Mount Vesuvius - Knowledge

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out by the volcano. The remaining 62% of remains found at Pompeii were in the pyroclastic surge deposits, and thus were probably killed by them – probably from a combination of suffocation from inhaling ashes and blast and debris thrown around. Examination of cloth, frescoes and skeletons shows that, in contrast to the victims found at Herculaneum, it is unlikely that high temperatures were a significant cause of the destruction at Pompeii. Herculaneum, much closer to the crater, was saved from tephra falls by the wind direction but was buried under 23 metres (75 ft) of material deposited by pyroclastic surges. Likely, most of the known victims in this town were killed by the surges.

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kilometres (0.024 cu mi), such as those of 472 and 1631, have been more frequent with a few hundred years between them. From the 1631 eruption until 1944, there was a comparatively small eruption every few years, emitting 0.001–0.01 km of magma. For Vesuvius, the amount of magma expelled in an eruption increases roughly linearly with the interval since the previous one, and at a rate of around 0.001 cubic kilometres (0.00024 cu mi) for each year. This gives an approximate figure of 0.08 cubic kilometres (0.019 cu mi) for an eruption after 80 years of inactivity.

974: 2186: 2272: 191: 79: 62: 1337: 184: 1794: 1637: 38: 1916: 4755: 1895: 2244: 1752: 1268:, Italian archaeologists using the technique of filling every cavity with plaster or substitute compound, recovered some remarkably well-preserved forms of perishable objects, such as fence rails, a bucket and especially in the vicinity, thousands of human footprints pointing into the Apennines to the north. The settlement had huts, pots and goats. The residents had hastily abandoned the village, leaving it to be buried under 2258: 2139:) to reduce the population living in the red zone, by demolishing illegally constructed buildings, establishing a national park around the whole volcano to prevent the future construction of buildings and by offering sufficient financial incentives to people for moving away. One of the underlying goals is to reduce the time needed to evacuate the area, over the next twenty to thirty years, to two or three days. 2073: 1734:

emitting loud snoring. They elected to take to the fields with pillows tied to their heads to protect them from the raining debris. They approached the beach again, but the wind prevented the ships from leaving. Pliny sat down on a sail that had been spread for him and could not rise even with assistance when his friends departed. Though Pliny the Elder died, his friends ultimately escaped by land.

1447: 1714:) across the bay. Fearing for their lives, the population began to flee the shore along the road. An ash rain fell, causing Pliny to shake it off periodically to avoid being buried. Later that same day, the pumice and ash stopped falling, and the sun shone weakly through the cloud, encouraging Pliny and his mother to return to their home and wait for news of Pliny the Elder. 1620:, which caused widespread destruction around the Bay of Naples, and particularly to Pompeii. Some of the damage had still not been repaired when the volcano erupted. The deaths of 600 sheep from "tainted air" in the vicinity of Pompeii indicates that the earthquake of AD 62 may have been related to new activity by Vesuvius. 939:

1270, 1347, and 1500. The volcano erupted again in 1631, six times in the 18th century (including 1779 and 1794), eight times in the 19th century (notably in 1872), and in 1906, 1929 and 1944. There have been no eruptions since 1944, and none of the eruptions after AD 79 were as large or destructive as the Pompeian one.

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Pliny the Elder and his party saw what they believed to be flames coming from several parts of the crater. After staying overnight, the party was driven from the building by an accumulation of material, presumably tephra, which threatened to block all egress. They woke Pliny, who had been napping and

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Reconstructions of the eruption and its effects vary considerably in the details but have the same overall features. The eruption lasted two days. The morning of the first day was perceived as normal by the only eyewitness to leave a surviving document, Pliny the Younger. In the middle of the day, an

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The cliffs forming the northern ridge of Monte Somma's caldera rim reach a maximum height of 1,132 m (3,714 ft) at Punta Nasone. The summit of the main cone of Vesuvius is 1,281 m (4,203 ft) above sea level and more than 400 m (1,300 ft) above the 5 km (3.1 mi)

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Vesuvius has erupted many times since. It is the only volcano on Europe's mainland to have erupted in the last hundred years. It is regarded as one of the most dangerous volcanoes in the world because 3,000,000 people live near enough to be affected by an eruption, with at least 600,000 in the danger

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Another study used the magnetic characteristics of over 200 samples of roof-tile and plaster fragments collected around Pompeii to estimate the equilibrium temperature of the pyroclastic flow. The magnetic study revealed that on the first day of the eruption a fall of white pumice containing clastic

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around 1800 BC, which engulfed several Bronze Age settlements. Since AD 79, the volcano has also erupted repeatedly, in 172, 203, 222, possibly in 303, 379, 472, 512, 536, 685, 787, around 860, around 900, 968, 991, 999, 1006, 1037, 1049, around 1073, 1139, 1150, and there may have been eruptions in

549:, "fiery"), "from the mountain which of old spouted forth a huge fire the mountain is called Vesuvius." It was inhabited by giant bandits, "the sons of the Earth. With the gods' assistance, he pacified the region and continued. The facts behind the tradition, if any, remain unknown, as does whether 1721:

at Misenum and had meanwhile decided to investigate the phenomenon at close hand in a light vessel. As the ship was preparing to leave the area, a messenger came from his friend Rectina (wife of Tascius) living on the coast near the foot of the volcano, explaining that her party could only get away

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The latest scientific studies of the ash produced by Vesuvius reveal a multi-phase eruption. The initial major explosion produced a column of ash and pumice ranging between 15 and 30 kilometres (49,000 and 98,000 ft) high, which rained on Pompeii to the southeast but not on Herculaneum upwind.

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on 5 June 1995. The summit of Vesuvius is open to visitors, and there is a small network of paths around the volcano that are maintained by the park authorities on weekends. There is access by road to within 200 metres (660 ft) of the summit (measured vertically), but after that, access is on

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Thirty-eight percent of the 1,044 were found in the ash fall deposits, the majority inside buildings. These are thought to have been killed mainly by roof collapses, with the smaller number of victims found outside of buildings probably being killed by falling roof slates or by larger rocks thrown

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Subsequently, the cloud collapsed as the gases expanded and lost their capability to support their solid contents, releasing it as a pyroclastic surge, which first reached Herculaneum but not Pompeii. Additional blasts reinstituted the column. The eruption alternated between Plinian and Peléan six

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region, and may have to stay away for several months. However, the dilemma that would face those implementing the plan is when to start this massive evacuation: If it starts too late, thousands could be killed, whereas if it is started too early, the indicators of an eruption may turn out to be a

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The two men saw an extraordinarily dense cloud rising rapidly above the peak. This cloud and a request by a messenger for an evacuation by sea prompted the elder Pliny to order rescue operations in which he sailed away to participate. His nephew attempted to resume a normal life, but that night a

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across the Bay of Naples from the volcano, approximately 35 kilometres (22 mi), the elder Pliny launched a rescue fleet and went himself to the rescue of a personal friend. His nephew declined to join the party. One of the nephew's letters relates what he could discover from witnesses of his

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The collapse of the Plinian columns on the second day caused pyroclastic density currents (PDCs) that devastated Herculaneum and Pompeii. The depositional temperature of these pyroclastic surges reached up to 300 °C (572 °F). Any population remaining in structural refuges could not have

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caused by the reduction in weight of the overlying rock (which drops to zero at the surface) causes the gases to come out of solution, the volume of gas increasing explosively from nothing to perhaps many times that of the accompanying magma. Additionally, the removal of the higher melting point

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Large Vesuvian eruptions which emit volcanic material in quantities of about 1 cubic kilometre (0.24 cu mi), the most recent of which overwhelmed Pompeii and Herculaneum, have happened after periods of inactivity of a few thousand years. Sub-Plinian eruptions producing about 0.1 cubic

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By 2003, around 1,044 casts made from impressions of bodies in the ash deposits had been recovered in and around Pompeii, with the scattered bones of another 100. The remains of about 332 bodies have been found at Herculaneum (300 in arched vaults discovered in 1980). What percentage these

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About 19,000 years ago: the style of eruption changed to a sequence of large explosive and caldera-forming Plinian eruptions, of which the AD 79 one was the most recent. The calderas are aligned in a roughly east–west direction, and all contributed to forming present-day's Somma caldera. The

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in the close vicinity of the volcano began. Lights were seen on the peak, interpreted as fires. People as far away as Misenum fled for their lives. The flows were rapid-moving, dense and very hot, knocking down, wholly or partly, all structures in their path, incinerating or suffocating all

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People caught on the former seashore by the first surge died of thermal shock. The rest were concentrated in arched chambers at a density of as high as three persons per square metre. As only 85 metres (279 ft) of the coast have been excavated, further casualties may be discovered.

