47:
1272:
them were allowed the free use of their limbs. Great numbers died from sickness, starvation and exhaustion on the road. The sick, when they became too weak to struggle on, were left behind. If a house happened to be near, the sick man or woman was left with the people in the house. If no house was at hand which must have been oftener the case in the wild country they were traversing, the sufferer was flung down to die miserably in the jungle. Any of his or her companions attempting to stop to assist the poor creatures were driven on with blows ... Fever and dysentery were still at work among them and many more will probably die. Already, I was told, more than half of the original 5,700 so treacherously seized are dead."
290:
880:
346:
1700:
1277:
1285:
865:
809:, cities or even kingdoms would enter into tributary relationships with their neighbors depending on regional power; in exchange the tribute would maintain local autonomy. It was not uncommon to pay tribute to more than one power even concurrently. In 1434, Muang Phuan entered into a tributary relationship with the
844:
During the 16th century, expressive
Buddhist art and architecture flourished. The capital was dotted with temples in a distinct Xieng Khouang style, i.e., simple low roofs with a characteristic ‘waist’ at the foundation. In 1930, Le Boulanger described it as ‘a large and beautiful city protected by
1271:
The captives were hurried mercilessly along, many weighted by burdens strapped to their backs, the men, who had no wives or children with them and were therefore capable of attempting escape, were tied together by a rope pursed through a sort of wooden collar. Those men who had their families with
922:
named Chao Ong Lo's brother Ong Bun as regional governor of Muang Phuan. The armies of Muang Phuan split between the brothers in civil war, and ultimately Chao Ong Lo prevailed. However, the conflict drained the region so much so that for the next 37 years Muang Phuan remained a tributary to
845:
wide moats and forts occupying the surrounding hills and the opulence of the sixty-two pagodas and their stupas, of which the flanks concealed treasures, obtained the capital a fame that spread fear wide and far.” In 1707 when
46:
978:
control. Chao
Somphou, the son of Chao Ong Lo, set about restoring and rebuilding the temples and defenses of Muang Phuan. According to some accounts, his palace grew to rival that of the King of
1267:
were unsuccessful at restoring order, and used the opportunity for more forced population transfers in 1875–1876. These deportations were recorded by a
British observer in 1876.
1223:. The migration of these first peoples was relatively peaceful, as the peoples preferred to maintain their own communities in the upland territories which were not farmed by the
1811:
265:
1041:
took control of Muang Phuan in 1803. He was an authoritarian ruler who increased taxes to augment his palace and the military. In 1814, he violently suppressed a
1415:
1409:
1689:
1495:
1022:
in exchange for the release of Chao
Somphou. Chao Somphou returned to Muang Phuan where he began another building campaign. By 1800, King Inthavong of
1669:
1629:
986:
believed rebellion was possible and sent an army to capture Muang Phuan. Chao
Somphou fled to Houaphanh, King Nanthasen continued north to capture
511:
1014:. King Nanthasen, not wanting to create a wider conflict, negotiated an arrangement where Muang Phuan would pay equal tribute to the Kingdoms of
1049:
under the guise of answering for his actions during 1814. King
Inthavong imprisoned Chao Noy for three years. On the death of his brother King
1624:
1391:
1239:
created a flood of new refugees along with marauders organized into gangs identified by the design of their flags including the Red, Yellow,
1469:
1371:
165:
153:
596:
1848:
2194:
2164:
1385:
806:
653:
1169:
1165:
586:
1750:
1540:
2174:
1765:
1144:, moving several thousand Muang Phuan. Several hundred tried to escape and return to Muang Phuan but were caught by the
1833:
1679:
1855:
1664:
566:
1791:
837:
who put down the rebellion after two years. Throughout the 16th and 17th centuries, Muang Phuan remained part of
2189:
2184:
2179:
1985:
1086:
646:
1838:
1184:
presence. During this period, Chao Po (son of Chao Noy) was allowed to return to Muang Phuan. In the 1850s
2124:
1619:
1553:
1473:
1349:
1301:
1141:
797:
who founded the city-state of Muang Phuan. In the mid-14th century Muang Phuan was incorporated into the
751:
archeological site). The region is an important area for trade as it occupies the major passes along the
491:
461:
283:
201:
1148:
and committed suicide. Disease and harsh treatment killed a number of the families that stayed with the
2007:
1929:
1730:
481:
2073:
2063:
2000:
1806:
1599:
1533:
418:
2159:
2004:
1958:
1843:
1720:
1399:
1365:
1321:
891:
858:
854:
639:
325:
52:
1045:
rebellion. In 1823, he was accused by a half-brother of seeking independence, and was summoned to
2169:
2093:
2030:
1924:
1674:
1901:
1870:
1865:
1755:
1745:
1699:
1375:
1345:
1337:
1333:
1309:
1248:
1220:
1177:
1007:
1057:, allowed Chao Noy to return to Muang Phuan where he sought a tributary relationship with the
1725:
720:
2020:
1975:
1939:
1816:
1796:
1609:
1604:
1526:
1463:
1442:
1403:
1313:
1264:
1256:
1193:
1185:
1157:
1149:
1129:
1094:
1082:
1070:
1054:
1015:
975:
967:
955:
947:
943:
935:
931:
919:
911:
907:
899:
850:
736:
438:
408:
77:
56:
829:
army ultimately withdrew during that conflict, and Muang Phuan returned as a tributary to
8:
1896:
1821:
1203:
sought to expand their military control and tax system over the hill peoples in southern
752:
716:
270:
236:
1395:
970:
launched the first of several forced migration campaigns to resettle large parts of the
2083:
1684:
576:
82:
1109:
summoned Chao Noy in 1831 and had him executed for having acted without consultation.
879:
1980:
1944:
1860:
1801:
1708:
1659:
1649:
1348:
colonial protection. In 1899, the Phuan regions lost autonomy and became part of the
1251:. The capital of Muang Phuan was looted and destroyed repeatedly by warring bands of
1232:
1003:
556:
1496:"Forced Resettlement Campaigns in Northern Thailand During the Early Bangkok Period"
2025:
1995:
1779:
1760:
1569:
1353:
963:
833:. However, the peace was short-lived and by 1531 Muang Phuan rebelled against King
739:
is semi-arid but has important iron ore resources and has been inhabited since the
214:
345:
2117:
2045:
1934:
1919:
1884:
1639:
1561:
1293:
1240:
884:
873:
817:
attempted to annex Muang Phuan as a prefecture, which contributed to war between
627:
622:
544:
501:
334:
101:
902:. Under Chao Kham Sattha again, Muang Phuan went to war against the Governor of
2068:
1990:
1914:
1644:
1344:. Under the terms of the Franco-Siamese Treaty of 1893, Muang Phuan came under
990:
in 1792. In 1793 Chao
Somphou was captured by King Nanthasen and imprisoned in
959:
895:
232:
1424:(Southaka Souvanna Koumar) (1803–1831, nephew of Somphou, executed by Emperor
1124:
taxes, culture and dress on the population. Under the guise of protecting the
966:
in 1767. To exert greater control of the lands and people of Muang Phuan, the
708:
2153:
2133:
2098:
2088:
2053:
2035:
1970:
1425:
1341:
1325:
1317:
1106:
1062:
987:
744:
2078:
2015:
1243:
and
Striped. The gangs looted, burned, and warred in the areas of northern
1212:
999:
971:
869:
790:
775:
771:
712:
699:
687:
678:
670:
111:
27:
2138:
2058:
1828:
1584:
1216:
1137:
1125:
1042:
834:
768:
1654:
1634:
1579:
1574:
1224:
1078:
1026:
feared a resurgence of power in Muang Phuan, and sent his brother Chao
794:
782:
740:
521:
1276:
1046:
1031:
1023:
1011:
991:
983:
979:
924:
779:
362:
1740:
1594:
1589:
1453:
1379:
1260:
1252:
1228:
1208:
1173:
1113:
1102:
1098:
1090:
1074:
1066:
1058:
1050:
1038:
1027:
1019:
995:
951:
915:
846:
838:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
798:
471:
385:
121:
60:
1906:
1446:
1429:
1329:
1189:
1181:
1161:
1153:
1145:
1133:
1121:
903:
802:
756:
312:
1518:
1284:
1735:
1459:
1305:
1297:
939:
748:
90:
1421:
958:
was severely depopulated from the history of warfare with the
1236:
1204:
1200:
1089:
ultimately failed, and Chao Noy handed over the fleeing King
1030:
to capture Chao
Somphou. Chao Somphou died as a prisoner in
910:. In 1751 Chao Ong Lo went so far as to directly attack the
864:
1549:
1244:
786:
724:
308:
16:
Former historical principality of the Xiang
Khouang Plateau
1152:, and left only around a thousand to be resettled around
914:
and was totally defeated, retreating to Houa Phan (today
950:
vassal state while maintaining tributary relations with
857:, Muang Phuan entered into tributary relations with the
1069:
actions were part of a wider plot to rebel against the
1436:
Xiang Khuoang annexed as Tran Ninh province by Vietnam
1259:
conducted a series of military campaigns known as the
1328:
from the period of the 1830s, and presented them to
785:
ethnic group that migrated to the area which is now
711:: 鎮寧; lit. "securement of peace"), was a historical
1073:is controversial, what is clear is that ultimately
789:during the 13th century. According to legend, the
2151:
703:), also known historically to the Vietnamese as
1394:(1723–1751, grandson of Kam Lan, tributary to
1219:began to move into the mountainous uplands of
1534:
1320:produced letters from King Mantha Tourath of
647:
72:Independent principality (13th-14th century)
962:in the 18th century, and the destruction of
918:) where he began to raise another army. The
890:By the 1720s Muang Phuan was supporting the
719:, which constitutes the modern territory of
74:Autonomous principality (14th century–1791)
1255:or Ho pirates. Due to the instability, the
793:were led by Chet Chuong, the second son of
1541:
1527:
1359:
654:
640:
45:
1493:
1132:garrison of 1,000 invaded and killed the
1116:annexed Muang Phuan and named the region
1316:control of territory was weak. In 1889,
1283:
1275:
1120:meaning “To Keep the Peace” and imposed
878:
863:
2152:
1231:in the area. By the 1860s, the failed
1522:
1456:pirates invade Xiang Khouang in 1874)
1441:Po (1848–1865, son of Noi, vassal to
1077:did rebel and sought to draw all the
982:. In 1789 or 1790, King Nanthasen of
698:
677:
849:was divided between the Kingdoms of
13:
1462:(1876–1880, son of Ung, vassal to
1336:right to extend a protectorate to
14:
2206:
1548:
1188:agitated a rebellion against the
974:population to regions under firm
567:North Vietnamese invasion of Laos
2195:Former countries in Thai history
2165:Historical geography of Thailand
1698:
1170:Siamese-Vietnamese War 1841–1845
1166:Siamese-Vietnamese War 1831–1834
1081:lands together in opposition to
998:, and a combined force of 6,000
942:, Muang Phuan as a tributary of
587:Lao People's Democratic Republic
344:
288:
263:
1324:seeking vassalage with Emperor
51:Muang Phuan in bronze, between
1487:
1304:, which were possessed by the
1292:The instability caused by the
994:. Muang Phuan appealed to the
522:Free Lao Movement (Lao Issara)
1:
1480:
1388:(1688–1700, son of Kham Sanh)
1192:, and Muang Phuan came under
730:
1452:Ung (1866–1876, son of Noi,
1296:engulfed the territories of
1101:was also a tributary to the
7:
2175:1707 establishments in Asia
1503:Journal of the Siam Society
1474:French Protectorate of Laos
1350:French Protectorate of Laos
1199:Beginning in the 1840s the
597:Laos after Soviet dominance
492:French Protectorate of Laos
284:French Protectorate of Laos
87:Vassal to Siam (1848–1893)
10:
2211:
1494:Grabowsky, Volker (1999).
