Muisca art - Knowledge

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Mummification was a tradition that many other pre-Columbian civilisations practiced. On the Altiplano, the habit of conserving the dead started in the Herrera Period, around the 5th century AD. The Muisca continued this culture and prepared their deceased beloved members of the society by putting the

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The rich art elaborated by the Muisca has inspired modern artists and designers in their creativity. Muisca motives are represented as murals, in clothing and as objects found all over the former Muisca territories as well as in animated clips and video games. The art of the indigenous inhabitants of

1972:. The position of the mummies was with their arms folded across the chest and the hands around the chin, while the legs were placed over the abdomen. During the preparation of the mummies, the Muisca played music and sang songs honouring their dead. The habit of mummification continued well into the 924:

The goldworking in the northern parts of South America, mainly in present-day Colombia, is thought to originate from regions more to the south; the north of Peru and Ecuador, during a large timespan from 1600 to 1000 BC. The development of different goldworking cultures in southern Colombia happened

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in various locations on the Altiplano, mainly at the rock shelters of the Bogotá savanna. El Abra, Piedras del Tunjo and Tequendama are among the oldest sites where rock art has been discovered. The Herrera Period, commonly defined from 800 BC to 800 AD, was the age of the first ceramics. The oldest

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designs, masked human figures, singular and concentric rings, triangulated heads, and faces where the eyes and noses were drawn, but the mouths absent. The majority of the petrographs found here are abstract figures. The colours red, black and white dominate the rock paintings in Sáchica. The black

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with their habitat of the area. Main animals used for their figures were the frog and serpents. The serpents were made in zig-zag shapes with eyes on top of the head. Many serpentiform objects have the typical forked tongue of the snake represented as well as the fawns clearly added. Some of the

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in 1537, although regional variations of the start dates are noted. The Early Muisca Period, roughly defined from 800 to 1000 AD, showed an increase in long-distance trade with the Caribbean coastal indigenous populations, mummification and the introduction of goldworking. The transition between

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Pinturas rupestres en el Altiplano Cundiboyacense, Colombia - concentración y diversidad en la Sabana de Bogotá: Municipio de Suacha-Sibaté Cundinamarca - Rock paintings on the Altiplano Cundiboyacense, Colombia - concentration and diversity on the Bogotá savanna: municipality of Soacha-Sibaté,

6824:, Carl Henrik (2005), "Fiestas y caciques muiscas en el Infiernito, Colombia: un análisis de la relación entre festejos y organización política - Festivities and Muisca caciques in El Infiernito, Colombia: an analysis of the relation between celebrations and political organisation", 1779:

While the other three grand pre-Columbian civilisations—the Maya, Aztec and Inca—are known for their grand architecture in the form of pyramids, stelae, stone cities and temples, the modest Muisca architecture has left very little traces in the present. The houses (called

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The Muisca raft is the masterpiece of the Muisca goldworking and has become illustrative for the fine techniques used. The 19.1 centimetres (7.5 in) by 10 centimetres (3.9 in) object was found in 1969 in a ceramic pot hidden in a cave in the municipality of

2129:. Also during the construction of their houses, the Muisca performed music and dances. The early Spanish chronicles noted that the music and singing was monotonous and sad. As musical instruments they used drums, flutes made of shells or ceramics, trumpets of gold, 4210:

is still alive. Using the same methods as the Muisca must have used, the votive offer figurines are crafted. Artistic representations of Muisca creativity are not as common as the Maya, Aztec and Inca. Still, modern interpretations of their art are produced. In

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conserve the organs and protect them from decomposition, a process that took up to eight hours. After drying, the bodies were wrapped in cotton cloths and placed in caves, buried, or in some cases placed on elevated platforms inside temples, such as the

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The use of ceramics on the Altiplano started in the Herrera Period, with the oldest evidences of ceramic use dated at 3000 BP. The many different clays of the rivers and lakes of the valleys on the high plateau made a variety of ceramic types possible.

2709:. In most cases of the rock art on the Altiplano, the body extremities, such as hands, are shown in simple shapes. In some cases however, the hands are elaborated with much more detail using spirals, concentric circles and more strokes, identified as 1353:

have been collected first by Vicenta Cortés Alonso in 1958 and later by Ulises Rojas in 1965. The reports of the late 16th century show that the religious practices of the Muisca were still alive, despite the intensive catholic conversion policies.

6492:, Carl Henrik (1995a), "Heterogeneidad vs. homogeneidad en la arqueología colombiana: una nota crítica y el ejemplo de la orfebrería - Heterogeneity vs. homogeneity in the Colombian archaeology: a critical note and the example of the metallurgy", 2809:. Other locations have been found over the years. The rock art of the Archaeological Park of Facatativá is heavily vandalised. Plans for the preservation of the unique cultural heritage have been formulated since the mid-2000s. The petrographs of 2057:

When the guecha warriors fought battles with neighbouring groups, most notably the Panche, and also against the Spanish conquistadors, they carried the mummies of their ancestors on their backs, to impress the enemy and receive fortune in battle.

1206:) are small votive offering figures produced in great quantities by the Muisca. They are found in various places on the Altiplano, mainly in lakes and rivers, and are the most common object housed in museum collections outside Colombia. The word 1550:, where the new ruler would cover himself in gold dust and jump from a small boat into the waters of the 3,000 metres (9,800 ft) high post-glacial lake to honour the gods. This ceremony was accompanied by priests (Muysccubun: 6781:

Sitios de las Cordilleras y monumentos de los pueblos indígenas de América - Calendario de los indios muiscas - Parte 1 - Views of the Cordilleras and Monuments of the Indigenous Peoples of the Americas - Muisca calendar - Part

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Henderson, Hope; Ostler, Nicholas (2005), "Muisca settlement organization and chiefly authority at Suta, Valle de Leyva, Colombia: A critical appraisal of native concepts of house for studies of complex societies",

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used to traverse the Altiplano and access surrounding areas, were dug in the top soil without pavement, making them hard to recognise in the archaeological record. The roads leading to the religious sites, such as

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plant, commonly used by the Muisca, zig-zag patterns, anthropomorphic figures, concentric lines similar to those in Soacha and Sáchica, zoomorphic motives and anthropo-zoomorphic composites in the shape of frogs.

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The rock art of Soacha-Sibaté, in the southwest of the Bogotá savanna, has been studied in detail between 1970 and 2006, after initial studies by Triana. In these petrographs certain motives have been described;

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and is thought to refer to a pre-Muisca origin. Radial structures drawn on the heads of the anthropomorphic petrographs are interpreted as feathers. Feathers were precious objects for the Muisca and used by the

2725:. This motive shows the main figures with concentric square or circular lines drawn around them. The concentric circular drawings have been interpreted as representing the main deities of the Muisca religion; 1014:) and toads were important animals in the concept of nature and the relation with the spiritual world for the Muisca. They represented the start of the rainy season, which is illustrated in the use in the 2299: 6270:

Aguazuque - evidencias de cazadores, recolectores y plantadores en la altiplanicie de la Cordillera Oriental - Aguazuque: Evidence of hunter-gatherers and growers on the high plains of the Eastern Ranges

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dates of goldworking of the Muisca are derived from carbon traces in the cores of golden noserings and provided ages of between 600 and 800 AD. The oldest evidences for Muisca goldworking were found in

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at the northern edge of the Bogotá savanna were inhabited early in history and characterised by artistic expressions in the form of rock art and a collection of 150 mummies, found in the early colonial

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Topando piedras, sumercé. Narraciones en torno a las piedras de Iza y Gámeza, Boyacá, Colombia - Bumping into stones, mister. Tales around the stones of Iza and Gámeza, Boyacá, Colombia (M.A.)

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Martínez Martín, Abel Fernando; Martínez Santamaría, Luz (2012), "Sobre la momificación y los cuerpos momificados de los muiscas - On mummification and the mummified bodies of the Muisca",

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Las enfermedades en las condiciones de vida prehispánica de Colombia - La alimentación prehispánica - The diseases in the prehispanic living conditions of Colombia - the prehispanic food

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of the Muisca were circular and constructed on a slightly elevated platform against flooding. The roofs were made of plant material and the houses did not have rooms, yet one open space

7656: 6940: 6184: 750: 252: 2137:) and decorated their bodies with paint. At the dances the women and men held hands and both the commoners and the higher social classes participated in these activities. The main 457:

goes back several millennia. Although this predates the Muisca civilisation, whose onset is commonly set at 800 AD, nevertheless, some of these styles persevered through the ages.

