Mortuary temple of Hatshepsut

580: 558:, the High Priest, were responsible. It is also likely that Hatshepsut provided input to the project. Over the course of its construction, between the seventh and twentieth year of Hatshepsut's reign, the temple plan underwent several revisions. A clear example of these modifications is in the Hathor shrine, whose expansions included, among other things, a conversion from a single to dual hypostyle halls. Its design was directly inspired by Mentuhotep II's adjoining temple immediately south, although its manner of arrangement is entirely unique. For example, whilst the central shrine of Mentuhotep II's temple was dedicated to his mortuary cult, Hatshepsut instead elevated the shrine of Amun to greater prominence. However, her mortuary cult was otherwise afforded the most voluminous chamber in the temple, harkening back to the offering halls of the pyramid age. There are parallels between the temple's architectural style and contemporaneous 1193: 62: 1081:

causeway to the temple proper. Halfway up was the barque station, beyond which the path was flanked by more than 100 sandstone sphinxes up to the terraces. This is the oldest attested sphinx avenue, though the practice is thought to date to the Old Kingdom. The valley temple and barque station were points at which offerings were made and purification rituals conducted. The procession carried on through the entrance-gate, up the temple's great ramps, and into the sanctuary where the barque and Amun were kept for a night before being returned home to Karnak. On this day, bounteous offerings of food, meat, drink and flowers were presented on tables to Amun, with smaller quantities reserved for the king. On all other days, priests performed the 'Daily Ritual' upon the statues of Amun and Hatshepsut.

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methods included chiselling away, roughening, smoothing, patching or covering over of her image and titles. In other places her image was replaced with that of an offering table. Occasionally, her image was repurposed for a member of the Thutmosid family. This was most often Thutmose II, although infrequently instead her cartouche was replaced with that of Thutmose I or III. The final method, and the most destructive, was the obliteration of her statuary in the temple. Workmen dragged the statues from her temple to one of two designated sites, a quarry – a burrow from which fill material was obtained – and the Hatshepsut Hole. Here, sledgehammers and stone blocks were used to break up the statues which were then dumped into the chosen repositories.

754: 1169: 1115:. Fresh paint was applied to its eyes, it was anointed with various oils, dressed in new garments of cloth, and provided with accessories. Lastly, its face was anointed and sand scattered around the chapel before the image was returned to its resting place. By now, the god's breakfast offering was presented to him. A final set of purifications were conducted and the doors to the shrine closed with the head priest sweeping away his footsteps behind him. The food was taken away as well – they were not physically consumed, the god only partook of their essence – to be re-presented at the chapels of other deities. Each god received essentially the same service. The food was eventually consumed by the priests in the 'reversion of offerings', 666: 998: 904:

emulated those found in the mortuary temples of the Old and Middle Kingdom pyramid complexes. It measured 13.25 m (43.5 ft) deep by 5.25 m (17.2 ft) wide and had a vaulted ceiling 6.35 m (20.8 ft) high. Consequently, it was the largest chamber in the entire temple. Thutmose I's offering-hall was decidedly smaller, measuring 5.36 m (17.6 ft) deep by 2.65 m (8.7 ft) wide. Both halls contained red granite false doors, scenes of animal-sacrifice, offerings and offering-bearers, priests performing rituals, and the owner of the chapel seated before a table receiving those offerings. Scenes from the offering-hall are direct copies of those present in the

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wonders of the ancient world'. A statement by the archaeologist Dieter Arnold: 'A masterpiece of pharaonic temple architecture and indeed of architecture world wide, the building was certainly designed by one of the greatest temple builders of ancient Egypt'. A commentary by Zbigniew Szafrański, former director of the Polish Archaeological and Conservation Expedition at the Temple of Hatshepsut at Deir el-Bahari: 'An explosion of artistic creativity by Hatshepsut is exemplified in her temple at Deir el-Bahari. Landscape, terraced architecture and sculpture created one of the great architectural wonders of the ancient world. It is a masterpiece of pharaonic temple architecture'.

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proscription was delayed by two decades and targeted only against her reign as king. The second argument is that it was a repudiation of the concept of female kingship. The role of a king was closed to women, and her assumption of the role may have presented ideological problems that were resolved via erasure. This may explain the decision to leave images of her as queen intact. The third case assesses the possibility of a dynastic dispute between the Ahmosid and Thutmosid lineages. By expunging her rule from the record, Thutmose III may have ensured that his son, Amenhotep II, would ascend the throne. There is, however, no known Ahmosid pretender.

678: 742: 1209: 654: 878: 487: 973: 85: 495: 690: 730: 945: 1288: 1181: 78: 1157: 801: 777: 789: 625:. Thus legitimizing her rule both by royal lineage and godly progeny. This is the oldest known scene of its type. Construction of the north portico and its four or five chapels was abandoned prior to completion and consequently it was left blank. The terrace also likely featured sphinxes set up along the path to the next ramp, whose balustrade was adorned by falcons resting upon coiled cobras. In the south-west and north-west corner of the terrace are the shrines to Hathor and Ra, respectively. 1013:, was meant to be an element of the mortuary complex at Deir el-Bahari. The arrangement of the temple and tomb bear a spatial resemblance to the pyramid complexes of the Old Kingdom, which comprised five central elements: valley temple, causeway, mortuary temple, main pyramid, and cult pyramid. Hatshepsut's temple complex included the valley temple, causeway, and mortuary temple. Her tomb was built into the massif of the same cliffs as the temple, beneath the dominating peak of 825:

flood onto the statue of Amun. The lintel of the red granite entrance depicts two Amuns seated upon a throne with backs together and kings kneeling in submission before them, a symbol of his supreme status in the sanctuary. Inside the hall are scenes of offerings presented by Hatshepsut and Thutmose I, accompanied by Ahmose and Princesses Neferure and Nefrubity, four Osiride statues of Hatshepsut in the corners, and six statues of Amun occupying the niches of the hall. In the

1441:(SCA). The project was originally constrained to reconstructing the third terrace, but, since 1967, the mission has included the entire temple. The project is presently directed by Patryk Chudzik. The site is being gradually opened to tourism. Since 2000, the festival courtyard, upper terrace, and the coronation portico have been open to visitors. In 2015, the solar cult court and, in 2017, the sanctuary of Amun were also opened to visitation. 938:. There are sixteen known foundation deposits at Hatshepsut's temple, that generally outline its perimeter, and a further three at the valley temple. Broadly, pottery, votives, food and ritual offerings, tools, scarabs and seal amulets were deposited into the prepared holes. The titles of Hatshepsut, Thutmose III, and Neferure are incised into some of these items, as are images and names of gods. 718:

Hathor capitals. The walls of the entrance contain scenes of Hathor being fed by Hatshepsut. Inside are two hypostyle halls, the first containing 12 columns and the second containing 16. Beyond this are a vestibule containing two columns and a double sanctuary. Reliefs on the walls of the shrine depict Hathor with Hatshepsut, the goddess Weret-hekhau presenting the pharaoh with a

1049:, were contained in the vessel of the living body. On death, the body was rendered immobile and the soul was able to leave it. In her temple, the offering of food and drink was performed before the granite false doors of the offering chapels. The mortuary ritual, lists of offerings, and the recipient of the rites were depicted on the east wall of both chapels. 1448: 605:) trees, two T-shaped basins which held papyri and flowers, and two recumbent lion statues on the ramp balustrade. The 25 m (82 ft) wide porticoes of the lower terrace contain 22 columns each, arranged in two rows, and feature relief scenes on their walls. The south portico's reliefs depict the transportation of two obelisks from 1076:, which carried the barque, were towed. In Hatshepsut's time, the barque of Amun was a miniaturized copy of a transport barge equipped with three long carrying-poles borne by six priests each. The figure of a ram's head, sacred to Amun, adorned its prow and stern. In the centre of its hull a lavishly ornamented 1024:

Further, her tomb lies in-line with the offering hall of the mortuary cult complex. There is another analogous relationship, that between the mortuary temple and Karnak and that of the pyramids and Heliopolis. Though KV20 is recognized as the tomb of Hatshepsut, there is dispute over who commissioned

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to Hatshepsut and the latter contains a relief of Hatshepsut as a priest of her own cult. Attached to the court was a chapel which contained representations of Hatshepsut's family. In these, Thutmose I and his mother, Seniseneb, are depicted giving offerings to Anubis, while Hatshepsut and Ahmose are

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At the north end of the middle terrace is a shrine dedicated to the god Anubis. This shrine is smaller than its counterpart to Hathor in the south. It comprises a hypostyle hall adorned with 12 columns arranged into three rows of four, followed by a sequence of two rooms terminating at a small niche.

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of Lower Egypt. The portico here completes the narrative of the preceding porticoes with the coronation of Hatshepsut as king of Upper and Lower Egypt. The courtyard is surrounded by pillars, two rows deep on the north, east and south sides, and three rows deep on the west side. Eight smaller and ten

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was enthroned. The reasons behind the proscription remain a mystery. A personal grudge appears unlikely as Thutmose III had waited twenty years to act. Perhaps the concept of a female king was anathema to ancient Egyptian society or a dynastic dispute between the Ahmosid and Thutmosid lineages needed

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Situated at the back of the temple, on its main axis, is the climactic point of the temple, the sanctuary of Amun, to whom Hatshepsut had dedicated the temple as 'a garden for my father Amun'. Inside, the first chamber was a chapel which hosted the barque of Amun and a skylight that allowed light to

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in New York Catherine H. Roehrig, Renée Dreyfus, and Cathleen A. Keller: 'During this period Egyptian artists reinterpreted the traditional forms of art and architecture with an originality that is exemplified in Hatshepsut's temple at Deir el-Bahri in western Thebes, one of the great architectural

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was installed and the statue of Amun, presently bejewelled, cloistered within. The barque likely measured 4.5 m (15 ft) in length. The procession crossed the Nile, visited the cemeteries in remembrance, before landing at the valley temple to proceed along the 1 km (0.62 mi) long

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At the south end of the middle terrace is a shrine dedicated to the goddess Hathor. The shrine is separated from the temple and is accessed by a ramp from the lower terrace, although an alternative entrance existed at the upper terrace. The ramp opens to a portico adorned with four columns carrying

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The middle terrace measures 75 m (246 ft) deep by 90 m (300 ft) wide fronted by porticoes on the west and partially on the north sides. The west porticoes contain 22 columns arranged in two rows while the north portico contains 15 columns in a single row. The reliefs of the west

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Two decades after her death, during Thutmose III's forty-second regnal year, he decided that all evidence of her reign as king of Egypt should be erased. His reasons for proscribing her reign remain unclear. This assault against her reign was, however, short-lived. Two years after it started, when