1363:
1288:Plain of Jars, Hmong girls
1280:Black Flag soldier, c.1885
1087:Lao rebellion of 1826–1828
1010:and began to march toward
762:
2111:
2044:
1966:
1957:
1892:
1883:
1787:
1778:
1716:
1707:
1696:
1560:
691:
577:Anti-Communist Insurgency
419:Kingdom of Luang Phrabang
304:
242:
228:
224:
211:
198:
188:
184:
176:
172:
159:
147:
143:
135:
127:
117:
107:
97:
68:
44:
39:
21:
1792:Administrative divisions
1366:List of monarchs of Laos
1180:region came under heavy
892:Kingdom of Luang Prabang
859:Kingdom of Luang Prabang
1378:Provincial Governor in
1360:Monarchs of Muang Phuan
813:. However, by 1478 the
682:; Country of Phuan) or
76:Principality under the
1289:
1281:
1274:
1164:had a series of wars (
1037:Chao Somphou's nephew
887:
876:
2190:Former principalities
1630:Japanese puppet state
1287:
1279:
1269:
1211:people including the
906:, a tributary to the
882:
867:
737:Xiang Khouang Plateau
721:Xiangkhouang Province
717:Xiang Khouang Plateau
512:Japanese puppet state
482:Franco-Siamese crisis
399:Regional kingdoms era
353:Muang city-states era
108:Common languages
85:province (1828–1848)
23:Principality of Phuan
2185:19th century in Siam
2180:18th century in Siam
1766:World Heritage Sites
1332:as evidence for the
1140:then began a second
934:was captured by the
932:Kingdom of Vientiane
920:Kingdom of Vientiane
912:Kingdom of Vientiane
908:Kingdom of Vientiane
894:in wars against the
700:[síaŋkʰwǎːŋ]
679:[mɯ́aŋpʰúan]
439:Kingdom of Champasak
409:Kingdom of Vientiane
78:Kingdom of Vientiane
1665:Vietnamese invasion
1620:French protectorate
1263:in the region. The
1142:population transfer
753:Annamite Cordillera
271:Kingdom of Lan Xang
202:French Protectorate
190:• Established
59:to the south, with
1930:Telecommunications
1680:History since 1945
1675:History until 1945
1308:in the 1880s. The
1290:
1282:
1172:) over control of
1128:in Muang Phuan, a
888:
883:Ruins of a stupa,
877:
780:Theravada Buddhist
2147:
2146:
2107:
2106:
1953:
1952:
1879:
1878:
1856:Political parties
1844:National Assembly
1812:General Secretary
1807:Foreign relations
1774:
1773:
1690:2007 coup attempt
1660:Laotian Civil War
1650:Ho Chi Minh trail
1625:Japanese invasion
1233:Taiping Rebellion
664:
663:
610:
609:
557:Laotian Civil War
530:
529:
447:
446:
394:
393:
371:
370:
318:
317:
300:
299:
296:
295:
276:
275:
161:• 1880–1899
149:• 1651–1688
55:to the north and
40:13th century–1893
2202:
2127:
2120:
1964:
1963:
1910:
1890:
1889:
1785:
1784:
1714:
1713:
1702:
1543:
1536:
1529:
1520:
1519:
1511:
1510:
1500:
1491:
1354:French Indochina
1312:were aware that
1156:. In late 1831,
799:Lan Xang Kingdom
747:is an important
702:
697:
693:
681:
676:
656:
649:
642:
606:
605:
551:
541:
540:
458:
457:
405:
404:
382:
381:
359:
358:
348:
338:
320:
319:
292:
291:
280:
279:
267:
266:
260:
259:
244:
243:
89:Protectorate of
49:
19:
18:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2200:
2199:
2160:History of Laos
2150:
2149:
2148:
2143:
2130:
2123:
2116:
2103:
2094:Public holidays
2040:
2031:Sex trafficking
1949:
1908:
1875:
1834:Law enforcement
1770:
1751:Protected areas
1703:
1694:
1640:Kingdom of Laos
1556:
1547:
1515:
1514:
1498:
1492:
1488:
1483:
1368:
1362:
1136:officials. The
938:led by General
885:Khoune District
874:Khoune District
765:
759:and the coast.