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are pictographs of human figures where the heads are painted in a triangular shape. They are applied using red colours and demonstrate various sizes. Similar motives are noted in

2574:) five times, because the Muisca didn't have hieroglyphs for the numbers 11 to 19, so used the numerals one to nine again in combination with ten; fifteen was thus ten-and-five; 426:. Their various forms of art have been described in detail and include pottery, textiles, body art, hieroglyphs and rock art. While their architecture was modest compared to the 7063: 1646: 6407:

Trimborn, Hermann (2005), "La organización del poder público en las culturas soberanas de los chibchas - The public power organisation in the common cultures of the Chibchas",

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and more) were used. The colours were applied using pencils, applying coloured threads or using stamps. The textiles were produced using various techniques, similar to the

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highly valuable sea snails. Ironically, the sea snails were worth more than the price of gold to the Muisca, due to the distance from their location far inland high in the

2064: 775: 657:. The first human occupation consisted of hunter-gatherers who foraged in the valleys and mountains of the Andean high plateau. Settlement in the early millennia of this 7056: 2283: 7680: 6242:

Correa, François (2005), "El imperio muisca: invención de la historia y colonialidad del poder - The Muisca empire: invention of history and power colonialisation",

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Early Muisca and Late Muisca is defined by a more complex society, interregional trade of pottery, population growth and settlements of larger sizes closer to the

4991: 4239:, in the centre of Bogotá. Other stylistic art of these deities are produced by professional graphic designers in Colombia. The Muisca are featured as one of the 2255: 786: 7160: 685:. Around 3000 BC, the inhabitants of the Andean plains started to live in open space areas and constructed primitive circular houses where they elaborated the 1463: 7155: 7079: 1999:

died, their mummified bodies were placed in mausoleums and surrounded with golden objects. The highest regarded members of society were accompanied by their

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Bohórquez Caldera, Luis Alfredo (2008), "Concepción sagrada de la naturaleza en la mítica muisca - Sacred definition of nature in the Muisca mythology",

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connected the banks of the many rivers of the Andes. The roads crossing the mountains of the Eastern Ranges were narrow, which created a problem for the

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are found in Sibaté, but their exact purpose has not yet been concluded. Both in Soacha and in Sibaté a fifth type of petrographs has been identified;

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The Muisca played music, sang and danced mainly as part of religious, burial and initiation rituals, with harvests and sowing and after the victory in

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in the shape of aligned phalluses were erected. This site, the oldest remaining of constructed art, dated at 500 BC, formed an important place for

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A script for text was not used by the Muisca, but the numerals were written with hieroglyphs. They have been analysed by various authors, such as

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made a piece about the importance of frogs within the culture, called "Dancing Frogs". In the 19th century, writer and later Colombian president

961:. When the Spanish conquistadors arrived on the Altiplano, they described a concentration of settlements on the flatlands of the Bogotá savanna. 8601: 1921: 7613: 7135: 6375: 2015:

around the neck. Other mummies of children were richly decorated with gold and placed in caves, as was the case with a young girl described by

1889: 1810:, with ceramic floors. Cloths were attached to the roof and painted with red and black colours. The houses and sacred places were adorned with 1494: 974: 743:

proved advantageous for the development of this agriculture, still evidenced today by the widespread farmfields outside the Colombian capital.

469: 166: 5558: 4488: 766: 8040: 8008: 1404: 4420: 780: 7594: 2519: 2752:. The many petrographs in this location are painted using red, yellow, ochre, blue, black and white colours. The motives show a possible 773: 6801:

The Muisca Calendar: An approximation to the timekeeping system of the ancient native people of the northeastern Andes of Colombia (PhD)

4834:"AMNH Research Library | Digital Special Collections | Tunjo human figure, gold, Muisca [now Chibcha] style, Colombia" 2054:, like the Muisca commonly oriented the faces of their mummies to the east. Some of the Muisca mummies were directed towards the south. 1905: 989:

in 1988 that the basis for the beards and moustaches may have been the abundant fish present on the Altiplano and essential part of the

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Rico Ramírez, Mónica Sofía (2013), "Arte rupestre muisca, cultura e ingenio humano - Muisca's ruspestrian art, culture and human wit",

1330:. The bee wax occupied the voids of the mold and the mold was heated by fires. The bee wax would melt, leaving an open space where the 925:

around 500 BC. The late Herrera Period showed the first evidences of goldworking on the Altiplano. Golden artefacts have been found in

498:. The Herrera Period also marked the widespread use of pottery and textiles and the start of what would become the main motive for the 4504: 4255:

can be played; seven cities of gold in the Americas with the leaders of the main civilisations represented. In the main game, all the

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were made of ceramics. The ceramic pots and sculptures were painted with zoomorphic figures that were common in the Muisca territory;

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En busca de los primeros agricultores del Altiplano Cundiboyacense - Searching for the first farmers of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense

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Based on the stylistic variability and metallurgic technology analysed in Muisca goldworking, three processes have been concluded;

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had been destroyed by fire when the Spanish conquerors looted the shrine and has been rebuilt based on archaeological research by

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The Foods and crops of the Muisca: a dietary reconstruction of the intermediate chiefdoms of Muyqutá and Hunza, Colombia (M.A.)

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has been found at Tequendama and Aguazuque where the small rodents formed part of the diet of the people, who consumed mainly

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who published their work right from the beginning of colonial times. The conquistador who made first contact with the Muisca,

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Ortega Loaiza, Natalia; Grisales Cardona, Diana Fernanda; Uribe Botina, Alejandra; Blandón Hernández, Juan Camilo (2012),

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Many examples of rock art by the Muisca have been discovered on the Altiplano. The first rock art has been discovered by

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figures took place by creating a mold of obsidian, shale or clay, filling the open space with bee wax, obtained through

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served three purposes; as decoration of temples and shrines, for offering rituals in the sacred lakes and rivers in the

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Fernández Sacama, Martha (2013), "La manta Muisca como objeto de evocación - The Muisca Manta as an evocation object",

4999: 4283:, about the conquest of the New World, is another expansion for the world diplomacy and strategy game. Other names are 776: 772: 121: 5225: 484:, usually defined as 800 BC to 800 AD. During this time, the oldest existing form of constructed art was erected; the 8908: 8529: 8468: 7108: 6890: 6438: 6420: 6255: 4568: 2619:, the Moon goddess, was one of the most important deities for the Muisca and represented as circles in their rock art 2566:, and appear as rock art and on textiles. The frog is the most important and is represented in the numbers from one ( 2375:

The mantles of the Muisca were decorated with various colours. The colours were obtained from seeds; the seed of the

1840: 1561: 495: 318: 126: 6480:, Carl Henrik (2003), "The Political Economy of Pre-Columbian Goldwork: Four Examples from Northern South America", 765: 446:

houses the biggest collection of golden objects in the world, from various Colombian cultures including the Muisca.

4432: 8779: 7552: 6520:"Metalurgia temprana en la Cordillera Oriental de Colombia - Early metallurgy in the Eastern Cordillera, Colombia" 1042: 8888: 8878: 8596: 7831: 7244: 7229: 6677: 6412: 6277: 6247: 6228: 1806:

tree, giving high quality construction. The floors of the open spaced houses were covered with straw or, for the

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of the area, abstract motives and anthropomorphic or anthropo-zoomorphic elements. The self-sufficient sedentary

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Catalogación, registro sistemático y diagnóstico de las pinturas rupestres del Parque Arqueológico de Facatativá

6796: 5542: 5038: 4398: 1448: 767: 764: 9003: 8456: 6953:"Pinturas rupestres precolombinas de Sáchica, Valle de Leiva - Pre-Columbian rock art of Sáchica, Leyva Valley" 2658: 1130: 1086:, all in present-day Cundinamarca. The goldwork bears similarity but is not identical to the metallurgy of the 953: 638: 499: 450: 298: 248: 6751:

Uscategui Mendoza, Nestor (1961), "Algunos colorantes vegetales usados por las tribus indígenas de Colombia",

6293:"Muchas hipas, no minas" The Muiscas, a merchant society: Spanish misconceptions and demographic change (M.A.) 760: 8794: 6314: 6215: 4785: 1835:, were marked with stones surrounding the pathway, which are still visible today. Cable bridges of vines and 1434: 921:

was consumed. The evidence for festivities at this site are from a later date, already in the Muisca Period.

