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309:, writing six decades afterwards, as he had access to administrative documents that are unavailable to historians today. The manual labour needed for construction must have been partly depleted by the ongoing ravages of the plague, yet this does not appear to have been the main challenge. Maqrizi mentions that the construction of the mosque cost 30,000 dirham every day. The total construction costs amounted to over one million dinars, making it the most expensive mosque in medieval Cairo. Even the Sultan is said to have become discouraged at times by the cost of the project. Financing for the mosque was made possible by a few factors: first, the austerity measures implemented by Manjaq, one of the amirs in charge of state affairs before Sultan Hasan reached maturity; secondly, the influx of wealth to the state caused by the plague-related deaths of many
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section of stone cladding appears to be missing. Other bands of stone-carved decoration were only partially executed. For example, at the foot of the decorative niche on the left side of the portal one arabesque medallion was carved on the left while the one on the right was not. (This is also a rare demonstration of the steps in the stone-carving process: it is likely that a master craftsman drew the outlines of the pattern into the stone and that apprentices were later responsible for carving it out; in this case, the second step was not completed.) Some of the carved patterns, even if unfinished, are themselves notable; for example, there are floral
373:, took refuge inside the mosque in an attempt to evade capture by the victorious Ottoman army as it took control of Cairo, resulting in the Ottomans bombarding the mosque with cannonballs from the Citadel. In 1660, chronicles described the mausoleum's dome as still being full of holes made by cannonballs. Even in the 18th century, during the period of Ottoman control, the mosque was apparently closed for many years after unrest in 1736, and was only reopened in 1786 by order of Salim Agha. Some of these demolition attempts, however, drew criticism from Cairo's population and authorities were often subsequently pressured into repairing damages.
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525:), which were almost certainly an inspiration. This would have given the mosque a total of four minarets, which would have been unprecedented in Islamic architecture in Egypt. However, in 1361, during construction, one of those minarets toppled and killed around 300 people, including children in the primary school below. After this, the builders abandoned their construction, leaving only the two minarets adjacent to the mausoleum that we see today.
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462:-shaped crenelations also ran along the whole length at the very top edge of the walls, but today it is only preserved around the mausoleum's walls on the southeastern side. The southeastern or Citadel-facing walls of the mosque and mausoleum have windows framed by more elaborate stone decoration in various patterns. The triangular-shaped spaces above the bottom windows here were once filled with geometric
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also made of wood, despite the heavy buttressed walls of the chamber being able to support something heavier. However, the original dome had a very different shape. An
Italian traveler in the early 17th century described it as being shaped like an egg; more specifically, it started narrow at the bottom then swelled out like a bulb, before finishing in a pointed tip.
1020:) once stood on this side, as well as a set of latrines and ablutions fountains. A row of arched rooms or units is also visible, and may have been used for shops as part of a weapons market. There was also a rectangular pool and a waterwheel, probably part of a pre-existing water aqueduct system which brought water to the royal stables of the Citadel.
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members of the public and a greater measure of privacy or tranquility was desired for the students. Each madrasa courtyard also had its own smaller iwan used for prayers and oriented towards the qibla (direction of prayer), which was decorated by a stucco inscription band much like the one in the great qibla-side iwan of the main mosque.
446:, which is to the southeast of Cairo. The building's southwestern and northeastern facades (its longer sides) are marked by vertical rows of eight windows each (spread across four stories inside) which are a unique feature that helps to visually emphasize the structure's height. The top edge of the exterior facades are crowned by a thick
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one collapsed in 1659 and was rebuilt in its current form in 1671-72. The original northern minaret was said to be more monumental, and its summit was "double-headed"; in other words, it culminated in two lantern structures (instead of the usual one), a feature that reappeared much later in the minaret of Sultan
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stonework, bands of stone inscriptions, and colored mosaics. It is possible that the other iwans were intended to be decorated too but were never finished. Additionally, a marked-out but empty band running along the top edge of the entire courtyard, above the iwans, may have been intended for another
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The decoration of the portal was apparently never finished. There are many examples of stone carvings whose initial outlines were drawn into the stone but were never carved out. The broad and impressive muqarnas canopy over the doorway does not appear to be fully carved out either, while above this a
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In any case, the dismantling of the pyramid began before 1250. For example, the historian Abd al-Latif tells us that the small pyramids were torn down during the time of the sultan
Saladin (1175-1193). The stones were used for building dams, for instance. Around the middle of the fourteenth century,
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The dome of the mausoleum chamber, visible from outside and from the
Citadel, is no longer original but was replaced with the current one in 1671. This might have been due to damage from the fallen minaret in 1659 or from cannonballs fired from the Citadel in times of conflict. The original dome was
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wall of the mosque, meaning it stood in the direction towards which
Muslims in the mosque would pray. This is something not found in any other Mamluk religious building, though there is apparently no evidence that this was seen as controversial at the time. This layout had the consequence of making
