Lan Xang - Knowledge

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magnificent portal and include a number of beautiful rooms along with a great salon, all made from incorruptible timber (teak) and adorned outside and inside with excellent bas-reliefs, so delicately gilded that they seem to be plated with gold rather than covered with gold leaf. From the king's apartments, on entering the very spacious courtyards, one sees first a great series of houses, all of brick and covered with tiles, where usually live the secondary wives of the king; and beyond them a line of more houses, built in the same symmetrical form for the officials of the court. I could write a whole volume if I tried to describe exactly all the other parts of the palace, its riches, apartments, gardens, and all the other similar things.

396: 382: 1826: 410: 1647: 2511: 1989: 74: 484: 2419: 357: 1586: 3158: 2261: 5671: 2878: 2116: 5229: 2032:. Vientiane was the principal city of Lan Xang, and lay at the confluence of trade routes, but that access also made it the focal point for invasion from which it was difficult to defend. The move allowed Photisarath to better administer the kingdom and to respond to the outlying provinces which bordered the Đại Việt, 3386:. Trade with Europeans for weapons began as early as 1511 in Ayutthaya, and by contrast the first European trade mission to Lan Xang was not until the 1640s. Access to advanced European weapons proved decisive during the Burmese invasions of Lan Xang and would become more important in subsequent wars with 2341:

Bayinnaung invaded Vientiane in 1574, Sen Soulintha ordered the city to be evacuated but he lacked the support of the people and the army. Vientiane fell to the Burmese. Sen Soulintha was sent as a captive to Burma along with Setthathirath's heir Prince Nokeo Koumane. A Burmese vassal, Chao Tha Heua,

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The Burmese then focused their attack on Ayutthaya and took the city. King Setthathirath upon reaching Vientiane ordered an immediate evacuation. The Burmese took several weeks to regroup and rest having taken Ayutthaya, which allowed Setthathirath to rally his forces and plan for prolonged guerrilla

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While the procession was en route, Maha Thammaracha ambushed the princess and sent her to his overlords in Burma; she committed suicide shortly thereafter or en route. Facing the threat of a superior Burmese force, King Chakkraphat had lost a potential alliance with Lan Xang, the northern territories

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The plan was discovered and reinforcements were sent to Phitsanulok. Realizing Phitsanulok was too fortified, King Setthathirath withdrew his attack, but set up a devastating counter ambush on his retreat to Vientiane in which five pursuing Burmese generals were killed. Seizing on the weakness, King

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put in place applied to the nobility and peasantry equally, and when the crown prince committed adultery with a palace attendant the king ordered his death. When Sourigna Vongsa died in 1694, he left two young grandsons (Prince Kingkitsarat and Prince Inthasom) and two daughters (Princess Kumar and

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The succession disputes in Lanna continued, but the position of Lanna between the aggressive states of Burma and Ayutthaya necessitated that the kingdom be brought back to order. In recognition for his assistance against Ayutthaya, and his strong familial ties to Lanna, King Photisarath was offered

2599:瀾滄 is synonymous with the Lao kingdom. The river provided the means for the people, commerce and armies of Lan Xang to move between regional power centers, but also formed important geographic and defensive barriers. Major rapids formed the boundaries between the areas (and subsequent kingdoms) of 2290:

King Bayinnaung sent a massive invasion in 1568 in response to the uprising. In early 1569, the city of Ayutthaya was directly under threat and Vientiane sent reinforcements. The Burmese had planned on the reinforcements however and King Setthathirath fell into a trap. After a two-day struggle the

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Prince Thaen Kham then offered to restore his father Chakkphat to the throne, but he refused and abdicated in favor of his son who was crowned as Suvanna Balang (The Golden Chair) in 1479. The Vietnamese would not invade the unified Lan Xang for the next 200 years, and Lanna became a close ally to

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requested the animal's hair to be brought as a gift to the Vietnamese court. The request was seen as an affront, and according to legend, a box filled with dung was sent instead. The pretext having been set, a massive Viet force of 180,000 men marched in five columns to subdue Muang Phuan, and was

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and forest timber. Both were labor-intensive and were difficult to transport using the overland routes. Subsistence farming of root crops, bananas, gourds, cucumbers, yams, water buffalo, chickens, pigs and other domesticated animals was indigenous within Lan Xang. Forest products were generally

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rallied under King Chakkaphat's younger son Prince Thaen Kham. The combined forces destroyed the Vietnamese forces, which fled in the direction of Muang Phuan. Although numbering only about 4,000 men, the Vietnamese destroyed the Muang Phuan capital in one last act of vengeance before retreating.

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In 1567, King Mahinthrathirat approached King Setthathirath with covert plans for Ayutthaya to rebel against Burma by launching a counterattack against Mahathammarachathirat in Phitsanulok. The plan would involve an overland invasion from Lan Xang with assistance from the royal navy in Ayutthaya

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but failed to take the capital; that same year Photisarath was approached by Burma with offers of an alliance. Photisarath neither accepted the alliance, nor did he support Ayutthaya which had unsuccessfully tried to invade Lan Xang only eight years earlier. In 1550 Photisarath returned to Luang

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In 1560, King Setthathirath formally moved the capital of Lan Xang from Luang Prabang to Vientiane, which would remain the capital over the next two hundred and fifty years. The formal movement of the capital followed an expansive building program which included strengthening city defenses, the

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Trade and the economy of Lan Xang were based on high value commodities which could be easily transported using overland trade routes. Agricultural products like rice were too heavy for transport, and were both taxed and consumed by the regional mueang. The narrow valleys and climate along the

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The royal palace, of which the structure and symmetry are admirable, can be seen from afar. Truly it is of prodigious size, so large one would take it for a city, both with respect to its situation and the infinite number of people who live there. The apartments of the king are adorned with a

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The Burmese then turned north to depose King Mekuti of Lanna, who had failed to support the Burmese invasion of Ayutthaya in 1563. When Chiang Mai fell to the Burmese, a number of refugees fled to Vientiane and Lan Xang. King Setthathirath, realizing that Vientiane could not be held against a

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and then in 1545 by Ayutthaya. Both attempted invasions were repulsed although significant damage had been done in the surrounding countryside. Lan Xang dispatched reinforcements to support their allies in Lanna. In response, Chairacha set out at the head of a second army in 1547 to take

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and called off the attack. In 1596, King Nokeo Koumane died suddenly and without an heir. Although he had united Lan Xang, and restored the kingdom to a point that it could repel an outside invasion, a succession dispute took place and a series of weak kings followed until 1637.

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developed a distinct cultural, linguistic, religious, and political history during the four hundred-year period of Lan Xang. The monarchy in Laos, which was a direct continuation from the traditions of Lan Xang would continue for seven hundred and fifty years through the

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were an important folk custom which were used to ensure balance with the natural and supernatural world. Astrology was also a vital part to understanding the natural and spiritual worlds and became an important cultural means to enforce social taboos and customs.

2673:, and were based on trade or military importance. Say Fong was a Khmer trading post which became famous as a Lao cultural center for writing and arts. Vieng Khuk was mentioned by Van Wuysthoff, and was the "port city" for Vientiane, where trade between 2157:

In 1553 King Setthathirath sent an army to retake Lanna but was defeated. Again in 1555 King Setthathirath sent an army to retake Lanna at the command of Sen Soulintha, and managed to take Chiang Saen. For his success, Sen Soulintha was given the title

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Lao society was divided with the religious and secular authority of the royal family at the top, followed by nobles, and then the peasantry which included merchants, artisans, farmers, and general laborers. Outside the system but above all were the

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Fa Ngum again led Lan Xang to war in the 1360s against Sukhothai, in which Lan Xang was victorious in defense of their territory but gave the competing court factions and the war weary population a justification to depose Fa Ngum in favor of his son

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were preserved in the origin myths and traditions of Lan Xang. The cultural, linguistic, and political roots which highlight the commonality of these early legends can help to understand Lan Xang and its relations with neighboring kingdoms. The

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The Lao kingdoms remained independent until 1779 when they then would become vassals to Siam. However, the kingdoms maintained their monarchical roots and a degree of autonomy. For instance, Vientiane also had a tributary relationship with the

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formed an important interdependent system of trade and tribute, which was based more on controlling resources and local populations than it was regional territories. Both wars and the production of rice required large scale labor forces. In

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Setthathirath's general Sen Soulintha returned to Vientiane with the remnants of the Lan Xang expedition. He fell under immediate suspicion, and a civil war raged in Vientiane as a succession dispute took place. In 1573, he emerged as king

1753:. Also in 1471, Muang Phuan revolted and several Vietnamese were killed. By 1478 preparations were being made for a full-scale invasion of Lan Xang in retribution for the rebellion in Muang Phuan and, more importantly, for supporting the 3201:

Lao craftsmanship in silk production, weaving, gold, and especially silver was in high demand. Villages would specialize in a particular craft or skill where they would manufacture tools, weapons, pottery, paper, jewelry, alcohol

2666:) in Sip Song Panna. These major cities were known as "muang" or "vieng" and were classified based on substantial fortifications and city walls, the Lao chronicles record five supporting cities, and ninety-seven border "muang." 1469:. However, the remains of the Khmer Empire were in direct conflict with the growing power of Ayutthaya and the two became rivals rather than allies. Throughout the 1350s Ayutthaya expanded over western Khmer territories and the 3335:. Over time however social distinctions became more entrenched and the bureaucracy became based on hereditary title. The political institutions in Lan Xang created disputes and instability especially during royal successions. 2900:. The temples were centers of learning, and all males were expected to spend at least some part of their life in religious contemplation as a monk or novice. Kings could establish their legitimacy through supporting the 239: 2241:

attacks and small raids to harass the Burmese troops. Facing disease, malnutrition and demoralizing guerrilla warfare, King Bayinnaung was forced to retreat in 1565 leaving Lan Xang the only remaining independent

1985:, and his great grandson Nokeo Koumane would provide Lan Xang with a succession of strong leaders who were able to preserve and restore the kingdom despite tremendous international challenges in the years ahead. 2307:, northeast of Vientiane. In 1570 Bayinnaung retreated, Setthathirath counterattacked and more than 30,000 were taken prisoner, along with 100 elephants, and 2,300 pieces of ivory from the retreating Burmese. 3289:

until 1975. The decline of Lan Xang vis-à-vis their neighboring kingdoms was primarily due to geography, weak internal political structures, limited agricultural production, and the international arms trade.

2314:. Defeating the Khmer would have greatly strengthened Lan Xang, giving it vital sea access, trade opportunities, and most importantly, European firearms which had been growing use since the early 1500s. The 2532:

emerged; Sourigna Vongsa's grandsons fled into exile in Sipsong Panna and Princess Sumangala to Champasak. In 1705, Prince Kingkitsarat took a small force from his uncle in Sipsong Panna and marched toward

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prolonged siege, ordered the city to be evacuated and stripped of supplies. When the Burmese took Vientiane they were forced into the countryside for supplies, where King Setthathirath had organized

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revised many of the laws of Lan Xang and established judicial courts. He also concluded a series of treaties which established both trade agreements and boundaries between the surrounding kingdoms.

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or court chronicles which were read aloud during auspicious occasions and festivals. Throughout the history of Lan Xang the legitimacy of the monarchy was tied to the single dynasty of

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In 1571, the Ayutthaya Kingdom and Lan Na were Burmese vassals. Having twice defended Lan Xang from Burmese invasions, King Setthathirath moved south to conduct a campaign against the

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was also one of the earliest, enduring and most important belief systems to the Lao-Tai groups, and the traditions and practices which began in Lan Xang have remained a vital part of

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in 1527, but had been a growing part of cultural legacy since Fa Ngum. Within the villages, monasteries and towns of Lan Xang much of daily life revolved around the local temple or

1522:. Uthong sent 100 elephants, gold, silver, over 1,000 pieces of ivory and betrothed his daughter Nang Keo Lot Fa to be a second wife to Fa Ngum. By 1357 Fa Ngum had established the 3186:, beeswax, rhinoceros horn, along with porcupine quills and a variety of skins were commonly traded. Of particular importance was the deer skin trade, which was in high demand in 2537:. Sai Ong Hue's brother, the governor of Luang Prabang, fled and Kingkitsarat was made crowned as a rival king in Luang Prabang. In 1707 Lan Xang was divided and the kingdoms of 2405:, forcing the Burmese to accept Ayutthaya as independent and Lanna as a vassal kingdom. King Nokeo Koumane realized he was outnumbered by the combined strength of Ayutthaya and 2338:

but lacked support. Upon hearing reports of the unrest, Bayinnaung dispatched emissaries demanding the immediate surrender of Lan Xang. Sen Soulintha had the emissaries killed.