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In the first letter to Tacitus, Pliny the Younger suggested that his uncle's death was due to the reaction of his weak lungs to a cloud of poisonous, sulphurous gas that wafted over the group. However, Stabiae was 16 km from the vent (roughly where the modern town of

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were also created, adding to the devastation. Activity thereafter became almost continuous, with relatively severe eruptions occurring in 1660, 1682, 1694, 1698, 1707, 1737, 1760, 1767, 1779, 1794, 1822, 1834, 1839, 1850, 1855, 1861, 1868, 1872, 1906, 1926, 1929, and

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as having a predominantly flat, barren summit covered with sooty, ash-coloured rocks, and suggested that it might once have had "craters of fire". He also perceptively suggested that the fertility of the surrounding slopes may be due to volcanic activity, as at Mount

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is situated), and his companions were unaffected by the volcanic gases. It is more likely that the corpulent Pliny died from another cause, such as a stroke or heart attack. His body was found with no apparent injuries the next day, after dispersal of the plume.

2089:, towns and cities south and east of the volcano are most at risk from this. It is assumed that tephra accumulation exceeding 100 kilograms per square metre (20 lb/sq ft)—at which point people are at risk from collapsing roofs—may extend out as far as 950:, a Roman writer who published a detailed description of the AD 79 eruption, including his uncle's death. On occasion, eruptions from Vesuvius have been so large that the whole of southern Europe has been blanketed by ash; in 472 and 1631, Vesuvian ash fell on 1973:. From 13 to 18 March 1944, activity was confined within the rim. Finally, on 18 March 1944, lava overflowed the rim. Lava flows destroyed nearby villages from 19 March through 22 March. On 24 March, an explosive eruption created an ash plume and a small 2084:

4 eruption. In this scenario, the volcano's slopes, extending out to about 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) from the vent, may be exposed to pyroclastic surges sweeping down them, whilst much of the surrounding area could suffer from tephra falls. Because of

2111:("red zone"), i.e. at greatest risk from pyroclastic flows. The evacuation, by train, ferry, car, and bus, is planned to take about seven days, and the evacuees would mostly be sent to other parts of the country, rather than to safe areas in the local 1725:

He set off across the bay but, in the shallows on the other side, encountered thick showers of hot cinders, lumps of pumice and pieces of rock. Advised by the helmsman to turn back, he stated, "Fortune favors the brave" and ordered him to continue to

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even wrote that they "were not particularly alarming because they are frequent in Campania". Small earthquakes started taking place four days before the eruption becoming more frequent over the next four days, but the warnings were not recognized.

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Vesuvius was then built up by a series of lava flows, with some smaller explosive eruptions interspersed between them. By this time, the volcano was 2,000 meters (6,560 feet) tall, with the summit being 500 meters (1,640 feet) east of the current

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to the south-east. Near Naples, this tephra fall hazard is assumed to extend barely past the volcano's slopes to the northwest. The specific areas affected by the ash cloud depend upon the circumstances surrounding the eruption.

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The volcano became quiescent at the end of the 13th century, and in the following years, it again became covered with gardens and vineyards as old. Even the inside of the crater was moderately filled with shrubbery.

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Several surviving works written over the 200 years preceding the AD 79 eruption describe the mountain as having had a volcanic nature, although Pliny the Elder did not depict the mountain in this way in his

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beneath the latter, deeper into the earth. As the water-saturated sediments of the African oceanic plate were pushed to hotter depths inside the planet, the water boiled off and lowered the melting point of the

2173:. This indicates a state of low volcanic activity. The surveillance system has not detected any significant changes in Vesuvius' activity state. The low-energy earthquakes are attributable to gravitational 882:

enough to partially melt the rocks. Because magma is less dense than the solid rock around it, it was pushed upward. Finding a weak spot at the Earth's surface, it broke through, thus forming the volcano.

1550:, a Roman administrator and poet. Several dates are given in the surviving copies of the letters. The latest evidence supports earlier findings and indicates that the eruption occurred after 17 October. 1640:

Pompeii and Herculaneum, as well as other cities affected by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius. The black cloud represents the general distribution of ash, pumice and cinders. Modern coast lines are shown.

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The chief energy supporting the column came from the escape of steam superheated by the magma, created from seawater seeping over time into the deep faults of the region, which interacted with magma.

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explosion threw up a high-altitude column from which ash and pumice began to fall, blanketing the area. Rescues and escapes occurred during this time. At some time in the night or early the next day,

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The eruption could be seen from Naples. Different perspectives and the damage caused to the local villages were recorded by USAAF photographers and other personnel based nearer to the volcano.

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10 cu yd) per second. More than 1,000 people are thought to have died in the eruption, though the exact toll is unknown. The only surviving witness account consists of two letters by

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Vocabolario della lingua latina : IL : latino-italiano, italiano-latino / Luigi Castiglioni, Scevola Mariotti; redatto con la collaborazione di Arturo Brambilla e Gaspare Campagna

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fragments of up to 3 centimetres (1.2 in) fell for several hours. It heated the roof tiles up to 140 °C (284 °F). This period would have been the last opportunity to escape.

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by sea and asking for rescue. Pliny ordered the immediate launching of the fleet galleys to the evacuation of the coast. He continued in his light ship to the rescue of Rectina's party.

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times. Surges 3 and 4 are believed by the authors to have buried Pompeii. Surges are identified in the deposits by dune and cross-bedding formations, which are not produced by fallout.

902:, a volcanic island 20 kilometres (12 mi) to the west, and several undersea volcanoes to the south. The arc forms the southern end of a larger chain of volcanoes produced by the 1997:, Italy, just a few kilometres from the eastern base of the volcano. The tephra and hot ash from multiple days of the eruption damaged the fabric control surfaces, the engines, the 1695:

tremor awoke him and his mother, prompting them to abandon the house for the courtyard. Further tremors near dawn caused the population to abandon the village and caused disastrous

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deposits were distributed to the northwest of the vent, travelling as far as 15 km (9.3 mi) from it, and lie up to 3 m (9.8 ft) deep in the area now occupied by

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produced in the more explosive eruptions (e.g. the eruption in 1631 displaying a complete stratigraphic and petrographic description: phonolite was firstly erupted, followed by a

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escaped, as gases of incinerating temperatures surrounded the city. The lowest temperatures were in rooms under collapsed roofs, at approximately 100 °C (212 °F).

1186:. The area has been subject to volcanic activity for at least 400,000 years; the lowest layer of eruption material from the Somma caldera lies on top of the 40,000-year‑old 988:

Vesuvius is still regarded as an active volcano, although its current activity produces little more than sulfur-rich steam from vents at the bottom and walls of the crater.

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Mount Vesuvius has erupted many times. Numerous others preceded the eruption in AD 79 in prehistory, including at least three significantly larger; an example is the

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The dates of the earthquakes and of the eruption are contingent on a final determination of the time of year, but there is no reason to change the relative sequence.

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has had as many long-duration eruptions in the last 270 years. The two most recent eruptions of Vesuvius (1875–1906 and 1913–1944) each lasted more than 30 years.

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The last of these may have been in 217 BC. There were earthquakes in Italy during that year and the sun was reported as being dimmed by gray haze or dry fog.

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VIII 653–655 "Aetnaeos quoque contorquens e cautibus ignes / Vesvius intonuit, scopulisque in nubila iactis / Phlegraeus tetigit trepidantia sidera vertex."

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in the Bay of Naples. By late afternoon of the second day, the eruption was over, leaving only haze in the atmosphere through which the sun shone weakly.

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Sigurdsson, Haraldur; Carey, Steven (2002). "The Eruption of Vesuvius in AD 79". In Jashemski, Wilhelmina Mary Feemster; Meyer, Frederick Gustav (eds.).

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that Vesuvius had thundered and produced flames worthy of Mount Etna in that year. However, both authors were writing around 250 years later. Greenland

3317: 739: 673:, the etymology depends to a large degree on the presumption of what language was spoken there at the time. Naples was settled by Greeks, as the name 5274: 2520:

Woods, Andrew W. (2013). "Sustained explosive activity: volcanic eruption columns and hawaiian fountains". In Fagents, Sarah A.; Gregg, Tracy K. P.;

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Vesuvius entered a new phase in December 1631, when a major eruption buried many villages under lava flows, killing around 3,000 people. Torrents of

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Along with Pliny the Elder, the only other noble casualties of the eruption to be known by name were Agrippa (a son of the Herodian Jewish princess

1435:–?) reported that fires had once existed abundantly below the peak and that it had spouted fire onto the surrounding fields. He described Pompeiian 4424: 2718: 5269: 2858: 2880: 94: 4576:"Influences of urban fabric on pyroclastic density currents at Pompeii (Italy): Part II: temperature of the deposits and hazard implications" 4018: 3636: 2080:

The government emergency plan for an eruption therefore assumes that the worst case will be an eruption of similar size and type to the 1631

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Sigurdsson, Haraldur (2002). "Mount Vesuvius before the Disaster". In Jashemski, Wilhelmina Mary Feemster; Meyer, Frederick Gustav (eds.).

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settlements were in the vicinity. Other peoples of unknown provenance are said to have been there at some time by various ancient authors.