8784: 8534: 8483: 7026: 6779: 6152: 2654: 649:, was inhabited by indigenous groups from 12,500 BP, as evidenced from archaeological finds at rock shelter 559: 364:

An example of the interaction of the art of nature and the famous goldworking of the Muisca is the precious

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of southern South America and the Mesoamerican cultures. Small textiles functioned as money, just like the

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were placed in a typical position, with the hands in front of the chin and the legs folded onto the abdomen

1880: 761: 340: 311: 8591: 6729:, Javier (1970), "La artesanía popular boyacense y su importancia en la geografía turística y económica", 4819: 2000: 723:, hunted on the plains surrounding the various lakes and rivers. The diet was greatly expanded when early 7270: 6615: 3500: 1083: 941: 7048: 6557:

Laberinto de la identidad - símbolos de transformación y poder en la orfebrería prehispánica en Colombia

5072: 2348:. Cords were made of fique or human hair. The people of the cold climate Altiplano did not have a major 1105:

the Herrera people elaborated golden and copper objects such as crowns, and other offering figures from

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towards the high Andes. The raft has been constructed using the lost-wax casting method and is made of

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As of 2006, 3487 locations of rock art had been discovered in Cundinamarca alone, of which 301 on the

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To prepare the dead for the afterlife, the mummies were surrounded with ceramic pots containing food,

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The Muisca society was in essence egalitarian with slight differences in terms of use of jewelry. The

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The precious metals silver and gold were not common in the Eastern Ranges, while copper was mined in

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in Argentina, yet less pronounced and in quantity, have been discovered on rock faces in Soacha and

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were allowed to wear multiple types of jewelry, while the common people used less jewels. Golden or

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The last phase of skilled goldworking is characterised by more detailed goldworking using gold from

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The Muisca, as the indigenous groups in the west of Colombia, developed a variety of textiles from

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The Muisca were fishermen and caught the fish of the many lakes and rivers of the Altiplano using

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Gold and Power in Ancient Costa Rica, Panama, and Colombia - Jeffrey Quilter & John W. Hoopes

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Subsistence economy and chiefdom emergence in the Muisca area. A study of the Valle de Tena (PhD)

3116: 2878: 2850: 2369: 1632: 1211: 1031: 979: 555: 333: 148: 8539: 8508: 7042: 6484:(in Spanish), Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, D.C., pp. 245–278 5339: 4766:"Conquista rápida y saqueo cuantioso de Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada por Rafael Bolívar Grimaldos" 562:, wrote in his memoires about a skilled and well-organised civilisation of traders and farmers. 8754: 8719: 7263: 6804: 6775: 6264: 6106: 5458: 3413: 2559: 2201:, used for massive rituals where the people celebrated their festivities drinking chicha. Also 2104: 1973: 1350: 892: 771: 574: 8916: 8774: 8714: 8606: 7995: 7030: 6948: 6726: 6393: 6328: 5181: 5079: 4905: 2761: 2682: 2187:

from brines, as decorative ritual pieces and for the consumption of their alcoholic beverage;

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Between 1577 and 1583, various colonial writers have reported in their chronicles the use of

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and ocarinas. At the rituals, the people would be dressed in feathers, animal skins (mainly

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The Muisca raft is also featured in the coat of arms of two municipalities of Cundinamarca;

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La música en Santa Fé de Bogotá - las mozcas - The music in Santa Fé de Bogotá - the Muisca

5598: 4458: 3895: 3814: 3386: 2901: 2536: 1957: 1815: 1054: 819: 517: 385: 271: 96: 8699: 7198: 6660: 6335:(in Spanish), Bogotá, Colombia: Plaza & Janes Editores Colombia S.A., pp. 1–238, 6305: 3517: 3295: 3268: 3024: 827: 502:; the skilled fine goldworking. The golden age of Muisca metallurgy is represented in the 8: 8978: 8809: 8709: 8704: 7562: 7322: 7234: 6199: 6113: 4224: 3868: 3461: 3376: 1802: 1774: 1607: 1533: 1214: 999: 594: 464:

era, the people of the highlands produced petrographs and petroglyphs representing their

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Tattoos were common for the Muisca and an expression of their identity. The people used

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of the Colombian Caribbean coast, the Muisca made the zoomorphic figurines based on the

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in Boyacá and Guatavita in Cundinamarca with estimated ages ranging from 250 to 400 AD.

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formed a significant other part of the food source. The fertile soils of especially the

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Importancia de los caminos ancestrales en su medio ambiente en el pueblo de Iza, Boyacá

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made fine cotton mantles that were traded on the many markets in the Muisca territory.

2335: 2039: 1860: 958: 724: 473: 56: 8744: 7481: 6350: 6202:, Sylvia M. (1974), "La situación del Bogotá Chibcha - The Chibcha Bogotá situation", 3652: 3349: 3160: 3133: 2318: 360: 9013: 8411: 8383: 7975: 7908: 7714: 7641: 7224: 7103: 6886: 6833: 6650: 6600: 6519: 6434: 6431:

Mitos y leyendas de Colombia - Volumen III - Myths and legends of Colombia - Volume 3

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are two round stones with inclined upper parts used for religious ceremonies. Of the

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The same scholar has performed detailed analysis of the rock art in Facatativá; the

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and others. It is theorised that the rock art has been made under the influence of

2635: 2453: 2431: 2225:. Main ceramic production centres were located close to the abundance of clays, in 2192: 2035: 2023: 1797: 1335: 1199: 1146: 1087: 1011: 896: 541: 485: 106: 91: 71: 7985: 7572: 4212: 3905: 3733: 3679: 3214: 2975: 2088: 1748: 573:

and later contributions in the analysis of the various artforms have been made by

8983: 8957: 8694: 8189: 7424: 7377: 7372: 7337: 6978: 6333:

Grandes culturas indígenas de América - Great indigenous cultures of the Americas

4546: 4198: 3706: 3241: 2612: 2549: 2138: 1540:

in Bogotá. The raft is interpreted as picturing the initiation ritual of the new

1276: 1218: 1095: 1066: 1062: 1015: 914: 570: 550:

among the Spanish, leading them on a decades-long quest for this mythical place.

465: 116: 111: 76: 32: 8003: 7618: 7547: 4941: 4346: 4111: 3841: 2513:

As the Guane, the Muisca made long mantles to protect them from the cold climate

1363: 1359: 8689: 8559: 8429: 8401: 8391: 8363: 8358: 8015: 7795: 7582: 7394: 7347: 7342: 7191: 5723: 5159: 4573: 4390: 4362: 4308: 4084: 2593: 2365: 2126: 2031: 2004: 1984: 1665: 1595: 1547: 1536:, in the southwest of the Bogotá savanna and has become the centerpiece in the 1327: 1319: 990: 952:

The Muisca period is commonly set commencing from 800 AD and lasting until the

906: 873: 690: 533: 481: 266: 143: 86: 81: 8799: 6596: 6462: 5750: 5177: 4013: 3079: 3036: 2540:

While the Muisca didn't have a formal script, they used hieroglyphs for their

2396: 2082:

Small ceramic pots surrounded the mummies and contained food for the afterlife

1987:

were richly venerated with golden arms, crowns, emeralds and cotton. When the

727:

was introduced, possibly influenced by migrations from the south; present-day

566: 8972: 8814: 8804: 8636: 8576: 8419: 8290: 7771: 7439: 6974: 6837: 6654: 6604: 6548:

Santuarios, santillos, tunjos: objetos votivos de los Muiscas en el siglo XVI

6384: 6192: 4851: 4256: 4165: 4138: 4057: 4003: 3444: 3045: 2678: 2597: 2588: 2563: 2436: 2425: 2391:

insect producing purple colours, and minerals as the blue and green clays of

2357: 2197: 2157: 2051: 2016: 1944: 1836: 1568:

of around 80% gold, 12% silver and 8% copper. It contains 229 grams of gold.