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During the medieval era, an open square, known as
Rumayla, lay between the mosque and the Citadel. Today, the square is occupied by a large traffic circle and has been renamed Salah ad-Din Square. The square and the former hippodrome nearby (on the southwestern side of the Citadel) were historically
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and because of its massive and sturdy construction, it was used on more than one occasion as a fortified position or as a platform from which to launch attacks on the
Citadel. Al-Maqrizi, noted that "as soon as there occurred strife between the people the state, a number of amirs and others ascended
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Muhammad ibn Biylik al-Muhsini as the supervisor of the construction of the mosque. Unusually, his name was placed near Sultan Hasan's in the inscription, which demonstrates how important the undertaking of the project must have been. The amir's high standing otherwise was another indication of this
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Floor plan of the mosque-madrasa. At the middle is the large central courtyard. The domed mausoleum is at the top (southeastern) end. The entrance (with a domed vestibule chamber) is at the bottom-left (northeastern) corner. The smaller passages and rooms at the corners of the central courtyard are
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The mosque today has two minarets flanking the mausoleum chamber on the southeastern side of the structure. The southern one of this pair, which is still in its original form, is the highest minaret of Mamluk architecture, its summit being 84 meters above the street level at the time. The northern
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In 1659, the northern minaret attached to the mausoleum collapsed. In 1671-1672, the minaret was replaced with a smaller one, with a slightly different form, and at same time the original wooden dome of the mausoleum was replaced with the current dome, also in a different shape from the original.
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fountain (for washing before prayer), but it was originally meant to be only a decorative fountain (ablutions facilities were once located next to the mosque building). The domed structure itself is made of wood and has likely been repaired or restored many times. Its current shape may date from
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was estimated to have an income of 200,000 dirham per day. This deprivation may be viewed as a prompt for his later extravagance. Upon taking over the reins, Sultan Hasan placed people of his own favor into positions of power. This happened at the expense of dignitaries currently in position; it
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These madrasa areas were almost entirely separate from the central courtyard (aside from the doorways leading to them), unlike in other madrasas were the rooms of the students often had windows overlooking the main courtyard. This may have been because the main courtyard was used as a mosque by
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motifs here which appear in other Mamluk crafts of the time but do not appear anywhere else in Mamluk architecture. Another minor but curious feature is the sculpted image of other architectural buildings in some of the carvings just above the stairs leading up to the portal; these are possibly
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The entrance portal is gigantic by the standards of mosque architecture and is 38 meters high. It was built at an angle projecting 17 degrees outwards from the rest of the wall so as to be visible from the
Citadel. Its shape and the layout of its decoration indicate obvious inspiration from the
384:, right next to the existing mosque of Sultan Hasan. Completed in 1912, its size is comparable to Sultan Hasan's construction and it was built in a neo-Mamluk style. The two buildings together now dominate the old Rumayla Square (now renamed Midan Salah ad-Din) across from the Citadel.
269:, backed this reputation. Ibn Kathir blamed the sultan for his greed and squandering of public funds. The lavish expenses noted coincide with the Sultan's extensive mosque. After his assassination in 1361, Sultan Hasan's body was never found; the mausoleum never served its purpose.
926:). Each was centered on a small courtyard surrounded by four stories of living quarters and cells for students. The madrasas were not of equal size (at least in part because of the irregular floor plan of the mosque, which was limited by existing streets and structures), with the
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to the throne. Hasan spent his time in jail studying and his obituaries commented on his learning as a result. He returned to power and again reshuffled the ruling establishment attempting to solidify power, but Sultan Hasan was assassinated by his commander in chief of the army,
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Also located behind the walls of the vestibule on the floor plan is a space which may have once housed, or was intended to house, a doctor and medical students, as mentioned in the foundation (waqf) document. The space is now ruined, or might have never been finished.
608:(the Muslim declaration of faith) is inscribed in "square" Kufic higher up above this, while further up is a band of inscription containing another Quranic verse (24:36-37), running along the full width of the inside of the portal, just below the muqarnas canopy.
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forms and richly painted and gilded. The cenotaph at the middle of the mausoleum chamber is dated to 1384, but Sultan Hasan's body was never found after he was killed, and as such he was never buried here. The mausoleum is also furnished with a large wooden
369:, anticipating another rebel attack from the mosque, ordered it demolished; however, after three days of unsuccessful demolition attempts on the mosque's southeastern (Citadel-facing) walls, he was forced to give up. In 1517, the very last Mamluk sultan,
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in the qibla wall. On the same wall, on the right side, there is a large, door-sized window which also opens to the mausoleum chamber. This window is distinguished by a set of doors which are notable for their exceptionally fine craftsmanship, made from
422:, Yalbugha al-Yahawi, and which was demolished to make way for the mosque. The construction of monumental buildings on this location was likely meant in part to create a pleasing sight for the Sultan to look down on from his palace in the Citadel.