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Situated in the south of the courtyard was the mortuary cult complex. Accessed through a vestibule adorned with three columns are two offering halls oriented on an east–west axis. The northern hall is dedicated to Thutmose I; the southern hall is dedicated to Hatshepsut. Hatshepsut's offering-hall

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At its far eastern end, lay a valley temple followed by a 1 km (0.62 mi) long, 37 m (121 ft) wide causeway, which also hosted a barque station at its midpoint, that led to the entrance gate of the mortuary temple. Here, three massive terraces rose above the desert floor and led

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After the Ptolemaic kingdom, the temple was used as a site of local worship. Between the 6th and 8th centuries AD, a Coptic monastery of Saint Phoibammon was constructed on the temple grounds. Figures of Christ and other saints were painted over the original relief work with the temple. A pilgrim

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Several methods of erasure were employed at her temple by Thutmose III in his campaign. The least damaging were the scratching out of feminine pronouns and suffixes, which otherwise left the text intact. These were commonly used in the Hathor shrine and in the upper terrace. More thorough removal

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There are three hypotheses regarding Thutmose III's motivation. The oldest and most dubious is personal revenge. This hypothesis holds that Hatshepsut usurped the throne as sole ruler, relegating Thutmose III, and consequently he sought to erase her memory. This explanation is unconvincing as the

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built six centuries earlier. In the arrangement of its chambers and sanctuaries, though, the temple is wholly unique. The main axis, normally reserved for the mortuary complex, is occupied instead by the sanctuary of the barque of Amun-Re, with the mortuary cult being displaced south to form the

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Images presented on the walls are of offerings and cult activity, with a relief showing Anubis escorting Hatshepsut to the shrine. The name of Anubis was used to designate the heir to the throne, which the Egyptologist Ann Macy Roth associates to the reliefs depicting Hatshepsut's divine birth.

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containing the cult image of Amun-Re was first purified with incense. At first light, the head priest opened the shrine and prostrated himself before the god declaring that he had been sent on behalf of the king, while other priests performed recitations. The shrine was purified with water and

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The sanctuary of Amun was the end point of the Beautiful Festival of the Valley, conducted annually, starting at the Temple of Karnak. This celebration dates to the Middle Kingdom, when it concluded at the temple built by Mentuhotep II. The procession began at the Eighth Pylon at Karnak led by

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The solar cult is accessed from the courtyard through a vestibule occupied by three columns in the north side of the upper terrace courtyard. The doorjamb of the entrance is embellished with the figures of Hatshepsut, Ra-Horakhty (Horus) and Amun. The reliefs in the vestibule contain images of

1251:, a solar deity, was elevated to the status of supreme god. The persecution of other gods did not begin immediately, instead reform proceeded gradually for several years before culminating in prohibition around his ninth regnal year. The proscription coincides with the ostracization of 722:

necklace, and Senenmut. Hathor holds special significance in Thebes, representing the hills of Deir el-Bahari, and also to Hatshepsut who presented herself as a reincarnation of the goddess. Hathor is also associated with Punt, which is the subject of reliefs in the proximate portico.

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on the east, and the coronation rituals on the south. Three cult sites branch off from the courtyard. The sanctuary of Amun lies west on the main axis, to the north was the solar cult court, and to the south is a chapel dedicated to the mortuary cults of Hatshepsut and Thutmose I.

613:, Lord of Nubia and the 'Foundation Ritual'. The north portico's reliefs depict Hatshepsut as a sphinx crushing her enemies, along with images of fishing and hunting, and offerings to the gods. The outer ends of the porticoes hosted 7.8 m (26 ft) tall Osiride statues. 498:

Temple plan: 1) entrance gate; 2) lower terrace; 3) lower porticoes; 4) ramps; 5) middle terrace; 6) middle porticoes; 7) north portico; 8) Hathor shrine; 9) Anubis shrine; 10) upper terrace; 11) festival courtyard; 12) Amun shrine; 13) solar cult court; and 14) mortuary cult

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grains before she offers her temple to Amun-Re. The next scene has been lost, it preceded the closing scene of the 'Great Offering' to Amun-Re-Kamutef. During the ceremony, the consecration of foundation deposits would take place, a practice that started as early as the

531:. This temple, built centuries earlier and found immediately south of Hatshepsut's, served as an inspiration for her design. On its main axis and at the end of temple, lay the temple's main cult site, a shrine to Amun-Re, which received his barque each year during the 1119:. More purifying libations were poured and incense burned at the shrines at noon and in the evening. At other times, hymns were sung, apotropaic rituals performed to protect Amun-Re's barque as it voyaged across the sky, and wax or clay images of enemies destroyed. 1564:

translating to 'the good goddess Maatkare, she made her monument for her father Amun at the time of the stretching of the cord over Djeser-djeseru-Amun so that she may be made to live like Re forever'. Small lid bears two columns of text facing each other reading

515:, the preeminent residence of Amun, she contributed the Eighth Pylon – a pair of 30.5 m (100 ft) tall obelisks –, offering chapels, a shrine with another obelisk pair, and statues of herself. Facing Karnak from across the river Nile, she built a 890:. The vestibule opens to the main court which hosts a grand altar open to the sky and accessed from a staircase in the court's west. There are two niches present in the court in the south and west wall, the former shows Ra-Horakhty presenting an 598:

The lower terrace measures 120 m (390 ft) deep by 75 m (246 ft) wide and was enclosed by a wall with a single 2 m (6.6 ft) wide entrance gate at the centre of its east side. This terrace featured two Persea

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translating to 'the good goddess Maatkare, she made her temple for her father Amun-Re at the time of the stretching of the cord over Djeser-djeseru-Amun so that she may be made to live'. See also Catherine H. Roehrig's translation on

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larger niches were cut into the west wall, these are presumed to have contained kneeling and standing statues of Pharaoh Hatshepsut. The remaining walls are carved with reliefs: the Beautiful Festival of the Valley on the north, the

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Deir-el-Bahari: documents topographiques, historiques et ethnographiques, recueillis dans ce temple pendant les fouilles exécutées par Auguste Mariette-Bey. Ouvrage publié sous les auspices de Son Altesse Ismail Khédive d'Egypte.

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Prior to its construction, the 'stretching of the cord' otherwise known as the 'foundation ritual' was performed. The ritual is depicted in detail on the south portico of the lower terrace. The ceremony opens before the goddess

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and of the divine birth of Hatshepsut, the backbone of her case to rightfully occupy the throne as a member of the royal family and as godly progeny. Below, the lowest terrace leads to the causeway and out to the valley temple.

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Before dawn each morning, a pair of priests visited the temple's well to collect water for transfer to libation vessels. Other priests busied themselves preparing food and drink as offerings to the gods while the head priest,

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Hatshepsut and Thutmose III, followed by noblemen and priests bearing Amun's barque, accompanied by musicians, dancers, courtiers and more priests, and guarded by soldiers. A further flotilla of small boats and the great ship

865:, giving it the name 'the Ptolemaic Sanctuary'. The discovery of reliefs depicting Hatshepsut evidence the construction to her reign instead. The Egyptologist Dieter Arnold speculates that it might have hosted a granite 357:

Construction of the terraced temple took place between Hatshepsut's seventh and twentieth regnal year, during which building plans were repeatedly modified. In its design it was heavily influenced by the adjacent

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occupied the end walls. The third chamber contained a statue around which the 'Daily Ritual' was also performed. It was originally believed to have been constructed a millennium after the original temple, under

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into the Djeser-Djeseru or "Holy of Holies". Nearly the entire temple was built of limestone, with some red granite and sandstone. A single architrave was built of violet sandstone, purportedly sourced from

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translating to 'daughter of Re Khnemet-Imen-Hatshepsut made her monument for her father at the time of the stretching of the cord over Djeser-djeseru-Amun so that she may be made to live'. Small vase bears

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statue of Hatshepsut. They are split in the centre by a granite gate through which the festival courtyard was entered. This division is represented geographically, too, as the southern colossi carry the

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The principal function of the temple was to serve the royal mortuary cults of Hatshepsut and Thutmose I. To fulfill this purpose, a mortuary cult complex was built where offerings could be made for the

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leading up to the temple proper, and arrived at by a 1 km (0.62 mi) long causeway that led from the valley temple. Each elevated terrace was accessed by a ramp which bifurcated the porticoes.

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translating to 'the good goddess, lady of the Two lands, Maatkare, may she be made to live * beloved of Amun in Djeser-djeseru. See also Catherine H. Roehrig's translations on pp. 144–145.

334:, a pyramid for her mortuary complex. At the edge of the desert, 1 km (0.62 mi) east, connected to the complex by a causeway lies the accompanying valley temple. Across the river 1323:, the Greek goddess of hygiene. In the barque hall, the two centre niches were filled and the skylight blocked. The sanctuary entrance was outfitted with a portico carried by six columns. 4430: 1402:

were destroyed and the shrines to Hathor and Anubis as well as the south colonnade of the middle terrace were revealed. During the Egypt Exploration Fund's (EEF) expedition, under

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The left half of the relief was once occupied by the Horus, throne, and birth names of Hatshepsut. The top line has been thoroughly obliterated. Of the middle line, the shapes of

475: 1180: 1356: 1303:, a god of the Greek pantheon. Later under Ptolemy VIII Euergetes, the sanctuary of Amun was significantly altered. The cult statue chamber was converted into a chapel for 836:

The second chamber contained a cult image of Amun, and was flanked either side by a chapel. The north chapel was carved with reliefs depicting the gods of the Heliopolitan

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and the transportation of exotic goods to Thebes. The north-west portico reliefs narrate the divine birth of Hatshepsut to Thutmose I, represented as Amun-Re, and

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descent. Overall, the temple is representative of New Kingdom funerary architecture which served to laud the pharaoh and to honour gods relevant to the afterlife.

1410:, from 1893–1906, the entire temple was excavated. The seven volumes of Naville's work form a fundamental source of information for the temple. In 1911–1936, the 4412:, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut (see index) 1037:, or spirit, of the king. In the Egyptian conception, the deceased continued to rely on the same sustenance as the living. In life, the aspects of the soul, the 701: 1208: 1168: 1109:

was presented to the cult image which was then removed. The statuette was de-clothed, cleared of oil, and placed on a pile of clean sand, a representation of

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Arnold, Dorothea (2005c). "A Chronology: The Later History and Excavations of the Temple of Hatshepsut at Deir el-Bahri". In Roehrig, Catharine (ed.).

1399: 665: 442:, a British traveller, who visited the site. Several visitations followed, though serious excavation was not conducted until the 1850s and 60s under 1034: 4425: 944: 1379: 562:, which has raised the possibility of an international style spreading across the Mediterranean in this period. Hatshepsut may also be of partly 322:, it is considered to be a masterpiece of ancient architecture. Its three massive terraces rise above the desert floor and into the cliffs of 653: 428:

was built between the 6th and 8th centuries AD and images of Christ were painted over original reliefs. The latest graffito left is dated to

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Roth, Ann Macy (2005). "Hatshepsut's Mortuary Temple at Deir el-Bahri: Architecture as Political Statement". In Roehrig, Catharine (ed.).