3297:, which formed the major means of transportation in the kingdom, is navigable only along certain stretches. Surrounding Lan Xang were populous and powerful neighboring states: 2083:, who in 1547 was crowned King in Chiang Mai. Lan Xang was at the height of their political power, with Photisarath as King of Lan Xang and Setthathirath his son as King of 3327:(senior members of the clergy) would choose a suitable successor based on both legitimacy and individual merit. The state bureaucracy as originally designed by Fa Ngum and 2303:

warfare. The Burmese arrived in Vientiane and were able to take the lightly defended city. Just as in 1565, Setthathirath began a guerrilla campaign from his base near the

1699:"The Cruel". It is possible that from 1440 to 1442 she ruled Lan Xang as the first and only female leader, before being drowned in the Mekong in 1442 as an offering to the 5782: 3020:

which are guardian deities of places, or towns are celebrated at festivals with communal gatherings and offerings of food. The spirits run throughout Lao folk literature.

1431:. Despite three attacks the King of Muang Sua, who was Fa Ngum's uncle, was unable to deter the size of Fa Ngum's army and committed suicide rather than be taken alive. 3016:

are spirits of buildings or territories, natural places, or phenomena; they are also ancestral spirits that protect people, or can also include malevolent spirits. The

1361:. The opportunity for the Khmer was to create a friendly buffer state in an area they could no longer effectively control with only a moderately sized military force. 424: 343: 2815:. Perhaps because of the complicated ethnic diversity of Lan Xang the structure of society was fairly straightforward, especially in comparison to the neighboring 1454:, forcing Lanna to cede some its territory and provide valuable gifts in exchange for mutual recognition. Having secured his immediate borders Fa Ngum returned to 2221:. It was only then in 1564 that King Chakkraphat sent Princess Thepkasattri to Lan Xang along with a massive dowry in an attempt to buy back the broken alliance. 2287:

Chakkraphat ordered a second attack on Phitsanulok in which he successfully took the city, but could only briefly hold it having suffered repeated heavy losses.

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In 1349 Fa Ngum was granted an army known as the "Ten Thousand" to take the crown. At the time the Khmer Empire was in decline (possibly from an outbreak of the

2579:. This political situation would last until 1828 for the Kingdom of Vientiane and the late 19th/20th centuries for the Kingdoms of Luang Prabang and Champasak. 6227: 2951:

inhabited major waterways, carving out the surrounding countryside and protecting key points along rivers or other bodies of water. The earliest name for the

2279:. Mahathammarachathirat was in Burma at the time, and Maha Chakkraphat had been allowed to return to Ayutthaya as Burma was facing small rebellions in the 5660: 6222: 2299:

broke south toward Ayutthaya. The Burmese rallied and were able to destroy the divided forces, and King Setthathirath had to retreat toward Vientiane.

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met with a Lan Xang force of 200,000 infantry and 2,000 elephant cavalry in support which was led by the crown prince and three supporting generals.

5640: 1384:(Muang Phoueune) offered assistance and vassalage to Fa Ngum for assistance in a succession dispute of his own and help in securing Muang Phuan from 3154:

areas to exchange cloth, iron and silver for forest products, which would be floated via streams on bamboo rafts until they met with larger rivers.

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of Ayutthaya and his daughter. To prevent further incursions, King Chakkraphat became a vassal of Burma and had to deliver both himself and his son

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throughout the kingdom. In 1532 the period of peace ended for Lan Xang when Muang Phuan rebelled and took Photisarath two years to fully suppress.

2005:(1520–1550) was one of the great kings of Lan Xang, he took Nang Yot Kham Tip from Lanna as his queen as well as lesser queens from Ayutthaya, and 649: 2107:

Prabang, but was killed in an accident while riding an elephant in front of the fifteen international delegations which were seeking an audience.

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was established but faced internal rebellions. In 1580 Sen Soulintha returned as a Burmese vassal, and in 1581 Bayinnaung died with his son King

2150:. Arriving in Lan Xang, Setthathirath was crowned as King of Lan Xang. The departure emboldened the rival factions at court, who in 1551 crowned 2197:

In 1563, a treaty was signed between Lan Xang and Ayutthaya, which was sealed by the betrothal of Princess Thepkasattri (whose mother was Queen

1570:(King of 300,000 Tai) a carefully chosen name for the Lao-Khmer prince, which showed preference for the Lao-tai population he governed over the 1364:

Fa Ngum's campaign started in southern Laos, taking the towns and cities in the region around Champasak and moving northward through Thakek and

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The demand for Lan Xang's high value trade commodities had to pass through intermediary kingdoms to reach world markets, thus for example when

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invaded Lanna. King Mekuti of Lanna surrendered Chiang Mai without a fight, but was reinstated as a Burmese vassal under military occupation.

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it was common practice for an invading army to forcibly move a population to where they may be more accessible for taxation, conscription or

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remained independent and powerful, and the growing power of Ayutthaya threatened regional stability. In 1356 Fa Ngum marched south to take

1689:. From 1428 to 1440 seven kings ruled Lan Xang; all were killed by assassination or intrigue guided by a Queen known only by her title as 6172: 2382:. King Nokeo Koumane then marched toward Muang Phuan and then to the central provinces reuniting all the former territories of Lan Xang. 2059:

of Ayutthaya for a failed rebellion. The incident resulted in a series of full-scale invasion of Lan Xang which was soundly defeated at

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was the largest most populous city (as well as the political capital beginning in 1560) and thus was of crucial commercial importance.

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became a potent symbol of the kingdom of Lan Xang, so much so that when Thailand was forced to cede the territories which would become

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Through subsequent kings Lan Xang would repair the damage of the war with Đại Việt, which led to a blossoming of culture and trade.

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had been captured and brought to King Chakkaphat. The elephant was recognized as a symbol of kingship throughout Southeast Asia and

1678:, and sought Lan Xang's assistance. An army of 30,000 with 100 elephant cavalry was dispatched, but instead sided with the Chinese. 2576: 2393:, but rebellions throughout the empire prevented any support. In desperation a request was sent to the Burmese vassal in Ayutthaya 1353:), both Lanna and Sukhothai had been established in what had been Khmer territory, and the Siamese were growing in the area of the 1342:, where he was given princess Keo Kang Ya. In 1343 King Souvanna Khampong died, and a succession dispute for Muang Sua took place. 856: 724: 6237: 5721: 3206:), elephant training or other unique trades. Iron ore was mined in Muang Phuan, tin and gems would also be mined in the north of 2210: 1443: 1172: 73: 5511: 5467: 5448: 5408: 5389: 5370: 5351: 5332: 5313: 5294: 5249: 5183: 5150: 5117: 5098: 5033: 5014: 4995: 4921: 4902: 4860: 4841: 4818: 4799: 3745: 2255: 2103: 1843:(1500–1520) was a major patron of the arts and during his reign the classical literature of Lan Xang was first written. The 6232: 5736: 1724: 4944:

Golomb, Louis (1976). "The Origin, Spread and Persistence of Glutinous Rice as a Staple Crop in Mainland Southeast Asia".

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record that armies from Lan Xang invaded in 1571 and 1572, during the second invasion King Barom Reacha I was slain in an

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and Ayutthaya were growing. Following the untimely death of his father, King Setthathirath left Lanna leaving his wife as

2099:(which would later become the palladium of Vientiane) and was given the princesses Nang Thip and Nang Tonkham as queens. 2075:

where he was again defeated and forced into full retreat to Ayutthaya, where he died almost immediately upon his return.

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made formal trade contacts with Lan Xang. Van Wuysthoff left detailed European accounts of trade goods, and established

2009:. Photisarath was a devout Buddhist, and declared it as the state religion Lan Xang. In 1523 he requested a copy of the 1438:"The Land of a Million Elephants and the White Parasol", Fa Ngum continued his conquests to secure the areas around the 1407:

as both a cultural and territorial barrier between the two kingdoms. Continuing his conquests Fa Ngum turned toward the

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Lanna had a series of internal succession disputes throughout the 1540s. The weakened kingdom was invaded first by the

2343: 5826: 5635: 5212: 5079: 5056: 4883: 704: 2430:(1637–1694) Lan Xang experienced a fifty seven-year period of peace and restoration. During the period the Lan Xang 6123: 5762: 2209:

instead tried to exchange Princess Kaeo Fa, which was immediately rejected. In the midst of the disagreement, the

1792:. One branch continued west, taking Sipsong Panna and threatening Lanna, and another force headed south along the 6242: 1466: 2472:

missionary to arrive in Lan Xang. After five years, he had very little success with conversions in the heavily

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grown in Thailand. Both Ayutthaya and Thailand profited immensely from the international rice trade with the

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or "city-states" formed independent polities bound to the regional power of the king in a system known as a

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to the south sought a clearly defined border with the growing power of Fa Ngum. The result was to use the

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The cultural memory of the early migrations and the mixing of Tai influence with the indigenous, Mon, and

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was constructed perhaps in compensation for the loss of status as the former capital of Lan Xang, and in

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have endured as common motifs not only in myth and legend, but also on Lao temples, and silk weavings.

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or clergy, which provided not only social mobility but also a means for education. The hill peoples or

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labor. War was also an important means of generating wealth via tribute, and it was not uncommon in the

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Princess Sumangala) with claims to the throne. A succession dispute took place where the king's nephew

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region were not navigable and provided a natural defense for Lan Xang from invasion coming upriver.

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for the Kingdom of Lan Xang which extended from the borders of the Sipsong Panna with China south to

1278: 556: 375: 1825: 1423:. Having secured a sizable force of Lao from each territory under his domain Fa Ngum moved down the 5975: 5929: 5814: 5691: 3244:

which means "Walled City of Sandalwood and a Million Nagas," later shortening it further to simply

2692: 2689:(or Muang Dan) was a major fortified city and traditionally administered by the Lao crown princes. 2686: 2450: 2446: 1196: 777: 463: 2510: 1133: 6064: 6001: 5895: 5645: 5091:

Gathering Leaves and Lifting Words: Histories of Buddhist Monastic Education in Laos and Thailand

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In Roi Et, Fa Ngum directly challenged Ayutthaya, which acknowledged Lan Xang's control over the

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where he reunited the cities, declared Lan Xang independence and cast off any allegiance to the

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asking for Nokeo Koumane to be returned to Lan Xang as a vassal king. In 1591 he was crowned in

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or "prisoners" which were either taken in war or were working for criminal offences or debts.

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migrated south in a series of waves beginning in the 7th century and accelerated following the

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from 1353 to 1707. For three and a half centuries, Lan Xang was one of the largest kingdoms in

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The palace and the entire city of Vientiane were completely destroyed by the Thai during the

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formed the political and economic arteries for the Kingdom of Lan Xang, so much so that the

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factions at court. Samenthai consolidated the gains of his father, and fought back Lanna in

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Paths to Conflagration: Fifty Years of Diplomacy and Warfare in Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam

3261: 2635: 2604: 2546: 2542: 2135: 1575: 576: 546: 403: 389: 2162:(Victorious) and offered one of his daughters to King Setthathirath. In 1556 Burma, under 1326:

a mythical serpent of the Mekong and a protector spirit of the kingdom) with the birth of

8: 5867: 5792: 5204: 3323:(a council which could include senior royal family members, ministers, and generals) and 3005:

of Lan Xang as a thinly veiled threat that the territorial loss had not been forgotten.

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was where the Lao defeated Ayutthaya in 1571, and was the site of a major battle against

2292: 1808:). King Tilok and Lanna preemptively destroyed the northern army, and the forces around 1365: 1141: 1002: 843: 314: 213: 4973:

Gorman, Chester (1976). "Ban Chiang: A mosaic of impressions from the first two years".

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in control of the Toungoo Empire. From 1583 to 1591 a civil war took place in Lan Xang.