1248: 1134: 1070: 901: 877: 678: 586: 582: 490: 411: 239: 6879:

Manual de arte rupestre de Cundinamarca - Manual of rock art of Cundinamarca

6539: 4611: 4227:. Another mural showing the gods and goddesses of the Muisca is made in the 3976: 2911: 2230: 1976:; the youngest mummies found date from the second half of the 18th century. 1379: 1349:

for offering pieces. The descriptions from the early colonial period of the

1295: 1079: 674: 8396: 8373: 8368: 8194: 8025: 8020: 7883: 7765: 7646: 7567: 7459: 7357: 4803: 4334: 4276: 2674: 2651: 2361: 2311: 2202: 2120: 2027: 1371: 1323: 1156: 1057:

gold deposits were not abundant, the people obtained a lot of gold through

809: 791: 529: 431: 229: 188: 101: 8104: 7489: 4094: 4030: 3878: 3797: 2226: 1375: 1299: 846: 654: 213: 8734: 8631: 8424: 8109: 8099: 8030: 7933: 7577: 7557: 7449: 7181: 7078: 6505:

Legast, Anne (2000), "La figura serpentiforme en la iconografía muisca",

6454: 4476: 2666: 2601: 2353: 2043: 1619:

The Muisca raft is thought to represent the initiation ritual of the new

1526: 1518: 1091: 503: 476:

society developed into a culture based on ceramics and the extraction of

427: 234: 8319: 8179: 7504: 4342: 4288: 3770: 3278: 3251: 2932: 2631:, used by the Muisca and their neighbours, is represented in petrographs 2623: 2289:

Muisca ceramics is characterised by the typical shapes of eyes and mouth

2188: 1583: 1575:, where Lake Guatavita is located, and Pasca, where the raft was found. 1572: 1391: 918: 856:

are the oldest remaining constructed art on the Altiplano Cundiboyacense

8841: 8564: 8300: 8285: 7938: 7923: 7913: 7704: 6280:: Fundación de Investigaciones Arqueológicas Nacionales, pp. 1–316 4532: 4268: 4264: 4236: 3743: 3581: 2926: 2886: 2670: 2465: 2352:

production, yet traded most of their cotton with their neighbours; the

2146: 1222: 887: 883: 869: 716: 686: 662: 626: 7928: 7494: 4386: 4296: 3851: 3440: 3359: 3055: 2838: 2446: 2246: 2183:

The Muisca constructed ceramic pottery for cooking, the extraction of

930: 917:

rituals and festivities where great quantities of the alcoholic drink

682: 477: 208: 8295: 8114: 8077: 8035: 7918: 7760: 7186: 7118: 6409:

Muiscas: representaciones, cartografías y etnopolíticas de la memoria

6244:

Muiscas: representaciones, cartografías y etnopolíticas de la memoria

5196:. Smithsonian Channel. 2013. Event occurs at 27 minutes, 11 seconds. 4411: 4382: 4358: 4350: 4251: 3949: 3922: 3635: 3332: 2686: 2392: 2388: 2238: 2214: 1832: 1556: 1151: 1118:

alloy and an increase in the production of offering figures is noted.

1075: 994: 705: 546: 8277: 8184: 7888: 7692: 7034: 5083: 4439: 4338: 4326: 4284: 4260: 4216: 4148: 4121: 3986: 3527: 3089: 2830: 2822: 2718: 2714: 2400: 2008: 709: 613: 597:

in the 20th century and modern research is dominated by the work of

513: 443: 276: 8223: 8218: 8210: 7471: 5178:

Explanation of the metallurgy of the Muisca raft by Eduardo Londoño

4587: 4067: 3170: 3070: 2794: 2662: 1872: 1395: 1307: 1268: 1106: 694: 423: 376: 286: 6813: 6640: 5484:"Estudio de tumbas Muiscas evoca el mito de la Leyenda del Dorado" 4583: 4426:

Mural in Bosa showing the different deities in the Muisca religion

1109:

resources using the first molds and hammers and possibly matrixes.

751:

Timeline of inhabitation of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense, Colombia

8245: 8237: 7903: 7687: 6210:, Bogotá, Colombia: Instituto Colombiano de Antropología: 117–132 4526: 4454: 4378: 4354: 4304: 4292: 4194: 2985: 2873: 2753: 2706: 2457: 2387:

for blue, fruits, crust and roots of plants, from animals as the

2380: 2376: 2206: 2012: 2007:

and their children. The mummy of a baby described from a cave in

1367: 1303: 1288: 1231: 1145:. The skilled goldworking of the Muisca formed the basis for the 1114: 970: 861: 650: 394: 291: 2310:

elaborated by the Muisca from raw cotton traded with mainly the

2047: 1932: 8305: 7807: 7734: 7434: 7286: 6898: 6876: 6663:

Los rituales fúnebres indígenas - The indigenous burial rituals

4393:

has published about the Muisca and Colombian-Australian artist

4330: 4318: 4272: 4040: 3608: 3554: 3305: 3019: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2698: 2408: 2404: 2349: 2345: 2330:) were widely used as paint; for textiles, rock art and tattoos 2242: 2222: 2184: 2134: 2046:

buried their mummies with the head towards the west, while the

1964: 1863:, a circle of pillars remained, located on the terrains of the 1677: 1383: 1264: 1244: 1240: 910: 736: 666: 554:

the Altiplano Cundiboyacense is well studied by many different

438:, the Muisca are best known for their skilled goldworking. The 40: 7898: 6464:

The Lost Kingdoms of South America - Episode 3 - Lands of Gold

4511: 2730: 1649:

The rich jewelry is shown in a 19th-century interpretation of

1645: 1210:

was used first in the literature about the Muisca in 1854, by

1112:

Around 400 AD, the metallurgy became more advanced, using the

1053:

The Muisca were famous for their goldworking. Although in the

759: 661:

age was mainly restricted to caves and rock shelters, such as

8205: 8164: 7499: 7465: 7454: 6518:

Lleras, Roberto; Gutiérrez, Javier; Pradilla, Helena (2009),

5259: 4615: 4480: 4367: 4322: 4313: 4220: 4206: 3716: 3662: 3197: 2951: 2834: 2702: 2494: 2341: 2234: 2218: 2115:

as in this case in the Muisca exhibition of the Museo del Oro

1856: 1681: 1387: 1190: 1142: 926: 732: 642: 563: 454: 281: 1851:

A few structures built by the Muisca still exist today; the

895:

and dates to 800 BC. Herrera art is also represented by the

8272: 4407: 4373: 3932: 2525:

The Muisca used spindle whorls to keep the mantles in place

2306:

were obtained through trading with more tropical areas and

2210: 1864: 1766:

The many rivers were crossed by the Muisca using vines and

1542: 1302:

and in the mountains to the south of the Bogotá savanna at

1256: 1252: 1236: 728: 508: 2966: 2713:. Apart from Sibaté, these shapes are encountered also in 2497:

was a special kind of Muisca mantle, similar to the poncho

1065:(called Barrancabermeja today) and other locations at the 7255: 6899:

Martínez Celis, Diego; Botiva Contreras, Álvaro (2004b),

6877:

Martínez Celis, Diego; Botiva Contreras, Álvaro (2004a),

3824: 2741:. These motives resemble the birds that are described in 850:

The phallic monoliths of archaeoastronomical observatory

6853:

Relationship between the Muisca rock art and the lexicon

2681:. Later contributions have been done by Diego Martínez, 2070:

Cotton Muisca textile bag, accompanying the Muisca mummy

1963:

bodies above fires. The heat would dry the body and the

6517: 4786:

List of conquistadors led by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada

4510:

The seal of Guatavita bears a Muisca against a shining

2721:

in Boyacá. A third class of petrographs has been named

1867:, also in Tunja. The holiest temple of the Muisca, the 1394:

participated in these rituals. The religious leader of

882:

The first forms of art recognised on the Altiplano are

414:

established one of the four grand civilisations of the

2892: 7080:

Visual arts of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas

6453: 4204:

In the centre of Bogotá the process of production of

2022:

The art of mummification was also practiced by other

978:

snakes have beards, moustaches or even a human head.