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Dynasties, the temple was used as a burial ground for priests of the cults of Amun and Montu, as well as for members of the royal family.

478:(PCMA) has carried out extensive consolidation and restoration works throughout the temple and it was opened to the public in March 2023. 4099:

Szafrański, Zbigniew E. (2014). "The Exceptional Creativity of Hatshepsut". In Galán, José M.; Bryan M., Betsy; Dorman, Peter F. (eds.).

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its initial construction. Two competing hypotheses suggest that the tomb was built originally during the reign of either Thutmose I or

523:. The pinnacle of her architectural contributions, it is considered to be among the great architectural wonders of the ancient world. 741: 609:

to the Temple of Karnak in Thebes, where Hatshepsut is presenting the obelisks and the temple to the god Amun-Re. They also depict

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caused further harm. During the Ptolemaic period the sanctuary of Amun was restructured and a new portico built at its entrance. A

1634:, meaning 'Beloved of Amun-Re'. This text appears on the opposite side of the same line as well. Of the lower line, the glyphs of 800: 677: 354:

at the climax of the festival, while its north-south axis represented the life cycle of the pharaoh from coronation to rebirth.

42: 39: 37: 3839: 1454: 391:, references to her rule were erased, usurped or obliterated. The campaign was intense but brief, quelled after two years when 3917:

Roehrig, Catharine (2005a). "Foundation Deposits for the Temple of Hatshepsut at Deir el-Bahri". In Roehrig, Catharine (ed.).

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Proposed dates for Mentuhotep II's reign: c. 2066–2014 BC, c. 2051–2000 BC, c. 2055–2004 BC, c. 2010–1998 BC, c. 1897–1887 BC.

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porticoes of this terrace are the most notable from the mortuary temple. The south-west portico depicts the expedition to the

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ordered the images of Egyptian gods, particularly those of Amun, to be erased. These damages were repaired subsequently under

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Hatshepsut renewed the act of monument building from her accession to the throne. She focussed her attention on the city of

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Proposed dates for Hatshepsut's reign: c. 1502–1482 BC, c. 1498–1483 BC, c. 1479–1458 BC, c. 1473–1458 BC, c. 1472–1457 BC.

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This is one of many recorded renderings of Ḏsr-ḏsrw. This particular rendering appears in the Hathor and Amun shrines.

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translating to 'the good goddess Maatkare, may she be made to live' * 'beloved of Amun, on behalf of the Two Lands'.

1058: 532: 343: 61: 4076: 338:, the whole structure points towards the monumental Eighth Pylon, Hatshepsut's most recognizable addition to the 3955:

Roehrig, Catharine H.; Dreyfus, Renée; Keller, Cathleen A. (2005). "Introduction". In Roehrig, Catharine (ed.).

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departed. The temple's twin functions are identified by its axes: its main east-west axis served to receive the

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van Dijk, Jacobus (2003). "The Armana Period and the Later New Kingdom (c.1352–1069 BC)". In Shaw, Ian (ed.).

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Karkowski, Janusz (2016). "'A Temple Comes to Being' : A Few Comments on the Temple Foundation Ritual".

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It is variously referred to as the 'upper Anubis shrine', 'chapel of the parents' and 'chapel of Thutmose I'.

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The state of the temple has suffered over time. Two decades after Hatshepsut's death, under the direction of

4398: 4162: 1430:(PCMA) of Warsaw University in Cairo has been engaged in restoration and consolidation efforts at the site. 833:

guarded by those of Amun-Re. This chamber was the end point of the annual Beautiful Festival of the Valley.

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Bryan, Betsy M. (2003). "The 18th Dynasty before the Amarna Period (c. 1550–1352 BC)". In Shaw, Ian (ed.).

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auxiliary axis with the solar cult complex to the north. Separated from the main sanctuary are shrines to

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Szafrański, Zbigniew E. (2007). "Deir el-Bahari: Temple of Hatshepsut". In Laskowska-Kusztal, Ewa (ed.).

3733:"Reconstruction of the bases of sandstone sphinxes from the Temple of Queen Hatshepsut at Deir el-Bahari" 3591:Ćwiek, Andrzej (2014). "Old and Middle Kingdom Tradition in the Temple of Hatshepsut at Deir el-Bahari". 3479:(2005b). "The Destruction of the Statues of Hatshepsut from Deir el-Bahri". In Roehrig, Catharine (ed.). 315: 1247:, albeit the target of this persecution were images of the gods, particularly Amun. Early in his reign, 379:

that front the terrace here host the most notable reliefs of the temple; those of the expedition to the

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and Hatshepsut and to the north was the solar cult court. Outside, two further shrines were built for

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Polish-Egyptian Archaeological and Conservation Mission at the Temple of Hatshepsut at Deir el-Bahari

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is credited with the earliest printed reference to the name Deir el-Bahari. In the following decades

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ascended to the throne, the proscription was abandoned and much of the erasure left half-finished.

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Yurco, Frank J. (1999). "representational evidence, New Kingdom temples". In Bard, Kathryn (ed.).

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Arnold, Dieter (2005a). "The Temple of Hatshepsut at Deir el-Bahri". In Roehrig, Catharine (ed.).

1434: 1394:

each visited the site. The earliest significant excavations took place in the 1850s and 60s under

997: 3695:. Vol. 1. Warsaw: Instytut Kultur Śródziemnomorskich i Orientalnych Polskiej Akademii Nauk. 826: 1063: 1383: 1304: 1228: 1021:) that caps her tomb, in a sense, like the pyramid capped the tomb of an Old Kingdom pharaoh. 931: 909: 862: 447: 1239:

The temple continued to serve as a site of worship following Thutmose III's death. During the

1029:

and that Hatshepsut had the tomb altered later with an additional chamber for her own burial.

4455: 1371: 1296: 840:

and the south chapel with the corresponding Theban Ennead. The enthroned gods each carried a

4314: 3854: 4289: 1391: 3770:. Writings from the ancient world. Vol. 33. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature. 1562:

nṯrt nfr mꜣꜥt-kꜣ-rꜥ ỉr n s mnnw s n tf s ỉmn ḫft pḏ-šśḥr ḏsr-ḏsrw-ỉmn ỉr s ꜥnḫ-tỉ rꜥ mỉ ḏt

8: 4440: 1006: 559: 425: 211: 3936:

Roehrig, Catharine (2005b). "The Two Tombs of Hatshepsut". In Roehrig, Catharine (ed.).

1186:

Erasure of Hatshepsut's royal titulary (left) with Thutmose III's royal titulary (right)

4149: 3534: 1544:

sꜥt-rꜥ ẖnmt-ỉmn-ḥꜣt-špśwt ỉr n s mnnw s n tf s ỉmn ḫft pḏ-šśḥr ḏsr-ḏsrw-ỉmn ỉr s ꜥnḫ-tỉ

1415: 905: 601: 455: 3693:

Sacred Landscape of Thebes during the Reign of Hatshepsut: Royal Construction Projects

1403: 1267:. The temple was damaged further by an earthquake in the ninth century BC, during the 877: 550:

The identity of the architect behind the project remains unclear. It is possible that

451: 4322: 4315: 4299: 4293: 4275: 4269: 4254: 4233: 4225: 4210: 4202: 4187: 4179: 4153: 4141: 4104: 4085: 4061: 4042: 4021: 4013: 3998: 3979: 3960: 3941: 3922: 3903: 3884: 3876: 3862: 3855: 3835: 3794: 3786: 3771: 3754: 3749: 3732: 3719: 3696: 3677: 3658: 3636: 3631:

Dorman, Peter (2005). "The Proscription of Hatshepsut". In Roehrig, Catharine (ed.).

3617: 3600: 3577: 3571: 3553: 3538: 3503: 3484: 3462: 3443: 3437: 3422: 935: 628:

The upper terrace opens to 26 columns each fronted by a 5.2 m (17 ft) tall

299: 253: 1584:

nṯrt nfr mꜣꜥt-kꜣ-rꜥ ỉr n s mnnw s n tf s ỉmn-rꜥ ḫft pḏ-šśḥr ḏsr-ḏsrw-ỉmn ỉr s ꜥnḫ-tỉ

4131: 3744: 3567: 3526: 1395: 1367: 830: 512: 486: 446:. The temple was fully excavated between 1893 and 1906 during an expedition of the 443: 339: 1433:

The Polish-Egyptian Archaeological and Conservation Expedition was established by

1419: 1001:

Entrance to the mortuary cult complex flanked by columns and the coronation ritual

463: 4465: 4460: 3850: 3476: 1348: 516: 494: 439: 307: 242: 161: 4248: 4036: 3547: 3650: 1473: 622: 520: 323: 114: 4136: 4119: 3530: 4419: 4145: 3758: 3723: 3604: 1407: 1308: 1240: 643: 504: 397: 141: 128: 4120:"Remarks on royal statues in the form of the god Osiris from Deir el-Bahari" 4084:. Warsaw: Polish Center of Mediterranean Archaeology, University of Warsaw. 3834:. Warsaw: Polish Center of Mediterranean Archaeology, University of Warsaw. 171:

273.5 m (897 ft) (Temple) 1,000 m (3,300 ft) (Causeway)

3828:

The Main Sanctuary of Amun-Re in the Temple of Hatshepsut at Deir el-Bahari

1162:

Statues of Hatshepsut were targeted for destruction during the proscription

1139: 887: 618: 584: 392: 388: 380: 347: 4271:

The Pyramids: The Mystery, Culture and Science of Egypt's Great Monuments

3517:

Bárta, Miroslav (2005). "Location of the Old Kingdom Pyramids in Egypt".

3417:

Allen, James P. (2005). "The Role of Amun". In Roehrig, Catharine (ed.).

1366:, in 1798. The earliest archaeological findings were made around 1817 by 1264: 1256: 1026: 842: 606: 413: 405: 104: 3993:

Roth, Ann Macy (2005b). "Erasing a reign". In Roehrig, Catharine (ed.).