815:, but this is not visible today. The minbar does still feature finely-crafted bronze doors with geometric patterns. A dado of marble also runs along the other two walls of the iwan, although at a much shorter height. A stone platform, known as a
293:) and work proceeded for three years "without even a single day of idleness". In fact, work appears to have continued even up to 1363, even after Sultan Hasan's death, before eventually ceasing. An inscription on the mosque notes the name of
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in the world today). The iwan of Sultan Hasan's mosque is not actually as large as that arch, but the comparison nonetheless emphasized the building's legendary reputation. This iwan is also richly decorated. A monumental inscription in
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the mausoleum project outwards into
Rumayla square and towards the Citadel, probably to make it more prominent when seen from the Citadel. The mausoleum chamber is accessed from inside the mosque, through a doorway to the left of the
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The other three iwans and the rest of the courtyard are largely plain except for the doorways at the corners of the courtyard. These doorways lead to the madrasa units and with their own smaller courtyards. They are framed in
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Near the bottom of the southwestern wall, below today's street level, is a row of stone corbels projecting from the wall which likely served to support the roof of a covered market along the street on this side.
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807:(the niche symbolizing the direction of prayer) which is framed by its own golden inscription and whose central half-dome hood features a sunrise motif radiating from the word "Allah". The stone and marble
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under Sultan Hassan, stone blocks from the Great
Pyramid were used to build his famous mosque. Many others followed his example, but despite all the damage and natural erosion, the Great Pyramid endured.
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mounted the roof of the mosque and launched projectiles at the
Citadel, provoking the sultan into ordering the stairs and platform of the entrance destroyed and the doorway boarded up. In 1500, Sultan
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craftsmanship, if not original. The back wall facing the doorway is covered in marble paneling: in the middle is a square panel made of inlaid white and red marble in a geometric pattern of
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261:, a Mamluk thought to be loyal. Because of the Sultan's extravagance in spending fortunes on women and other forms of favoritism, the commander rebelled against the Sultan. A contemporary
188:. The mosque was considered remarkable for its massive size and innovative architectural components, and is still considered one of the most impressive historic monuments in Cairo today.
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to the top of the mosque and began to bombard the Citadel from there". This, in turn, persuaded more than one sultan to order the mosque to be demolished or blocked up. In 1391, rebel
570:, built in 1271. On the inside of the portal, behind the stone benches and flanking the doorway, are a pair of marble niches filled with geometric patterns reminiscent of
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is similar to the one in the main qibla iwan of mosque. The square chamber transitions gradually to the round dome (12 meters in diameter) with the use of wooden
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decorated with geometric star patterns and inlaid with ivory, which was meant to hold one of the giant royal copies of the Qur'an owned by the foundation.
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prestige, as he was appointed governor of Cairo in 1330 and oversaw other construction projects including the renovation of the hippodrome established by
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Inside, the chamber is even more lavishly decorated, with multicolored marble mosaic paneling on the lower walls and a large painted inscription of the
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Additionally, two more minarets were originally intended to stand above the monumental portal of the mosque, very much like in the architecture of
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style, while on either side are marble panels with other carved patterns. From this chamber, a bending passage leads to the central courtyard.
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The importance and scale of the building project also attracted craftsmen from all over the Mamluk empire, including the far-away provinces of
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per day. This pocket change was collected by servants for the Sultan. It's especially striking considering that during that time, the emir
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The vestibule chamber upon entering the mosque is an unusually ornate space, covered by a small central dome surrounded by elaborate
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Manjaq who controlled all of the state's affairs. Prior to that arrest, the emir was restricted to an allowance of just one hundred
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639:-covered doors of the entrance were forcibly purchased at a modest price by Sultan Mu'ayyad in the early 15th century for use on
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upset many of them. Discontented Emirs arrested the Sultan in 1351, held him in jail for three years, and promoted his brother
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used for military parades, equestrian games, and official ceremonies, thus giving the location added symbolic significance.
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The position of the mausoleum relative to the rest of the building was unusual in that it was located directly behind the
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vaults. The dome and half-dome arrangement here is reminiscent of Byzantine architecture, but may have been inspired from
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background, runs along the entire length of the iwan and is unique in Mamluk architecture. The text is a fragment of the
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The size of the main qibla iwan was frequently acknowledged as an awe-inspiring achievement, with Mamluk historians like
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Whether this is by design, or because it was damaged or never finished, is not specified in the sources consulted here.
