1199:Low-level
1175:Varieties
527:30 August
497:30 August
474:30 August
442:30 August
389:30 August
304:Appelscha
288:Peregrino
276:Kimberley
219:, in the
190:inversion
186:Cape York
171:mesoscale
91:Burketown
64:amplitude
31:Normanton
27:Burketown
1563:specific
837:15–30 km
783:80–85 km
701:Archived
618:Archived
318:See also
254:off the
241:Manitoba
237:Winnipeg
179:humidity
148:kangólgi
1545:Other-
1448:Species
1390:Species
1321:Fractus
1313:Species
1220:Species
1100:Species
1035:Species
989:Species
917:Species
900:3–18 km
681:Twitter
613:YouTube
256:Mexican
200:fridges
125:soliton
1505:Shelf)
1201:0–2 km
1083:2–8 km
756:genera
583:
433:
314:, US.
296:Durban
245:Canada
233:Russia
229:Berlin
225:Munich
141:Garrwa
127:or an
50:cloud.
1355:Other
793:(NLC)
753:Cloud
677:Tweet
468:Wired
365:Notes
123:or a
105:, or
1345:ICAO
581:ISBN
529:2014
499:2014
476:2014
444:2014
431:ISBN
391:2014
213:e.g.
54:The
29:and
1424:Fog
764:WMO
77:in
1701::
762:-
616:.
610:.
537:^
515:.
466:.
452:^
411:^
381:.
243:,
239:,
227:,
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1343:(
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1335:(
745:e
738:t
731:v
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675:(
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564:.
531:.
501:.
478:.
446:.
393:.
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