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population remaining there and altering the landscape, including the coastline. Additional light tremors accompanied these and a mild

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zone. This is the most densely populated volcanic region in the world. Eruptions tend to be violent and explosive; these are known as

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The volcano's slopes are scarred by lava flows, while the rest are heavily vegetated, with scrub and forests at higher altitudes and

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Inscriptiones Bruttiorum, Lucaniae, Campaniae, Siciliae, Sardiniae Latinae. Pars Prior: Inscriptiones Bruttiorum Lucaniae Campaniae

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Early Warning of Volcanic eruptions and Earthquakes in the Neapolitan area, Campania Region, South Italy (Submitted Abstract)

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The volcano was then quiet (for 295 years, if the 217 BC date for the last previous eruption is true) and was described by

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Vesuvius was active from 1913 through 1944, with lava filling the crater and occasional outflows of small amounts of lava.

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uncle's experiences. In a second letter, the younger Pliny details his own observations after the departure of his uncle.

5498: 5010: 1533: 408: 808:. The Gran Cono was produced during the A.D. 79 eruption. For this reason, the volcano is also called Somma-Vesuvius or 2533: 2478: 490:

type at the time of the eruption of AD 79: it appears under the inscribed name Vesuvius as a serpent in the decorative

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The eruptions of 512 were so severe that those inhabiting the slopes of Vesuvius were granted exemption from taxes by

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Stoppa, Francesco; Principe, Claudia; Schiazza, Mariangela; Liu, Yu; Giosa, Paola; Crocetti, Sergio (15 March 2017).

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The official INGV monitoring bulletin from the Vesuvius Observatory, as of July 2024, classifies Mount Vesuvius at a

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on wood and bones offer a range of possible dates of about 500 years in the mid-2nd millennium BC. In May 2001, near

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The only surviving eyewitness account of the event consists of two letters by Pliny the Younger to the historian

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samples of around that period show relatively high acidity, which is assumed to have been caused by atmospheric

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Sbrana, Alessandro; Cioni, Rafaello; Marianelli, Paola; Andronico, Daniele; Pasqiuni, Giuseppe (January 2020).

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A massive black cloud glistering with lightning obscured the early-morning light, a scene Pliny describes as

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deposits produced by them, which in turn are named after the place where the deposits were first identified:

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relates a tradition that Hercules, in the performance of his labors, passed through the country of nearby

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The eruption of 5 April 1906 killed more than 100 people and ejected the most lava ever recorded from a

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numbers are of the total dead or the percentage of the dead to the total number at risk remain unknown.

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The caldera started forming during an eruption around 17,000–18,000 years ago and was enlarged by later

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Stothers, R.B.; Klenk, Hans-Peter (2002). "The case for an eruption of Vesuvius in 217 BC (abstract)".

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The eruptions vary greatly in severity but are characterized by explosive outbursts of the kind dubbed

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The volcano then entered a stage of more frequent, but less violent eruptions, until the most recent

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taken from a 2,000 m (6,600 ft) plus borehole on the flanks of the volcano, extending into

569:, patroness of Pompeii, and Hercules were worshipped in the region devastated by the eruption of 79. 20: 3950: 3878: 3669: 3477: 2866: 2683:. Loeb Classical Library. Vol. 303. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. pp. 410–411. 5453: 5214: 5183: 5131: 5005: 3132: 2941: 2884: 2285: 2155: 1465: 1040: 922: 776: 4909: 4026: 3646: 2810:. Osservatorio Vesuviano, Italian National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology. Archived from 2016:

medium bomber of the 340th Bombardment Group on 23 March 1944 after the eruption of Mount Vesuvius

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Giacomelli, Lisetta; Perrotta, Annamaria; Scandone, Roberto; Scarpati, Claudio (September 2003).

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That eruptive period ended in the major eruption of March 1944, which destroyed the villages of

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Since 1750, seven of the eruptions of Vesuvius have had durations of more than five years; only

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Further eruptions were recorded in 787, 968, 991, 999, 1007 and 1036 with the first recorded

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in Ercolano with extensive networks of seismic and gravimetric stations, a combination of a

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deposits that have been dubitatively assigned to either the Somma-Vesuvius complex, or the

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crystallizing out. The effect is to increase the concentration of dissolved gases (mostly

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Around 11,000 years ago: the Lagno Amendolare eruption, smaller than the Mercato eruption.

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Vesuvius has a long historic and literary tradition. It was considered a divinity of the

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song, was written to commemorate the opening of the first funicular on Mount Vesuvius.

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Guest, John; Cole, Paul; Duncan, Angus; Chester, David (2003). "Chapter 2: Vesuvius".

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The plan assumes between two weeks and 20 days notice of an eruption and foresees the

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eruptions, ending in the one of AD 79. This structure has given its name to the term "

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Kozák, Jan; Cermák, Vladimir (2010). "Vesuvius-Somma Volcano, Bay of Naples, Italy".

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foot only. There is a spiral walkway around the volcano from the road to the crater.

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process described above, which extends northwest along the length of Italy as far as

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In 472, it ejected such a volume of ash that ashfalls were reported as far away as

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Around 5,000 years ago: two explosive eruptions smaller than the Avellino eruption.

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in the crater have raised clouds of ash dust, raising false alarms of an eruption.

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caused by the collapse of an earlier (and originally much higher) structure called

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Ongoing efforts are being made by the government at various levels (especially of

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The main cone of Vesuvius and the cliff of Monte Somma's caldera separated by the

5377: 5264: 4671: 4462: 4074:"The eruption of Vesuvius of 79 AD and its impact on human environment in Pompei" 3641: 3615: 1805: 1707: 1683: 1419: 1315: 1179: 731:"violence", "hurling violence", *vesbia, taking advantage of the collateral form. 4643: 4625:

Purcell, N.; Talbert, R.; Gillies, S.; Elliott, T.; Becker, J. (20 March 2015).

3393:

Osservatorio Vesuviano, Italian National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology

3079:"Magma evolution inside the 1631 Vesuvius magma chamber and eruption triggering" 2906:

Osservatorio Vesuviano, Italian National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology

2648: 2553: 4564: 3127: 2936: 2778: 2443: 2416: 2364: 2356: 2045: 2041: 1962: 1850: 1764: 1585: 1044: 951: 866: 858: 857:

Vesuvius is a stratovolcano and was formed as a result of the collision of two

851: 847: 827:

long valley of Atrio di Cavallo (the northern floor of Monte Somma's caldera).

823:", which describes any volcano with a summit caldera surrounding a newer cone. 690: 670: 606: 373: 4215: 3998:. University of California at Santa Barbara, Department of Geological Sciences 3031: 2613: 37: 5402: 5316: 5188: 4899: 3991: 3437: 3112: 2277: 2121: 2033: 2002: 1700: 1636: 1554: 1320: 1261: 1191: 891: 862: 820: 793: 756: 735: 432: 397: 369: 270: 258: 109: 96: 4687: 3251:

Cioni, Raffaello; Santacroce, Roberto; Sbrana, Alessandro (September 1999).

1915: 1838:

Since the eruption of AD 79, Vesuvius has erupted around three dozen times.

1623:

The Romans grew accustomed to minor earth tremors in the region; the writer

5382: 4919: 4889: 4776: 4694: 4400: 2578: 2521: 2263: 2105:

of 600,000 people, almost entirely comprising all those living in the

2036:

for many years will start to see higher melting point constituents such as

1928: 1710:. The cloud obscured Point Misenum near at hand and the island of Capraia ( 1562: 1558: 1542:

eruptions of all time. Historians have learned about the eruption from the

1348: 1273: 996: 907: 879: 610: 440: 436: 412: 297: 266: 4484: 3276: 3103: 3078: 1793: 5299: 4934: 4690:. Global Volcanic and Environmental Systems Simulation (GVES). 1996–2003. 4602: 3574: 2166:. All of this is intended to track magma rising underneath the volcano. 2117: 1843: 1597: 1408: 1296: 1171: 805: 552: 420: 4423:

Gasparini, Paolo; Barberi, Franco; Belli, Attilio (16–18 October 2003).

4290:. Central University Library (CUL), Southern Methodist University (SMU). 4214:(The Travel Film Archive). Naples: Castle Films, YouTube. Archived from 3893: 3821: 3218: 2993: 2967: 2196:

cable cars on Mount Vesuvius; the other cable car of the pair was named

1276:

in much the same way that Pompeii and Herculaneum were later preserved.

1234:(Pomici di Mercato) – also known as Pomici Gemelle or Pomici Ottaviano, 5372: 4904: 4869: 4859: 4781: 4337:. Dipartimento di Fisica E. Amaldi, Università Roma Tre. Archived from 4237:. Dipartimento di Fisica E. Amaldi, Università Roma Tre. Archived from 2174: 1868: 1718: 1584:

10 cu yd) per second, ultimately releasing 100,000 times the

1249: 1007:

make up the volcanic peak. Their mineralogy is variable, but generally

982: 903: 4422: 2124:

area, another volcanic complex near Naples, but no eruption occurred.

1224:

16,000 years ago: the Green Pumice (Pomici Verdoline) eruption, VEI 5.