733:
695:
674:
660:
628:History of Isan
623:History of Laos
603:
601:
591:1975–1991
581:1975–2007
571:1958–1959
561:1953–1975
550:1946–1975
549:
545:Kingdom of Laos
535:Independent era
526:1945–1949
506:1940–1941
502:Franco-Thai War
496:1893–1953
476:1865–1890
466:1826–1828
443:1713–1904
433:1707–1899
423:1707–1893
413:1707–1828
390:1353–1707
336:
329:
311:
289:
264:
217:
204:
191:
162:
150:
88:
86:
81:
75:
73:
64:
35:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2208:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2170:Nguyen dynasty
2167:
2162:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2141:
2136:
2129:
2128:
2121:
2113:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2050:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2012:
2011:
2010:hybrid variant
1998:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1967:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1925:Stock exchange
1922:
1917:
1912:
1904:
1899:
1893:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1873:
1871:Prime Minister
1868:
1866:Vice President
1863:
1858:
1853:
1852:
1851:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1825:
1824:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1788:
1782:
1776:
1775:
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1769:
1768:
1763:
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1753:
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1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1717:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1645:Indochina Wars
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1600:Luang Phrabang
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1566:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1546:
1545:
1538:
1531:
1523:
1513:
1512:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1477:
1476:ends autonomy)
1467:
1457:
1450:
1439:
1433:
1419:
1413:
1407:
1389:
1383:
1364:Main article:
1361:
1358:
764:
761:
732:
729:
662:
661:
659:
658:
651:
644:
636:
633:
632:
631:
630:
625:
617:
616:
612:
611:
608:
607:
599:
593:
592:
589:
583:
582:
579:
573:
572:
569:
563:
562:
559:
553:
552:
547:
537:
536:
532:
531:
528:
527:
524:
518:
517:
514:
508:
507:
504:
498:
497:
494:
488:
487:
484:
478:
477:
474:
468:
467:
464:
454:
453:
449:
448:
445:
444:
441:
435:
434:
431:
425:
424:
421:
415:
414:
411:
401:
400:
396:
395:
392:
391:
388:
378:
377:
373:
372:
369:
368:
367:698–1353
365:
355:
354:
350:
349:
341:
340:
331:
330:
323:
316:
315:
306:
302:
301:
298:
297:
294:
293:
286:
277:
274:
273:
268:
256:
255:
250:
240:
239:
230:
226:
225:
222:
221:
218:
215:Autonomy ended
212:
209:
208:
205:
199:
196:
195:
192:
189:
186:
185:
182:
181:
178:
174:
173:
170:
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151:
148:
145:
144:
141:
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137:
133:
132:
129:
125:
124:
119:
115:
114:
109:
105:
104:
99:
95:
94:
83:Nguyễn dynasty
70:
66:
65:
50:
42:
41:
37:
36:
25:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2207:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2126:
2122:
2119:
2115:
2114:
2110:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2064:Dramatic arts
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2043:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2009:
2006:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1986:Ethnic groups
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1882:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
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1847:
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1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
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1827:
1823:
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1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
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1789:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1777:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1726:Deforestation
1724:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1701:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
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1633:
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1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
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1578:
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1573:
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1568:
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1565:
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1551:
1544:
1539:
1537:
1532:
1530:
1525:
1524:
1521:
1517:
1508:
1504:
1497:
1490:
1486:
1475:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1451:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1401:
1400:Luang Prabang
1397:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1377:
1376:Xieng Khouang
1373:
1370:
1369:
1367:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1342:Luang Prabang
1339:
1338:Xieng Khouang
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1322:Luang Prabang
1319:
1318:Auguste Pavie
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1286:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1249:Xieng Khouang
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1221:Xieng khouang
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1178:Xieng Khouang
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
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1110:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
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1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1034:around 1803.