6214: 4661: 4659: 4522: 1814:

and emeralds, and in some cases with the remains of

1334:

or sometimes gold was poured into, a process called

5433: 5431: 5376: 5374: 5372: 5362: 5360: 2800: 2468:protected the weavers and painters of the mantles. 993:of the Muisca and their ancestors, as evidenced in 528:wearing feathered golden crowns and accompanied by 5232: 5116: 5114: 4740: 2277:Ceramic mask of the Muisca, Museo Nacional, Bogotá 2191:. Large ceramic jars were found around the sacred 1680:, nose pieces, breast plates, earrings, pendants, 1314:with the neighbouring indigenous peoples from the 6920: 6911: 6750: 6174: 5910: 5908: 5898: 5896: 5628: 5626: 5624: 4656: 2481:Cochineal lice were used to obtain purple colours 8970: 6768: 6712: 6610: 6570: 6488: 6348: 5440: 5428: 5419: 5369: 5357: 4758: 2677:. Pioneer in the study of the rock art has been 2673:(drawings). The petrographs were made using the 2544:, depicted as rock art, on ceramics and textiles 6859: 6820: 6579: 6476: 6358:(in Spanish), Bogotá, Colombia, pp. 83–128 6150: 6144: 6124: 5854: 5330: 5111: 2825:, as is happening with other mining districts; 1931:are depicted in the upper right of the seal of 6855:, XXIV Valcamonica Symposium, pp. 142–150 6850: 6795: 6554: 6263: 6073: 6064: 5962: 5953: 5944: 5935: 5926: 5917: 5905: 5893: 5884: 5875: 5761: 5698: 5689: 5662: 5644: 5621: 5603: 5595:Huitaca, la diosa muisca en el Palacio Liévano 4722: 4704: 4494:The Colombian beer brand Club Colombia uses a 1342:are still fabricated in the centre of Bogotá. 7271: 7064: 6866:(M.A.) (in Spanish), vol. 2, Rupestreweb 6703: 6617:Los caminos aborígenes - The indigenous roads 6030: 6028: 5868: 5866: 4713: 4695: 2643:Archaeological Park in Facatativá is heavily 341: 8665: 8467: 6994: 6930: 6725: 6327: 5350: 5348: 4820:"Artesanías Colombianas: Los tunjos Muiscas" 4249:, where a specially developed expansion set 1899:was the most important temple for the Muisca 1398:was still the most important in these days. 494:("The Little Hell") by the catholic Spanish 8140: 6947: 6428: 5775: 5773: 5526: 5517: 5186: 4749: 4731: 1713:(nose piece) displayed in the Museo del Oro 715:Abundant evidence for the domestication of 681:that currently is part of the municipality 569:described the relation between art and the 7864: 7278: 7264: 7071: 7057: 6785:(in Spanish), Biblioteca Luis Ángel Arango 6374:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 6025: 5863: 5845: 5836: 5827: 5671: 5653: 5449: 5104: 5102: 5100: 4647: 4638: 4176: 1843:who used horses to travel long distances. 540:. Accounts of such ceremonies created the 348: 334: 7526: 6812: 6198: 6100: 6082: 5818: 5809: 5476: 5467: 5345: 4776: 4677: 4668: 4561:Indigenous peoples of the Americas portal 2042:mummified their dead. The Carib-speaking 1155:that became widespread among the Spanish 6774: 6697: 6406: 5800: 5782: 5770: 5065: 5063: 5061: 4180: 2634: 2622: 2611: 2535: 2317: 2298: 2156: 2103: 1943: 1846: 1761: 1747: 1644: 1512: 1168: 1041: 940: 845: 748: 625: 612: 375: 359: 6676: 6545: 6349:Rodríguez Cuenca, José Vicente (2006), 6290: 6037: 5567: 5097: 4817: 4604: 4602: 2460:, who trained the people in the use of 2030:mummies are well studied, and also the 1627:and has been found hidden in a cave in 964: 891:Herrera pottery has been discovered in 708:, in the northwest of Soacha, close to 8971: 7000: 6973: 6584:Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 6504: 6303: 6241: 5160:Exposición del Museo del Oro en Bogotá 2368:in the east. From the raw cotton, the 1306:. The process of elaborating the fine 8664: 8454: 8139: 7863: 7525: 7299: 7259: 7052: 6921:Muñoz Castiblanco, Guillermo (2006), 6912:Muñoz Castiblanco, Guillermo (2013), 6741: 6494:Revista de antropología y arqueología 6433:(in Spanish), IADAP, pp. 1–160, 6151:Argüello García, Pedro María (2015), 6022:Martínez & Botiva, 2004b, p.13-14 5707: 5058: 4235:archaeological site and rock shelter 2789:Hand imprints, similar to the famous 2750:Piedras del Tunjo Archaeological Park 2592:to paint their bodies, just like the 866:Piedras del Tunjo Archaeological Park 8455: 5716: 4996:in the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston" 4818:Vallejo, Jaime (February 25, 2008). 4599: 2452:The culture of mantle-making in the 1049:of the Muisca, Museo del Oro, Bogotá 735:in various forms and colours, while 6382: 5755:loschibchasomuiscas.blogspot.com.co 5446:Martínez & Martínez, 2012, p.69 5437:Martínez & Martínez, 2012, p.72 5425:Martínez & Martínez, 2012, p.74 5407:Henderson & Ostler, 2005, p.149 5380:Martínez & Martínez, 2012, p.68 5366:Martínez & Martínez, 2012, p.71 5309:Henderson & Ostler, 2005, p.157 5282:Henderson & Ostler, 2005, p.156 1826:The roads the Muisca merchants and 1259:. The majority of ceramic or stone 905:by the Spanish. On a field outside 536:, in the northern part of the flat 13: 7117: 6957:Revista Colombiana de Antropología 6916:(in Spanish), GIPRI, pp. 1–89 6753:Revista Colombiana de Antropología 6737:(2), ACOGE, Tunja, Colombia: 87–92 6204:Revista Colombiana de Antropología 6131:Muisca names Europa Universalis IV 6061:Martínez & Botiva, 2004b, p.15 5120:Cooper & Langebaek Rueda, 2013 4438:Modern sculpture of Earth goddess 4164: 4137: 4110: 4083: 4056: 4029: 4002: 3975: 3948: 3921: 3894: 3867: 3840: 3813: 3786: 3759: 3732: 3705: 3678: 3651: 3624: 3597: 3570: 3543: 3516: 3489: 3460: 3429: 3402: 3375: 3348: 3321: 3294: 3267: 3240: 3213: 3186: 3159: 3132: 3105: 3078: 3069: 3044: 3035: 3008: 2999: 2974: 2965: 2940: 2931: 2900: 2891: 2764:on the rock art of Sáchica showed 2099: 2026:groups in the Eastern Ranges; the 1318:to the east of the Altiplano; the 826: 808: 790: 731:. The main cultivated product was 14: 9030: 7017: 6851:Contreras Díaz, Federmán (2011), 6564: 5300:Cardale de Schrimpff, 1985, p.116 5194:Secrets: Golden Raft of El Dorado 4980:in the Metropolitan Museum of Art 4569:List of Muisca museum collections 4197:and various other deities of the 2817:activities in the fastly growing 2417:) and other colouring materials ( 1983:and cotton bags and mantles. The 1697:Golden Muisca mask, Museo del Oro 1660:in 1537, when the Spanish arrived 1500:Mold used for the elaboration of 1472:of a mother with baby in her arms 1010:, meaning "food from the Sun" in 841: 8953: 8952: 8627:Conquest of the Chibchan Nations 7408: 6555:Pineda Camacho, Roberto (2005), 6447: 6276:(in Spanish), Bogotá, Colombia: 6227:(in Spanish), Bogotá, Colombia: 