4884: 4879: 4796: 4739: 4371: 2526:

Modeling Volcanic Processes: The Physics and Mathematics of Volcanism

2218: 2193: 2151: 1998: 1966: 1782: 1751: 1425: 1016: 1012: 958:), over 1,200 kilometres (750 mi) away. A few times since 1944, 927: 870: 662: 605:

was a name of the volcano in frequent use by the authors of the late

4112:. Chicago: The Field Museum of Natural History. 2007. Archived from 1194:

complex. The volcanic complex stands on a large, sedimentary plain.

1170:

Scientific knowledge of the geologic history of Vesuvius comes from

404:, resulting from the collapse of an earlier, much higher structure. 5311: 4817: 4647: 4048: 3619: 2243: 2163: 2136: 2112: 2090: 2062: 2049: 2005:

medium bombers. Estimates ranged from 78 to 88 aircraft destroyed.

1994: 1365: 1325: 1311: 1300: 1257: 1175: 1064: 1024: 955: 831: 666: 528: 424: 377: 219: 203: 4071: 5323: 5178: 4981: 4874: 4806: 4744: 4159:

Scandone, Roberto; Giacomelli, Lisetta; Gasparini, Paolo (1993).

4135:

Vesuvius Causes Terror; Loud Detonations and Frequent Earthquakes

3598:"When Did Vesuvius Erupt? The Evidence for and against August 24" 3020:

Global Volcanism Program — Volcanoes of the World (Version 4.9.2)

2094: 2066: 2037: 1948: 1727: 1696: 1687: 1679: 1651: 1593: 1543: 1352: 1344: 1292: 943: 911: 895: 801: 614: 562: 558: 503: 475: 467: 428: 416: 401: 389: 4563:

Waldstein, Charles; Shoobridge, Leonard Knollys Haywood (1908).

4147:

Vesuvius Threatens Destruction Of Towns; Bosco Trecase Abandoned

4019:"Lecture 19: Greek, Carthaginian and Roman Agricultural Writers" 665:. Given that peoples of varying ethnicity and language occupied 4995: 4929: 4801: 4771: 4328: 4228: 3451:

de Boer; Jelle Zeilinga & Sanders; Donald Theodore (2002).

2058: 1944: 1943:

when Mount Vesuvius violently erupted, devastating the city of

1605: 1573: 1436: 1392: 1340: 1281: 1269: 1211: 1008: 1004: 1000: 899: 760: 682: 540: 491: 451: 385: 53: 4507:"What are the lyrics and translation of 'Funiculì, Funiculà'?" 3181: 2760:

Local etymology, a derivative dictionary of geographical names

2072: 1842:

It erupted again in 203, during the lifetime of the historian

1217:

18,300 years ago: the Basal Pumice (Pomici di Base) eruption,

5053: 4924: 4688:"Vesuvius: The making of a catastrophe: Il problema ignorato" 3616:"Pompeii: Vesuvius eruption may have been later than thought" 2681:

Diodorus of Sicily: The Library of History: Books II.34–IV.58

1924: 1881: 1861: 1711: 748: 743: 726: 720: 711: 710:= "not" prefixed to a root from or related to the Greek word 705: 675: 656: 650: 536: 507: 381: 365: 335: 254: 4624: 4574:

Zanella, E.; Gurioli, L.; Pareschi, M.T.; Lanza, R. (2007).

4573: 4303: 4161:"Mount Vesuvius: 2000 years of volcanological observations" 4158: 3807: 3795: 3783: 3771: 3759: 1907:

Vesuvius erupting (seen from the surrounding caldera wall)

1569: 1265: 1051:(VEI) has been assigned to all but one of these eruptions. 992: 447: 344: 341: 4950: 3444: 3184:"Volcanic Evolution of the Somma-Vesuvius Complex (Italy)" 388:

and a short distance from the shore. It is one of several

3076: 2552:

C. Plinii Caecilii Secundi. "Liber Sextus; 16 & 20".

2147: 2081: 1299:. Evidence of these eruptions comes from badly preserved 1235: 1218: 1198:

25,000 years ago: Vesuvius started forming in the Codola

742:, "shine", "burn", sense "the one who lightens", through 326: 4434:

Second International Conference on Early Warning (EWCII)

4059:

Also known to have been mentioned in a section now lost.

3714: 1919:

The March 1944 eruption of Vesuvius, by Jack Reinhardt,

3528: 3135:, Volcanoes of the World, version 4.11.0 (08 June 2022) 1067:

eruptions for which a VEI has been assigned (total=53)

850:

overlooking the city of Naples in the 19th century, by

792:

Vesuvius is a "humpbacked" peak, consisting of a large

543:

and found there a place called "the Phlegraean Plain" (

527:

The Romans regarded Mount Vesuvius as being devoted to

431:

and other settlements. The eruption ejected a cloud of

237:

25,000 years before present to 1944; age of volcano =

4535: 3363:"Vesuvius' Next Eruption May Put Metro Naples at Risk" 3304: 3158: 2551: 2528:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 158. 2120:. In 1984, 40,000 people were evacuated from the 1717:

Pliny's uncle, Pliny the Elder, was in command of the

4463:"Official INGV monitoring bulletin of Mount Vesuvius" 4360: 4358: 4356: 3596:

Lapatin, Kenneth; Kozlovski, Alina (23 August 2019).

3250: 3009: 3007: 2725:. Medford, MA: The Perseus Project, Tufts University. 2473:(in Italian) (4th ed.). Loescher. p. 1505. 2076:

The area around the volcano is now densely populated.

1406:) described the mountain in Book V, Chapter 4 of his 1043:, Vesuvius has had 54 confirmed eruptions during the 356: 347: 332: 4299: 4297: 2896: 2894: 2239: 338: 323: 4662:Garrett, Roger A.; Klenk, Hans-Peter (April 2005). 4562: 3515: 3417: 3119: 2931: 2929: 2927: 2701: 2626: 2468: 2204:The area around Vesuvius was officially declared a 1439:

as having been burnt from another species of stone.