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that were part of the foundation. The four iwans are said to have each been devoted to the teaching of one of the four
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The northwestern side of the mosque-madrasa is currently occupied by ruins and excavated remains. A primary school (
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The building is about 150 meters long, 68 meters wide, and 36 meters high. Like all mosques, it is oriented towards
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The mosque's construction is considered all the more remarkable as it coincided with the devastation wrought by the
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The floor of the central courtyard is paved in rich marble mosaics. The pavement dates from a restoration by the "
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amirs whose properties were subsequently transferred to the state treasury, including the enormous wealth of amir
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Although the exterior walls of the building are in stone, much of the interior is brick, with facades covered in
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iwan (the iwan in the direction of prayer) is larger than the other three. This space acted as a
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madrasas being the largest, located on either side of the great iwan of the main mosque.
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Ottoman times, but it may also be the earliest Mamluk example of this type of fountain.
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hoods (also Anatolian in style). Above these are black marble panels inlaid with white
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The enormous central courtyard is a vast square space surrounded by four monumental
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Ph.D. thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Architecture.
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commissioned by sultan Al-Hasan for his complex. This manuscript is part of the
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1242:(7th ed.). Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press. pp. 78–84.
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The most substantial available source concerning the mosque's construction is
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The Pyramids: The Mystery, Culture, and Science of Egypt's Great Monuments
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A courtyard of one of the madrasas behind the walls of the main courtyard.
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Cairo of the Mamluks : a history of the architecture and its culture
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The mosque occupies almost 8000 square meters in a location close to the
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The Citadel of Cairo, 1176-1341: reconstructing architecture from texts.
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wall is covered in multicolored marble paneling, centered around the
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The mosque-madrasa-mausoleum of Sultan Hasan today, as seen from the
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accessible to the public, but it was also used for teaching by the
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located on the estates donated to the madrasa-mosque's foundation.
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1487:"The Complex of Sultan Hasan in Cairo: Reading Between the Lines"
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Looking down from the Citadel at the Mosque of Sultan Hasan 2014
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of Victory) from the Qur'an. Below this inscription band, the
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madrasas and mosques around the same period (for example, the
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In 1869, construction began on a monumental new mosque, the
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View of Sultan Hasan's mosque and of Rumayla Square in 1880.
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architecture of the time, particularly the portal of the
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Madrasa of Amir Sunqur Sa'di (Mausoleum of Hasan Sadaqa)
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L'Égypte des Mamelouks: L'empire des esclaves, 1250-1517
1178:(null ed.). London: I.B. Tauris. pp. 201–213.
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fountain in the middle, surrounded by four monumental
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History of medieval Arabic and Western European domes
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claiming it was greater than the famous arch of the
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and finished with stonework for decorative details.
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An-Nasir Badr ad-Din Hasan ibn Muhammad ibn Qalawun
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722:(vaulted chambers open on one side), of which the
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1268:. Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press.
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852:Interior of the mosque, seen from the qibla iwan
177:. It was built between 1356 and 1363 during the
2036:Mosque and Mausoleum of Amir Ahmad al-Mihmandar
1798:Madrasa-Mausoleum of as-Salih Najm ad-Din Ayyub
1240:Islamic Monuments in Cairo: The Practical Guide
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1555:, edn Panckoucke, v. 18.2, p. 304-306,
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1818:Mosque-Madrasa of Sultan al-Ashraf Barsbay
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1940:Qasaba of Radwan Bey (Tentmakers' Street)
1874:Wikala and Sabil-Kuttab of Sultan Qaytbay
1828:Mosque-Sabil of Sulayman Agha al-Silahdar
1551:"Sultan Hassan Mosque" description, from
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2545:Mosque of Qaytbay (at Qal'at al-Kabsh)
2081:Mosque of Qaytbay (at Qal'at al-Kabsh)
1808:Mosque of Amir Jamal al-Din al-Ustadar
1391:]. Academia, Prague. p. 217.
1380:
1302:
1062:
906:The outer courtyards and madrasa areas
785:style, set against a swirling vegetal
528:
352:Due to the mosque's location near the
2241:
1598:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1215:
699:The central courtyard and mosque area
667:The vestibule chamber, with dome and
643:, and can still be seen there today.
2730:14th-century establishments in Egypt
2267:
1527:La mosquée du sultan Hassan au Caire
1520:
1455:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1195:
221:Qur'an Manuscripts inscribed in the
2475:Khanqah-Mausoleum of Sultan Barsbay
2415:Amir Jamal al-Din al-Ustadar Mosque
1788:Khanqah-Mausoleum of Sultan Barsbay
1763:Complex of Sultan al-Ashraf Qaytbay
1460:. Paris: Perrin. pp. 375–377.