1287: 866: 536: 311: 2575: 1300: 1244: 1233: 590:

The opening feature of the temple is the three terraces fronted by a

555: 401: 207: 1788: 1786: 438:

The temple resurfaces in the records of the modern era in 1737 with

4404: 2414: 1360: 1260: 551: 409: 202: 4165:. Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology, University of Warsaw 4058:

Thebes in Egypt: A Guide to the Tombs and Temples of Ancient Luxor

3812:. Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology, University of Warsaw 2602: 1426:

reconstructed significant portions of the temple. Since 1961, the

4224:

Troy, Lana (2001). "Eighteenth Dynasty to the Amarna Period". In

2293: 2291: 2289: 2287: 1935: 1783: 1378:, the British consul. Another visitor to the site, in 1823–1825, 1320: 1312: 1014: 638: 591: 376: 331: 4103:. Chicago, IL: Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. 3849:

Pirelli, Rosanna (1999). "Deir el-Bahri, Hatshepsut temple". In

2245: 1747: 1098:

to be purified and clothed in preparation for the ceremony. The

547:, respectively. In total, the temple comprised five cult sites. 1316: 1215: 1111: 922: 837: 634: 629: 610: 563: 544: 540: 372: 368: 3718:. Instytut Kultur Śródziemnomorskich i Orientalnych: 111–123. 2705: 2303: 2284: 4367:

Gardner's Art Through the Ages : The Western Perspective

4060:(1st. publ. ed.). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. 2758: 2756: 2160: 2158: 2087: 1252: 1223: 1132: 950:

Travertine vases and lids retrieved from a foundation deposit

857: 421: 319: 257: 3599:. Instytut Kultur Śródziemnomorskich i Orientalnych: 62–93. 3331: 3295: 3283: 3259: 3190: 2540: 2530: 2528: 2235: 2233: 1830: 1828: 1826: 1824: 1713: 1711: 1630:

remain but the cartouche does not. Behind it the text reads

3370: 3358: 3348: 3346: 3226: 3214: 2850: 2773: 2771: 2668: 2666: 2664: 2515: 2513: 2511: 2509: 2507: 2482: 2480: 2104: 2102: 2018: 2016: 2014: 1840: 1679: 1248: 1243:, further erasure of the reliefs was inflicted by order of 1105: 1018: 1010: 853: 848: 508: 351: 335: 327: 3997:. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 277–283. 3978:. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 147–157. 3940:. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 184–189. 3921:. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 141–146. 3635:. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 267–269. 3502:. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 290–293. 3483:. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 270–276. 3461:. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 135–140. 3319: 3249: 3247: 3245: 3243: 3241: 3136: 3124: 3112: 3076: 3054: 3052: 3050: 3048: 3035: 3033: 3031: 3029: 3027: 2894: 2892: 2838: 2826: 2804: 2802: 2800: 2798: 2753: 2695: 2693: 2465: 2404: 2402: 2400: 2398: 2396: 2394: 2392: 2390: 2357: 2355: 2353: 2351: 2199: 2155: 1899: 1771: 1549:

nṯrt nfr nbt tꜣwy mꜣꜥt-kꜣ-rꜥ ꜥnḫ-tỉ * ỉmn m ḏsr-ḏsr-w mrỉt

829:, cartouches containing Hatshepsut's name are flanked and 4431:

Buildings and structures completed in the 15th century BC

3394: 3307: 3202: 3180: 3178: 2879: 2877: 2651: 2649: 2647: 2619: 2617: 2565: 2563: 2561: 2559: 2557: 2555: 2525: 2492: 2388: 2386: 2384: 2382: 2380: 2378: 2376: 2374: 2372: 2370: 2230: 2220: 2218: 2216: 2214: 2189: 2187: 2185: 2183: 2181: 2179: 2177: 2175: 2173: 2065: 2063: 2061: 2059: 2057: 2055: 1865: 1863: 1861: 1859: 1857: 1855: 1821: 1811: 1809: 1807: 1805: 1803: 1801: 1708: 1698: 1696: 1694: 1510:

An introduction by the Egyptologists and curators at the

3657:. Translated by Ian Shaw. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. 3421:. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 83–85. 3343: 3165: 3163: 3000: 2814: 2783: 2768: 2741: 2661: 2634: 2632: 2504: 2477: 2431: 2429: 2274: 2272: 2099: 2011: 1911: 1398:. Under his supervision the remains of the monastery of 1067:

A section of the Beautiful Festival of the Valley relief

3674:

The Routledge Dictionary of Egyptian Gods and Goddesses

3238: 3100: 3088: 3045: 3024: 2940: 2916: 2889: 2862: 2795: 2690: 2592: 2590: 2348: 2338: 2040: 978:

Delicately inscribed hammering stone, knot amulet, and

4387:. Warsaw: Agencja Reklamowo-Wydawnicza A. Grzegorczyk. 4201:

Thompson, Stephen E. (2002). "Cults: An Overview". In

3959:. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 3–7. 3271: 3175: 3148: 2952: 2874: 2729: 2717: 2644: 2614: 2552: 2367: 2336: 2334: 2332: 2330: 2328: 2326: 2324: 2322: 2320: 2318: 2257: 2211: 2170: 2145: 2143: 2141: 2139: 2137: 2135: 2133: 2131: 2129: 2114: 2052: 2028: 1989: 1987: 1985: 1983: 1981: 1979: 1977: 1964: 1962: 1852: 1798: 1691: 4253:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 265–307. 4232:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 525–531. 4186:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 340–345. 4020:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 156–158. 3883:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 621–622. 3552:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 207–264. 3382: 3160: 2988: 2678: 2629: 2426: 2269: 1999: 1923: 1887: 1735: 1414:(MMA) funded excavation works under the direction of 1374:, who scavenged the site for artefacts to present to 1299:, a stone chapel was built on the middle terrace for 84: 4207:

The Ancient Gods Speak: A Guide to Egyptian Religion

4101:

Creativity and Innovation in the Reign of Hatshepsut

3954: 3791:

The Ancient Gods Speak: A Guide to Egyptian Religion

3012: 2928: 2587: 2441: 2075: 1941: 1792: 1753: 1351:, an English traveller, in 1737. He was followed by 1005:

It has been suggested that Hatshepsut's tomb in the

806:

Sokaris (Osiris) presented with wine by Thutmose III

637:

of Upper Egypt, while the northern colossi bear the

4209:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 62–71. 4118:Szafrański, Zbigniew E. (2018). Zych, Iwona (ed.). 3064: 2976: 2964: 2904: 2453: 2315: 2126: 1974: 1959: 1947: 1875: 1052: 4230:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Volume 2 4184:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Volume 1 4055: 4018:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Volume 1 3881:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Volume 3 3439:The Encyclopaedia of Ancient Egyptian Architecture 2251: 1759: 1723: 1255:. These images were restored during the reigns of 707:Osiride statues of Hatshepsut of the upper terrace 4376:The Temple of Hatshepsut : the solar complex 4360:. Vol. I–VI. London: Egypt Exploration Fund. 4321:. London; New York: Routledge. pp. 818–821. 3861:. London; New York: Routledge. pp. 275–280. 3793:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 1–7. 3731:Kasprzycka, Katarzyna (2019). Zych, Iwona (ed.). 4417: 4385:Queen Hatshepsut and her temple 3500 years later 4317:Encyclopedia of the archaeology of ancient Egypt 3857:Encyclopedia of the archaeology of ancient Egypt 535:in May. In the south were the offering halls of 3768:The Great Name: Ancient Egyptian Royal Titulary 1655:The names ine lines 1 to 3 bear the Horus name 1347:The earliest modern visitor to the temple was 925:, it follows Hatshepsut and her ka scattering 342:and the site from which the procession of the 1342: 659:Remains of a Persea tree of the lower terrace 4078:Seventy Years of Polish Archaeology in Egypt 3614:The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt 3611: 1846: 1777: 511:, by whom she legitimized her reign. To the 4056:Strudwick, Nigel; Strudwick, Helen (1999). 3902:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 1291:Ptolemaic portico of the festival courtyard 1232:Erasure of Amun (right figure) by order of 4117: 4098: 4074: 3730: 3337: 3325: 3313: 3082: 2777: 2672: 2534: 2498: 2486: 2420: 2239: 1834: 1224:Amarna Period to Third Intermediate Period 1133:Proscription of Hatshepsut by Thutmose III 490:The temple of Hatshepsut at Deir el-Bahari 476:Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology 474:(SCA)) from 1925 to 1952. Since 1961, the 60: 4288: 4178:Teeter, Emily (2001). "Divine Cults". In 4135: 3748: 3709: 3690: 3006: 2922: 2844: 2832: 2820: 2789: 2747: 2608: 2546: 2519: 2471: 2361: 2205: 2108: 2046: 2022: 1702: 1685: 1428:Polish Center of Mediterranean Archeology 1174:The severed head from a Hatshepsut statue 794:Anubis presented with bounteous offerings 4246: 4200: 4160: 4011: 3935: 3916: 3824: 3807: 3765: 3400: 3388: 3352: 3301: 3289: 3232: 3118: 3106: 3094: 3058: 3039: 2898: 2883: 2868: 2856: 2808: 2735: 2723: 2711: 2684: 2638: 2623: 1286: 1227: 1062: 996: 898: 876: 815: 578: 493: 485: 400:the temple was incurred upon again when 330:, lies inside the same massif capped by 4426:15th-century BC establishments in Egypt 4124:Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean 3875: 3848: 3737:Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean 3566: 3497: 3475: 3456: 3376: 3364: 3253: 3220: 2762: 2655: 2581: 2569: 2408: 2309: 2297: 2263: 2224: 2193: 2164: 2069: 2034: 1905: 1893: 1869: 1815: 1741: 1717: 1326: 966:meaning Lord of the Two Lands, Maatkare 4418: 4267: 4177: 4163:"Deir el-Bahari, Temple of Hatshepsut" 4161:Szymczak, Agnieszka (April 10, 2019). 3897: 3784: 3649: 3630: 3435: 3277: 3196: 3184: 3154: 3142: 3130: 3018: 2994: 2946: 2435: 2278: 2005: 1929: 1307:, the Eighteenth Dynasty architect of 915: 895:depicted giving offerings to Amun-Re. 671:Balustrade adorned with a Horus statue 454:. Further efforts were carried out by 4312: 4295:The Complete Temples of Ancient Egypt 4012:Schlögel, Hermann (2001). "Aten". In 3992: 3785:Muller, Maya (2002). "Afterlife". In 3590: 3545: 3516: 3416: 3208: 3169: 2982: 2970: 2958: 2934: 2910: 2596: 2459: 2447: 2120: 2081: 1968: 1953: 1917: 1457:Panoramic view of the mortuary temple 375:which lie on the middle terrace. The 4223: 4034: 3973: 3879:, ed. (2001). "Egyptian King List". 3671: 3612:Dodson, Aidan; Hilton, Dyan (2004). 3265: 3070: 2699: 2342: 2149: 2093: 1993: 1881: 1765: 1729: 4250:The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt 4041:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 4038:The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt 3810:"History of PCMA research in Egypt" 3676:(2nd ed.). London: Routledge. 3549:The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt 1127: 992: 872: 695:North portico of the middle terrace 13: 4369:. Vol. I. Belmont: Wadsworth. 4337: 1942:Roehrig, Dreyfus & Keller 2005 1793:Roehrig, Dreyfus & Keller 2005 1754:Roehrig, Dreyfus & Keller 2005 1332:left the latest dated graffito in 852:. Presiding over the delegations, 683:Punt portico of the middle terrace 310:built during the reign of Pharaoh 14: 4477: 4436:Buildings and structures in Luxor 4410:Hatshepsut: from Queen to Pharaoh 4392: 4298:. New York: Thames & Hudson. 1437:, after he was approached by the 820:Barque hall of the shrine to Amun 4349:(in French). Leipzig: Heinrichs. 3995:Hatshepsut From Queen to Pharaoh 3976:Hatshepsut From Queen to Pharaoh 3957:Hatshepsut From Queen to Pharaoh 3938:Hatshepsut From Queen to Pharaoh 3919:Hatshepsut From Queen to Pharaoh 3750:10.31338/uw.2083-537X.pam28.2.20 3633:Hatshepsut From Queen to Pharaoh 3519:Cambridge Archaeological Journal 3500:Hatshepsut From Queen to Pharaoh 3481:Hatshepsut From Queen to Pharaoh 3459:Hatshepsut From Queen to Pharaoh 3419:Hatshepsut From Queen to Pharaoh 1649: 1620: 1446: 1282: 1271:. During this time, between the 1218:bearing the signs for rꜥ and mrỉ 1207: 1191: 1179: 1167: 1155: 1122: 1059:Beautiful Festival of the Valley 1053:Beautiful Festival of the Valley 971: 955: 943: 799: 787: 775: 764: 752: 740: 728: 712: 700: 688: 676: 664: 652: 533:Beautiful Festival of the Valley 462:(MMA) from 1911 to 1936, and by 344:Beautiful Festival of the Valley 83: 76: 3616:. London: Thames & Hudson. 3576:. London: Thames & Hudson. 1607: 1590: 1576: 1554: 1536: 1527: 1518: 1504: 1495: 1214:A broken column with a partial 1084: 962:Scarab bearing the inscription 881:Altar of the solar cult complex 747:Entrance into the Hathor shrine 569: 318:. Located opposite the city of 306:meaning "Holy of Holies") is a 4354:Naville, Édouard (1895–1909). 2584:, pp. 139, 137 figure 57. 2252:Strudwick & Strudwick 1999 1486: 1469:List of ancient Egyptian sites 1439:Supreme Council of Antiquities 1418:. In 1925–1952, a team led by 1315:, the Third Dynasty vizier of 811: 472:Supreme Council of Antiquities 1: 4383:Szafrański, Zbigniew (2001). 3825:Pawlicki, Franciszek (2017). 3808:Pawlicki, Franciszek (2007). 1333: 429: 296:mortuary temple of Hatshepsut 229: 221:Limestone, sandstone, granite 20:Mortuary temple of Hatshepsut 4357:The Temple of Deir el-Bahari 3766:Leprohon, Ronald J. (2013). 1673: 1424:Egyptian Antiquities Service 1017:(489 m (1,604 ft) 554:, the Overseer of Works, or 468:Egyptian Antiquities Service 7: 3691:Iwaszczuk, Jadwiga (2016). 1462: 1202:, Thutmose II's throne name 1198:A column re-inscribed with 1103:incense and a statuette of 987: 583:Hatshepsut's expedition to 574: 316:Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt 10: 4482: 4374:Karkowski, Janusz (2003). 4344:Mariette, Auguste (1877). 3655:A History of Ancient Egypt 3409: 1567:nṯrt nfr mꜣꜥt-kꜣ-rꜥ ꜥnḫ-tỉ 1512:Metropolitan Museum of Art 1412:Metropolitan Museum of Art 1343:Archaeological excavations 1056: 460:Metropolitan Museum of Art 29: 4274:. New York: Grove Press. 4268:Verner, Miroslav (2001). 4137:10.5604/01.3001.0013.3309 3573:Chronicle of the Pharaohs 3531:10.1017/s0959774305000090 2611:, pp. 176 & 178. 2423:, pp. 377 & 390. 2096:, pp. 147 & 150. 1388:Jean-François Champollion 1368:Giovanni Battista Belzoni 1269:Third Intermediate Period 481: 418:Third Intermediate Period 284: 276: 268: 263: 249: 238: 225: 217: 196: 191: 183: 175: 167: 157: 120: 110: 100: 71: 59: 26: 1847:Dodson & Hilton 2004 1778:Dodson & Hilton 2004 1638:are legible, along with 1582:Bearing the inscription 1479: 1357:Renée Edouard Devilliers 187:24.5 m (80 ft) 179:105 m (344 ft) 4405:Deir el-Bahari Projects 4035:Shaw, Ian, ed. (2003). 3442:. London: I.B. Tauris. 3436:Arnold, Dieter (2003). 3268:, pp. 34 & 36. 416:. An earthquake in the 360:Temple of Mentuhotep II 142:25.738278°N 32.606583°E 16:Ancient Egyptian temple 4365:Kleiner, Fred (2021). 3900:Women in Ancient Egypt 2714:, pp. 4 & 24. 2312:, p. 277, fig 24. 2300:, p. 136, fig 57. 