800:) partially encircled by the steep rim of a summit 585:City of Naples with Mount Vesuvius viewed from the 329: 4353: 3990:Fisher, Richard V.; et al. (and volunteers). 3685: 3683: 3004: 2834:"Geology and Vulcanology | Vesuvius National Park" 2689:10.4159/DLCL.diodorus_siculus-library_history.1933 2069:, adding to the explosive nature of the eruption. 1783:Later eruptions from the 3rd to the 19th centuries 4540:. London: The Geological Society. pp. 25–62. 4294: 3891: 3819: 3631: 3629: 2991: 2891: 2808:"Summary of the eruptive history of Mt. Vesuvius" 1939:. Italian authorities were preparing to hold the 1515:), another Greek writer, wrote in Book IV of his 400:partially encircled by the steep rim of a summit 16:Active stratovolcano in the Gulf of Naples, Italy 5400: 4106:"Pompeii, Stories from an eruption: Herculaneum" 3595: 3016:"What volcanoes have had the longest eruptions?" 2924: 2345: 1889: 1364:writers as having been covered with gardens and 1314:wrote of the sky being on fire near Naples, and 930:during an eruption of Vesuvius (painted in 1822) 152: 4553: 4396:"Italy ready to pay to clear slopes of volcano" 3747: 3680: 3567: 2495:"Vesuvio o Vesevius nell'Enciclopedia Treccani" 2001:windscreens and the gun turrets of the 340th's 516:indicates that he was worshipped as a power of 19:"Vesuvius" redirects here. For other uses, see 5270:Conservation issues of Pompeii and Herculaneum 4168:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 3989: 3692:"Visiting Pompeii – AD 79 – Vesuvius explodes" 3626: 3563: 3561: 3360: 2469:Castiglioni, Luigi; Mariotti, Scevola (2007). 693:also competed for the occupation of Campania. 4966: 4833: 4710: 4367:"Italians trying to prevent a modern Pompeii" 4211:Mt Vesuvius erupts near Naples, Italy in 1944 2567: 2565: 2547: 2545: 1686:. Observing the first volcanic activity from 1604:and the ruins buried under tens of metres of 1030: 716:= "I quench", in the sense of "unquenchable". 137: 4724: 4661: 4288:"Melvin C. Shaffer World War II Photographs" 3698:. London: Current Publishing. Archived from 3177: 3175: 3173: 3171: 3169: 3167: 2802: 2800: 2798: 2796: 2777: 2717:Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (2010) . 2641:The Illustrated History of Natural Disasters 2162:and chemical analyses of gases emitted from 1611: 1468:. There might be a discussion about this on 4331:"Activity of Vesuvio between 1631 and 1799" 4304:Kilburn, Chris & McGuire, Bill (2001). 4262:"The Mount Vesuvius Eruption of March 1944" 4067: 4065: 3900:. The Harvard Classics. New York: Bartelby. 3828:. The Harvard Classics. New York: Bartelby. 3568:Wallace-Hadrill, Andrew (15 October 2010). 3558: 3475: 3000:. The Harvard Classics. New York: Bartleby. 2787:Indogermanisches etymologisches Woerterbuch 2638: 2381: 2375: 2369: 1519:that the Campanian plain was called fiery ( 1417: 661:. Many scholars since then have offered an 643: 635: 627: 619: 599: 550: 511: 496: 4973: 4959: 4840: 4826: 4717: 4703: 4544: 4329:Giacomelli, L.; Scandone, R. (1996–2009). 4229:Giacomelli, L.; Scandone, R. (1996–2009). 3736: 3720: 3689: 3246: 3244: 2716: 2562: 2542: 2012:Ash being swept off a wing of an American 886:The volcano is one of several forming the 77: 60: 4140: 4128: 4089: 3540:Department of Physics, University of Rome 3217: 3207: 3164: 3102: 2793: 2785:. In Lubotsky, A.; Starostin, G. (eds.). 2678: 2057:material will raise the concentration of 1821:An eruption of Vesuvius seen from Portici 1538:In AD 79, Vesuvius erupted in one of the 1488:Learn how and when to remove this message 846:Famous view of Vesuvius and the historic 4231:"The eruption of vesuvius of March 1944" 4062: 3670:"2: Identifying Potential Damage Events" 2756: 2735: 2712: 2710: 2291:List of volcanic eruptions by death toll 2184: 2158:to measure ground movement and by local 2142:The volcano is closely monitored by the 2126: 2071: 2007: 1914: 1893: 1815: 1792: 1750: 1635: 1565:to a height of 33 km (21 mi), 1335: 1161: 1055:Volcanic explosivity index for Vesuvius 972: 964: 921: 841: 775: 443:to a height of 33 km (21 mi), 384:, about 9 km (5.6 mi) east of 4566:Herculaneum, past, present & future 3667: 3241: 2789:(in German). Leiden: Leiden University. 2763:. London: Houlston and Wright. p. 2603: 2571: 1244:3,800 years ago (19th century BC): the 502:, or household shrines, surviving from 5401: 4641: 4016: 3885: 3813: 3125: 3013: 2873: 2441: 2350: 2339: 2177:activity of rocks inside the crater. 1631: 689:people, lived in the countryside. The 190: 5352:Naples National Archaeological Museum 5260:Erotic art in Pompeii and Herculaneum 4954: 4821: 4698: 4644:"Vesuvius escape plan 'insufficient'" 4642:Fraser, Christian (10 January 2007). 4612:from the original on 11 October 2007. 4110:Soprintendenza archeologica di Pompei 3723:, p. 35, on Seneca the Younger, 3674:Patterns of Reconstruction at Pompeii 2707: 2519: 2363: 2326: 1755:Pompeii, with Vesuvius towering above 1616:The AD 79 eruption was preceded by a 4847: 4393: 4364: 4197:from the original on 10 August 2017. 4047: 3014:Venzke, E., ed. (10 December 2020). 2742:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 2704:, p. 108 re Epigram IV line 44. 2417:"Vesuvio nell'Enciclopedia Treccani" 2065:, potentially making the magma more 1527: 1440: 898:a few kilometers to the north-west, 700:Some theories about its origin are: 5011:Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD 4025:. Purdue University. Archived from 3482:. Translated by John Bostock & 3333: 2389: 1534:Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD 409:eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD 13: 4259: 4149:, The New York Times, 7 April 1906 4137:, The New York Times, 6 April 1906 3992:"Derivation of the name "Plinian"" 3911:Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus ( 3839:Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus ( 3496: 2757:Charnock, Richard Stephen (1859). 2313: 1730:(about 4.5 km from Pompeii). 75:1,232 m (4,042 ft) 58:1,281 m (4,203 ft) 14: 5515: 4618: 3645:. 15 October 1956. Archived from 3367:University at Buffalo News Center 2572:McGuire, Bill (16 October 2003). 1673: 5092:House of Marcus Lucretius Fronto 4753: 3668:Martini, Kirk (September 1998). 2604:Mommsen, Theodorus, ed. (1883). 2270: 2256: 2242: 2180: 2032:Magma sitting in an underground 1445: 1351:with Mount Vesuvius, as seen in 977:The eruption of Vesuvius in 1794 969:Lava flows from Vesuvius in 1760 649:. Writers in ancient Greek used 574: 319: 189: 182: 36: 5504:Tourist attractions in Campania 4583:Journal of Geophysical Research 4528: 4499: 4477: 4455: 4436:. Bonn, Germany. Archived from 4416: 4387: 4365:Hale, Ellen (21 October 2003). 4322: 4280: 4253: 4222: 4201: 4152: 4098: 4091:10.18814/epiiugs/2003/v26i3/014 4041: 4010: 3983: 3957: 3904: 3832: 3801: 3789: 3777: 3765: 3753: 3741: 3730: 3661: 3608: 3589: 3570:"Pompeii: Portents of Disaster" 3509: 3490: 3469: 3430: 3411: 3381: 3361:Ellen Goldbaum (6 March 2006). 3354: 3327: 3310: 3298: 3152: 3070: 3045: 2985: 2960: 2851: 2826: 2771: 2750: 2729: 2702:Waldstein & Shoobridge 1908 2695: 2665: 2632: 2627:Waldstein & Shoobridge 1908 2620: 1789:1631 eruption of Mount Vesuvius 1553:The volcano ejected a cloud of 1166:Vesuvius erupting (before 1923) 1157: 396:. Vesuvius consists of a large 4627:"Places: 433189 (Vesuvius M.)" 4556:The natural history of Pompeii 4547:The natural history of Pompeii 3996:The Volcano Information Center 3455:. Princeton University Press. 3369:. State University of New York 2996:. In Eliot, Charles W. (ed.). 2679:Oldfather, C. H., ed. (1935). 2593: 2574:"In the shadow of the volcano" 2513: 2487: 2462: 2435: 2409: 2131:The crater of Vesuvius in 2012 1853:(760 mi.; 1,220 km). 