550:portals of madrasas and mosques in
150:
13:
2495:Mosque of Amir al-Sayf Sarghatmish
1436:
1415:
1315:
1012:Other structures of the foundation
900:inscription band in the qibla iwan
884:Close-up of the hood of the mihrab
14:
2746:
2157:Egyptian National Military Museum
2126:Tomb of Salar and Sangar-al-Gawli
1624:
1535:
1272:
1246:
1192:
494:and in the minaret of the nearby
438:Exterior facade of the mausoleum.
2311:
2302:
2296:
1991:Madrasa of Umm al-Sultan Sha'ban
1949:Mosques and religious structures
1901:
1705:Mosques and religious structures
1690:al-Muizz Street (Qasabah Street)
1174:Behrens-Abouseif, Doris (2007).
889:
877:
857:
845:
197:Patron and founder: Sultan Hasan
2626:Egypt’s Islamic Cultural Center
2570:Mosque-Madrasa of Sultan Barquq
2445:Egypt’s Islamic Cultural Center
2101:Mosque-Madrasa of Sultan Hassan
2041:Mosque of Amir Qijmas al-Ishaqi
2021:Mausoleum of Tarabay al-Sharifi
1823:Mosque-Madrasa of Sultan Barquq
1478:
1449:
480:
331:
272:
184:period, commissioned by Sultan
2575:Mosque-Madrasa of Sultan Hasan
2540:Mosque of Qanibay al-Muhammadi
2525:Mosque of Khushqadam el-Ahmadi
2076:Mosque of Qanibay al-Muhammadi
2056:Mosque of Khushqadam el-Ahmadi
1966:Amir Khayrbak Funerary Complex
1485:Al-Harithy, Howyda N. (1996).
1374:
1360:
1336:
707:The central courtyard with an
143:Mosque-Madrasa of Sultan Hasan
22:Mosque-Madrasa of Sultan Hasan
1:
2500:Mosque and Khanqah of Shaykhu
2026:Mosque and Khanqah of Shaykhu
1971:Aqsunqur Mosque (Blue Mosque)
1733:Mosque of Almalik al-Jukandar
1384:Pyramidy, tajemstvi minulosti
1288:. Fayard. pp. 139, 240.
1075:
922:(schools of thought in Sunni
588:inscriptions of parts of the
545:The entrance façade in c.1800
2715:Mamluk architecture in Cairo
2555:Mosque of Sultan al-Muayyad
2420:Amir Qijmas al-Ishaqi Mosque
2283:Abu al-Abbas al-Mursi Mosque
2011:Mausoleum of Imam al-Shafi'i
1793:Madrasa of al-Nasir Muhammad
1738:Madrasa of Tatar al-Hijaziya
226:Memory of the World Register
27:
7:
2720:Mosque buildings with domes
2520:Mosque of Aslam al-Silahdar
2515:Mosque of Amir al-Maridani
2470:Khanqah of Faraj ibn Barquq
2046:Mosque of Aslam al-Silahdar
1813:Mosque of Sultan al-Muayyad
1783:Khanqah of Faraj ibn Barquq
1547:Sultan Hassan Photo Gallery
1238:Williams, Caroline (2018).
1023:
972:-style Arabic inscriptions.
646:
577:and culminating in shallow
496:Mosque of Qanibay ar-Rammah
429:
405:
215:National Library of Egypt's
10:
2751:
2510:Mosque of al-Zahir Baybars
2031:Mosque of Amir al-Maridani
2006:Mashhad of Sayyida Ruqayya
1996:Madrasa of Uljay al-Yusufi
1768:Complex of Sultan al-Ghuri
1499:The Encyclopaedia of Islam
942:The mausoleum and the dome
625:monument, presumably from
191:
2664:
2651:Ibrahim El Desouki Mosque
2631:Al-Fattah al-Aleem Mosque
2618:
2450:Gamal Abdel Nasser Mosque
2410:Al-Sayyidah Zainab Mosque
2405:Al-Sayeda Nafeesah Mosque
2390:Al-Rahman al-Rahim Mosque
2328:
2294:
2275:
2170:
2134:
2061:Mosque of Mahmud al-Kurdi
1948:
1917:
1910:
1899:
1836:
1773:Complex of Sultan Qalawun
1753:Church of the Virgin Mary
1703:
1682:
1639:
1632:
1381:Verner, Miroslav (1997).
1035:List of mosques in Africa
388:Architectural description
131:
123:
107:
97:
92:
78:
73:
62:
50:
45:
33:
26:
21:
2565:Mosque of Ulmas al-Hajib
2380:Al-Nasir Muhammad Mosque
2096:Mosque of Ulmas al-Hajib
2086:Mosque of Sulayman Pasha
2016:Mausoleum of Amir Qawsun
1956:Al-Nasir Muhammad Mosque
1889:Wikala of Sultan Qaytbay
1869:Sabil-Kuttab of Katkhuda
1758:Complex of Amir Qurqumas
1669:Gates of Khan al-Khalili
1344:"The treasures of Egypt"
1264:O'Kane, Bernard (2016).