1384:John Gardner Wilkinson 1305:Amenhotep, son of Hapu 1292: 1236: 1068: 1002: 932:Third Dynasty of Egypt 908:, from the end of the 882: 863:Ptolemy VIII Euergetes 821: 759:Hathor capital columns 587: 529:Mentuhotep II's temple 519:against the cliffs of 500: 491: 448:Egypt Exploration Fund 233: 15th century BC 4290:Wilkinson, Richard H. 3672:Hart, George (2005). 3199:, pp. 51–52, 55. 1435:Kazimierz Michałowski 1372:Henry William Beechey 1297:Ptolemy III Euergetes 1290: 1231: 1066: 1000: 899:Mortuary cult complex 880: 819: 582: 497: 489: 269:Excavation dates 3898:Robins, Gay (1993). 1392:Karl Richard Lepsius 1361:Napoleon Bonaparte's 1327:Beyond ancient Egypt 1295:During the reign of 782:The shrine to Anubis 735:The shrine to Hathor 205:, Overseer of Works 147:25.738278; 32.606583 3379:, pp. 291–293. 3367:, pp. 290–291. 3304:, pp. 156–158. 3292:, pp. 269–270. 3223:, pp. 273–274. 3211:, pp. 277–279. 3145:, pp. 267–269. 3133:, pp. 341–342. 2859:, pp. 144–145. 2765:, pp. 278–279. 2702:, pp. 147–148. 2549:, pp. 177–178. 2167:, pp. 138–139. 1920:, pp. 231–232. 1908:, pp. 621–622. 1720:, pp. 275–276. 1688:, pp. 230–236. 1613:Bears her prenomen 1596:Bears her prenomen 1571:ỉmn ḥr-tp tꜣwy mrỉt 1007:Valley of the Kings 916:Foundation deposits 560:Minoan architecture 212:High Priest of Amun 200:Unclear, possibly: 138: / 66:Hatshepsut's Temple 23: 4378:. Warsaw: Neriton. 4226:Redford, Donald B. 4203:Redford, Donald B. 4180:Redford, Donald B. 4014:Redford, Donald B. 3877:Redford, Donald B. 3841:978-83-94288-7-3-0 3787:Redford, Donald B. 3235:, pp. 99–100. 1644:ẖnmt-ỉmn-ḥꜣt-špswt 1602:ẖnmt-ỉmn-ḥꜣt-špswt 1416:Herbert E. Winlock 1406:and his assistant 1293: 1237: 1069: 1003: 964:mꜣꜥt-kꜣ-rꜥ nb tꜣwy 906:Pyramid of Pepi II 883: 822: 602:Mimusops schimperi 588: 501: 492: 456:Herbert E. Winlock 450:(EEF) directed by 396:resolving. In the 285:Public access 92:Shown within Egypt 19: 4451:Theban Necropolis 4328:978-0-203-98283-9 4305:978-0-500-05100-9 4281:978-0-8021-1703-8 4260:978-0-19-815034-3 4239:978-0-19-510234-5 4193:978-0-19-510234-5 4110:978-1-61491-024-4 4091:978-83-903796-1-6 4048:978-0-19-815034-3 4027:978-0-19-510234-5 3890:978-0-19-510234-5 3868:978-0-203-98283-9 3777:978-1-58983-736-2 3712:Études et Travaux 3702:978-83-948004-2-0 3664:978-0-631-19396-8 3593:Études et Travaux 3583:978-0-500-05074-3 3568:Clayton, Peter A. 3559:978-0-19-815034-3 3449:978-1-86064-465-8 3340:, pp. 98–99. 3121:, pp. 64–66. 2961:, pp. 67–68. 2949:, pp. 47–54. 2847:, pp. 51–54. 2835:, pp. 51–52. 2474:, pp. 77–78. 2208:, pp. 80–85. 2123:, pp. 83–84. 1663:, and birth name 1359:, two members of 936:Pyramid of Djoser 292: 291: 53: 52: 49: 48: 4473: 4446:Egyptian temples 4388: 4379: 4370: 4361: 4350: 4332: 4320: 4309: 4285: 4264: 4243: 4220: 4197: 4174: 4172: 4170: 4157: 4139: 4114: 4095: 4083: 4071: 4052: 4031: 4008: 3989: 3970: 3951: 3932: 3913: 3894: 3872: 3860: 3845: 3833: 3821: 3819: 3817: 3804: 3781: 3762: 3752: 3727: 3706: 3687: 3668: 3646: 3627: 3608: 3587: 3563: 3542: 3513: 3494: 3477:Arnold, Dorothea 3472: 3453: 3432: 3404: 3398: 3392: 3386: 3380: 3374: 3368: 3362: 3356: 3350: 3341: 3335: 3329: 3323: 3317: 3311: 3305: 3299: 3293: 3287: 3281: 3275: 3269: 3263: 3257: 3251: 3236: 3230: 3224: 3218: 3212: 3206: 3200: 3194: 3188: 3182: 3173: 3167: 3158: 3152: 3146: 3140: 3134: 3128: 3122: 3116: 3110: 3104: 3098: 3092: 3086: 3080: 3074: 3068: 3062: 3056: 3043: 3037: 3022: 3016: 3010: 3004: 2998: 2992: 2986: 2980: 2974: 2968: 2962: 2956: 2950: 2944: 2938: 2932: 2926: 2920: 2914: 2908: 2902: 2896: 2887: 2881: 2872: 2866: 2860: 2854: 2848: 2842: 2836: 2830: 2824: 2818: 2812: 2806: 2793: 2787: 2781: 2775: 2766: 2760: 2751: 2745: 2739: 2733: 2727: 2721: 2715: 2709: 2703: 2697: 2688: 2682: 2676: 2670: 2659: 2653: 2642: 2636: 2627: 2621: 2612: 2606: 2600: 2594: 2585: 2579: 2573: 2567: 2550: 2544: 2538: 2532: 2523: 2517: 2502: 2496: 2490: 2484: 2475: 2469: 2463: 2457: 2451: 2445: 2439: 2433: 2424: 2418: 2412: 2406: 2365: 2359: 2346: 2340: 2313: 2307: 2301: 2295: 2282: 2276: 2267: 2261: 2255: 2249: 2243: 2237: 2228: 2222: 2209: 2203: 2197: 2191: 2168: 2162: 2153: 2147: 2124: 2118: 2112: 2106: 2097: 2091: 2085: 2079: 2073: 2067: 2050: 2044: 2038: 2032: 2026: 2020: 2009: 2003: 1997: 1991: 1972: 1966: 1957: 1951: 1945: 1939: 1933: 1927: 1921: 1915: 1909: 1903: 1897: 1891: 1885: 1879: 1873: 1867: 1850: 1844: 1838: 1832: 1819: 1813: 1796: 1790: 1781: 1775: 1769: 1763: 1757: 1751: 1745: 1739: 1733: 1727: 1721: 1715: 1706: 1700: 1689: 1683: 1667: 1665:ḏḥwty-ms nfr-ḫpr 1657:kꜣ-nḫt-ḫꜥ-m-wꜣst 1653: 1647: 1642:, a fragment of 1624: 1618: 1611: 1605: 1600:above and nomen 1594: 1588: 1580: 1574: 1560:Large lid bears 1558: 1552: 1542:Tall vase bears 1540: 1534: 1531: 1525: 1522: 1516: 1508: 1502: 1499: 1493: 1490: 1450: 1400:Saint Phoibammon 1396:Auguste Mariette 1353:François Jollois 1338: 1335: 1211: 1195: 1183: 1171: 1159: 1128:In ancient Egypt 993:Mortuary complex 975: 959: 947: 873:Solar cult court 803: 791: 779: 756: 744: 732: 704: 692: 680: 668: 656: 644:Festival of Opet 513:Temple of Karnak 444:Auguste Mariette 434: 431: 426:Saint Phoibammon 364:Eleventh Dynasty 340:Temple of Karnak 234: 231: 153: 152: 150: 149: 148: 143: 139: 136: 135: 134: 131: 87: 86: 80: 64: 34: 33: 30: 24: 18: 4481: 4480: 4476: 4475: 4474: 4472: 4471: 4470: 4416: 4415: 4395: 4382: 4373: 4364: 4353: 4343: 4340: 4338:Further reading 4335: 4329: 4306: 4282: 4261: 4240: 4217: 4194: 4168: 4166: 4111: 4092: 4081: 4068: 4049: 4028: 4005: 3986: 3967: 3948: 3929: 3910: 3891: 3869: 3842: 3831: 3815: 3813: 3801: 3778: 3703: 3684: 3665: 3651:Grimal, Nicolas 3643: 3624: 3584: 3560: 3510: 3491: 3469: 3450: 3429: 3412: 3407: 3399: 3395: 3387: 3383: 3375: 3371: 3363: 3359: 3355:, pp. 5–6. 3351: 3344: 3338:Szafrański 2007 3336: 3332: 3326:Szafrański 2018 3324: 3320: 3314:Szafrański 2007 3312: 3308: 3300: 3296: 3288: 3284: 3276: 3272: 3264: 3260: 3252: 3239: 3231: 3227: 3219: 3215: 3207: 3203: 3195: 3191: 3183: 3176: 3168: 3161: 3157:, pp. 267. 3153: 3149: 3141: 3137: 3129: 3125: 3117: 3113: 3105: 3101: 3093: 3089: 3083:Kasprzycka 2019 3081: 3077: 3069: 3065: 3057: 3046: 3038: 3025: 3017: 3013: 3005: 3001: 2997:, pp. 1–2. 2993: 2989: 2981: 2977: 2969: 2965: 2957: 2953: 2945: 2941: 2933: 2929: 2921: 2917: 2909: 2905: 2897: 2890: 2882: 2875: 2867: 2863: 2855: 2851: 2843: 2839: 2831: 2827: 2819: 2815: 2807: 2796: 2788: 2784: 2778:Szafrański 2007 2776: 2769: 2761: 2754: 2746: 2742: 2734: 2730: 2722: 2718: 2710: 2706: 2698: 2691: 2683: 2679: 2673:Szafrański 2007 2671: 2662: 2654: 2645: 2637: 2630: 2622: 2615: 2607: 2603: 2595: 2588: 2580: 2576: 2568: 2553: 2545: 2541: 2535:Szafrański 2014 2533: 2526: 2518: 2505: 2499:Szafrański 2018 2497: 2493: 2487:Szafrański 2007 2485: 2478: 2470: 2466: 2458: 2454: 2446: 2442: 2434: 2427: 2421:Szafrański 2018 2419: 2415: 2407: 2368: 2360: 2349: 2341: 2316: 2308: 2304: 2296: 2285: 2277: 2270: 2262: 2258: 2250: 2246: 2240:Szafrański 2014 2238: 2231: 2223: 2212: 2204: 2200: 2192: 2171: 2163: 2156: 2148: 2127: 2119: 2115: 2107: 2100: 2092: 2088: 2080: 2076: 2068: 2053: 2045: 2041: 2033: 2029: 2021: 2012: 2004: 2000: 1992: 1975: 1967: 1960: 1952: 1948: 1940: 1936: 1928: 1924: 1916: 1912: 1904: 1900: 1892: 1888: 1880: 1876: 1868: 1853: 1845: 1841: 1835:Szafrański 2014 1833: 1822: 1814: 1799: 1791: 1784: 1776: 1772: 1764: 1760: 1752: 1748: 1740: 1736: 1728: 1724: 1716: 1709: 1701: 1692: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1671: 1670: 1654: 1650: 1625: 1621: 1612: 1608: 1595: 1591: 1581: 1577: 1559: 1555: 1541: 1537: 1532: 1528: 1523: 1519: 1509: 1505: 1500: 1496: 1491: 1487: 1482: 1465: 1460: 1459: 1458: 1456: 1451: 1404:Édouard Naville 1349:Richard Pococke 1345: 1336: 1329: 1285: 1226: 1219: 1212: 1203: 1196: 1187: 1184: 1175: 1172: 1163: 1160: 1135: 1130: 1125: 1087: 1061: 1055: 995: 990: 983: 976: 967: 960: 951: 948: 918: 901: 886:Thutmose I and 875: 814: 807: 804: 795: 792: 783: 780: 767: 760: 757: 748: 745: 736: 733: 715: 708: 705: 696: 693: 684: 681: 672: 669: 660: 657: 577: 572: 517:mortuary temple 484: 452:Édouard Naville 440:Richard Pococke 432: 308:mortuary temple 243:Late Bronze Age 232: 206: 201: 162:Mortuary temple 146: 144: 140: 137: 132: 129: 127: 125: 124: 96: 95: 94: 93: 90: 89: 88: 67: 55: 54: 38: 21: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4479: 4469: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4448: 4443: 4438: 4433: 4428: 4414: 4413: 4407: 4401: 4394: 4393:External links 4391: 4390: 4389: 4380: 4371: 4362: 4351: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4333: 4327: 4310: 4304: 4286: 4280: 4265: 4259: 4244: 4238: 4221: 4215: 4198: 4192: 4175: 4158: 4130:(2): 375–390. 4115: 4109: 4096: 4090: 4072: 4066: 4053: 4047: 4032: 4026: 4009: 4003: 3990: 3984: 3971: 3965: 3952: 3946: 3933: 3927: 3914: 3908: 3895: 3889: 3873: 3867: 3846: 3840: 3822: 3805: 3799: 3782: 3776: 3763: 3743:(2): 359–387. 