1210:eruptions are named after the 1: 5107:House of the Prince of Naples 5016:Foreign influences on Pompeii 4487:. Vesuvioinrete.it. 2001–2010 3896:. In Charles W. Eliot (ed.). 3824:. In Charles W. Eliot (ed.). 3389:"Pomici di Avellino eruption" 3209:10.1080/17445647.2019.1706653 3128:"Vesuvius – Eruption History" 2968:"Definition of somma volcano" 2902:"The Pomici Di Base Eruption" 2442:Grasso, Alfonso, ed. (2007). 2402: 1983:United States Army Air Forces 1908: 1890:Eruptions in the 20th century 1828: 1746: 1505: 1429: 1396: 771: 738:root, *eus- < *ewes- < 681:, "New City", testifies. The 238: 5484:16th-century volcanic events 5479:17th-century volcanic events 5474:18th-century volcanic events 5469:19th-century volcanic events 5464:20th-century volcanic events 4394:Arie, Sophie (5 June 2003). 4188:10.1016/0377-0273(93)90099-D 3894:"LXVI. To Cornelius Tacitus" 2643:. Springer. pp. 45–54. 2212: 1798:Eruption of 16 December 1631 1011:-undersaturated and rich in 917: 837: 676: 593: 565:in 88 AD suggests that both 481: 7: 5122:House of the Small Fountain 5117:House of the Silver Wedding 5087:House of Loreius Tiburtinus 5082:House of the Greek Epigrams 5077:The Garden of the Fugitives 4980: 4569:. London: Macmillan and Co. 4538:Volcanoes of Southern Italy 3892:Pliny the Younger (2001) . 3820:Pliny the Younger (2001) . 3748:Sigurdsson & Carey 2002 2881:"The world's top volcanoes" 2838:Parco Nazionale del Vesuvio 2649:10.1007/978-90-481-3325-3_3 2235: 1590:Hiroshima-Nagasaki bombings 1318:mentioned in his epic poem 1047:(the last 11,700 years). A 10: 5520: 5499:Geological type localities 5282:Pompeii in popular culture 4335:Esplora i Vulcani Italiani 4235:Esplora i Vulcani Italiani 3453:Volcanoes in Human History 2992:Pliny the Younger (1909). 2296:List of volcanoes in Italy 2150:-based geodetic array and 1786: 1531: 1178:rock. Cores were dated by 1049:volcanic explosivity index 1031:Volcanic explosivity index 727: 721: 712: 706: 657: 651: 18: 5365: 5344: 5337: 5290: 5255:Portrait of Terentius Neo 5232: 5202: 5166: 5145: 5102:House of Octavius Quartio 5052: 5031: 5024: 4988: 4855: 4762: 4751: 4732: 4664:"Vesuvius' next eruption" 3690:Jones, Rick (2004–2010). 3637:"Science: Man of Pompeii" 3516:Marcus Vitruvius Pollio. 3338:. Meridie. Archived from 3032:10.5479/si.GVP.VOTW4-2013 2614:10.1515/9783112610220-011 2192:, one of a pair of early 2023: 1959:San Sebastiano al Vesuvio 1618:powerful earthquake in 62 1612:Precursors and foreshocks 1355:'s House of the Centenary 1141: 1127: 1113: 1099: 1085: 1071: 1062: 1059: 1023:and finally a phonolitic 308: 296: 291: 281: 264: 248: 231: 226: 215: 176: 171: 130: 125: 86: 69: 52: 47: 35: 30: 21:Vesuvius (disambiguation) 5489:Medieval volcanic events 5444:Stratovolcanoes of Italy 5132:House of the Tragic Poet 5006:AD 62 Pompeii earthquake 4726:Major volcanoes of Italy 4208:Stevens, Robert (1944). 3898:Vol. IX, Part 4: Letters 3826:Vol. IX, Part 4: Letters 3334:Livadie, Claude Albore. 3133:Global Volcanism Program 3126:Venzke, E., ed. (2013). 2998:Vol. IX, Part 4: Letters 2942:Global Volcanism Program 2883:. Scenta. Archived from 2306: 2286:Battle of Mount Vesuvius 2156:synthetic aperture radar 1466:clarify the bullet point 1041:Global Volcanism Program 4733:Roman comagmatic region 4023:History of Horticulture 3257:Bulletin of Volcanology 3139:Smithsonian Institution 3024:Smithsonian Institution 2947:Smithsonian Institution 2736:Phillips, John (1869). 2346: 2336: 2301:List of stratovolcanoes 1987:340th Bombardment Group 1740:Castellammare di Stabia 1037:Smithsonian Institution 557:was named after it. An 153: 5494:Pompeii (ancient city) 5419:Campanian volcanic arc 5250:Plato's Academy mosaic 5062:House of the Centenary 5044:Villa of the Mysteries 4764:Campanian volcanic arc 4017:Janick, Jules (2002). 2382: 2376: 2370: 2360: 2323: 2217:Mount Vesuvius' first 2201: 2132: 2077: 2017: 1931: 1912: 1835: 1813: 1756: 1641: 1418: 1370:House of the Centenary 1356: 1167: 978: 970: 931: 888:Campanian volcanic arc 854: 789: 644: 636: 628: 620: 600: 551: 512: 506:. An inscription from 497: 394:Campanian volcanic arc 276:Campanian volcanic arc 138: 5357:Secret Museum, Naples 5291:Other sites destroyed 3277:10.1007/s004450050272 3104:10.1515/geo-2017-0003 2674:Bibliotheca historica 2188: 2130: 2075: 2011: 1971:San Giorgio a Cremano 1918: 1906: 1819: 1796: 1754: 1639: 1517:Bibliotheca Historica 1339: 1230:8,000 years ago: the 1165: 976: 968: 925: 845: 779: 110:40.82139°N 14.42611°E 5449:Subduction volcanoes 5240:Achilles and Briseis 5127:House of the Surgeon 5072:House of Julia Felix 4603:10.1029/2006jb004775 4443:on 27 September 2009 4308:. Terra Publishing. 3915:) (September 2001). 3843:) (September 2001). 3399:on 18 September 2010 2558:. The Latin Library. 2446:[Vesuvius]. 2365:[wɛˈsʊwi.ʊs] 2352:[amunˈdaɲɲə] 2144:Osservatorio Vesuvio 2103:emergency evacuation 1941:1908 Summer Olympics 1802:Joachim von Sandrart 1580:10 cubic metres (7.8 1458:confusing or unclear 1391:The Greek historian 1256:, including ancient 1188:Campanian ignimbrite 458:10 cubic metres (7.8 5434:Geography of Naples 5385:(CIL IV 8123, 8623) 5305:Villa of the Papyri 5158:Macellum of Pompeii 5137:House of the Vettii 4595:2007JGRB..112.5214Z 4485:"The National Park" 4241:on 30 December 2009 4218:on 30 October 2021. 4180:1993JVGR...58....5S 3965:"Pliny Letter 6.16" 3808:Zanella et al. 2007 3796:Zanella et al. 2007 3784:Zanella et al. 2007 3772:Zanella et al. 2007 3760:Zanella et al. 2007 3649:on 14 December 2008 3479:The Natural History 3269:1999BVol...61..207C 3200:2020JMaps..16..137S 3095:2017OGeo....9....3S 2522:Lopes, Rosaly M. C. 2448:ilportaledelsud.org 2341:[vəˈsuːvjə] 2328:[veˈzuːvjo] 2230:Neapolitan language 2061:components such as 2052:, the huge drop in 1981:In March 1944, the 1923:tail gunner in the 1858:Theodoric the Great 1763:and the procurator 1632:Scientific analysis 1374:Casa del Centenario 1252:settlements of the 1056: 1021:tephritic phonolite 875:convergent boundary 106: / 5293:in the 79 eruption 4745:Vulsinian district 4341:on 19 January 2011 4268:on 3 November 2011 4054:Jewish Antiquities 3696:Current Archeology 3622:. 16 October 2018. 3499:"Book V Chapter 4" 3484:Henry Thomas Riley 3420:Ancient Hist. Bull 3324:, October 11, 2022 2912:on 22 October 2006 2887:on 26 August 2010. 2814:on 3 December 2006 2723:A Latin Dictionary 2671:Diodorus Siculus, 2355:("the Mountain"); 2226:Funiculì, Funiculà 2202: 2133: 2078: 2018: 1932: 1913: 1836: 1814: 1757: 1647:pyroclastic surges 1642: 1602:pyroclastic surges 1600:were destroyed by 1454:This bullet point 1357: 1291:, which destroyed 1184:argon–argon dating 1168: 1054: 979: 971: 932: 855: 790: 115:40.82139; 14.42611 48:Highest point 5459:Parks in Campania 5424:Complex volcanoes 5396: 5395: 5392: 5391: 5275:Pompeian frescoes 5228: 5227: 5220:Temple of Jupiter 5097:House of Menander 5067:House of the Faun 5039:Villa of Diomedes 4948: 4947: 4815: 4814: 4792:Phlegraean Fields 4740:Ciminian district 4375:. Gannett Co. Inc 4315:978-1-903544-04-4 4306:Italian Volcanoes 4049:Josephus, Flavius 3923:Project Gutenberg 3913:Pliny the Younger 3851:Project Gutenberg 3841:Pliny the Younger 3822:"LXV. To Tacitus" 3725:Natural Questions 3476:Pliny the Elder. 