1738: 1667: 1640: 1396: 1385: 6054: 5655: 5160: 5127: 5068: 4961: 4872: 2998: 2920:(the "Emerald" Buddha), Phra Saekham, and Phra Luk (the crystal Buddha of Champasak). 2504: 2327: 1933: 1734: 1416: 1161: 714: 113: 3370:

which benefited from the trade. Maritime trade routes became more important than the

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Lan Xang had ethnic diversity from trade and overland ethnic migrations. The multiple

2322:. The Khmer must have rallied and Lan Xang retreated, Setthathirath went missing near 1928:

as a gift from her father. The image is traditionally believed to have been forged in

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and his father Chao Fa Ngiao was the crown prince. As a youth Fa Ngum was sent to the

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in 1827 when the city was totally destroyed by Thailand for its symbolic importance.

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was at the apex of power, drawing monks and nuns for religious study from throughout

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to reinforce Lan Xang's southern regional power. Also in 1539 Photisarath accepted a

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formed the majority of the itinerant merchants, but there were small populations of

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also sponsored several major temples or "wats" throughout the country. He chose the

1388:. Fa Ngum agreed and quickly moved his army to take Muang Phuan and then on to take 1253:), came increasingly under Tai influence. Following the death of the Sukhothai king 1199:(1253–1256) into the northern reaches of what would become the kingdom of Lan Xang. 5996: 5966: 5750: 5731: 5540: 5427: 5259:

Solheim, Wilhelm (1973). "Northern Thailand, Southeast Asia and World Prehistory".

4953: 3347:. The rice varieties were both low yield, and labor-intensive in comparison to the 3056: 2974:

in particular were believed to be protection spirits which inhabited the cities of

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were believed to influence natural phenomena including human illness and thus the

1715:

began in 1453 and ended in 1456 with the crowning of King Chakkaphat (1456–1479).

1465:, who was married to a daughter of the Khmer King Suphanburi, founded the city of 483: 6088: 6016: 5905: 5890: 5855: 5610: 5532: 3363: 2728: 2524: 2439: 2427: 2402: 2386: 2359: 2264: 2230: 2226: 2183: 2024:, the commercial capital of Lan Xang which was located on the floodplains of the 1896:

Epic poems were written along with treatises on medicine, astrology and law. Lao

1885: 1801: 765: 760: 682: 639: 472: 183: 1772:

The Vietnamese forces won a hard-fought victory and continued north to threaten

1585: 1038: 936: 909: 6039: 5961: 5885: 5615: 5325:

Naga Cities of the Mekong: A Guide to the Temples, Legends, and History of Laos

3371: 3367: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3293:

Despite its relative size, Lan Xang was landlocked throughout its history. The

3269: 3211: 3166: 3103: 3092: 3068: 3048: 2917: 2866: 2796: 2752: 2704: 2682: 2674: 2670: 2469: 2435: 2379: 2175: 2120: 2092: 1864: 1682: 1663: 1659: 1578:

during the 1390s. In 1402 he received formal recognition for Lan Xang from the

1543: 1539: 1519: 1500: 1470: 1404: 1109: 1044: 829:. The kingdom is the basis for Laos's national historic and cultural identity. 826: 310: 5431: 5026:

Creating Laos: The Making of a Lao Space Between Indochina and Siam, 1860–1945

4957: 1104:

The geography Lan Xang would occupy had been originally settled by indigenous

6156: 6138: 6125: 6104: 6069: 6059: 6024: 6006: 5941: 5233: 3418: 3316: 3309: 3217: 3207: 3171: 3072: 3060: 3027: 3008:

The natural world was also home to a number of spirits which are part of the

2979: 2724: 2651: 2619: 2534: 2375: 2319: 2296: 2268: 2187: 2171: 2131: 2080: 2029: 2010: 1982: 1969: 1789: 1785: 1339: 1274: 1254: 1242: 1227: 1145: 956: 949: 915: 171: 87: 5222: 2385:

In 1593 King Nokeo Koumane launched an attack against Lanna and the Taungoo

1671: 6049: 5986: 3331:

was along a military structure which included some social mobility through

3298: 3294: 3175: 3157: 3139: 3123: 3035: 2952: 2858: 2828: 2824: 2812: 2708: 2655: 2588: 2311: 1876: 1860: 1859:) first appeared in written form, along with several transcriptions of the 1624: 1571: 1535: 1335: 1290: 1215: 876: 863: 847: 809: 362: 103: 52: 4874:

The Harper Encyclopedia of Military History: From 3500 B.C. to the Present

3958: 3308:, Ayutthaya, Sukhothai, Lanna, the Đại Việt and the Khmer. Politically, a 2904:

and caring for or constructing new temples. Lan Xang had several powerful

6109: 6029: 5799: 5585: 5555: 5306:

A Short History of China and Southeast Asia: Trade, Tribute and Influence

3332: 3179: 3131: 3127: 3107: 3009: 2862: 2854: 2816: 2792: 2631: 2612: 2608: 2571: 2347: 2342:

was left to administer Vientiane, but he would rule only four years. The

2280: 2260: 2243: 2218: 2191: 2052: 2048: 2014: 2002: 1978: 1963:

image was so revered that the capital city was renamed in its honor from

1754: 1712: 1675: 1579: 1556: 1451: 1381: 1350: 1346: 1302:" was central to these origin stories and formed the introduction to the 1192: 1168: 566: 417: 209: 159: 4578: 2994:

in 1893, the kings of Thailand ordered new state seals which showed the

5625: 5605: 5550: 5545: 5361:

Tossa, Wajupp; Nattavong, Kongdeuane; MacDonald, Margaret Read (2008).

3399: 3379: 3328: 3281: 3237: 3229: 3147: 3088: 3031: 2935: 2927: 2846: 2776: 2772: 2663: 2367: 2330:

and Lao Chronicles record only the presumption that he died in battle.

2198: 2179: 2163: 2139: 2072: 1889:

was also written. The earliest and continuously used Theravada temple,

1856: 1655: 1567: 1496: 1420: 1299: 1211: 1121: 1117: 818: 659: 5194: 3257: 3249: 3225: 3221: 3084: 3083:

where it could then be transported overland to the headwaters of the

3080: 2975: 2913: 2889: 2804: 2780: 2720: 2716: 2639: 2627: 2623: 2485: 2371: 2362:

court for sixteen years, and by 1591 was about twenty years old. The

2276: 2238: 2151: 2124: 2056: 2021: 1974: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1948: 1944: 1921: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1868: 1844: 1840: 1809: 1797: 1777: 1773: 1742: 1708: 1704: 1560: 1508: 1504: 1499:

control over the areas seized by Ayutthaya. Fa Ngum moved across the

1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1455: 1428: 1377: 1331: 1266: 1250: 1238: 1219: 1207: 500: 92: 3312:

of relatively independent mueang and nobles held regional autonomy.

3170:

easier to transport and traded at a higher value. Elephants, ivory,

1951:

until that time, in part because of the strength of the traditional

1900:

was also systematized and the classical court orchestra took shape.

1477:

was attacked by Ayutthaya in a failed attempt to take the capital.

871:". The kingdom's name alludes to the power of the king, his ties to 5711: 5565: 4093: 4069: 3183: 3151: 2967: 2942: 2931: 2833: 2808: 2788: 2784: 2696: 2659: 2566: 2473: 2398: 2394: 2304: 1880: 1686: 1389: 1380:

in attacking Muang Sua, which they refused. However, Prince Nho of

1157: 1137: 1129: 942: 609: 450: 4457: 4455: 3220:

was important as the religious and royal capital of Lan Xang, but

2877: 2484:

in 1647. He left an eyewitness description of the royal palace in

1450:. King Phayu of Lanna raised an army which Fa Ngum overwhelmed at 5877: 5232:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

4428: 3387: 3383: 3286: 3203: 3115: 3111: 2938: 2923: 2647: 2558: 2481: 2454: 2006: 1952: 1805: 1327: 1307: 1226:"The City of Flame Trees beside the River Dong", (modern city of 1188: 446: 226: 147: 38: 5489: 3264:

were also regional trading powers for central Lan Xang, just as

3002: 2987: 2983: 2971: 2963: 2882: 2791:

were ethnically dominant and there were several closely related

1700: 1323: 1218:, where the principal city-state in the north was known then as 5706: 4767: 4452: 3375: 3356: 3340: 3265: 3135: 3119: 3096: 3076: 3064: 2995: 2947: 2869:

and Vietnamese around major trading cities and in Muang Phuan.

2756: 2735: 2700: 2465: 2458: 2335: 2147: 2115: 2110: 2025: 1929: 1925: 1909: 1800:. A contingent of Vietnamese troops managed to reach the upper 1793: 1781: 1750: 1632: 1600: 1531: 1512: 1474: 1462: 1447: 1439: 1424: 1400: 1373: 1369: 1258: 1203: 1184: 1153: 923: 896: 348: 4622: 4620: 4358: 4356: 4354: 4030: 4028: 4026: 3716: 3714: 3712: 3390:

and Thailand during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.

1707:

revolted, but despite the years of instability the capital at

5485:

Legend of the Founding of Xieng Dong-Xieng Thong at Muang Sua

3581: 3305: 3301: 3191: 3187: 3052: 2477: 2438:. Literature, art, music, court dance experienced a revival. 2390: 2143: 2084: 2067: 2037: 1913: 1546:. It was thus one of the largest kingdoms in Southeast Asia. 1149: 919: 4878:(Fourth ed.). New York: HarperCollins Publishers, Inc. 4566: 4482: 4440: 4047: 4045: 4043: 3491: 3051:. In the north and northwest the overland trade routes from 5520: 4617: 4595: 4593: 4351: 4264: 4210: 4141: 4023: 3939: 3937: 3922: 3910: 3898: 3886: 3820: 3798: 3796: 3709: 3617: 3605: 3047:

Lan Xang was at the center of the overland trade routes in

2991: 2775:

peoples were grouped into the broad cultural categories of

2142:

still had powerful factions at court, and the threats from

1872: 1446:) and began moving south to the borders of Lanna along the 1125: 822: 442: 4380: 3571: 3569: 3503: 3454: 3452: 2763:

to pay tribute to more than one regional power at a time.

1924:

had been brought by Fa Ngum's Khmer wife Keo Kang Ya from

1741:

and several skirmishes took place against Lanna along the

4731: 4709: 4707: 4329: 4327: 4254: 4252: 4227: 4225: 4040: 4013: 4011: 4009: 3876: 3874: 3861: 3859: 3699: 3697: 3695: 3315:

The succession of the monarchs was never based solely on

2897: 1847:

monks and monasteries became centers of learning and the

1820: 1318:

The traditional court histories of Lan Xang begin in the

1310:, the legendary king of Muang Sua and son of Khun Borom. 5007:

Spirits of the Place: Buddhism and Lao Religious Culture

4743: 4668: 4590: 4530: 4494: 4368: 4276: 4117: 3982: 3934: 3844: 3793: 3740:. trans.Susan Brown Cowing. University of Hawaii Press. 3556: 3554: 3515: 2912:

and spiritual symbols of the kingdom which included the

2707:

was also heavily fortified, and had been founded by the

1495:

and the surrounding plains, and marched south to assert

5360: 4719: 4692: 4584: 4542: 4472: 4470: 4416: 4339: 3964: 3566: 3479: 3449: 1718: 4931:

Gaspardone, Émile (1971). "L'inscription du Ma-Nhai".

4704: 4404: 4324: 4312: 4249: 4222: 4198: 4170: 4168: 4105: 4081: 4006: 3970: 3871: 3856: 3832: 3808: 3771: 3769: 3692: 3680: 3527: 3194:

and would reach its way to market having gone through

1662:. The Viet Chronicles record that during the reign of 1549: 1330:. Fa Ngum's Grandfather Souvanna Khampong was king of 5458:

Wyatt, David K.; Wichienkeeo, Aroonrut, eds. (1995).

5141:

Ngaosyvathn, Mayoury; Pheuiphanh Ngaosyvathn (2009).

5108:

Ngaosyvathn, Mayoury; Pheuiphanh Ngaosyvathn (1998).

5045:

Việt Nam: a history from earliest time to the present

4518: 3629: 3551: 3469: 3467: 2970:, were believed to bring rains, or change shape, and 2295:, at which point one of the commanding generals from 2229:as hostages to King Bayinnaung leaving another son 5418:

Wyatt, David K. (1963). "Siam and Laos, 1767–1827".