3728: 3707: 3701: 3688: 3682: 3669: 3663: 3647: 3641: 3628: 3622: 3609: 3588: 3582: 3564: 3558: 3543: 3525:(2): 177–191. 3514: 3508: 3495: 3489: 3473: 3467: 3454: 3448: 3433: 3427: 3413: 3411: 3408: 3406: 3405: 3393: 3381: 3369: 3357: 3342: 3330: 3328:, p. 385. 3318: 3306: 3294: 3282: 3280:, p. 227. 3270: 3258: 3256:, p. 290. 3237: 3225: 3213: 3201: 3189: 3187:, p. 269. 3174: 3172:, p. 281. 3159: 3147: 3135: 3123: 3111: 3099: 3087: 3085:, p. 361. 3075: 3063: 3044: 3023: 3011: 3009:, p. 132. 3007:Iwaszczuk 2016 2999: 2987: 2975: 2963: 2951: 2939: 2937:, p. 178. 2927: 2923:Iwaszczuk 2016 2915: 2903: 2901:, p. 185. 2888: 2873: 2871:, p. 145. 2861: 2849: 2845:Iwaszczuk 2016 2837: 2833:Iwaszczuk 2016 2825: 2823:, p. 113. 2821:Karkowski 2016 2813: 2811:, p. 141. 2794: 2792:, p. 115. 2790:Iwaszczuk 2016 2782: 2767: 2752: 2750:, p. 119. 2748:Iwaszczuk 2016 2740: 2728: 2716: 2704: 2689: 2677: 2660: 2658:, p. 279. 2643: 2628: 2613: 2609:Wilkinson 2000 2601: 2599:, p. 233. 2586: 2574: 2572:, p. 139. 2551: 2547:Wilkinson 2000 2539: 2537:, p. 130. 2524: 2522:, p. 177. 2520:Wilkinson 2000 2503: 2501:, p. 377. 2491: 2476: 2472:Iwaszczuk 2016 2464: 2452: 2450:, p. 819. 2440: 2438:, p. 211. 2425: 2413: 2411:, p. 278. 2366: 2362:Iwaszczuk 2016 2347: 2345:, p. 149. 2314: 2302: 2283: 2281:, p. 105. 2268: 2266:, p. 277. 2256: 2244: 2242:, p. 126. 2229: 2227:, p. 138. 2210: 2206:Iwaszczuk 2016 2198: 2196:, p. 137. 2169: 2154: 2152:, p. 150. 2125: 2113: 2111:, p. 178. 2109:Wilkinson 2000 2098: 2086: 2084:, p. 232. 2074: 2072:, p. 276. 2051: 2047:Iwaszczuk 2016 2039: 2037:, p. 275. 2027: 2025:, p. 176. 2023:Wilkinson 2000 2010: 2008:, p. 104. 1998: 1996:, p. 147. 1973: 1958: 1946: 1934: 1932:, p. 209. 1922: 1910: 1898: 1886: 1884:, p. 483. 1874: 1872:, p. 136. 1851: 1849:, p. 289. 1839: 1837:, p. 125. 1820: 1818:, p. 135. 1797: 1782: 1780:, p. 290. 1770: 1768:, p. 485. 1758: 1746: 1744:, p. 104. 1734: 1732:, p. 527. 1722: 1707: 1703:Iwaszczuk 2016 1690: 1686:Iwaszczuk 2016 1677: 1675: 1672: 1669: 1668: 1659:, throne name 1648: 1619: 1606: 1589: 1575: 1553: 1535: 1526: 1517: 1503: 1494: 1484: 1483: 1481: 1478: 1477: 1476: 1474:Luxor massacre 1471: 1464: 1461: 1453: 1452: 1445: 1444: 1443: 1344: 1341: 1328: 1325: 1284: 1281: 1225: 1222: 1221: 1220: 1213: 1206: 1204: 1197: 1190: 1188: 1185: 1178: 1176: 1173: 1166: 1164: 1161: 1154: 1134: 1131: 1129: 1126: 1124: 1121: 1094:, visited the 1086: 1083: 1057:Main article: 1054: 1051: 994: 991: 989: 986: 985: 984: 977: 970: 968: 961: 954: 952: 949: 942: 917: 914: 900: 897: 874: 871: 831:apotropaically 813: 810: 809: 808: 805: 798: 796: 793: 786: 784: 781: 774: 766: 763: 762: 761: 758: 751: 749: 746: 739: 737: 734: 727: 714: 711: 710: 709: 706: 699: 697: 694: 687: 685: 682: 675: 673: 670: 663: 661: 658: 651: 576: 573: 571: 568: 521:Deir el-Bahari 483: 480: 324:Deir el-Bahari 290: 289: 286: 282: 281: 278: 274: 273: 270: 266: 265: 261: 260: 251: 247: 246: 240: 236: 235: 227: 223: 222: 219: 215: 214: 198: 194: 193: 189: 188: 185: 181: 180: 177: 173: 172: 169: 165: 164: 159: 155: 154: 122: 118: 117: 115:Deir el-Bahari 112: 108: 107: 102: 98: 97: 91: 82: 81: 75: 74: 73: 72: 69: 68: 65: 57: 56: 51: 50: 47: 46: 43: 40: 28: 27: 22:Djeser-Djeseru 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4478: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4434: 4432: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4423: 4421: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4396: 4386: 4381: 4377: 4372: 4368: 4363: 4359: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4342: 4341: 4330: 4324: 4319: 4318: 4311: 4307: 4301: 4297: 4296: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4277: 4273: 4272: 4266: 4262: 4256: 4252: 4251: 4245: 4241: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4222: 4218: 4216:0-19-515401-0 4212: 4208: 4204: 4199: 4195: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4176: 4164: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4138: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4116: 4112: 4106: 4102: 4097: 4093: 4087: 4080: 4079: 4073: 4069: 4067:0-8014-3693-1 4063: 4059: 4054: 4050: 4044: 4040: 4039: 4033: 4029: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4010: 4006: 4004:1-58839-173-6 4000: 3996: 3991: 3987: 3985:1-58839-173-6 3981: 3977: 3972: 3968: 3966:1-58839-173-6 3962: 3958: 3953: 3949: 3947:1-58839-173-6 3943: 3939: 3934: 3930: 3928:1-58839-173-6 3924: 3920: 3915: 3911: 3909:0-674-95469-6 3905: 3901: 3896: 3892: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3864: 3859: 3858: 3852: 3851:Bard, Kathryn 3847: 3843: 3837: 3830: 3829: 3823: 3811: 3806: 3802: 3800:0-19-515401-0 3796: 3792: 3788: 3783: 3779: 3773: 3769: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3751: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3708: 3704: 3698: 3694: 3689: 3685: 3683:0-415-34495-6 3679: 3675: 3670: 3666: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3642:1-58839-173-6 3638: 3634: 3629: 3625: 3623:0-500-05128-3 3619: 3615: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3589: 3585: 3579: 3575: 3574: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3555: 3551: 3550: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3515: 3511: 3509:1-58839-173-6 3505: 3501: 3496: 3492: 3490:1-58839-173-6 3486: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3468:1-58839-173-6 3464: 3460: 3455: 3451: 3445: 3441: 3440: 3434: 3430: 3428:1-58839-173-6 3424: 3420: 3415: 3414: 3402: 3401:Pawlicki 2007 3397: 3390: 3389:Szymczak 2019 3385: 3378: 3373: 3366: 3361: 3354: 3353:Pawlicki 2017 3349: 3347: 3339: 3334: 3327: 3322: 3316:, p. 94. 3315: 3310: 3303: 3302:Schlögel 2001 3298: 3291: 3290:van Dijk 2003 3286: 3279: 3274: 3267: 3262: 3255: 3250: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3242: 3234: 3233:Leprohon 2013 3229: 3222: 3217: 3210: 3205: 3198: 3193: 3186: 3181: 3179: 3171: 3166: 3164: 3156: 3151: 3144: 3139: 3132: 3127: 3120: 3119:Thompson 2002 3115: 3109:, p. 14. 3108: 3107:Pawlicki 2017 3103: 3097:, p. 16. 3096: 3095:Pawlicki 2017 3091: 3084: 3079: 3073:, p. 13. 3072: 3067: 3061:, p. 12. 3060: 3059:Pawlicki 2017 3055: 3053: 3051: 3049: 3042:, p. 10. 3041: 3040:Pawlicki 2017 3036: 3034: 3032: 3030: 3028: 3020: 3015: 3008: 3003: 2996: 2991: 2985:, p. 69. 2984: 2979: 2973:, p. 68. 2972: 2967: 2960: 2955: 2948: 2943: 2936: 2931: 2925:, p. 50. 2924: 2919: 2913:, p. 67. 2912: 2907: 2900: 2899:Roehrig 2005b 2895: 2893: 2886:, p. 98. 2885: 2884:Leprohon 2013 2880: 2878: 2870: 2869:Roehrig 2005a 2865: 2858: 2857:Roehrig 2005a 2853: 2846: 2841: 2834: 2829: 2822: 2817: 2810: 2809:Roehrig 2005a 2805: 2803: 2801: 2799: 2791: 2786: 2780:, p. 98. 2779: 2774: 2772: 2764: 2759: 2757: 2749: 2744: 2738:, p. 26. 2737: 2736:Pawlicki 2017 2732: 2726:, p. 24. 2725: 2724:Pawlicki 2017 2720: 2713: 2712:Pawlicki 2017 2708: 2701: 2696: 2694: 2686: 2685:Pawlicki 2017 2681: 2675:, p. 97. 2674: 2669: 2667: 2665: 2657: 2652: 2650: 2648: 2640: 2639:Pawlicki 2017 2635: 2633: 2626:, p. 28. 2625: 2624:Pawlicki 2017 2620: 2618: 2610: 2605: 2598: 2593: 2591: 2583: 2578: 2571: 2566: 2564: 2562: 2560: 2558: 2556: 2548: 2543: 2536: 2531: 2529: 2521: 2516: 2514: 2512: 2510: 2508: 2500: 2495: 2489:, p. 95. 2488: 2483: 2481: 2473: 2468: 2462:, p. 82. 2461: 2456: 2449: 2444: 2437: 2432: 2430: 2422: 2417: 2410: 2405: 2403: 2401: 2399: 2397: 2395: 2393: 2391: 2389: 2387: 2385: 2383: 2381: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2373: 2371: 2364:, p. 51. 2363: 2358: 2356: 2354: 2352: 2344: 2339: 2337: 2335: 2333: 2331: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2323: 2321: 2319: 2311: 2306: 2299: 2294: 2292: 2290: 2288: 2280: 2275: 2273: 2265: 2260: 2254:, p. 81. 2253: 2248: 2241: 2236: 2234: 2226: 2221: 2219: 2217: 2215: 2207: 2202: 2195: 2190: 2188: 2186: 2184: 2182: 2180: 2178: 2176: 2174: 2166: 2161: 2159: 2151: 2146: 2144: 2142: 2140: 2138: 2136: 2134: 2132: 2130: 2122: 2117: 2110: 2105: 2103: 2095: 2090: 2083: 2078: 2071: 2066: 2064: 2062: 2060: 2058: 2056: 2049:, p. 10. 2048: 2043: 2036: 2031: 2024: 2019: 2017: 2015: 2007: 2002: 1995: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1982: 1980: 1978: 1971:, p. 84. 1970: 1965: 1963: 1956:, p. 83. 1955: 1950: 1943: 1938: 1931: 1926: 1919: 1914: 1907: 1902: 1896:, p. 72. 1895: 1890: 1883: 1878: 1871: 1866: 1864: 1862: 1860: 1858: 1856: 1848: 1843: 1836: 1831: 1829: 1827: 1825: 1817: 1812: 1810: 1808: 1806: 1804: 1802: 1794: 1789: 1787: 1779: 1774: 1767: 1762: 1755: 1750: 1743: 1738: 1731: 1726: 1719: 1714: 1712: 1705:, p. 49. 