1055:
1040:List of mosques in Egypt
828:monumental inscription.
738:(schools of thought) of
466:decoration, possibly of
397:part of the specialized
2610:Sultan al-Ghuri Complex
2595:Rabaa al-Adawiya Mosque
2505:Mosque of Abu al-Dhahab
2425:Mosque of Amr ibn al-As
2223:Sabil-Kuttab of Qaytbay
2208:Maristan of al-Mu'ayyad
1803:Mosque of Abu al-Dhahab
1553:Description de l'Égypte
1284:Raymond, André (1993).
151:مسجد ومدرسة السلطان حسن
28:مسجد ومدرسة السلطان حسن
2641:Ahmad al-Badawi Mosque
2560:Mosque of Taghribirdi
2530:Mosque of Muhammad Ali
2490:Mahmud al-Kurdi Mosque
2400:Al-Salih Tala'i Mosque
2198:Cairo Citadel Aqueduct
2116:Sayyidah Zainab Mosque
2111:Sayeda Nafeesah Mosque
2066:Mosque of Muhammad Ali
1986:Madrasa of Sarghatmish
1743:Al-Salih Tala'i Mosque
1497:; J. van Lent (eds.).
1442:Rabat, Nasser (1991).
980:
951:
950:The mausoleum chamber.
915:
715:
676:
659:The entrance vestibule
546:
538:
439:
402:
349:
282:
228:
16:Mosque in Cairo, Egypt
2735:14th-century madrasas
2605:Sulayman Pasha Mosque
2550:Mosque of Sinan Pasha
2460:Jami al-Qarafa Mosque
2183:Bayt al-Razzaz Palace
2162:Gayer-Anderson Museum
2091:Mosque of Taghribirdi
1859:Hammam of Sultan Inal
1778:Khanqah of Baybars II
978:
949:
924:Islamic jurisprudence
913:
743:Islamic jurisprudence
706:
671:vaulting, as well as
666:
598:of Victory) from the
544:
536:
437:
395:
339:
280:
204:
2710:14th-century mosques
2600:Sayeda Aisha Mosque
2121:Sultaniyya Mausoleum
1456:Clot, André (1996).
1266:The Mosques of Egypt
519:Great Mosque of Yazd
511:Gök Madrasa in Sivas
114:Islamic architecture
2375:Al-Mahmoudia Mosque
2178:Amir Alin Aq Palace
2106:Sayeda Aisha Mosque
2051:Mosque of Ibn Tulun
1925:Salah al-Din Square
1717:Al-Azhar University
1581:30.0319°N 31.2567°E
1577: /
1370:. 6 September 2016.
1050:Al-Khalifa District
774:palace of Ctesiphon
537:The entrance portal
529:The entrance portal
456:Mamluk architecture
382:Mosque of ar-Rifa'i
163:Salah al-Din Square
118:Mamluk architecture
2679:Mosques by country
2535:Mosque of Qani-Bay
2355:Al-Burdayni Mosque
2340:Abu al-'Ila Mosque
2071:Mosque of Qani-Bay
1879:Wikala of al-Ghuri
1530:. Cairo: Le Caire.
981:
952:
916:
813:Mosque of Aqsunqur
716:
677:
560:Gök (Blue) Madrasa
547:
539:
440:
403:
350:
302:near the Citadel.