3462:978-0-691-05081-2 3305:Guest et al. 2003 3159:Guest et al. 2003 2859:"Vesuvius, Italy" 2658:978-90-481-3325-3 2171:Green Alert Level 2054:internal pressure 1937:Vesuvian eruption 1904: 1625:Pliny the Younger 1548:Pliny the Younger 1540:most catastrophic 1528:Eruption of AD 79 1498: 1497: 1490: 1278:Pyroclastic surge 1246:Avellino eruption 1155: 1154: 1035:According to the 948:Pliny the Younger 936:Avellino eruption 890:. Others include 869:. The former was 466:to the historian 464:Pliny the Younger 312: 311: 5511: 5439:Sacred mountains 5429:Decade Volcanoes 5414:Active volcanoes 5342: 5341: 5329:Villa Boscoreale 5245:Alexander Mosaic 5210:Temple of Apollo 5112:House of Sallust 5029: 5028: 4975: 4968: 4961: 4952: 4951: 4849:Decade Volcanoes 4842: 4835: 4828: 4819: 4818: 4757: 4719: 4712: 4705: 4696: 4695: 4691: 4683: 4681: 4679: 4670:. Archived from 4658: 4656: 4654: 4638: 4636: 4634: 4613: 4611: 4580: 4570: 4559: 4550: 4541: 4522: 4521: 4519: 4517: 4503: 4497: 4496: 4494: 4492: 4481: 4475: 4474: 4472: 4470: 4459: 4453: 4452: 4450: 4448: 4442: 4431: 4420: 4414: 4413: 4411: 4409: 4391: 4385: 4384: 4382: 4380: 4362: 4351: 4350: 4348: 4346: 4326: 4320: 4319: 4301: 4292: 4291: 4284: 4278: 4277: 4275: 4273: 4264:. Archived from 4257: 4251: 4250: 4248: 4246: 4226: 4220: 4219: 4205: 4199: 4198: 4196: 4165: 4156: 4150: 4144: 4138: 4132: 4126: 4125: 4123: 4121: 4116:on 18 March 2009 4102: 4096: 4095: 4093: 4069: 4060: 4058: 4045: 4039: 4038: 4036: 4034: 4014: 4008: 4007: 4005: 4003: 3987: 3981: 3980: 3978: 3976: 3967:. Archived from 3961: 3955: 3954: 3948: 3944: 3942: 3934: 3932: 3930: 3918:LETTERS OF PLINY 3908: 3902: 3901: 3889: 3883: 3882: 3876: 3872: 3870: 3862: 3860: 3858: 3846:LETTERS OF PLINY 3836: 3830: 3829: 3817: 3811: 3805: 3799: 3793: 3787: 3781: 3775: 3769: 3763: 3757: 3751: 3750:, pp. 42–43 3745: 3739: 3734: 3728: 3718: 3712: 3711: 3709: 3707: 3687: 3678: 3677: 3665: 3659: 3658: 3656: 3654: 3633: 3624: 3623: 3612: 3606: 3605: 3593: 3587: 3586: 3584: 3582: 3565: 3556: 3555: 3553: 3551: 3546:on 12 April 2011 3542:. Archived from 3536:"Somma-Vesuvius" 3532: 3526: 3525: 3513: 3507: 3506: 3494: 3488: 3487: 3473: 3467: 3466: 3448: 3442: 3434: 3428: 3427: 3415: 3409: 3408: 3406: 3404: 3395:. Archived from 3385: 3379: 3378: 3376: 3374: 3358: 3352: 3351: 3349: 3347: 3331: 3325: 3314: 3308: 3302: 3296: 3295: 3293: 3291: 3248: 3239: 3238: 3236: 3234: 3221: 3211: 3179: 3162: 3156: 3150: 3149: 3147: 3145: 3123: 3117: 3116: 3106: 3083:Open Geosciences 3074: 3068: 3067: 3065: 3063: 3049: 3043: 3042: 3040: 3038: 3011: 3002: 3001: 2989: 2983: 2982: 2980: 2978: 2964: 2958: 2957: 2955: 2953: 2933: 2922: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2908:. Archived from 2898: 2889: 2888: 2877: 2871: 2870: 2865:. Archived from 2855: 2849: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2830: 2824: 2823: 2821: 2819: 2804: 2791: 2790: 2775: 2769: 2768: 2754: 2748: 2747: 2733: 2727: 2726: 2714: 2705: 2699: 2693: 2692: 2669: 2663: 2662: 2636: 2630: 2624: 2618: 2617: 2597: 2591: 2590: 2588: 2586: 2569: 2560: 2559: 2549: 2540: 2539: 2517: 2511: 2510: 2508: 2506: 2491: 2485: 2484: 2466: 2460: 2459: 2457: 2455: 2439: 2433: 2432: 2430: 2428: 2413: 2396: 2393: 2387: 2385: 2379: 2373: 2367: 2354: 2349: 2343: 2330: 2317: 2280: 2275: 2274: 2273: 2266: 2261: 2260: 2259: 2252: 2250:Volcanoes portal 2247: 2246: 2087:prevailing winds 1991:Pompeii Airfield 1975:pyroclastic flow 1947:and surrounding 1910: 1905: 1833: 1830: 1767:) and his wife. 1592:. The cities of 1588:released by the 1583: 1579: 1576:at the rate of 6 1514: 1510: 1507: 1502:Diodorus Siculus 1493: 1486: 1482: 1479: 1473: 1449: 1448: 1441: 1434: 1431: 1424:, the architect 1423: 1405: 1401: 1398: 1330:hydrogen sulfide 1305:Phlegrean fields 1289:Plinian eruption 1254:Apennine culture 1232:Mercato eruption 1200:Plinian eruption 1190:produced by the 1150: 1149: 1136: 1135: 1122: 1121: 1108: 1107: 1094: 1093: 1080: 1079: 1057: 1053: 763:" (compare e.g. 752: 730: 729: 724: 723: 715: 714: 709: 708: 679: 660: 659: 654: 653: 647: 639: 631: 623: 615:collateral forms 603: 587:Castel Sant'Elmo 578: 556: 546:Φλεγραῖον πεδίον 533:Diodorus Siculus 531:. The historian 522:Jupiter Vesuvius 515: 500: 461: 457: 454:at the rate of 6 360: 354: 353: 350: 349: 346: 343: 340: 337: 334: 331: 328: 325: 300: 287:17–23 March 1944 244:years to present 243: 240: 193: 192: 186: 164: 156: 149: 141: 121: 120: 118: 117: 116: 111: 107: 104: 103: 102: 99: 82: 81: 65: 64: 40: 28: 27: 5519: 5518: 5514: 5513: 5512: 5510: 5509: 5508: 5454:VEI-6 volcanoes 5399: 5398: 5397: 5388: 5378:Pompeii Lakshmi 5361: 5333: 5292: 5286: 5265:Pompeian Styles 5224: 5198: 5162: 5141: 5048: 5020: 4984: 4979: 4949: 4944: 4851: 4846: 4816: 4811: 4758: 4749: 4728: 4723: 4686: 4677: 4675: 4652: 4650: 4632: 4630: 4621: 4616: 4609: 4578: 4531: 4526: 4525: 4515: 4513: 4505: 4504: 4500: 4490: 4488: 4483: 4482: 4478: 4468: 4466: 4461: 4460: 4456: 4446: 4444: 4440: 4429: 4421: 4417: 4407: 4405: 4392: 4388: 4378: 4376: 4363: 4354: 4344: 4342: 4327: 4323: 4316: 4302: 4295: 4286: 4285: 4281: 4271: 4269: 4258: 4254: 4244: 4242: 4227: 4223: 4207: 4206: 4202: 4194: 4163: 4157: 4153: 4145: 4141: 4133: 4129: 4119: 4117: 4104: 4103: 4099: 4070: 4063: 4046: 4042: 4032: 4030: 4029:on 18 July 2012 4015: 4011: 4001: 3999: 3988: 3984: 3974: 3972: 3963: 3962: 3958: 3946: 3945: 3936: 3935: 3928: 3926: 3909: 3905: 3890: 3886: 3874: 3873: 3864: 3863: 3856: 3854: 3837: 3833: 3818: 3814: 3806: 3802: 3794: 3790: 3782: 3778: 3770: 3766: 3758: 3754: 3746: 3742: 3737:Sigurdsson 2002 3735: 3731: 3721:Sigurdsson 2002 3719: 3715: 3705: 3703: 3702:on 8 March 2012 3688: 3681: 3666: 3662: 3652: 3650: 3635: 3634: 3627: 3614: 3613: 3609: 3604:. Getty Museum. 3594: 3590: 3580: 3578: 3566: 3559: 3549: 3547: 3534: 3533: 3529: 3522:de Architectura 3514: 3510: 3495: 3491: 3474: 3470: 3463: 3449: 3445: 3435: 3431: 3416: 3412: 3402: 3400: 3387: 3386: 3382: 3372: 3370: 3359: 3355: 3345: 3343: 3342:on 18 June 2012 3332: 3328: 3316:Halpin, Danny. 3315: 3311: 3303: 3299: 3289: 3287: 3249: 3242: 3232: 3230: 3188:Journal of Maps 3180: 3165: 3157: 3153: 3143: 3141: 3124: 3120: 3075: 3071: 3061: 3059: 3057:volcanotrek.com 3051: 3050: 3046: 3036: 3034: 3012: 3005: 2990: 2986: 2976: 2974: 2966: 2965: 2961: 2951: 2949: 2935: 2934: 2925: 2915: 2913: 2900: 2899: 2892: 2879: 2878: 2874: 2869:on 5 July 2008. 2857: 2856: 2852: 2842: 2840: 2832: 2831: 2827: 2817: 2815: 2806: 2805: 2794: 2779:Pokorny, Julius 2776: 2772: 2755: 2751: 2734: 2730: 2715: 2708: 2700: 2696: 2670: 2666: 2659: 2637: 2633: 2625: 2621: 2598: 2594: 2584: 2582: 2570: 2563: 2550: 2543: 2536: 2518: 2514: 2504: 2502: 2499:www.treccani.it 2493: 2492: 2488: 2481: 2467: 2463: 2453: 2451: 2440: 2436: 2426: 2424: 2421:www.treccani.it 2415: 2414: 2410: 2405: 2400: 2399: 2394: 2390: 2318: 2314: 2309: 2276: 2271: 2269: 2262: 2257: 2255: 2248: 2241: 2238: 2215: 2183: 2093:to the east or 2026: 1894: 1892: 1831: 1806:Matthias Merian 1791: 1785: 1749: 1708:sheet lightning 1684:Pliny the Elder 1676: 1634: 1614: 1581: 1577: 1572:and pulverized 1536: 1530: 1512: 1508: 1494: 1483: 1477: 1474: 1463: 1450: 1446: 1433: 80–70 BC 1432: 1420:De architectura 1403: 1399: 1384:Natural History 1316:Silius Italicus 1180:potassium–argon 1160: 1151: 1147: 1146: 1137: 1133: 1132: 1123: 1119: 1118: 1109: 1105: 1104: 1095: 1091: 1090: 1081: 1077: 1076: 1033: 928:Saint Januarius 920: 859:tectonic plates 840: 774: 747: 725:= "I hurl" and 596: 591: 590: 589: 584: 579: 484: 459: 455: 450:and pulverized 372:located on the 358: 322: 318: 298: 241: 211: 210: 209: 208: 207: 201: 200: 199: 198: 194: 167: 158: 143: 114: 112: 108: 105: 100: 97: 95: 93: 92: 76: 59: 43: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5517: 5507: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5409:Mount Vesuvius 5394: 5393: 5390: 5389: 5387: 5386: 5380: 5375: 5369: 5367: 5363: 5362: 5360: 5359: 5354: 5348: 5346: 5339: 5338:Archaeological 5335: 5334: 5332: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5320: 5319: 5309: 5308: 5307: 5296: 5294: 5288: 5287: 5285: 5284: 5279: 5278: 5277: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5236: 5234: 5230: 5229: 5226: 5225: 5223: 5222: 5217: 5215:Temple of Isis 5212: 5206: 5204: 5200: 5199: 5197: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5184:Suburban Baths 5181: 5176: 5170: 5168: 5164: 5163: 5161: 5160: 5155: 5149: 5147: 5143: 5142: 5140: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5058: 5056: 5050: 5049: 5047: 5046: 5041: 5035: 5033: 5026: 5022: 5021: 5019: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5003: 5001:Mount Vesuvius 4998: 4992: 4990: 4986: 4985: 4978: 4977: 4970: 4963: 4955: 4946: 4945: 4943: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4862: 4856: 4853: 4852: 4845: 4844: 4837: 4830: 4822: 4813: 4812: 4810: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4787:Mount Vesuvius 4784: 4779: 4774: 4768: 4766: 4760: 4759: 4752: 4750: 4748: 4747: 4742: 4736: 4734: 4730: 4729: 4722: 4721: 4714: 4707: 4699: 4693: 4692: 4684: 4674:on 12 May 2007 4659: 4639: 4620: 4619:External links 4617: 4615: 4614: 4589:(B5): B05214. 