5382:

Civility and Savagery: Social Identity in Tai States

4755: 4554: 4506: 4467: 4392: 2291:

Lan Xang forces prevailed at the Pa Sak Valley near

4680: 4656: 4644: 4632: 4605: 4300: 4288: 4237: 4165: 4153: 4129: 4057: 3994: 3781: 3766: 3754: 3653: 3593: 2677:merchants took place before being destroyed in the 1434:In 1353 Fa Ngum was crowned, and named his Kingdom 996: 986: 5272:Stuart-Fox, Martin (1993). "Who was Maha Thevi?". 5242:The Kingdoms of Laos: Six Hundred Years of History 5074:(Revised ed.). New York: Facts On File, Inc. 5067: 4871: 4829: 3670: 3668: 3641: 3464: 3110:and Xam Neua were regular points of commerce with 3034:identity and religious health over the millennia. 2930:spirituality. Among the ethnic hill tribes of the 2892:was the state religion of Lan Xang beginning with 2087:. In the elaborate court ceremony recorded in the 2013:from King Kaeo in Lanna, and in 1527 he abolished 1776:. King Chakkaphat and the court fled south toward 4790:Askew, Marc; Long, Colin; Logan, William (2007). 3539: 2945:believed that ancient mythical serpents known as 2561:, a relationship that, in the wake of the failed 1749:of Đại Việt invaded and destroyed the kingdom of 1589:Mainland Southeast Asia in the early 15th century 6154: 5457: 4099: 4075: 3374:in northern Lan Xang, the river trade along the 3366:demand for forest products increased it was the 2422:Seated Buddha figure from Lan Xang, 17th century 2170:construction of a massive formal palace and the 1313: 1036: 1026: 1016: 1006: 929:Other names for the kingdom include the Chinese 916:still used for the upper stretches of the Mekong 4933:Bulletin de la Société des Études Indochinoises 3665: 2849:were outside the social system, along with the 2779:(which included most indigenous groups and the 1996: 1851:grew in both cultural and political power. The 4828:Bush, Austin; Elliot, Mark; Ray, Nick (2011). 4789: 4488: 4461: 4446: 4386: 3955:Holt, J. C. (2009). p. 38. 3126:, where the goods would then be portaged past 3091:, or overland by ox cart or elephant over the 1487:for failing to support his earlier advance on 1257:, and internal disputes within the kingdom of 6228:States and territories disestablished in 1707 5505: 5287:The Lao Kingdom of Lan Xang: Rise and Decline 4827: 4792:Vientiane: Transformations of a Lao Landscape 3916: 2618:The major cities of Lan Xang were located in 2549:emerged after a rebellion against Vientiane. 2413: 1650:Lan Xang and Mainland Southeast Asia in 1540 1084: 934: 907: 785: 5176:The Mekong: Turbulent Past, Uncertain Future 5165:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 5132:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4914:A Short History of Laos: The Land in Between 4911: 4500: 4189: 3059:passed through Lan Xang and Sipsong Panna ( 2111:King Setthathirath and the Burmese invasions 2102:The peace would not last long. In 1548, the 1788:, and then divided their forces to create a 1376:, Fa Ngum sought assistance and supply from 1284: 5140: 5107: 4870:Dupuy, R. Ernest; Dupuy, Trevor N. (1993). 4773: 4572: 4422: 4180: 3343:was suitable for only certain varieties of 1916:or position of "dispelling fear" to be the 1538:, and from the Vietnamese border along the 1419:valleys, which were heavily populated with 1071: 1061: 1051: 27:Kingdom in Southeast Asia from 1353 to 1707 6223:States and territories established in 1353 5512: 5498: 5403:. New York: Paragon Book. pp. 50–51. 5341: 5322: 5303: 5284: 5271: 4930: 4811:Buddhist Textiles of Laos: Lan Na the Isan 4674: 4626: 4599: 4548: 4536: 4374: 4362: 4282: 4270: 4216: 4147: 4123: 4034: 3988: 3943: 3928: 3904: 3892: 3850: 3838: 3826: 3802: 3720: 3623: 3611: 3575: 3509: 3497: 3458: 3165:The principle Lao agricultural crops were 2358:Prince Nokeo Koumane had been held in the 973: 963: 867:), meaning "the Million Elephants and the 821:kingdom that held the area of present-day 792: 778: 72: 5143:The Enduring Sacred Landscape of the Naga 3435:"(City of the) Royal Skinny Buddha Image" 2742:. Each city was headed by a city lord or 2582: 2514:Pha That Luang and its place in Vientiane 2389:. Tharrawaddy Min sought assistance from 851: 5398: 5088: 5023: 4512: 4398: 4345: 4051: 3156: 2959:or "Great River of the Giant Serpent." 2876: 2509: 2488:during the height of power in Lan Xang. 2464:In 1642, Father Giovanni Maria Leria, a 2445:In 1641, Gerritt van Wuysthoff with the 2417: 2259: 2114: 1987: 1824: 1645: 1584: 1442:by moving to take Sipsong Panna (modern 1281:until the founding of Lan Xang in 1353. 5258: 5173: 5112:. Southeast Asia Program Publications. 5042: 4585:Tossa, Nattavong & MacDonald (2008) 4434: 3965:Tossa, Nattavong & MacDonald (2008) 3880: 3738:The Indianized States of Southeast Asia 3521: 2669:Supporting cities were found along the 2569:, the last king of Vientiane, became a 2091:, Setthathirath took possession of the 2079:the throne of Lanna for his son Prince 2055:noble who was seeking asylum from King 1829:Wat Visoun, as seen by Louis Delaporte 1733:, Muang Phuan and some areas along the 1711:was able to suppress the rebellion. An 1685:ushered in a period of uncertainty and 1563:, where he died between 1373 and 1390. 1444:Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture 1392:and several smaller towns of Đại Việt. 14: 6198:Former countries in Vietnamese history 6155: 5379: 5192: 4985: 4972: 4943: 4912:Evans, Grant; Osborne, Milton (2003). 4725: 4476: 3787: 3732: 3726: 3545: 3533: 3268:was crucial for overland trade on the 2711:as a major trading center between the 2518: 2401:dispatched a large army and turned on 1821:King Visoun and a Flowering of Culture 1175:provide the first written accounts of 1173:southward expansion of the Han dynasty 1094: 6183:Former countries in Cambodian history 5493: 5438: 5417: 5239: 5028:. Nordic Institute of Asian Studies. 4892: 4869: 4808: 4761: 4749: 4737: 4713: 4698: 4686: 4662: 4650: 4638: 4611: 4560: 4410: 4333: 4318: 4306: 4294: 4258: 4243: 4231: 4204: 4174: 4159: 4135: 4111: 4087: 4063: 4017: 4000: 3976: 3865: 3814: 3775: 3760: 3703: 3686: 3659: 3647: 3635: 3599: 3587: 3560: 3485: 3473: 3161:The Khone Falls, on the Mekong River. 2831:and concepts of a divine kingship or 2723:Rivers. Trade cities also existed at 2646:(which in later periods would become 1784:. The Vietnamese took the capital of 862: 808: 5065: 5004: 4524: 2353: 2119:Statue of King Sai Setthathirath at 1719:The White Elephant War with Đại Việt 6248:Former monarchies of Southeast Asia 6188:Former countries in Chinese history 6178:Former countries in Burmese history 6168:Former countries in Laotian history 5193:Savada, Andrea Matles, ed. (1995). 4850: 3674: 3106:formed a barrier, but the areas of 2681:in 1827. South of Vientiane on the 2634:, Muang Sa or Muang Champa Nakhon ( 1863:which recall previous lives of the 1729:In 1448 during the disorder of the 1658:died and was succeeded by his song 1550:King Samsenthai and Queen Maha Devi 78:Kingdom of Lan Xang (green) in 1400 24: 6173:Former countries in Southeast Asia 5420:Journal of Southeast Asian History 5199:(3rd ed.). Washington, D.C.: 5093:. University of Washington Press. 4946:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 2374:, gathered an army and marched to 2217:the royal viceroy and governor of 2211:Burmese invaded northern Ayutthaya 1893:was built in 1513 by King Visoun. 1566:In 1371, Oun Huean was crowned as 1503:taking the major cities along the 1372:. From his position on the middle 1245:) and south to the twin cities of 1183:who inhabited the areas of modern 25: 6259: 5519: 5478: 4195:Maha Yazawin Vol. 2 2006: 266–268 3067:, where they would join with the 2498:Fr. Giovanni Maria Leria, (1663) 2047:and he also made improvements to 1542:to the western escarpment of the 1031:, "Ten Thousand Elephants"), and 705:North Vietnamese invasion of Laos 6193:Former countries in Thai history 5669: 5227: 4988:The Bronze Age of Southeast Asia 2577:Siamese–Vietnamese War (1831–34) 2565:for independence (1826–1829) of 2182:in Vientiane. In Luang Prabang, 2043:In 1539 he made a pilgrimage to 1725:Vietnamese-Laotian War (1479–80) 725:Lao People's Democratic Republic 482: 422: 408: 394: 380: 355: 341: 240:Đại Việt–Lan Xang War(1479–1484) 5240:Simms, Peter and Sanda (1999). 4895:The Last Century of Lao Royalty 3949: 3736:(1968). Walter F. Vella (ed.). 3412: 2941:was the dominant religion. The 2249: 2190:major renovations were made to 1737:were annexed by the kingdom of 6238:1707 disestablishments in Asia 5009:. University of Hawaii Press. 4990:. Cambridge World Archeology. 4489:Askew, Long & Logan (2007) 4462:Askew, Long & Logan (2007) 4447:Askew, Long & Logan (2007) 4387:Askew, Long & Logan (2007) 4100:Wyatt & Wichienkeeo (1995) 4076:Wyatt & Wichienkeeo (1995) 3182:(used in lacquer production), 3118:and Champasak flowed down the 2366:in Lan Xang sent a mission to 2344:First Taungoo Empire (1510–99) 2020:In 1533 he moved his court to 1932:, which was the center of the 1654:In 1416, at the age of sixty, 879:. Other romanizations include 660:Free Lao Movement (Lao Issara) 13: 1: 5344:Historical Dictionary of Laos 4853:Angkor and Khmer Civilization 4782: 3917:Bush, Elliot & Ray (2011) 3382:, or the overland trade with 3142:in the south. Lao merchants ( 2523:The legal reforms which King 2256:Burmese–Siamese War (1568–70) 2134:(as King of Lanna) had taken 1940:an alloy of gold and silver. 1879:, and the Lao version of the 1830: 1559:. Fa Ngum became an exile in 1399:, concerned with their rival 1314:The Conquests of King Fa Ngum 1237:the principal city-states of 1206:valleys were occupied by the 5380:Turton, Andrew, ed. (2000). 