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1006:crossed into
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
988:Luang Prabang
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
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937:
933:
928:
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917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
886:
881:
875:
871:
866:
862:
860:
856:
855:Luang Prabang
852:
848:
842:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
807:Mandala model
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
781:
777:
773:
770:
760:
758:
754:
750:
746:
745:Plain of Jars
742:
738:
728:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
701:
689:
685:
684:Xieng Khouang
680:
672:
668:
657:
652:
650:
645:
643:
638:
637:
635:
634:
629:
626:
624:
621:
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533:
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520:
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510:
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500:
499:
495:
493:
490:
489:
485:
483:
480:
479:
475:
473:
470:
469:
465:
463:
462:Lao rebellion
460:
459:
456:
455:
451:
450:
442:
440:
437:
436:
432:
430:
427:
426:
422:
420:
417:
416:
412:
410:
407:
406:
403:
402:
398:
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389:
387:
384:
383:
380:
379:
375:
374:
366:
364:
361:
360:
357:
356:
352:
351:
347:
343:
342:
339:
333:
332:
327:
322:
321:
314:
310:
307:
305:Today part of
303:
287:
285:
282:
281:
278:
272:
269:
262:
261:
258:
257:
254:
251:
249:
246:
245:
241:
238:
234:
231:
227:
223:
219:
216:
210:
206:
203:
197:
193:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
164:
158:
155:
152:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
123:
120:
116:
113:
110:
106:
103:
100:
96:
92:
84:
79:
71:
67:
62:
58:
54:
53:Luang Prabang
48:
43:
38:
34:
29:
20:
2021:Prostitution
1976:Demographics
1940:Trade unions
1902:Central bank
1817:Human rights
1797:Constitution
1614:
1516:
1506:
1502:
1489:
1472:(1880–1899,
1435:
1374:(1651–1688,
1291:
1270:
1198:
1196:suzerainty.
1117:
1112:In 1832 the
1111:
1036:
1008:Xiengkhouang
930:In 1779 the
929:
889:
870:Wat Phia Wat
843:
805:. Under the
791:Phuan people
776:Phuan people
766:
734:
713:principality
704:
683:
673:: ເມືອງພວນ,
666:
665:
452:Colonial era
428:
376:Lan Xang era
253:Succeeded by
252:
247:
194:13th century
80:(1802–1828)
33:Muang Phouan
32:
1897:Agriculture
1822:LGBT rights
1615:Muang Phuan
1585:Tai peoples
1418:(1779–1803)
1412:(1751–1779)
1392:Kham Sattha
1126:Tai peoples
835:Photisarath
801:under King
667:Muang Phuan
602:1991–
429:Muang Phuan
335:History of
248:Preceded by
102:Muang Phuan
93:(1893–1899)
63:to the east
2154:Categories
2084:Literature
1909:(currency)
1731:Ecoregions
1685:Insurgency
1670:Neutrality
1655:Pathet Lao
1635:Lao Issara
1580:Lao people
1575:Khun Borom
1481:References
1225:Lao Theung
1190:Vietnamese
1182:Vietnamese
1176:, and the
1146:Vietnamese
1134:Vietnamese
1122:Vietnamese
1105:, Emperor
1097:. As King
1067:Anouvong's
1065:. Whether
1004:Vietnamese
795:Khun Borom
755:to access
741:Bronze Age
731:Background
696:pronounced
675:pronounced
128:Government
26:ເມືອງພວນ (
2074:Festivals
1981:Education
1945:Transport
1861:President
1849:President
1802:Elections
1709:Geography
1610:Champasak
1605:Vientiane
1470:Kham Ngon
1426:Minh Mạng
1404:Vientiane
1372:Kham Sanh
1326:Minh Mang
1118:Tran Ninh
1107:Minh Mang
1063:Minh Mang
1055:Vientiane
1047:Vientiane
1032:Vientiane
1024:Vientiane
1016:Vientiane
1012:Vientiane
992:Vientiane
984:Vientiane
980:Vientiane
964:Ayutthaya
946:became a
944:Vientiane
925:Vientiane
868:Ruins of
851:Vientiane
705:Trấn Ninh
363:Muang Sua
166:Kham Ngon
154:Kham Sanh
118:Religion
57:Vientiane
2134:Category
2026:Religion
2016:Language
2001:COVID-19
1839:Military
1780:Politics
1761:Wildlife
1741:Phou Bia
1595:Vat Phou
1590:Lan Xang
1570:Peopling
1554:articles
1509:(1): 58.