283:
229:
153:) is a monumental
2725:Madrasas in Egypt
2687:
2686:
2636:Abu Haggag Mosque
2370:Al-Hussein Mosque
2235:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2213:Palace of Yashbak
2142:Al-Gawhara Palace
1897:
1896:
1728:Al-Hussein Mosque
1493:; E. van Donzel;
1318:"Khitat 2:316-17"
1185:978-1-84511-549-4
418:, for one of his
416:al-Nasir Muhammad
259:Yalbugha al-Umari
167:historic district
139:
138:
2742:
2705:Mosques in Cairo
2656:Sidi Arif Mosque
2455:Ibn Tulun Mosque
2440:Demerdash Mosque
2395:Al-Rifa'i Mosque
2345:Al-Ashraf Mosque
2321:
2316:
2315:
2314:
2306:
2300:
2269:Mosques in Egypt
2262:
2255:
2248:
2239:
2238:
1961:Al-Rifa'i Mosque
1935:Al-Darb al-Ahmar
1915:
1914:
1905:
1884:Wikala of Qawsun
1637:
1636:
1619:
1612:
1605:
1596:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1588:
1587:
1586:30.0319; 31.2567
1582:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1573:
1570:
1542:Mosques in Cairo
1531:
1512:
1472:
1471:
1453:
1447:
1440:
1434:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1420:. Archived from
1413:
1407:
1406:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1352:. Archived from
1340:
1334:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1320:. Archived from
1313:
1300:
1299:
1281:
1270:
1269:
1261:
1244:
1243:
1235:
1190:
1189:
1171:
1069:
1066:
1030:Lists of mosques
893:
881:
861:
849:
552:Anatolian Seljuk
507:Anatolian Seljuk
412:Citadel of Cairo
346:al-Rif'ai Mosque
326:Pyramids of Giza
300:al-Zahir Baybars
152:
38:
19:
18:
2750:
2749:
2745:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2740:
2739:
2690:
2689:
2688:
2683:
2660:
2646:El-Tabia Mosque
2614:
2590:Qaytbay Mosque
2480:Khayrbak Mosque
2435:Aqsunqur Mosque
2365:Al-Hakim Mosque
2350:Al-Azhar Mosque
2331:
2324:
2317:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2301:
2292:
2288:Attarine Mosque
2271:
2266:
2236:
2227:
2188:Bayt al-Sinnari
2166:
2152:Carriage Museum
2147:Amir Taz Palace
2130:
1944:
1906:
1893:
1864:Khan el-Khalili
1849:Bayt al-Suhaymi
1832:
1723:Al-Hakim Mosque
1713:Al-Azhar Mosque
1699:
1695:Bayn al-Qasrayn
1678:
1649:Bab al-Barqiyya
1628:
1623:
1585:
1583:
1579:
1576:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1563:
1538:
1509:
1481:
1476:
1475:
1468:
1454:
1450:
1441:
1437:
1427:
1425:
1416:Martyn, Smith.
1414:
1410:
1399:
1379:
1375:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1327:
1325:
1324:on 14 July 2011
1316:Martyn, Smith.
1314:
1303:
1296:
1282:
1273:
1262:
1247:
1236:
1193:
1186:
1172:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1058:
1026:
1014:
944:
908:
901:
894:
885:
882:
873:
862:
853:
850:
701:
661:
649:
556:Mongol Ilkhanid
531:
503:Mongol Ilkhanid
492:al-Azhar Mosque
483:
432:
408:
390:
361:against Sultan
334:
275:
199:
194:
68:an-Nasir Hassan
41:
29:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2748:
2738:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2700:Medieval Cairo
2685:
2684:
2682:
2681:
2676:
2674:Islam in Egypt
2671:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2622:
2620:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2585:Qalawun Mosque
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2465:Juyushi Mosque
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2385:Al-Nour Mosque
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2360:Al-Fath Mosque
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2336:
2334:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2322:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2290:
2285:
2279:
2277:
2273:
2272:
2265:
2264:
2257:
2250:
2242:
2233:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1976:Juyushi Mosque
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1921:
1919:
1912:
1908:
1907:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1854:Beshtak Palace
1851:
1846:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1709:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1697:
1692:
1686:
1684:
1680:
1679:
1677:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1645:
1643:
1634:
1630:
1629:
1622:
1621:
1614:
1607:
1599:
1561:
1560:
1549:
1544:
1537:
1536:External links
1534:
1533:
1532:
1518:
1507:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1466:
1448:
1435:
1408:
1397:
1373:
1359:
1356:on 2019-09-05.
1335:
1301:
1294:
1271:
1245:
1191:
1184:
1080:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1060:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1025:
1022:
1013:
1010:
943:
940:
907:
904:
903:
902:
895:
888:
886:
883:
876:
874:
863:
856:
854:
851:
844:
700:
697:
660:
657:
648:
645:
641:his own mosque
617:spoils from a
530:
527:
482:
479:
431:
428:
407:
404:
389:
386:
333:
330:
274:
271:
254:as-Salih Salih
233:al-Nasir Hasan
217:Collection of
198:
195:
193:
190:
186:an-Nasir Hasan
137:
136:
133:
129:
128:
125:
124:Groundbreaking
121:
120:
111:
105:
104:
99:
95:
94:
90:
89:
80:
76:
75:
71:
70:
64:
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47:
43:
42:
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31:
30:
24:
23:
15:
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6:
4:
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2:
2747:
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2718:
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2706:
2703:
2701:
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2697:
2695:
2680:
2677:
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2672:
2670:
2667:
2666:
2663:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2617:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
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2593:
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2578:
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2558:
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2553:
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2541:
2538:
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2533:
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2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
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2496:
2493:
2491:
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2481:
2478:
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2428:
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2413:
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2406:
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2393:
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2381:
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2368:
2366:
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2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2332:Greater Cairo
2327:
2320:
2309:
2305:
2299:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2263:
2258:
2256:
2251:
2249:
2244:
2243:
2240:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2203:Hosh al-Basha
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2193:Cairo Citadel
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2169:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
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868:(center) and
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792:Surat al-Fath
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473:inspiration.