5346:. The Scarecrow Press, Inc. 5066:Kohn, George Childs (1999). 3443: 3242:Vieng Chanthaburi Sisattanak 3236:or "City of the Moon." The 3030:became an important part of 2453:relations with Lan Xang via 1997:Lanna and war with Ayutthaya 7: 6233:1353 establishments in Asia 5342:Stuart-Fox, Martin (2008). 5323:Stuart-Fox, Martin (2006). 5304:Stuart-Fox, Martin (2003). 5285:Stuart-Fox, Martin (1998). 3393: 2966:which have been "tamed" by 2872: 2178:, and major renovations to 1511:and moving as far south as 1349:and the combined influx of 1277:) were independent Lao-Tai 875:, and his army's countless 735:Laos after Soviet dominance 630:French Protectorate of Laos 251:• Kingdom partitioned 10: 6264: 4501:Evans & Osborne (2003) 3275: 3042: 2795:groups which included the 2766: 2727:, and Nong Han Noi on the 2505:Lao-Siamese War of 1827–28 2414:The Golden Age of Lan Xang 2253: 2233:as a vassal in Ayutthaya. 1936:tradition and was made of 1722: 1395:The Vietnamese kingdom of 1099: 997: 987: 864:[lâːnsâːŋhōmkʰǎːw] 36: 29: 6082: 6015: 5937: 5928: 5863: 5854: 5758: 5749: 5687: 5678: 5667: 5531: 5443:. Yale University Press. 5441:Thailand: A Short History 5432:10.1017/S0217781100002787 5201:Federal Research Division 5089:McDaniel, Justin (2008). 4958:10.1017/s0022463400010237 4437:, p. 18–19; 136–154. 3240:would change the name to 2104:Burmese invaded Ayutthaya 2036:and the growing power of 1992:Wat Visoun, Luang Prabang 1338:to live as a son of King 1285:The Legends of Khun Borom 1197:Mongol conquest of Yunnan 1085: 1072: 1062: 1052: 1037: 1027: 1017: 1011:and the historical names 974: 964: 935: 908: 852: 715:Anti-Communist Insurgency 557:Kingdom of Luang Phrabang 438: 376:Kingdom of Luang Phrabang 320: 306: 302: 292: 282: 272: 268: 263: 259: 249: 236: 223: 219: 205: 201: 189: 177: 165: 153: 141: 137: 129: 119: 109: 99: 83: 71: 66: 46: 5763:Administrative divisions 5460:The Chiang Mai Chronicle 5439:Wyatt, David K. (2003). 5401:History of Laos (trans.) 5174:Osborne, Milton (2001). 5024:Ivarsson, Soren (2008). 4986:Higham, Charles (1996). 4851:Coe, Michael D. (2003). 4809:Bunce, Fredrick (2004). 3405: 2476:country and returned to 2447:Dutch East India Company 1908:a standing image of the 1760:Around the same time, a 1214:and subsequently by the 39:Lancang (disambiguation) 30:Not to be confused with 5399:Viravong, Sila (1964). 5365:. Libraries Unlimited. 5049:Oxford University Press 4855:. Thames & Hudson. 3590:, p. 45,51; 33–35. 3359:and European traders. 2626:including the towns in 2213:with the assistance of 1357:which would become the 1116:which gave rise to the 834: 6243:2nd millennium in Laos 3162: 3069:Chinese Tea-Horse Road 2886: 2583:Political organization 2515: 2501: 2423: 2387:Prince Tharrawaddy Min 2271: 2231:Prince Mahinthrathirat 2127: 1993: 1836: 1651: 1643: 1224:Xieng Dong Xieng Thong 1106:Austroasiatic-speaking 1007: 5601:Japanese puppet state 5308:. Allen & Unwin. 5289:. White Lotus Press. 5196:Laos: a country study 5043:Kiernan, Ben (2019). 4916:. Allen & Unwin. 4893:Evans, Grant (2009). 3425:can be translated as 3421:Note on translation: 3160: 2880: 2545:emerged. In 1713 the 2513: 2490: 2421: 2263: 2207:King Maha Chakkraphat 2118: 2089:Chiang Mai Chronicles 2028:below the capital at 1991: 1871:was transcribed from 1828: 1747:Emperor Lê Thánh Tông 1649: 1588: 1263:Vieng Chan Vieng Kham 1247:Vieng Chan Vieng Kham 1233:With the rise of the 1202:The fertile northern 1171:'s chronicles of the 650:Japanese puppet state 620:Franco-Siamese crisis 537:Regional kingdoms era 491:Muang city-states era 418:Principality of Phuan 100:Common languages 6218:17th century in Asia 6213:16th century in Asia 6208:15th century in Asia 6203:14th century in Asia 5737:World Heritage Sites 5274:Siam Society Journal 4813:. D.K. Print World. 4186:Harvey 1925: 167–168 3138:again and on to the 3075:would flow down the 2547:Kingdom of Champasak 2440:King Sourigna Vongsa 2428:King Sourigna Vongsa 577:Kingdom of Champasak 547:Kingdom of Vientiane 404:Kingdom of Champasak 390:Kingdom of Vientiane 37:For other uses, see 6135: / 5636:Vietnamese invasion 5591:French protectorate 5205:Library of Congress 5005:Holt, John (2009). 2827:with their complex 2607:and Champasak. The 2595:name for the river 2519:Succession disputes 2426:Under the reign of 1222:and alternately as 1142:Xiangkhoang Plateau 1095:Historical overview 1008:Vương quốc Lan Xang 953:Siri Satanāganahuta 214:Early Modern Period 48:Kingdom of Lan Xang 18:Kingdom of Lan Xang 5901:Telecommunications 5651:History since 1945 5646:History until 1945 5462:. Silkworm Books. 5261:Asian Perspectives 5070:Dictionary of Wars 4897:. Silkworm Books. 4776:, p. 117–120. 4774:Ngaosyvathn (1998) 4740:, p. 109–110. 4573:Ngaosyvathn (2009) 4423:Ngaosyvathn (1998) 4102:, p. 120–122. 4078:, p. 118–119. 3967:, p. 116–117. 3500:, p. 143–146. 3488:, p. ix-xiii. 3210:or east along the 3163: 3146:) would travel to 2999:symbol of Thailand 2957:Nam Nyai Ngu Luang 2890:Theravada Buddhism 2887: 2881:Monk repainting a 2658:), and Xiang Hun ( 2530:Prince Sai Ong Hue 2516: 2424: 2272: 2154:as king of Lanna. 2132:King Setthathirath 2128: 1994: 1934:Therevada Buddhist 1845:Theravada Buddhist 1837: 1652: 1644: 1491:. In 1357 he took 1177:Tai–Kadai speaking 1162:Champasak Province 993:Lan Chang Hom Khao 970:Lan Chang Rom Khao 946:Srī Śatanāganayuta 810:[lâːnsâːŋ] 225:• Founded by 114:Theravada Buddhism 6118: 6117: 6078: 6077: 5924: 5923: 5850: 5849: 5827:Political parties 5815:National Assembly 5783:General Secretary 5778:Foreign relations 5745: 5744: 5661:2007 coup attempt 5631:Laotian Civil War 5621:Ho Chi Minh trail 5596:Japanese invasion 5469:978-974-7100-62-4 5450:978-0-300-08475-7 5410:978-0-685-41963-2 5391:978-0-7007-1173-4 5372:978-1-59158-345-5 5353:978-0-8108-5624-0 5334:978-981-05-5923-6 5327:. Media Masters. 5315:978-1-86448-954-5 5296:978-974-8434-33-9 5251:978-0-7007-1531-2 5185:978-0-8021-3802-6 5152:978-974-303-160-1 5119:978-0-87727-723-1 5100:978-0-295-98849-8 5035:978-87-7694-023-2 5016:978-0-8248-3327-5 4997:978-0-521-56505-9 4923:978-1-86448-997-2 4904:978-616-215-008-1 4862:978-0-500-02117-0 4843:978-1-74179-153-2 4836:. Lonely Planet. 4820:978-81-246-0250-8 4801:978-0-415-33141-8 4752:, p. 93; 73. 4701:, p. 17; 84. 4675:Stuart-Fox (2006) 4627:Stuart-Fox (1998) 4600:Stuart-Fox (1998) 4549:Stuart-Fox (2006) 4537:Stuart-Fox (2008) 4375:Stuart-Fox (2006) 4363:Stuart-Fox (2006) 4283:Stuart-Fox (1998) 4271:Stuart-Fox (2006) 4217:Stuart-Fox (1998) 4148:Stuart-Fox (2006) 4124:Stuart-Fox (1998) 4035:Stuart-Fox (1998) 3989:Stuart-Fox (1998) 3944:Stuart-Fox (1998) 3929:Stuart-Fox (2006) 3905:Stuart-Fox (2006) 3893:Stuart-Fox (1998) 3851:Stuart-Fox (1998) 3839:Stuart-Fox (1993) 3827:Stuart-Fox (2006) 3803:Stuart-Fox (2003) 3747:978-0-8248-0368-1 3721:Stuart-Fox (1998) 3624:Stuart-Fox (2006) 3612:Stuart-Fox (1998) 3576:Stuart-Fox (2006) 3524:, p. 145-62. 3510:Stuart-Fox (1998) 3498:Stuart-Fox (1998) 3459:Stuart-Fox (1998) 3228:was originally a 3134:to join with the 3089:Chao Praya rivers 2885:at Pha That Luang 2563:Laotian Rebellion 2354:Lan Xang Restored 2205:). However, King 1947:had been kept in 1920:of Lan Xang. The 1853:Nithan Khun Borom 1670:took place under 1617:Ayutthaya Kingdom 1609:Sukhothai Kingdom 1436:Lan Xang Hom Khao 1409:Sip Song Chau Tai 1368:along the middle 1359:Ayutthaya Kingdom 1355:Chao Phraya River 1296:Nithan Khun Borum 1235:Sukhothai Kingdom 1068:Srei Satneakonhot 902:of the kingdom's 840:Lān Xāng Hôm Khāo 802: 801: 748: 747: 695:Laotian Civil War 668: 667: 585: 584: 532: 531: 509: 508: 456: 455: 434: 433: 430: 429: 368: 367: 191:• 1700–1707 179:• 1637–1694 167:• 1548–1571 155:• 1373–1416 143:• 1353–1385 124:Absolute monarchy 61: 51:ອານາຈັກລ້ານຊ້າງ ( 16:(Redirected from 6255: 6150: 6149: 6147: 6146: 6145: 6140: 6136: 6133: 6132: 6131: 6128: 6098: 6091: 5935: 5934: 5881: 5861: 5860: 5756: 5755: 5685: 5684: 5673: 5514: 5507: 5500: 5491: 5490: 5473: 5454: 5435: 5414: 5395: 5376: 5357: 5338: 5319: 5300: 5281: 5268: 5255: 5244:. Curzon Press. 5231: 5230: 5226: 5189: 5170: 5164: 5156: 5145:. Mekong Press. 5137: 5131: 5123: 5104: 5085: 5073: 5062: 5039: 5020: 5001: 4982: 4969: 4940: 4927: 4908: 4889: 4877: 4866: 4847: 4835: 4824: 4805: 4777: 4771: 4765: 4759: 4753: 4747: 4741: 4735: 4729: 4723: 4717: 4716:, p. 84–85. 4711: 4702: 4696: 4690: 4684: 4678: 4672: 4666: 4660: 4654: 4648: 4642: 4636: 4630: 4629:, p. 48–49. 4624: 4615: 4609: 4603: 4597: 4588: 4587:, p. 75–89. 4582: 4576: 4575:, p. 55–56. 4570: 4564: 4558: 4552: 4546: 4540: 4534: 4528: 4527:, p. 10–15. 4522: 4516: 4510: 4504: 4498: 4492: 4486: 4480: 4474: 4465: 4464:, p. 20–40. 4459: 4450: 4444: 4438: 4432: 4426: 4420: 4414: 4413:, p. 13–32. 4408: 4402: 4396: 4390: 4384: 4378: 4372: 4366: 4365:, p. 74–77. 4360: 4349: 4343: 4337: 4336:, p. 88–90. 4331: 4322: 4321:, p. 85–88. 4316: 4310: 4304: 4298: 4292: 4286: 4280: 4274: 4273:, p. 72–73. 4268: 4262: 4261:, p. 79–81. 4256: 4247: 4241: 4235: 4234:, p. 78–79. 4229: 4220: 4219:, p. 81–82. 4214: 4208: 4207:, p. 73–75. 4202: 4196: 4193: 4187: 4184: 4178: 4172: 4163: 4157: 4151: 4150:, p. 61–72. 4145: 4139: 4133: 4127: 4121: 4115: 4114:, p. 71–73. 4109: 4103: 4097: 4091: 4090:, p. 64–68. 4085: 4079: 4073: 4067: 4061: 4055: 4054:, p. 50–51. 4049: 4038: 4037:, p. 74–75. 4032: 4021: 4020:, p. 56–61. 4015: 4004: 3998: 3992: 3986: 3980: 3979:, p. 37–39. 3974: 3968: 3962: 3956: 3953: 3947: 3941: 3932: 3931:, p. 22–25. 3926: 3920: 3914: 3908: 3907:, p. 21–22. 3902: 3896: 3895:, p. 66–67. 3890: 3884: 3878: 3869: 3868:, p. 51–52. 