6091: 6055: 6046: 6016: 6007: 5998: 5989: 5980: 5971: 5543:"Monotonous music of the Muisca" 5212:www.sesquile-cundinamarca.gov.co 4770:letras-uruguay.espaciolatino.com 4553: 4539: 4525: 4503: 4487: 4465: 4446: 4431: 4419: 2801:Muisca rock art on the Altiplano 2518: 2506: 2486: 2474: 2282: 2270: 2254: 2141:associated with the dances were 2087: 2075: 2063: 1920: 1911:The Cojines del Zaque in Tunja ( 1904: 1888: 1730: 1725:The Muisca wore golden bracelets 1718: 1702: 1690: 1606: 1594: 1582: 1493: 1477: 1462: 1447: 1433: 1418: 1403: 392:, jewelry, and other golden and 384:, the southern territory of the 22: 7245:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex 7004:Demonios & Deidades Muiscas 6941:Pontificia Lateranensis di Roma 6860:López Estupiñán, Laura (2011), 6185:Universidad de San Buenaventura 6139: 5791: 5743: 5734: 5680: 5635: 5612: 5585: 5582:Ocampo López, 2007, Ch.V, p.221 5576: 5549: 5535: 5532:Ocampo López, 2007, Ch.V, p.231 5523:Ocampo López, 2007, Ch.V, p.230 5508: 5499: 5490: 5410: 5401: 5392: 5383: 5354:Ortega Loaiza et al., 2012, p.8 5321: 5312: 5303: 5294: 5291:Ocampo López, 2007, Ch.V, p.203 5285: 5276: 5267: 5250: 5241: 5218: 5200: 5168: 5150: 5141: 5132: 5123: 5088: 5049: 5031: 5013: 4984: 4970: 4952: 4934: 4916: 4898: 4880: 4874:in the Baltimore Museum of Art" 4862: 4844: 4826: 4811: 4794: 4453:Statue honouring messenger god 2745:and ceramics of the Altiplano. 2456:is said to have been taught by 1743: 1554:) and formed the basis for the 1428:formed by parents with children 1287:) of the Muisca, together with 8922:Archaeology Museum of Sogamoso 6778:, Alexander von (1807), "VI", 6704:Cortés Moreno, Emilia (1990), 6643:Revista Salud Historia Sanidad 6571:Cristancho Mejía, Ana (2008), 6291:Francis, John Michael (1993), 5767:Uscategui Mendoza, 1961, p.336 5264:- Muysccubun dictionary online 5073:Description and metallurgy of 4808:- Muysccubun dictionary online 4728:Bohórquez Caldera, 2008, p.171 4710:Bohórquez Caldera, 2008, p.170 4686: 4629: 4620: 2659:Spanish conquest of the Muisca 2531: 2500:note: this is a modern version 2175:Muisca economy § Ceramics 1508: 1037: 954:Spanish conquest of the Muisca 520:. This ceremony, performed by 1: 8602:Pedro Fernández de Valenzuela 6901:Introducción al arte rupestre 6844: 6769:Numerals and archaeoastronomy 6550:(in Spanish), pp. 92–120 6429:Villa Posse, Eugenia (1993), 6315:University of Central Florida 6079:Muñoz Castiblanco, 2013, p.23 6070:Muñoz Castiblanco, 2013, p.11 6034:Muñoz Castiblanco, 2006, p.10 5968:Muñoz Castiblanco, 2013, p.63 5959:Muñoz Castiblanco, 2013, p.59 5950:Muñoz Castiblanco, 2013, p.58 5941:Muñoz Castiblanco, 2013, p.49 5932:Muñoz Castiblanco, 2013, p.48 5923:Muñoz Castiblanco, 2013, p.43 5914:Muñoz Castiblanco, 2013, p.55 5902:Muñoz Castiblanco, 2013, p.45 5890:Muñoz Castiblanco, 2013, p.44 5881:Muñoz Castiblanco, 2013, p.42 5872:Muñoz Castiblanco, 2006, p.17 5851:Muñoz Castiblanco, 2006, p.16 5842:Muñoz Castiblanco, 2006, p.15 5833:Muñoz Castiblanco, 2006, p.14 5704:Fernández Sacama, 2013, p.288 5695:Fernández Sacama, 2013, p.287 5668:Fernández Sacama, 2013, p.291 5650:Fernández Sacama, 2013, p.290 5632:Fernández Sacama, 2013, p.289 5389:Rodríguez Cuenca, 2007, p.115 4593: 2336:Muisca economy § Weaving 1855:("cushions of the zaque") in 1560:legend that drew the Spanish 1229:were mostly elaborated using 1125:with other indigenous groups. 1018:; the symbols for the first ( 948:were common in the Muisca art 936: 637:The central highlands of the 608: 8328:Diego de Torres y Moyachoque 6983:(in Spanish), pp. 1–222 6634: 6559:(in Spanish), pp. 16–92 6459:Langebaek Rueda, Carl Henrik 6145:General Muisca & Herrera 6088:Muñoz Castiblanco, 2006, p.3 6043:Martínez & Botiva, 2004a 5824:Muñoz Castiblanco, 2006, p.2 5779:Muñoz Castiblanco, 2006, p.5 5609:Langebaek Rueda, 2005, p.291 5340:Temple of the Sun - Sogamoso 5327:Langebaek Rueda, 1995b, Ch.1 5238:Langebaek Rueda, 2003, p.265 4856:The Art Institute of Chicago 4746:Langebaek Rueda, 2003, p.264 4665:Langebaek Rueda, 2003, p.263 4635:Langebaek Rueda, 2005, p.290 4399:Santiago Pérez de Manosalbas 4215:, a locality in the west of 4163: 4161: 4158: 4155: 4152: 4147: 4136: 4134: 4131: 4128: 4125: 4120: 4109: 4107: 4104: 4101: 4098: 4093: 4082: 4080: 4077: 4074: 4071: 4066: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4047: 4044: 4039: 4028: 4026: 4023: 4020: 4017: 4012: 4001: 3999: 3996: 3993: 3990: 3985: 3974: 3972: 3969: 3966: 3963: 3958: 3947: 3945: 3942: 3939: 3936: 3931: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3912: 3909: 3904: 3893: 3891: 3888: 3885: 3882: 3877: 3866: 3864: 3861: 3858: 3855: 3850: 3839: 3837: 3834: 3831: 3828: 3823: 3812: 3810: 3807: 3804: 3801: 3796: 3785: 3783: 3780: 3777: 3774: 3769: 3758: 3756: 3753: 3750: 3747: 3742: 3731: 3729: 3726: 3723: 3720: 3715: 3704: 3702: 3699: 3696: 3693: 3688: 3677: 3675: 3672: 3669: 3666: 3661: 3650: 3648: 3645: 3642: 3639: 3634: 3623: 3621: 3618: 3615: 3612: 3607: 3596: 3594: 3591: 3588: 3585: 3580: 3569: 3567: 3564: 3561: 3558: 3553: 3542: 3540: 3537: 3534: 3531: 3526: 3515: 3513: 3510: 3507: 3504: 3499: 3488: 3486: 3483: 3480: 3477: 3470: 3459: 3457: 3454: 3451: 3448: 3439: 3428: 3426: 3423: 3420: 3417: 3412: 3401: 3399: 3396: 3393: 3390: 3385: 3374: 3372: 3369: 3366: 3363: 3358: 3347: 3345: 3342: 3339: 3336: 3331: 3320: 3318: 3315: 3312: 3309: 3304: 3293: 3291: 3288: 3285: 3282: 3277: 3266: 3264: 3261: 3258: 3255: 3250: 3239: 3237: 3234: 3231: 3228: 3223: 3212: 3210: 3207: 3204: 3201: 3196: 3185: 3183: 3180: 3177: 3174: 3169: 3158: 3156: 3153: 3150: 3147: 3142: 3131: 3129: 3126: 3123: 3120: 3115: 3104: 3102: 3099: 3096: 3093: 3088: 3077: 3068: 3065: 3062: 3059: 3054: 3043: 3034: 3031: 3028: 3023: 3018: 3007: 2998: 2995: 2992: 2989: 2984: 2973: 2964: 2961: 2958: 2955: 2950: 2939: 2930: 2925: 2922: 2919: 2910: 2899: 2890: 2885: 2882: 2877: 2872: 2399:and the yellow sediments of 2111:were made of ceramics or of 1879:. The temple is part of the 1737:Guecha warriors wore jewelry 1521:in the Museo del Oro, Bogotá 1338:. Using this method, modern 7: 8927:Archaeology Museum of Pasca 6926:(in Spanish), pp. 1–22 6746:(in Spanish), pp. 1–11 6686:(in Spanish), Museo del Oro 6665:(in Spanish), pp. 1–15 6304:García, Jorge Luis (2012), 5860:Contreras Díaz, 2011, p.148 5318:Cristancho Mejía, 2008, p.4 5273:Langebaek Rueda, 1995a, p.8 4626:Argüello García, 2015, p.56 4518: 4193:, Bogotá; showing a seated 2607: 2581: 2294: 2152: 1217:. The figurines are mostly 946:Serpentiform golden figures 701:for this transition is the 689:used for hunting, fishing, 599:Carl Henrik Langebaek Rueda 516:, the southern part of the 402:This article describes the 10: 9035: 8999:Pre-Columbian architecture 8932:Metropolitan Museum of Art 8597:Ortún Velázquez de Velasco 8535:Bartolomé Camacho Zambrano 7430:Battle of Chocontá (~1490) 7300: 7285: 6744:Diseño precolumbino Muisca 5740:Pineda Camacho, 2005, p.26 5496:Martínez Martín, s.a., p.3 5398:Izquierdo Peña, 2009, p.13 4755:Lleras et al., 2009, p.184 4719:Izquierdo Peña, 2009, p.30 4701:Correal Urrego, 1990, p.80 4653:Lleras et al., 2009, p.179 4644:Lleras et al., 2009, p.183 4281:Conquest of Paradise (DLC) 2786:ritual in Lake Guatavita. 