1380:Lan Xang
1261:Haw Wars
1229:Lao Loum
1209:Lao Sung
1174:Cambodia
1114:Dai Viet
1103:Dai Viet
1099:Anouvong
1091:Anouvong
1075:Anouvong
1061:Emperor
1059:Dai Viet
1051:Anouvong
1039:Chao Noy
1028:Anouvong
1020:Dai Viet
1018:and the
996:Dai Viet
952:Dai Viet
916:Sam Neua
847:Lan Xang
839:Lan Xang
831:Lan Xang
827:Dai Viet
823:Dai Viet
821:and the
819:Lan Xang
815:Dai Viet
811:Dai Viet
615:See also
472:Haw wars
386:Lan Xang
326:a series
324:Part of
229:Currency
131:Monarchy
122:Buddhism
61:Dai Viet
2118:Outline
2059:Cuisine
2046:Culture
1959:Society
1935:Tourism
1920:Fishing
1885:Economy
1721:Borders
1562:History
1447:Vietnam
1430:Vietnam
1416:Somphou
1396:Vietnam
1386:Kam Lan
1330:Bangkok
1314:Siamese
1265:Siamese
1257:Siamese
1201:Chinese
1194:Siamese
1162:Vietnam
1154:Bangkok
1150:Siamese
1130:Siamese
1095:Siamese
1093:to the
1071:Siamese
976:Siamese
968:Siamese
960:Burmese
948:Siamese
936:Siamese
904:Thakhek
900:Siamese
896:Burmese
803:Fa Ngum
783:Tai-Lao
763:History
757:Vietnam
715:on the
709:chữ Hán
692:ຊຽງຂວາງ
604:present
313:Vietnam
213:•
200:•
177:History
98:Capital
2139:Portal
2099:Sports
2069:Emblem
2054:Anthem
1991:Health
1915:Energy
1746:Rivers
1736:Mekong
1552:
1460:Khanti
1438:(1832)
1410:Ong Lo
1402:, and
1346:French
1334:French
1310:French
1306:French
1298:Tonkin
1168:, and
1085:. The
940:Taksin
898:, and
825:. The
778:are a
749:UNESCO
328:on the
180:
168:(last)
139:
91:France
69:Status
2125:Index
2089:Music
2036:Women
2005:Delta
1971:Crime
1756:Towns
1499:(PDF)
1302:Annam
1241:Black
1237:China
1213:Hmong
1205:China
1138:Thais
1000:Phuan
972:Phuan
772:Phuan
743:(the
2079:Flag
2008:cron
2003:and
1907:Kip
1550:Laos
1464:Siam
1445:and
1443:Siam
1340:and
1300:and
1247:and
1245:Laos
1215:and
1186:Siam
1160:and
1158:Siam
1083:Siam
1043:Khmu
1002:and
956:Siam
853:and
787:Laos
767:The
735:The
725:Laos
516:1945
486:1893
337:Laos
309:Laos
220:1899
207:1893
136:King
1996:HIV
1829:Law
1454:Haw
1428:of
1422:Noi
1352:in
1294:Haw
1253:Haw
1235:in
1227:or
1217:Meo
1079:Lao
1053:of
774:or
769:Tai
688:Lao
671:Lao
237:Hoi
233:Lat
112:Lao
28:Lao
2156::
1507:87
1505:.
1501:.
1398:,
1356:.
1207:.
954:.
927:.
872:,
861:.
841:.
727:.
723:,
694:,
690::
235:,
1542:e
1535:t
1528:v
1466:)
1449:)
1432:)
1406:)
1382:)
707:(
686:(
669:(
655:e
648:t
641:v
30:)
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