3863: 3854: 3848: 3842: 3836: 3830: 3829:, p. 20–21. 3824: 3818: 3817:, p. 47–48. 3812: 3806: 3800: 3791: 3785: 3779: 3773: 3764: 3758: 3752: 3751: 3730: 3724: 3723:, p. 38–43. 3718: 3707: 3706:, p. 30–35. 3701: 3690: 3689:, p. 30–49. 3684: 3678: 3672: 3663: 3657: 3651: 3645: 3639: 3633: 3627: 3626:, p. 11–15. 3621: 3615: 3614:, p. 22–29. 3609: 3603: 3597: 3591: 3585: 3579: 3573: 3564: 3563:, p. 24–26. 3558: 3549: 3543: 3537: 3536:, p. 14–26. 3531: 3525: 3519: 3513: 3512:, p. 43–44. 3507: 3501: 3495: 3489: 3483: 3477: 3471: 3462: 3456: 3437: 3416: 3102:In the east the 2962:Ngueak, and the 2908:which served as 2894:King Photisarath 2729:Song Khram River 2703:on the southern 2499: 2468:, was the first 2316:Khmer Chronicles 2215:Maha Thammaracha 2138:as his capital. 2095:as his personal 1835: 1832: 1696:Nang Keo Phimpha 1668:Lam Sơn Uprising 1320:Year of the Nāga 1134:Đông Sơn culture 1108:tribes, such as 1090: 1089: 1075: 1074: 1065: 1064: 1055: 1054: 1042: 1041: 1030: 1029: 1020: 1019: 1010: 1000: 999: 990: 989: 977: 976: 967: 966: 940: 939: 913: 912: 873:Laotian Buddhism 866: 860: 859: 812: 794: 787: 780: 744: 743: 689: 679: 678: 596: 595: 543: 542: 520: 519: 497: 496: 486: 476: 458: 457: 426: 425: 412: 411: 398: 397: 384: 383: 372: 371: 359: 358: 345: 344: 338: 337: 322: 321: 196:Setthathirath II 76: 57: 44: 43: 21: 6263: 6262: 6258: 6257: 6256: 6254: 6253: 6252: 6153: 6152: 6143: 6141: 6137: 6134: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6122: 6121: 6119: 6114: 6101: 6094: 6087: 6074: 6065:Public holidays 6011: 6002:Sex trafficking 5920: 5879: 5846: 5805:Law enforcement 5741: 5722:Protected areas 5674: 5665: 5611:Kingdom of Laos 5527: 5518: 5481: 5476: 5470: 5451: 5411: 5392: 5373: 5354: 5335: 5316: 5297: 5252: 5228: 5215: 5186: 5178:. Grove Press. 5158: 5157: 5153: 5125: 5124: 5120: 5101: 5082: 5059: 5036: 5017: 4998: 4924: 4905: 4886: 4863: 4844: 4821: 4802: 4785: 4780: 4772: 4768: 4760: 4756: 4748: 4744: 4736: 4732: 4728:, p. 1–15. 4724: 4720: 4712: 4705: 4697: 4693: 4685: 4681: 4673: 4669: 4661: 4657: 4649: 4645: 4637: 4633: 4625: 4618: 4610: 4606: 4598: 4591: 4583: 4579: 4571: 4567: 4559: 4555: 4547: 4543: 4535: 4531: 4523: 4519: 4513:McDaniel (2008) 4511: 4507: 4499: 4495: 4487: 4483: 4475: 4468: 4460: 4453: 4445: 4441: 4433: 4429: 4421: 4417: 4409: 4405: 4399:Viravong (1964) 4397: 4393: 4385: 4381: 4373: 4369: 4361: 4352: 4346:Ivarsson (2008) 4344: 4340: 4332: 4325: 4317: 4313: 4305: 4301: 4293: 4289: 4281: 4277: 4269: 4265: 4257: 4250: 4242: 4238: 4230: 4223: 4215: 4211: 4203: 4199: 4194: 4190: 4185: 4181: 4173: 4166: 4158: 4154: 4146: 4142: 4134: 4130: 4122: 4118: 4110: 4106: 4098: 4094: 4086: 4082: 4074: 4070: 4062: 4058: 4052:Viravong (1964) 4050: 4041: 4033: 4024: 4016: 4007: 3999: 3995: 3987: 3983: 3975: 3971: 3963: 3959: 3954: 3950: 3942: 3935: 3927: 3923: 3915: 3911: 3903: 3899: 3891: 3887: 3879: 3872: 3864: 3857: 3849: 3845: 3837: 3833: 3825: 3821: 3813: 3809: 3801: 3794: 3786: 3782: 3774: 3767: 3759: 3755: 3748: 3731: 3727: 3719: 3710: 3702: 3693: 3685: 3681: 3673: 3666: 3658: 3654: 3646: 3642: 3638:, p. 9–10. 3634: 3630: 3622: 3618: 3610: 3606: 3598: 3594: 3586: 3582: 3574: 3567: 3559: 3552: 3544: 3540: 3532: 3528: 3520: 3516: 3508: 3504: 3496: 3492: 3484: 3480: 3472: 3465: 3457: 3450: 3446: 3441: 3440: 3417: 3413: 3408: 3396: 3287:Khun Lo Dynasty 3278: 3124:Island of Khong 3045: 3001:feeding on the 2875: 2769: 2693:Nong Bua Lamphu 2687:Nong Bua Lamphu 2679:Lao-Siamese War 2585: 2525:Sourigna Vongsa 2521: 2500: 2497: 2416: 2403:Tharrawaddy Min 2368:King Nandabayin 2356: 2275:passing up the 2265:Wat Xieng Thong 2258: 2252: 2227:Prince Ramesuan 2184:Wat Xieng Thong 2164:King Bayinnaung 2113: 1999: 1981:, his grandson 1886:Pra Lak Pra Lam 1833: 1823: 1802:Irrawaddy River 1727: 1721: 1635: 1627: 1619: 1611: 1603: 1595: 1590: 1568:King Samsenthai 1552: 1316: 1287: 1210:culture of the 1124:(today part of 1102: 1097: 1001:); the present 837: 798: 766:History of Isan 761:History of Laos 741: 739: 729:1975–1991 719:1975–2007 709:1958–1959 699:1953–1975 688:1946–1975 687: 683:Kingdom of Laos 673:Independent era 664:1945–1949 644:1940–1941 640:Franco-Thai War 634:1893–1953 614:1865–1890 604:1826–1828 581:1713–1904 571:1707–1899 561:1707–1893 551:1707–1828 528:1353–1707 474: 467: 449: 445: 423: 409: 395: 381: 356: 342: 295: 285: 275: 252: 242: 229: 192: 184:Sourigna Vongsa 180: 168: 156: 144: 91: 79: 62: 59:anachak lansang 56: 49: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6261: 6251: 6250: 6245: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6116: 6115: 6113: 6112: 6107: 6100: 6099: 6092: 6084: 6083: 6080: 6079: 6076: 6075: 6073: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6021: 6019: 6013: 6012: 6010: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5983: 5982: 5981:hybrid variant 5969: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5938: 5932: 5926: 5925: 5922: 5921: 5919: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5896:Stock exchange 5893: 5888: 5883: 5875: 5870: 5864: 5858: 5852: 5851: 5848: 5847: 5845: 5844: 5842:Prime Minister 5839: 5837:Vice President 5834: 5829: 5824: 5823: 5822: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5796: 5795: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5759: 5753: 5747: 5746: 5743: 5742: 5740: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5688: 5682: 5676: 5675: 5668: 5666: 5664: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5616:Indochina Wars 5613: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5593: 5588: 5583: 5578: 5573: 5571:Luang Phrabang 5568: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5537: 5535: 5529: 5528: 5517: 5516: 5509: 5502: 5494: 5488: 5487: 5480: 5479:External links 5477: 5475: 5474: 5468: 5455: 5449: 5436: 5415: 5409: 5396: 5390: 5377: 5371: 5358: 5352: 5339: 5333: 5320: 5314: 5301: 5295: 5282: 5269: 5256: 5250: 5237: 5213: 5190: 5184: 5171: 5151: 5138: 5118: 5105: 5099: 5086: 5080: 5063: 5057: 5040: 5034: 5021: 5015: 5002: 4996: 4983: 4970: 4941: 4928: 4922: 4909: 4903: 4890: 4884: 4867: 4861: 4848: 4842: 4825: 4819: 4806: 4800: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4778: 4766: 4754: 4742: 4730: 4718: 4703: 4691: 4679: 4667: 4655: 4643: 4631: 4616: 4604: 4589: 4577: 4565: 4563:, p. 247. 4553: 4541: 4529: 4517: 4505: 4493: 4481: 4466: 4451: 4439: 4435:Osborne (2001) 4427: 4415: 4403: 4391: 4379: 4367: 4350: 4348:, p. 113. 4338: 4323: 4311: 4299: 4287: 4275: 4263: 4248: 4236: 4221: 4209: 4197: 4188: 4179: 4164: 4152: 4140: 4128: 4116: 4104: 4092: 4080: 4068: 4056: 4039: 4022: 4005: 3993: 3981: 3969: 3957: 3948: 3933: 3921: 3909: 3897: 3885: 3883:, p. 211. 3870: 3855: 3843: 3831: 3819: 3807: 3792: 3780: 3765: 3753: 3746: 3734:Coedès, George 3725: 3708: 3691: 3679: 3664: 3652: 3640: 3628: 3616: 3604: 3592: 3580: 3565: 3550: 3538: 3526: 3522:Solheim (1973) 3514: 3502: 3490: 3478: 3463: 3447: 3445: 3442: 3439: 3438: 3427:"skinny/small" 3410: 3409: 3407: 3404: 3403: 3402: 3395: 3392: 3345:glutinous rice 3319:, as both the 3277: 3274: 3270:Khorat Plateau 3212:Annamite Range 3198:trade posts. 3167:glutinous rice 3104:Annamite Range 3093:Khorat Plateau 3049:Southeast Asia 3044: 3041: 2874: 2871: 2823:system or the 2768: 2765: 2761:mandala system 2753:Southeast Asia 2705:Khorat Plateau 2683:Khorat Plateau 2671:Khorat Plateau 2584: 2581: 2520: 2517: 2495: 2436:Southeast Asia 2415: 2412: 2380:Toungoo Empire 2355: 2352: 2251: 2248: 2176:Emerald Buddha 2121:Pha That Luang 2112: 2109: 2093:Emerald Buddha 2015:spirit worship 1998: 1995: 1822: 1819: 1762:white elephant 1723:Main article: 1720: 1717: 1683:Lan Kham Daeng 1664:Lan Kham Daeng 1660:Lan Kham Daeng 1551: 1548: 1544:Khorat Plateau 1540:Annamite Range 1520:Khorat Plateau 1501:Khorat Plateau 1471:Khorat Plateau 1405:Annamite Range 1315: 1312: 1286: 1283: 1114:Vietic peoples 1110:Khmuic peoples 1101: 1098: 1096: 1093: 998:ล้านจ๊างฮ่มขาว 975:ล้านช้างร่มขาว 836: 833: 827:Southeast Asia 800: 799: 797: 796: 789: 782: 774: 771: 770: 769: 768: 763: 755: 754: 750: 749: 746: 745: 737: 731: 730: 727: 721: 720: 717: 711: 710: 707: 701: 700: 697: 691: 690: 685: 675: 674: 670: 669: 666: 665: 662: 656: 655: 652: 646: 645: 642: 636: 635: 632: 626: 625: 622: 616: 615: 612: 606: 605: 602: 592: 591: 587: 586: 583: 582: 579: 573: 572: 569: 563: 562: 559: 553: 552: 549: 539: 538: 534: 533: 530: 529: 526: 516: 515: 511: 510: 507: 506: 505:698–1353 503: 493: 492: 488: 487: 479: 478: 469: 468: 461: 454: 453: 440: 436: 435: 432: 431: 428: 427: 420: 414: 413: 406: 400: 399: 392: 386: 385: 378: 369: 366: 365: 360: 352: 351: 346: 334: 333: 328: 318: 317: 308: 304: 303: 300: 299: 296: 293: 290: 289: 286: 283: 280: 279: 276: 273: 270: 269: 266: 265: 261: 260: 257: 256: 253: 250: 247: 246: 243: 237: 234: 233: 230: 224: 221: 220: 217: 216: 207: 206:Historical era 203: 202: 199: 198: 193: 190: 187: 186: 181: 178: 175: 174: 169: 166: 163: 162: 157: 154: 151: 150: 145: 142: 139: 138: 135: 134: 131: 127: 126: 121: 117: 116: 111: 107: 106: 101: 97: 96: 85: 81: 80: 77: 69: 68: 64: 63: 50: 47: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6260: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6160: 6158: 6151: 6148: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6102: 6097: 6093: 6090: 6086: 6085: 6081: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6035:Dramatic arts 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6022: 6020: 6018: 6014: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5980: 5977: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5964: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5957:Ethnic groups 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5939: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5927: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5865: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5853: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5821: 5818: 5817: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5794: 5791: 5790: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5760: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5748: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5697:Deforestation 5695: 5693: 5690: 5689: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5677: 5672: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5538: 5536: 5534: 5530: 5526: 5522: 5515: 5510: 5508: 5503: 5501: 5496: 5495: 5492: 5486: 5483: 5482: 5471: 5465: 5461: 5456: 5452: 5446: 5442: 5437: 5433: 5429: 5425: 5421: 5416: 5412: 5406: 5402: 5397: 5393: 5387: 5384:. Routledge. 