2769:has been analysed also at 2655:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada 2547: 2364:in the northwest, and the 2333: 2172: 2118: 1955: 1939: 1871:in sacred City of the Sun 1772: 1640: 1524: 1221:with other examples being 1188: 1047:Gold- and waxworking tools 859: 693:and primitive art, mostly 560:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada 532:, took place on a raft in 9019:Rock art in South America 9009:Textile arts of the Andes 8948: 8907: 8864: 8823: 8675: 8671: 8660: 8642:Battle of Tocarema (1538) 8619: 8592:Miguel Holguín y Figueroa 8517: 8476: 8463: 8450: 8410: 8382: 8349: 8340: 8314: 8270: 8258: 8232: 8203: 8162: 8150: 8146: 8135: 8092: 8069: 8060: 7994: 7956: 7947: 7874: 7870: 7859: 7781: 7713: 7664: 7655: 7634: 7625:Ubaté-Chiquinquirá Valley 7536: 7532: 7521: 7480: 7417: 7406: 7310: 7306: 7295: 7217: 7169: 7128: 7115: 7086: 6597:10.1016/j.jaa.2005.01.002 6546:Londoño, Eduardo (1989), 5677:Cortés Moreno, 1990, p.64 5659:Cortés Moreno, 1990, p.62 4737:Ocampo López, 2007, p.216 2867: 2864: 2861: 2854: 2849: 2846: 2760:Research in the 1960s by 1283:were kept in the houses ( 1162: 983:Gerardo Reichel-Dolmatoff 442:in the Colombian capital 368:in the collection of the 8894:University of Pittsburgh 8889:Universidad La Javeriana 8884:Universidad de los Andes 8666:Research and collections 6799:, Manuel Arturo (2009), 6670: 6591:(2), Elsevier: 148–178, 6532:Universidad de Antioquia 6413:Universidad La Javeriana 6248:Universidad La Javeriana 6162:University of Pittsburgh 5815:Rico Ramírez, 2013, p.84 5806:Rico Ramírez, 2013, p.87 5788:Rico Ramírez, 2013, p.88 5751:"LOS CHIBCHAS O MUISCAS" 5618:Ocampo López, 1970, p.88 5226:"Official website Pasca" 5021:"Male figure (y1968-48)" 4401:published a work called 2395:, the coloured earth of 2193:archaeoastronomical site 1821: 1625:Lake Guatavita, Sesquilé 1589:Coat of arms of Sesquilé 1263:has been described from 897:archaeoastronomical site 647:Altiplano Cundiboyacense 420:Altiplano Cundiboyacense 8550:Hernán Venegas Carrillo 8525:Antonio Díaz de Cardoso 8141:Caciques and neighbours 7425:Battle of Pasca (~1470) 7001:Guzmán, Daniel (2012), 6995:Modern Muisca-based art 6980:La civilización Chibcha 6680:, Luis Antonio (1987), 6614:, Carl Henrik (1995b), 6540:10.17533/udea.boan.6480 6524:Boletín de Antropología 6013:Silva Celis, 1962, p.27 6004:Silva Celis, 1962, p.23 5995:Silva Celis, 1962, p.20 5986:Silva Celis, 1962, p.19 5977:Silva Celis, 1962, p.14 5473:Villa Posse, 1993, p.52 5138:Londoño, 1989, p.94-117 5025:artmuseum.princeton.edu 4942:"DMA Collection Online" 4928:Cleveland Museum of Art 4924:"Search the Collection" 4838:images.library.amnh.org 4177:Modern Muisca-based art 2733:, her husband the Sun. 2265:, Museo del Oro, Bogotá 1883:of the city in Boyacá. 1684:, bracelets and masks. 1457:decorated with earrings 987:Orfebrería y chamanismo 422:in present-day central 8637:Conquest of the Panche 8620:Neighbouring conquests 7865:Religion and mythology 7122: 6826:Boletín de Arqueología 6805:Université de Montréal 5713:Humboldt, 1807, Part 1 5247:Broadbent, 1974, p.120 4910:www.brooklynmuseum.org 4892:in the British Museum" 4395:María Fernanda Cardoso 4201: 4169: 4142: 4115: 4088: 4061: 4034: 4007: 3980: 3953: 3926: 3899: 3872: 3845: 3818: 3791: 3764: 3737: 3710: 3683: 3656: 3629: 3602: 3575: 3548: 3521: 3494: 3465: 3434: 3407: 3380: 3353: 3326: 3299: 3272: 3245: 3218: 3191: 3164: 3137: 3110: 3083: 3074: 3049: 3040: 3013: 3004: 2979: 2970: 2945: 2936: 2905: 2896: 2813:are endangered by the 2723:radial representations 2647: 2632: 2620: 2560:Alexander von Humboldt 2545: 2331: 2322:The red fruits of the 2315: 2170: 2116: 2034:and farther north the 1953: 1770: 1759: 1661: 1522: 1351:New Kingdom of Granada 1186: 1050: 1026:) and holy twentieth ( 985:theorised in his book 949: 857: 831: 813: 795: 634: 623: 575:Alexander von Humboldt 399: 373: 9004:Pre-Columbian pottery 8499:Gonzalo Suárez Rendón 7527:Geography and history 7121: 7045:- Pueblos Originarios 6933:Revista de Tecnología 6698:Ceramics and textiles 6622:Banco de la República 6507:Boletín Museo del Oro 6297:University of Alberta 6278:Banco de la República 6229:Banco de la República 6119:Europa Universalis IV 6052:López Estupiñán, 2011 5563:Banco de la República 5514:Trimborn, 2005, p.305 5463:Banco de la República 5342:- Pueblos Originarios 5164:Banco de la República 5043:americanindian.si.edu 4790:Banco de la República 4246:Europa Universalis IV 4184: 4168: 4141: 4114: 4087: 4060: 4033: 4006: 3979: 3952: 3925: 3898: 3871: 3844: 3817: 3790: 3763: 3736: 3709: 3682: 3655: 3628: 3601: 3574: 3547: 3520: 3493: 3464: 3433: 3406: 3379: 3352: 3325: 3298: 3271: 3244: 3217: 3190: 3163: 3136: 3109: 3082: 3073: 3048: 3039: 3012: 3003: 2978: 2969: 2944: 2935: 2904: 2895: 2638: 2626: 2615: 2539: 2407:, the flowers of the 2321: 2302: 2160: 2107: 2038:of the department of 1947: 1847:Remaining antiquities 1841:Spanish conquistadors 1765: 1751: 1648: 1613:Coat of arms of Pasca 1516: 1177:were made of gold or 1172: 1045: 944: 849: 830: 812: 794: 629: 617:The rock shelters of 616: 585:in the 19th century, 449:The first art in the 379: 363: 8879:Universidad Nacional 8632:Conquest of the Muzo 8540:Gonzalo García Zorro 8093:Mythological figures 8084:Monster of Lake Tota 7820:Muisca Confederation 7156:Precolonial painting 7094:Art history timeline 6742:Peña Gama, Claudia, 6731:El Correo Geográfico 6620:, Bogotá, Colombia: 6415:, pp. 298–314, 6392:, Bogotá, Colombia: 6250:, pp. 201–226, 6216:Cardale de Schrimpff 5055:Londoño, 1989, p.107 4612:Siteos arqueológicos 4223:depicts the various 2639:The rock art of the 2379:for