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32:
25:
20:
2619:Other places
2574:
2485:Lulua Mosque
2430:Aqmar Mosque
2319:Egypt portal
1981:Lulua Mosque
1918:Main streets
1748:Aqmar Mosque
1683:Main streets
1664:Bab al-Wazir
1654:Bab al-Futuh
1562:
1526:
1498:
1495:P.J. Bearman
1491:Gibb, H.A.R.
1479:Bibliography
1457:
1451:
1443:
1438:
1426:. Retrieved
1422:the original
1411:
1402:
1388:
1383:
1376:
1362:
1354:the original
1347:
1338:
1326:. Retrieved
1322:the original
1285:
1265:
1239:
1175:
1064:
1015:
1006:
985:Throne Verse
982:
953:
936:
917:
830:
821:
816:
790:
763:
717:
693:
678:
650:
634:
610:
603:
589:
575:illumination
548:
500:
484:
481:The minarets
475:
460:fleur-de-lis
441:
424:
409:
379:
375:
351:
332:Later events
319:
304:
287:Black Plague
284:
273:Construction
236:
235:(full name:
230:
207:frontispiece
205:Illuminated
142:
140:
93:Architecture
1674:Bab Zuweila
1659:Bāb al-Naşr
1584: /
993:pendentives
614:chinoiserie
265:historian,
161:located in
52:Affiliation
2694:Categories
2276:Alexandria
1715:(see also
1572:31°15′24″E
1569:30°01′55″N
1467:2262010307
1295:2213029830
1076:References
761:maddhabs.
675:stonework.
307:al-Maqrizi
267:Ibn Kathir
2330:Cairo and
1559:(French).
1522:Herz, Maz
1501:. BRILL.
1418:"Rumayla"
837:ablutions
787:arabesque
778:brickwork
709:ablutions
623:Christian
517:, or the
468:Anatolian
209:from the
132:Completed
2669:Category
1524:(1899).
1349:NBC News
1286:Le Caire
1024:See also
997:muqarnas
920:maddhabs
772:Persian
770:Sassanid
736:maddhabs
732:madrasas
685:Armenian
681:muqarnas
669:muqarnas
647:Interior
630:churches
627:Crusader
579:muqarnas
488:al-Ghuri
452:muqarnas
430:Exterior
406:The site
399:madrasas
371:Tumanbay
367:Janbalat
322:Anatolia
79:Location
74:Location
46:Religion
2135:Museums
1428:9 March
1328:9 March
1002:lectern
970:Thuluth
932:Shafi'i
872:(right)
766:Maqrizi
759:Shafi'i
751:Hanbali
621:-style
605:Shahada
490:at the
471:Turkish
464:ceramic
448:cornice
354:Citadel
342:Citadel
315:Shaykhu
249:Shaykhu
231:Sultan
192:History
165:in the
159:madrasa
66:Sultan
2171:Others
1837:Others
1505:
1464:
1395:
1292:
1182:
1018:maktab
989:mihrab
961:mihrab
928:Hanafi
870:minbar
866:mihrab
833:Comité
817:dikkat
809:minbar
805:mihrab
757:, and
755:Maliki
747:Hanafi
745:: the
689:Syrian
653:stucco
637:bronze
619:Gothic
602:. The
600:Qur'an
586:Arabic
572:Qur'an
568:Turkey
515:Turkey
363:Barquq
311:Mamluk
263:Syrian
245:dirham
223:UNESCO
219:Mamluk
211:Qur'an
182:Mamluk
155:mosque
147:Arabic
102:Mosque
63:Patron
1641:Gates
1557:Audio
1489:. In
1387:[
1056:Notes
956:qibla
898:Kufic
825:ablaq
801:qibla
783:Kufic
740:Sunni
724:qibla
720:iwans
713:iwans
673:ablaq
583:Kufic
564:Sivas
444:Mecca
420:amirs
359:amirs
179:Bahri
175:Egypt
171:Cairo
109:Style
87:Egypt
83:Cairo
57:Islam
1513:(p.
1503:ISBN
1462:ISBN
1430:2011
1393:ISBN
1330:2011
1290:ISBN
1180:ISBN
930:and
896:The
864:The
797:Sura
596:Sura
554:and
523:Iran
505:and
295:amir
241:Emir
157:and
141:The
135:1363
127:1356
98:Type
1517:ff)
562:in
450:of
169:of
2696::
1515:68
1401:.
1346:.
1304:^
1274:^
1248:^
1194:^
1084:^
753:,
749:,
566:,
521:,
513:,
498:.
348:.)
291:AH
173:,
149::
116:,
85:,
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2254:t
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1618:e
1611:t
1604:v
1511:.
1470:.
1432:.
1332:.
1298:.
1188:.
795:(
594:(
401:.
145:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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