1704: 1699: 1697: 1695: 1687: 1682: 1678: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1652: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1623: 1616: 1610: 1603: 1599: 1593: 1585: 1579: 1572: 1568: 1563: 1557: 1550: 1545: 1539: 1530: 1521: 1513: 1507: 1498: 1489: 1485: 1475: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1466: 1455: 1449: 1442: 1440: 1436: 1431: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1420:Émile Baraize 1417: 1413: 1409: 1408:Howard Carter 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1380:Henry Westcar 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1340: 1324: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1309:Amenhotep III 1306: 1302: 1298: 1289: 1283:Ptolemaic era 1280: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1241:Amarna Period 1235: 1230: 1217: 1210: 1205: 1201: 1194: 1189: 1182: 1177: 1170: 1165: 1158: 1153: 1152: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1141: 1123:Later history 1120: 1118: 1114: 1113: 1108: 1107: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1082: 1079: 1075: 1065: 1060: 1050: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1030: 1028: 1022: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 999: 981: 974: 969: 965: 958: 953: 946: 941: 940: 939: 937: 933: 928: 924: 913: 911: 910:Sixth Dynasty 907: 896: 893: 889: 879: 870: 868: 864: 859: 855: 851: 850: 845: 844: 839: 834: 832: 828: 818: 802: 797: 790: 785: 778: 773: 772: 771: 765:Anubis shrine 755: 750: 743: 738: 731: 726: 725: 724: 721: 713:Hathor shrine 703: 698: 691: 686: 679: 674: 667: 662: 655: 650: 649: 648: 645: 640: 636: 631: 626: 624: 620: 614: 612: 608: 604: 603: 596: 593: 586: 581: 567: 565: 561: 557: 553: 548: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 524: 522: 518: 514: 510: 506: 496: 488: 479: 477: 473: 469: 465: 464:Émile Baraize 461: 457: 453: 449: 445: 441: 436: 427: 424:monastery of 423: 419: 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 398:Amarna Period 394: 390: 385: 382: 378: 374: 370: 365: 361: 355: 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 313: 309: 305: 301: 297: 287: 283: 280:Reconstructed 279: 275: 271: 267: 262: 259: 255: 252: 248: 244: 241: 237: 228: 224: 220: 216: 213: 209: 204: 199: 195: 190: 186: 182: 178: 174: 170: 166: 163: 160: 156: 151: 123: 119: 116: 113: 109: 106: 103: 99: 79: 70: 63: 58: 44: 41: 36: 35: 32: 31: 25: 4456:Land of Punt 4384: 4375: 4366: 4358: 4355: 4345: 4316: 4294: 4270: 4249: 4229: 4206: 4183: 4167:. Retrieved 4127: 4123: 4100: 4077: 4057: 4037: 4017: 3994: 3975: 3956: 3937: 3918: 3899: 3880: 3856: 3827: 3814:. Retrieved 3790: 3767: 3740: 3736: 3715: 3711: 3692: 3673: 3654: 3632: 3613: 3596: 3592: 3572: 3548: 3522: 3518: 3499: 3480: 3458: 3438: 3418: 3396: 3384: 3377:Arnold 2005c 3372: 3365:Arnold 2005c 3360: 3333: 3321: 3309: 3297: 3285: 3273: 3261: 3254:Arnold 2005c 3228: 3221:Arnold 2005b 3216: 3204: 3192: 3150: 3138: 3126: 3114: 3102: 3090: 3078: 3066: 3021:, p. 2. 3014: 3002: 2990: 2978: 2966: 2954: 2942: 2930: 2918: 2906: 2864: 2852: 2840: 2828: 2816: 2785: 2763:Pirelli 1999 2743: 2731: 2719: 2707: 2687:, p. 4. 2680: 2656:Pirelli 1999 2641:, p. 8. 2604: 2582:Arnold 2005a 2577: 2570:Arnold 2005a 2542: 2494: 2467: 2455: 2443: 2416: 2409:Pirelli 1999 2310:Pirelli 1999 2305: 2298:Arnold 2005a 2264:Pirelli 1999 2259: 2247: 2225:Arnold 2005a 2201: 2194:Arnold 2005a 2165:Arnold 2005a 2116: 2089: 2077: 2070:Pirelli 1999 2042: 2035:Pirelli 1999 2030: 2001: 1949: 1944:, p. 3. 1937: 1925: 1913: 1906:Redford 2001 1901: 1894:Clayton 1994 1889: 1877: 1870:Arnold 2005a 1842: 1816:Arnold 2005a 1795:, p. 4. 1773: 1761: 1756:, p. 6. 1749: 1742:Clayton 1994 1737: 1725: 1718:Pirelli 1999 1681: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1651: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1622: 1614: 1609: 1601: 1597: 1592: 1583: 1578: 1570: 1566: 1561: 1556: 1548: 1543: 1538: 1529: 1520: 1506: 1497: 1488: 1432: 1346: 1330: 1294: 1277:Twenty-Fifth 1273:Twenty-First 1238: 1199: 1148: 1144: 1140:Amenhotep II 1136: 1116: 1110: 1104: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1088: 1085:Daily ritual 1077: 1073: 1070: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1031: 1023: 1004: 979: 963: 926: 919: 902: 891: 888:Thutmose III 884: 847: 841: 835: 823: 768: 719: 716: 627: 619:Land of Punt 615: 600: 597: 589: 570:Architecture 549: 525: 507:and the god 502: 437: 393:Amenhotep II 389:Thutmose III 386: 381:Land of Punt 356: 326:. Her tomb, 303: 295: 293: 272:1827–present 133:32°36′23.7″E 130:25°44′17.8″N 4403:All Polish 3278:Grimal 1992 3197:Robins 1993 3185:Dorman 2005 3155:Dorman 2005 3143:Dorman 2005 3131:Teeter 2001 3019:Muller 2002 2995:Muller 2002 2947:Verner 2001 2436:Grimal 1992 2279:Arnold 2003 2006:Arnold 2003 1930:Grimal 1992 1337: 1223 1265:Ramesses II 1257:Tutankhamun 1200:ꜥꜣ-ḫpr-n-rꜥ 1027:Thutmose II 843:was-sceptre 812:Amun shrine 607:Elephantine 433: 1223 414:Ramesses II 406:Tutankhamun 145: / 121:Coordinates 105:Upper Egypt 4441:Hatshepsut 4420:Categories 3209:Roth 2005b 3170:Roth 2005b 2983:Ćwiek 2014 2971:Ćwiek 2014 2959:Ćwiek 2014 2935:Bárta 2005 2911:Ćwiek 2014 2597:Bryan 2003 2460:Ćwiek 2014 2448:Yurco 1999 2121:Allen 2005 2082:Bryan 2003 1969:Allen 2005 1954:Allen 2005 1918:Bryan 2003 1632:ỉmn-rꜥ mrỉ 1615:mꜣꜥt-kꜣ-rꜥ 1598:mꜣꜥt-kꜣ-rꜥ 1376:Henry Salt 1364:expedition 867:false door 537:Thutmose I 312:Hatshepsut 264:Site notes 4169:August 9, 4154:202510175 4146:2083-537X 3816:August 9, 3759:2083-537X 3724:2449-9579 3605:2449-9579 3539:161629772 3266:Hart 2005 3071:Hart 2005 2700:Roth 2005 2343:Roth 2005 2150:Roth 2005 2094:Roth 2005 1994:Roth 2005 1882:Shaw 2003 1766:Shaw 2003 1730:Troy 2001 1674:Citations 1661:mn-ḫpr-rꜥ 1301:Asklepios 1245:Akhenaten 1234:Akhenaten 556:Hapuseneb 470:(now the 402:Akhenaten 377:porticoes 277:Condition 208:Hapuseneb 4347:Planches 4292:(2000). 3653:(1992). 3570:(1994). 1628:nsw-bỉty 1463:See also 1422:for the 1261:Horemheb 988:Function 827:tympanum 575:Terraces 552:Senenmut 499:complex. 466:and the 458:and the 410:Horemheb 304:Ḏsr-ḏsrw 300:Egyptian 254:Egyptian 250:Cultures 218:Material 203:Senenmut 101:Location 4228:(ed.). 4205:(ed.). 4182:(ed.). 4016:(ed.). 3853:(ed.). 3789:(ed.). 3410:Sources 3403:, 1960. 1321:Hygieia 1313:Imhotep 1096:pr-dwꜣt 1074:Userhat 1015:El Qurn 934:at the 846:and an 639:Pschent 630:Osiride 592:portico 362:of the 352:Amun-Re 332:El Qurn 314:of the 288:Limited 239:Periods 226:Founded 197:Builder 192:History 4466:Anubis 4461:Hathor 4325: 4302: 4278: 4257: 4236: 4213: 4190: 4152: 4144: 4107: 4088: 4064: 4045: 4024: 4001: 3982: 3963: 3944: 3925: 3906: 3887: 3865: 3838: 3797: 3774: 3757: 3722: 3699: 3680: 3661: 3639: 3620: 3603: 3580: 3556: 3537: 3506: 3487: 3465: 3446: 3425: 1604:below. 1587:p.145. 1319:, and 1317:Djoser 1263:, and 1216:serekh 1117:wḏb ḫt 1112:benben 1092:ḥm-nṯr 980:msḫtyw 923:Seshat 838:Ennead 635:Hedjet 623:Ahmose 611:Dedwen 564:Cretan 545:Anubis 541:Hathor 505:Thebes 482:Design 422:Coptic 373:Anubis 369:Hathor 348:barque 258:Coptic 184:Height 168:Length 111:Region 4150:S2CID 4082:(PDF) 3832:(PDF) 3535:S2CID 1636:sꜥ-rꜥ 1480:Notes 1253:Horus 927:besen 858:Montu 720:Menat 320:Luxor 176:Width 4323:ISBN 4300:ISBN 4276:ISBN 4255:ISBN 4234:ISBN 4211:ISBN 4188:ISBN 4171:2021 4142:ISSN 4105:ISBN 4086:ISBN 4062:ISBN 4043:ISBN 4022:ISBN 3999:ISBN 3980:ISBN 3961:ISBN 3942:ISBN 3923:ISBN 3904:ISBN 3885:ISBN 3863:ISBN 3836:ISBN 3818:2021 3795:ISBN 3772:ISBN 3755:ISSN 3720:ISSN 3697:ISBN 3678:ISBN 3659:ISBN 3637:ISBN 3618:ISBN 3601:ISSN 3578:ISBN 3554:ISBN 3504:ISBN 3485:ISBN 3463:ISBN 3444:ISBN 3423:ISBN 1390:and 1370:and 1355:and 1275:and 1249:Aten 1106:Maat 1100:naos 1078:naos 1045:and 1019:AMSL 1011:KV20 982:adze 892:ankh 856:and 854:Atum 849:ankh 585:Punt 543:and 509:Amun 412:and 371:and 336:Nile 328:KV20 294:The 158:Type 4132:doi 3745:doi 3527:doi 1640:ỉmn 435:. 350:of 4422:: 4148:. 4140:. 4128:27 4126:. 4122:. 3753:. 3741:28 3739:. 3735:. 3716:29 3714:. 3597:27 3595:. 3533:. 3523:15 3521:. 3345:^ 3240:^ 3177:^ 3162:^ 3047:^ 3026:^ 2891:^ 2876:^ 2797:^ 2770:^ 2755:^ 2692:^ 2663:^ 2646:^ 2631:^ 2616:^ 2589:^ 2554:^ 2527:^ 2506:^ 2479:^ 2428:^ 2369:^ 2350:^ 2317:^ 2286:^ 2271:^ 2232:^ 2213:^ 2172:^ 2157:^ 2128:^ 2101:^ 2054:^ 2013:^ 1976:^ 1961:^ 1854:^ 1823:^ 1800:^ 1785:^ 1710:^ 1693:^ 1569:* 1386:, 1339:. 1334:c. 1311:, 1259:, 1047:ꜣḫ 1043:bꜣ 1041:, 1039:kꜣ 1035:kꜣ 1009:, 912:. 869:. 430:c. 408:, 302:: 256:, 230:c. 210:, 4331:. 4308:. 4284:. 4263:. 4242:. 4219:. 4196:. 4173:. 4156:. 4134:: 4113:. 4094:. 4070:. 4051:. 4030:. 4007:. 3988:. 3969:. 3950:. 3931:. 3912:. 3893:. 3871:. 3844:. 3820:. 3803:. 3780:. 3761:. 3747:: 3726:. 3705:. 3686:. 3667:. 3645:. 3626:. 3607:. 3586:. 3562:. 3541:. 3529:: 3512:. 3493:. 3471:. 3452:. 3431:. 3391:. 1646:. 1617:. 599:( 298:( 245:I

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Mortuary temple of Hatshepsut

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