4571: 4560: 4551: 4542: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4524: 4523: 4498: 4476: 4454: 4415: 4386: 4352: 4321: 4314: 4293: 4279: 4252: 4221: 4200: 4151: 4139: 4127: 4097: 4084:(3): 235–238. 4061: 4040: 4009: 3982: 3971:on 11 May 2015 3956: 3947:|website= 3925:. p. LXVI 3903: 3884: 3875:|website= 3831: 3812: 3800: 3788: 3776: 3764: 3752: 3740: 3729: 3713: 3679: 3660: 3625: 3607: 3588: 3557: 3527: 3508: 3489: 3468: 3461: 3443: 3429: 3410: 3380: 3353: 3326: 3309: 3297: 3263:(4): 207–222. 3240: 3194:(2): 137–147. 3163: 3151: 3118: 3069: 3044: 3003: 2984: 2959: 2923: 2890: 2872: 2850: 2825: 2792: 2781:(1998–2003) . 2770: 2749: 2728: 2706: 2694: 2664: 2657: 2631: 2619: 2592: 2561: 2541: 2535:978-0521895439 2534: 2512: 2486: 2480:978-8820166601 2479: 2461: 2434: 2407: 2406: 2404: 2401: 2398: 2397: 2388: 2311: 2310: 2308: 2305: 2304: 2303: 2298: 2293: 2288: 2282: 2281: 2267: 2253: 2237: 2234: 2214: 2211: 2182: 2179: 2046:carbon dioxide 2042:sulfur dioxide 2025: 2022: 1979: 1978: 1969:, and part of 1963:Massa di Somma 1955: 1952: 1891: 1888: 1887: 1886: 1873: 1872: 1865: 1864:king of Italy. 1854: 1851:Constantinople 1847: 1784: 1781: 1765:Antonius Felix 1748: 1745: 1675: 1674:The two Plinys 1672: 1633: 1630: 1613: 1610: 1586:thermal energy 1563:volcanic gases 1532:Main article: 1529: 1526: 1525: 1524: 1499: 1496: 1495: 1478:September 2022 1453: 1451: 1444: 1416:In Book II of 1414: 1378: 1377: 1334: 1333: 1308: 1285: 1242: 1239: 1228: 1225: 1222: 1215: 1207: 1203: 1159: 1156: 1153: 1152: 1145: 1143: 1139: 1138: 1131: 1129: 1125: 1124: 1117: 1115: 1111: 1110: 1103: 1101: 1097: 1096: 1089: 1087: 1083: 1082: 1075: 1073: 1069: 1068: 1061: 1045:Holocene Epoch 1032: 1029: 952:Constantinople 926:Procession of 919: 916: 852:Giorgio Sommer 848:Pine of Naples 839: 836: 773: 770: 769: 768: 753: 732: 717: 671:Roman Iron Age 609:and the early 607:Roman Republic 595: 592: 581: 580: 573: 572: 571: 539:on his way to 483: 480: 441:volcanic gases 411:destroyed the 374:Gulf of Naples 315:Mount Vesuvius 310: 309: 306: 305: 302: 294: 293: 289: 288: 285: 279: 278: 273: 262: 261: 252: 246: 245: 235: 229: 228: 224: 223: 217: 213: 212: 202: 197:Mount Vesuvius 196: 195: 188: 187: 181: 180: 179: 178: 177: 174: 173: 169: 168: 166: 165: 150: 134: 132: 128: 127: 123: 122: 90: 84: 83: 73: 67: 66: 56: 50: 49: 45: 44: 42:Mount Vesuvius 41: 33: 32: 31:Mount Vesuvius 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5516: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5406: 5404: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5370: 5368: 5364: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5349: 5347: 5343: 5340: 5336: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5318: 5317:Villa Poppaea 5315: 5314: 5313: 5310: 5306: 5303: 5302: 5301: 5298: 5297: 5295: 5289: 5283: 5280: 5276: 5273: 5272: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5237: 5235: 5231: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5207: 5205: 5201: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5189:Stabian Baths 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5171: 5169: 5165: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5150: 5148: 5144: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5059: 5057: 5055: 5051: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5036: 5034: 5030: 5027: 5023: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4993: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4976: 4971: 4969: 4964: 4962: 4957: 4956: 4953: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4857: 4854: 4850: 4843: 4838: 4836: 4831: 4829: 4824: 4823: 4820: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4769: 4767: 4765: 4761: 4756: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4737: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4720: 4715: 4713: 4708: 4706: 4701: 4700: 4697: 4689: 4685: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4660: 4649: 4645: 4640: 4628: 4623: 4622: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4577: 4572: 4568: 4567: 4561: 4557: 4552: 4548: 4543: 4539: 4534: 4533: 4512: 4508: 4502: 4486: 4480: 4464: 4458: 4439: 4435: 4428: 4427: 4419: 4403: 4402: 4397: 4390: 4374: 4373: 4368: 4361: 4359: 4357: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4325: 4317: 4311: 4307: 4300: 4298: 4289: 4283: 4267: 4263: 4260:Kaiser, Don. 4256: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4225: 4217: 4213: 4212: 4204: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4162: 4155: 4148: 4143: 4136: 4131: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4101: 4092: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4068: 4066: 4056: 4055: 4050: 4044: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4013: 3997: 3993: 3986: 3970: 3966: 3960: 3952: 3940: 3924: 3920: 3919: 3914: 3907: 3899: 3895: 3888: 3880: 3868: 3853:. p. 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Retrieved 4672:the original 4667: 4651:. Retrieved 4631:. Retrieved 4586: 4582: 4565: 4555: 4546: 4537: 4529:Bibliography 4514:. Retrieved 4510: 4501: 4489:. Retrieved 4479: 4467:. Retrieved 4457: 4445:. Retrieved 4438:the original 4425: 4418: 4406:. Retrieved 4401:The Guardian 4399: 4389: 4377:. Retrieved 4370: 4343:. Retrieved 4339:the original 4334: 4324: 4305: 4282: 4270:. Retrieved 4266:the original 4255: 4243:. Retrieved 4239:the original 4234: 4224: 4216:the original 4210: 4203: 4171: 4167: 4154: 4142: 4130: 4118:. Retrieved 4114:the original 4109: 4100: 4081: 4077: 4053: 4051:. "xx.7.2". 4043: 4031:. Retrieved 4027:the original 4022: 4012: 4000:. Retrieved 3995: 3985: 3973:. Retrieved 3969:the original 3959: 3927:. Retrieved 3917: 3906: 3897: 3887: 3855:. Retrieved 3845: 3834: 3825: 3815: 3810:, p. 14 3803: 3798:, p. 13 3791: 3786:, p. 12 3779: 3767: 3755: 3743: 3732: 3727:, 6.1, 6.27. 3724: 3716: 3704:. Retrieved 3700:the original 3695: 3673: 3663: 3651:. 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Retrieved 2501:(in Italian) 2498: 2489: 2470: 2464: 2452:. Retrieved 2450:(in Italian) 2447: 2444:"Il Vesuvio" 2437: 2425:. 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Naples: 4629:. Pleiades 4511:Classic FM 3653:4 February 3581:4 February 3550:8 December 3426:: 182–185. 3403:8 December 3373:8 December 3346:8 December 3062:29 October 3053:"Vesuvius" 2952:8 December 2937:"Vesuvius" 2916:8 December 2818:8 December 2719:"Vesuvius" 2505:8 February 2454:8 February 2427:7 February 2403:References 2333:Neapolitan 2175:subsidence 2108:zona rossa 1869:lava flows 1787:See also: 1747:Casualties 1544:eyewitness 1511: – c. 1460:to readers 1402: – c. 1260:. 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