5383: 5378: 5374: 5368: 5364: 5363:Lao Folktales 5359: 5355: 5349: 5345: 5340: 5336: 5330: 5326: 5321: 5317: 5311: 5307: 5302: 5298: 5292: 5288: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5270: 5266: 5262: 5257: 5253: 5247: 5243: 5238: 5235: 5234:public domain 5224: 5220: 5216: 5214:0-8444-0832-8 5210: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5197: 5191: 5187: 5181: 5177: 5172: 5168: 5162: 5154: 5148: 5144: 5139: 5135: 5129: 5121: 5115: 5111: 5106: 5102: 5096: 5092: 5087: 5083: 5081:0-8160-3928-3 5077: 5072: 5071: 5064: 5060: 5058:9780190053796 5054: 5050: 5046: 5041: 5037: 5031: 5027: 5022: 5018: 5012: 5008: 5003: 4999: 4993: 4989: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4929: 4925: 4919: 4915: 4910: 4906: 4900: 4896: 4891: 4887: 4885:0-06-270056-1 4881: 4876: 4875: 4868: 4864: 4858: 4854: 4849: 4845: 4839: 4834: 4833: 4826: 4822: 4816: 4812: 4807: 4803: 4797: 4794:. Routledge. 4793: 4788: 4787: 4775: 4770: 4764:, p. 74. 4763: 4758: 4751: 4746: 4739: 4734: 4727: 4726:Golomb (1976) 4722: 4715: 4710: 4708: 4700: 4695: 4689:, p. 76. 4688: 4683: 4677:, p. 53. 4676: 4671: 4665:, p. 31. 4664: 4659: 4653:, p. 95. 4652: 4647: 4641:, p. 96. 4640: 4635: 4628: 4623: 4621: 4614:, p. 24. 4613: 4608: 4602:, p. 49. 4601: 4596: 4594: 4586: 4581: 4574: 4569: 4562: 4557: 4550: 4545: 4539:, p. 33. 4538: 4533: 4526: 4521: 4514: 4509: 4502: 4497: 4491:, p. 36. 4490: 4485: 4479:, p. 16. 4478: 4477:Turton (2000) 4473: 4471: 4463: 4458: 4456: 4449:, p. 35. 4448: 4443: 4436: 4431: 4424: 4419: 4412: 4407: 4400: 4395: 4388: 4383: 4377:, p. 75. 4376: 4371: 4364: 4359: 4357: 4355: 4347: 4342: 4335: 4330: 4328: 4320: 4315: 4309:, p. 83. 4308: 4303: 4297:, p. 85. 4296: 4291: 4285:, p. 83. 4284: 4279: 4272: 4267: 4260: 4255: 4253: 4246:, p. 82. 4245: 4240: 4233: 4228: 4226: 4218: 4213: 4206: 4201: 4192: 4183: 4177:, p. 81. 4176: 4171: 4169: 4162:, p. 80. 4161: 4156: 4149: 4144: 4138:, p. 73. 4137: 4132: 4126:, p. 78. 4125: 4120: 4113: 4108: 4101: 4096: 4089: 4084: 4077: 4072: 4066:, p. 78. 4065: 4060: 4053: 4048: 4046: 4044: 4036: 4031: 4029: 4027: 4019: 4014: 4012: 4010: 4003:, p. 56. 4002: 3997: 3991:, p. 53. 3990: 3985: 3978: 3973: 3966: 3961: 3952: 3946:, p. 74. 3945: 3940: 3938: 3930: 3925: 3919:, p. 26. 3918: 3913: 3906: 3901: 3894: 3889: 3882: 3877: 3875: 3867: 3862: 3860: 3853:, p. 65. 3852: 3847: 3840: 3835: 3828: 3823: 3816: 3811: 3805:, p. 80. 3804: 3799: 3797: 3789: 3788:Savada (1995) 3784: 3778:, p. 36. 3777: 3772: 3770: 3763:, p. 52. 3762: 3757: 3749: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3729: 3722: 3717: 3715: 3713: 3705: 3700: 3698: 3696: 3688: 3683: 3676: 3671: 3669: 3662:, p. 26. 3661: 3656: 3649: 3644: 3637: 3632: 3625: 3620: 3613: 3608: 3602:, p. 51. 3601: 3596: 3589: 3584: 3577: 3572: 3570: 3562: 3557: 3555: 3547: 3546:Higham (1996) 3542: 3535: 3534:Gorman (1976) 3530: 3523: 3518: 3511: 3506: 3499: 3494: 3487: 3482: 3476:, p. 32. 3475: 3470: 3468: 3461:, p. 40. 3460: 3455: 3453: 3448: 3436: 3432: 3431:Luang Prabang 3428: 3424: 3420: 3419:Luang Prabang 3415: 3411: 3401: 3398: 3397: 3391: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3360: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3349:floating rice 3346: 3342: 3336: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3317:primogeniture 3313: 3311: 3310:feudal system 3307: 3303: 3300: 3296: 3291: 3288: 3283: 3273: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3218:Luang Prabang 3215: 3213: 3209: 3208:Luang Prabang 3205: 3199: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3172:benzoin resin 3168: 3159: 3155: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3114:. Trade from 3113: 3109: 3105: 3100: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3073:Luang Prabang 3070: 3066: 3062: 3061:Xishuangbanna 3058: 3054: 3050: 3040: 3037: 3036:Spirit houses 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3006: 3004: 3000: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2982:in Lan Xang. 2981: 2980:Luang Prabang 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2960: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2949: 2944: 2940: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2906:Buddha images 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2884: 2879: 2870: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2838: 2836: 2835: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2764: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2732: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2697:King Anouvong 2694: 2690: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2667: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2652:Nakhon Phanom 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2620:Luang Prabang 2616: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2601:Luang Prabang 2598: 2594: 2590: 2580: 2578: 2574: 2573: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2550: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2539:Luang Prabang 2536: 2535:Luang Prabang 2531: 2526: 2512: 2508: 2506: 2494: 2489: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2462: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2443: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2420: 2411: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2399:King Naresuan 2396: 2395:King Naresuan 2392: 2388: 2383: 2381: 2377: 2376:Luang Prabang 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2351: 2349: 2345: 2339: 2337: 2331: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2320:elephant duel 2317: 2313: 2308: 2306: 2300: 2298: 2297:Nakhon Phanom 2294: 2288: 2284: 2282: 2278: 2270: 2269:Luang Prabang 2266: 2262: 2257: 2247: 2245: 2240: 2234: 2232: 2228: 2222: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2195: 2193: 2189: 2188:Nakhon Phanom 2185: 2181: 2177: 2174:to house the 2173: 2172:Haw Phra Kaew 2167: 2165: 2161: 2155: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2126: 2122: 2117: 2108: 2105: 2100: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2081:Setthathirath 2076: 2074: 2069: 2064: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2041: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2030:Luang Prabang 2027: 2023: 2018: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 1990: 1986: 1984: 1983:Setthathirath 1980: 1976: 1972: 1971: 1970:Luang Prabang 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1941: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1894: 1892: 1888: 1887: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1827: 1818: 1814: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1790:pincer attack 1787: 1786:Luang Prabang 1783: 1779: 1775: 1770: 1767: 1766:Lê Thánh Tông 1763: 1758: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1726: 1716: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1697: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1681:The death of 1679: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1648: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1593: 1587: 1583: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1564: 1562: 1558: 1547: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1516: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1459: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1432: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1393: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1362: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1343: 1341: 1340:Jayavarman IX 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1311: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1292: 1291:Khmer peoples 1282: 1280: 1276: 1275:Luang Prabang 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1255:Ram Khamhaeng 1252: 1248: 1244: 1243:Luang Prabang 1240: 1236: 1231: 1229: 1228:Luang Prabang 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1200: 1198: 1194: 1191:, China. The 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1165: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1146:Plain of Jars 1143: 1140:peoples near 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1092: 1088: 1082: 1079: 1073:ស្រីសតនាគនហុត 1069: 1059: 1049: 1046: 1040: 1034: 1024: 1014: 1009: 1004: 994: 984: 981: 971: 961: 958: 954: 951: 947: 944: 938: 932: 927: 925: 921: 917: 911: 905: 901: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 877:war elephants 874: 870: 869:White Parasol 865: 858: 855: 849: 845: 841: 832: 830: 828: 824: 820: 816: 811: 806: 795: 790: 788: 783: 781: 776: 775: 773: 772: 767: 764: 762: 759: 758: 757: 756: 752: 751: 738: 736: 733: 732: 728: 726: 723: 722: 718: 716: 713: 712: 708: 706: 703: 702: 698: 696: 693: 692: 686: 684: 681: 680: 677: 676: 672: 671: 663: 661: 658: 657: 653: 651: 648: 647: 643: 641: 638: 637: 633: 631: 628: 627: 623: 621: 618: 617: 613: 611: 608: 607: 603: 601: 600:Lao rebellion 598: 597: 594: 593: 589: 588: 580: 578: 575: 574: 570: 568: 565: 564: 560: 558: 555: 554: 550: 548: 545: 544: 541: 540: 536: 535: 527: 525: 522: 521: 518: 517: 513: 512: 504: 502: 499: 498: 495: 494: 490: 489: 485: 481: 480: 477: 471: 470: 465: 460: 459: 452: 448: 444: 441: 439:Today part of 437: 421: 419: 416: 415: 407: 405: 402: 401: 393: 391: 388: 387: 379: 377: 374: 373: 370: 364: 361: 354: 353: 350: 347: 340: 339: 336: 335: 332: 329: 327: 324: 323: 319: 316: 312: 309: 305: 301: 297: 291: 287: 281: 277: 271: 267: 262: 258: 254: 248: 244: 241: 235: 231: 228: 222: 218: 215: 211: 208: 204: 200: 197: 194: 188: 185: 182: 176: 173: 172:Setthathirath 170: 164: 161: 158: 152: 149: 146: 140: 136: 132: 128: 125: 122: 118: 115: 112: 108: 105: 102: 98: 94: 89: 88:Luang Prabang 86: 82: 75: 70: 65: 60: 54: 45: 40: 33: 19: 6120: 5992:Prostitution 5947:Demographics 5911:Trade unions 5873:Central bank 5788:Human rights 5768:Constitution 5560: 5459: 5440: 5426:(2): 13–32. 5423: 5419: 5400: 5381: 5362: 5343: 5324: 5305: 5286: 5277: 5273: 5264: 5260: 5241: 5195: 5175: 5142: 5109: 5090: 5069: 5044: 5025: 5006: 4987: 4978: 4974: 4949: 4945: 4936: 4932: 4913: 4894: 4873: 4852: 4831: 4810: 4791: 4769: 4762:Wyatt (2003) 4757: 4750:Wyatt (2003) 4745: 4738:Wyatt (2003) 4733: 4721: 4714:Wyatt (2003) 4699:Evans (2009) 4694: 4687:Wyatt (2003) 4682: 4670: 4663:Simms (1999) 4658: 4651:Simms (1999) 4646: 4639:Wyatt (2003) 4634: 4612:Simms (1999) 4607: 4580: 4568: 4561:Bunce (2004) 4556: 4551:, p. 7. 4544: 4532: 4520: 4508: 4496: 4484: 4442: 4430: 4418: 4411:Wyatt (1963) 4406: 4394: 4382: 4370: 4341: 4334:Simms (1999) 4319:Simms (1999) 4314: 4307:Wyatt (2003) 4302: 4295:Simms (1999) 4290: 4278: 4266: 4259:Simms (1999) 4244:Wyatt (2003) 4239: 4232:Simms (1999) 4212: 4205:Simms (1999) 4200: 4191: 4182: 4175:Wyatt (2003) 4160:Wyatt (2003) 4155: 4143: 4136:Simms (1999) 4131: 4119: 4112:Simms (1999) 4107: 4095: 4088:Simms (1999) 4083: 4071: 4064:Wyatt (2003) 4059: 4018:Simms (1999) 4001:Simms (1999) 3996: 3984: 3977:Simms (1999) 3972: 3960: 3951: 3924: 3912: 3900: 3888: 3881:Kiernan 2019 3866:Simms (1999) 3846: 3834: 3822: 3815:Simms (1999) 3810: 3790:, p. 8. 3783: 3776:Simms (1999) 3761:Wyatt (2003) 3756: 3737: 3728: 3704:Simms (1999) 3687:Wyatt (2003) 3682: 3660:Simms (1999) 3655: 3650:, p. 2. 3648:Evans (2009) 3643: 3636:Wyatt (2003) 3631: 3619: 3607: 3600:Wyatt (2003) 3595: 3588:Wyatt (2003) 3583: 3578:, p. 6. 3561:Simms (1999) 3541: 3529: 3517: 3505: 3493: 3486:Simms (1999) 3481: 3474:Simms (1999) 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3414: 3361: 3337: 3320: 3314: 3295:Mekong River 3292: 3279: 3262:Nakon Phanom 3254:Sikhottabong 3245: 3241: 3233: 3216: 3200: 3176:Frankincense 3174:(similar to 3164: 3143: 3101: 3046: 3023: 3022: 3017: 3013: 3007: 2961: 2956: 2953:Mekong River 2946: 2922: 2888: 2850: 2839: 2832: 2829:caste system 2820: 2813:Phuan people 2770: 2743: 2733: 2691: 2668: 2656:Sakon Nakhon 2644:Sikhottabong 2617: 2596: 2589:Mekong River 2586: 2570: 2551: 2522: 2502: 2491: 2463: 2444: 2425: 2384: 2357: 2340: 2332: 2315: 2312:Khmer Empire 2309: 2301: 2289: 2285: 2273: 2250:Covert plans 2235: 2223: 2196: 2168: 2159: 2156: 2129: 2101: 2088: 2077: 2065: 2060: 2045:Sikhottabong 2042: 2019: 2000: 1968: 1942: 1937: 1895: 1890: 1884: 1861:Jataka Tales 1852: 1838: 1815: 1804:(modern-day 1771: 1759: 1730: 1728: 1694: 1690: 1680: 1674:against the 1666:in 1421 the 1653: 1636: 1628: 1625:Khmer Empire 1620: 1612: 1604: 1596: 1591: 1565: 1553: 1536:Khong Island 1517: 1479: 1460: 1435: 1433: 1394: 1363: 1344: 1336:Khmer Empire 1319: 1317: 1304:Phongsavadan 1303: 1295: 1288: 1270: 1262: 1246: 1232: 1223: 1201: 1180: 1166: 1120:cultures in 1103: 1080: 1067: 1057: 1047: 1032: 1022: 1012: 992: 982: 969: 959: 952: 945: 930: 928: 900:romanization 892: 888: 884: 880: 844:romanization 839: 838: 831: 814: 804: 803: 590:Colonial era 523: 514:Lan Xang era 363:Khmer Empire 331:Succeeded by 330: 325: 294:• 1700 284:• 1600 274:• 1500 58: 6142: / 5868:Agriculture 5793:LGBT rights 5586:Muang Phuan 5556:Tai peoples 4981:(4): 14–26. 4952:(1): 1–15. 4939:(1): 71–84. 4525:Holt (2009) 3333:meritocracy 3232:city named 3132:Khone Falls 3128:Si Phan Don 3108:Muang Phuan 3071:. Trade in 3010:Satsana Phi 2817:Thai people 2744:chao mueang 2636:Champassack 2632:Muang Phuan 2613:Si Phan Don 2609:Khone Falls 2572:casus belli 2348:Nanda Bayin 2219:Phitsanulok 2192:That Phanom 2152:Chao Mekuti 2136:Chiang Saen 2049:That Phanom 2003:Photisarath 1979:Photisarath 1975:King Visoun 1955:beliefs in 1902:King Visoun 1898:court music 1841:King Visoun 1834: 1867 1755:Ming Empire 1735:Black River 1713:interregnum 1613:Blue Violet 1594:: Lan Xang 1580:Ming Empire 1576:Chiang Saen 1452:Chiang Saen 1417:Black River 1382:Muang Phuan 1351:Tai peoples 1347:Black Death 1193:Tai peoples 1179:peoples or 1169:Han dynasty 1136:as well as 1076:); and the 1048:Lean Cheang 891:. The name 740:1991– 567:Muang Phuan 473:History of 326:Preceded by 210:Middle Ages 160:Samsenethai 95:(1560–1707) 90:(1353–1560) 6157:Categories 6139:19°N 102°E 6055:Literature 5880:(currency) 5702:Ecoregions 5656:Insurgency 5641:Neutrality 5626:Pathet Lao 5606:Lao Issara 5551:Lao people 5546:Khun Borom 5267:: 145–162. 4975:Expedition 4783:References 3675:Coe (2003) 3400:Vat Yotkeo 3380:Chao Praya 3372:Tea Routes 3329:Samsenthai 3246:Vieng Chan 3234:Chandapuri 3196:Ayutthayan 3148:Lao Theung 2936:Lao Theung 2910:palladiums 2847:Lao Theung 2777:Lao Theung 2773:hill tribe 2664:Muang Sing 2555:Vietnamese 2293:Phetchabun 2254:See also: 2199:Suriyothai 2180:That Luang 2140:Chiang Mai 2073:Chiang Mai 1977:, his son 1891:Wat Visoun 1857:Khun Borom 1855:(Story of 1817:Lan Xang. 1780:along the 1745:. In 1471 1703:. In 1440 1656:Samsenthai 1582:in China. 1534:rapids at 1530:below the 1509:Chi Rivers 1473:. 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The 1865:Buddha 1849:sangha 1794:Mekong 1782:Mekong 1751:Champa 1693:or as 1672:Lê Lợi 1633:Champa 1629:Yellow 1605:Orange 1601:Lan Na 1597:Purple 1532:Mekong 1528:Sambor 1513:Roi Et 1475:Angkor 1463:Uthong 1448:Mekong 1440:Mekong 1425:Nam Ou 1401:Champa 1374:Mekong 1370:Mekong 1269:) and 1259:Lan Na 1204:Mekong 1185:Yunnan 1181:Ai Lao 1156:(near 1154:Chenla 1152:, and 1081:Linzin 1066:), or 1053:លានជាង 1013:Ai Lao 991:) and 968:) and 955:; the 924:Yunnan 897:pinyin 887:, and 817:was a 466:on the 349:Mueang 133: 6130:102°E 6096:Index 6060:Music 6007:Women 5976:Delta 5942:Crime 5727:Towns 4962:S2CID 3406:Notes 3306:Burma 3302:China 3192:Japan 3188:China 3140:Khmer 3057:Lanna 3053:Burma 2859:Khmer 2825:Khmer 2709:Khmer 2478:Macao 2407:Lanna 2391:Burma 2160:Luxai 2144:Burma 2085:Lanna 2038:Burma 2001:King 1938:thong 1914:mudra 1572:Khmer 1216:Khmer 1164:). 1150:Funan 1045:Khmer 1005:name 980:Lanna 920:Tibet 906:name 850:name 813:) or 6127:19°N 6050:Flag 5979:cron 5974:and 5878:Kip 5521:Laos 5464:ISBN 5445:ISBN 5405:ISBN 5386:ISBN 5367:ISBN 5348:ISBN 5329:ISBN 5310:ISBN 5291:ISBN 5246:ISBN 5219:OCLC 5209:ISBN 5180:ISBN 5167:link 5147:ISBN 5134:link 5114:ISBN 5095:ISBN 5076:ISBN 5053:ISBN 5030:ISBN 5011:ISBN 4992:ISBN 4918:ISBN 4899:ISBN 4880:ISBN 4857:ISBN 4838:ISBN 4832:Laos 4815:ISBN 4796:ISBN 3742:ISBN 3378:and 3321:Sena 3299:Ming 3280:The 3260:and 3252:). 3190:and 3150:and 3087:and 3055:and 3028:baci 3003:nāga 2992:Laos 2988:Nāga 2984:Nāga 2978:and 2972:nāga 2964:nāga 2955:was 2934:and 2883:Nāga 2863:Shan 2861:and 2734:The 2725:Loei 2719:and 2611:and 2587:The 2541:and 2281:Shan 2053:Thai 1943:The 1873:Pali 1701:naga 1676:Ming 1637:Blue 1592:Teal 1507:and 1415:and 1324:nāga 1187:and 1167:The 1126:Isan 1112:and 957:Thai 950:Pali 922:and 835:Name 823:Laos 654:1945 624:1893 475:Laos 443:Laos 255:1707 232:1353 212:and 130:King 5967:HIV 5800:Law 5428:doi 4954:doi 3433:is 3429:so 3282:Lao 3256:in 3238:Lao 3230:Mon 3214:. 3180:lac 3178:), 3144:lam 3095:to 3085:Nan 3079:to 3032:Lao 3024:Phi 3018:phi 3014:Phi 2928:Lao 2898:wat 2851:kha 2837:. 2793:Tai 2731:. 2721:Chi 2717:Mun 2713:Pao 2638:), 2559:Huế 2244:Tai 2201:of 1967:to 1883:or 1877:Lao 1875:to 1621:Red 1505:Mun 1497:Lao 1458:. 1421:Lao 1413:Red 1230:). 1160:in 1091:). 1056:), 1021:), 918:in 848:Lao 819:Lao 315:Hoi 311:Lat 104:Lao 53:Lao 6159:: 5422:. 5278:81 5276:. 5265:13 5263:. 5217:. 5207:. 5203:, 5163:}} 5159:{{ 5130:}} 5126:{{ 5051:. 5047:. 4979:18 4977:. 4960:. 4948:. 4937:46 4935:. 4706:^ 4619:^ 4592:^ 4469:^ 4454:^ 4353:^ 4326:^ 4251:^ 4224:^ 4167:^ 4042:^ 4025:^ 4008:^ 3936:^ 3873:^ 3858:^ 3795:^ 3768:^ 3711:^ 3694:^ 3667:^ 3568:^ 3553:^ 3466:^ 3451:^ 3355:, 3304:, 3272:. 3099:. 3012:. 2916:, 2857:, 2807:, 2803:, 2799:, 2715:, 2685:, 2650:, 2642:, 2630:, 2622:, 2603:, 2507:. 2461:. 2397:. 2267:, 2194:. 2123:, 2040:. 1973:. 1831:c. 1639:: 1631:: 1623:: 1615:: 1607:: 1599:: 1515:. 1148:, 1128:, 1039:南掌 1028:萬象 1018:哀牢 937:南掌 926:. 914:, 910:瀾滄 883:, 313:, 5513:e 5506:t 5499:v 5472:. 5453:. 5434:. 5430:: 5424:4 5413:. 5394:. 5375:. 5356:. 5337:. 5318:. 5299:. 5280:. 5254:. 5236:. 5225:. 5188:. 5169:) 5155:. 5136:) 5122:. 5103:. 5084:. 5061:. 5038:. 5019:. 5000:. 4968:. 4956:: 4950:7 4926:. 4907:. 4888:. 4865:. 4846:. 4823:. 4804:. 4515:. 4503:. 4425:. 4401:. 4389:. 3841:. 3750:. 3677:. 3548:. 3248:( 3202:( 1273:( 1265:( 1249:( 1241:( 1083:( 1070:( 1060:( 1050:( 1035:( 1025:( 1015:( 995:( 985:( 972:( 962:( 933:( 861:( 807:( 793:e 786:t 779:v 55:) 41:. 34:. 20:)

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