green, flowers; 2169:) made by the Muisca 1958:Muisca mummification 1488:in the Museo del Oro 1055:Muisca Confederation 965:Zoomorphic figurines 820:Muisca Confederation 653:, presently part of 518:Muisca Confederation 386:Muisca Confederation 272:Muisca Confederation 8866:Research institutes 8607:Pedro Ruíz Corredor 6218:, Marianne (1985), 6114:Paradox Interactive 5724:"Números en Muyska" 5686:Francis, 1993, p.44 5641:Francis, 1993, p.39 5559:Music of the Muisca 5505:Correa, 2005, p.204 5147:Londoño, 1989, p.98 5129:Londoño, 1989, p.93 4946:collections.dma.org 4692:García, 2012, p.133 2762:Eliécer Silva Celis 2683:Eliécer Silva Celis 2203:musical instruments 1877:Eliécer Silva Celis 1803:Guaiacum officinale 1775:Muisca architecture 1676:jewelry existed of 1215:Ezequiel Uricoechea 1000:Eremophilus mutisii 703:archaeological site 603:Javier Ocampo López 595:Sylvia M. Broadbent 591:Eliécer Silva Celis 486:archaeoastronomical 8587:Martín Yañéz Tafur 8555:Juan de Albarracín 8530:Antonio de Lebrija 8509:Juan de San Martín 8494:Baltasar Maldonado 8484:Gonzalo de Quesada 7981:Goranchacha Temple 7635:Neighbouring areas 7123: 7099:Individual artists 6951:, Eliécer (1962), 6807:, pp. 1–170, 6645:, 7 (in Spanish), 6267:, Gonzalo (1990), 5416:García, 2012, p.27 5094:Sánchez, s.a., p.3 4683:Legast, 2000, p.29 4674:Legast, 2000, p.28 4202: 4170: 4143: 4116: 4089: 4062: 4035: 4008: 3981: 3954: 3927: 3900: 3873: 3846: 3819: 3792: 3765: 3738: 3711: 3684: 3657: 3630: 3603: 3576: 3549: 3522: 3495: 3466: 3435: 3408: 3381: 3354: 3327: 3300: 3273: 3246: 3219: 3192: 3165: 3138: 3111: 3084: 3075: 3050: 3041: 3014: 3005: 2980: 2971: 2946: 2937: 2906: 2897: 2791:Cueva de las Manos 2735:Rhomboidal motives 2648: 2633: 2621: 2546: 2360:in the southwest, 2332: 2316: 2171: 2117: 2040:Norte de Santander 1954: 1895:The Sun Temple in 1881:Archaeology Museum 1861:Goranchacha Temple 1771: 1760: 1662: 1523: 1187: 1181:, some were small 1051: 959:agricultural lands 950: 858: 832: 814: 796: 635: 624: 436:Maya civilisations 400: 374: 8989:Pre-Columbian art 8966: 8965: 8944: 8943: 8940: 8939: 8790:Reichel-Dolmatoff 8656: 8655: 8652: 8651: 8615: 8614: 8489:Hernán de Quesada 8446: 8445: 8442: 8441: 8438: 8437: 8336: 8335: 8254: 8253: 8131: 8130: 8127: 8126: 8123: 8122: 8056: 8055: 7976:Cojines del Zaque 7855: 7854: 7851: 7850: 7847: 7846: 7730:Piedras del Tunjo 7614:Flora & fauna 7517: 7516: 7513: 7512: 7253: 7252: 7109:Women in the arts 6977:, Miguel (1922), 6885:, pp. 1–60, 6832:, PUCP: 281–295, 6383:Sánchez, Efraín, 6342:978-958-14-0368-4 6331:, Javier (2007), 6231:, pp. 99–125 4906:"Brooklyn Museum" 4243:in the videogame 4174: 4173: 2859: 2641:Piedras del Tunjo 2420:Rumex obtusifolia 2414:Solanum andigenum 2304:Precious feathers 2261:Ceramic bowl and 1853:Cojines del Zaque 1316:Llanos Orientales 1131:indigenous groups 1096:Magdalena Valleys 836: 835: 823: 805: 721:white-tailed deer 671:Piedras del Tunjo 659:Andean preceramic 641:of the Colombian 605:and many others. 453:of the Colombian 358: 357: 16:Pre-Columbian art 9026: 8956: 8955: 8857: 8847: 8837: 8673: 8672: 8662: 8661: 8572: 8504:Juan de Céspedes 8474: 8473: 8465: 8464: 8457:Spanish conquest 8452: 8451: 8412:Cariban-speaking 8351:Chibcha-speaking 8347: 8346: 8268: 8267: 8172: 8160: 8159: 8148: 8147: 8137: 8136: 8067: 8066: 8048:Tequendama Falls 8043: 8011: 7954: 7953: 7872: 7871: 7861: 7860: 7840: 7828: 7816: 7804: 7789: 7756: 7749: 7742: 7723: 7720:10,000 - 2800 BP 7700: 7683: 7674: 7662: 7661: 7626: 7597: 7534: 7533: 7523: 7522: 7412: 7385: 7308: 7307: 7297: 7296: 7289: 7280: 7273: 7266: 7257: 7256: 7073: 7066: 7059: 7050: 7049: 7041: 7025: 7013: 7012: 7011: 6990: 6989: 6988: 6970: 6969: 6968: 6944: 6927: 6917: 6908: 6895: 6873: 6872: 6871: 6856: 6840: 6817: 6816: 6792: 6791: 6790: 6764: 6747: 6738: 6722: 6709: 6708:, pp. 60–75 6693: 6692: 6691: 6666: 6657: 6630: 6629: 6628: 6607: 6576: 6560: 6551: 6542: 6514: 6501: 6485: 6473: 6472: 6471: 6443: 6425: 6403: 6402: 6401: 6391: 6379: 6373: 6365: 6364: 6363: 6357: 6345: 6324: 6323: 6322: 6317:, pp. 1–201 6312: 6300: 6299:, pp. 1–118 6287: 6286: 6285: 6275: 6260: 6238: 6237: 6236: 6226: 6211: 6195: 6171: 6170: 6169: 6164:, pp. 1–193 6159: 6134: 6128: 6122: 6104: 6098: 6095: 6089: 6086: 6080: 6077: 6071: 6068: 6062: 6059: 6053: 6050: 6044: 6041: 6035: 6032: 6023: 6020: 6014: 6011: 6005: 6002: 5996: 5993: 5987: 5984: 5978: 5975: 5969: 5966: 5960: 5957: 5951: 5948: 5942: 5939: 5933: 5930: 5924: 5921: 5915: 5912: 5903: 5900: 5891: 5888: 5882: 5879: 5873: 5870: 5861: 5858: 5852: 5849: 5843: 5840: 5834: 5831: 5825: 5822: 5816: 5813: 5807: 5804: 5798: 5795: 5789: 5786: 5780: 5777: 5768: 5765: 5759: 5758: 5747: 5741: 5738: 5732: 5731: 5720: 5714: 5711: 5705: 5702: 5696: 5693: 5687: 5684: 5678: 5675: 5669: 5666: 5660: 5657: 5651: 5648: 5642: 5639: 5633: 5630: 5619: 5616: 5610: 5607: 5601: 5593: 5589: 5583: 5580: 5574: 5571: 5565: 5557: 5553: 5547: 5546: 5539: 5533: 5530: 5524: 5521: 5515: 5512: 5506: 5503: 5497: 5494: 5488: 5487: 5480: 5474: 5471: 5465: 5457: 5453: 5447: 5444: 5438: 5435: 5426: 5423: 5417: 5414: 5408: 5405: 5399: 5396: 5390: 5387: 5381: 5378: 5367: 5364: 5355: 5352: 5343: 5338: 5334: 5328: 5325: 5319: 5316: 5310: 5307: 5301: 5298: 5292: 5289: 5283: 5280: 5274: 5271: 5265: 5258: 5254: 5248: 5245: 5239: 5236: 5230: 5229: 5222: 5216: 5215: 5204: 5198: 5197: 5190: 5184: 5176: 5172: 5166: 5158: 5154: 5148: 5145: 5139: 5136: 5130: 5127: 5121: 5118: 5109: 5106: 5095: 5092: 5086: 5071: 5067: 5056: 5053: 5047: 5046: 5035: 5029: 5028: 5017: 5011: 5010: 5008: 5007: 4998:. Archived from 4988: 4982: 4974: 4968: 4967: 4956: 4950: 4949: 4938: 4932: 4931: 4920: 4914: 4913: 4902: 4896: 4895: 4884: 4878: 4877: 4866: 4860: 4859: 4848: 4842: 4841: 4830: 4824: 4823: 4815: 4809: 4802: 4798: 4792: 4784: 4780: 4774: 4773: 4762: 4756: 4753: 4747: 4744: 4738: 4735: 4729: 4726: 4720: 4717: 4711: 4708: 4702: 4699: 4693: 4690: 4684: 4681: 4675: 4672: 4666: 4663: 4654: 4651: 4645: 4642: 4636: 4633: 4627: 4624: 4618: 4610: 4606: 4563: 4558: 4557: 4556: 4549: 4544: 4543: 4542: 4535: 4530: 4529: 4507: 4491: 4469: 4450: 4435: 4423: 4241:playable nations 4229:Hotel Tequendama 4191:Hotel Tequendama 4189:in the lobby of 2857: 2844: 2843: 2695:triangular heads 2522: 2510: 2490: 2478: 2454:Muisca mythology 2432:Arrabidaea chica 2286: 2274: 2258: 2091: 2079: 2067: 2024:Chibcha-speaking 2011:, Boyacá, had a 1924: 1908: 1892: 1816:human sacrifices 1734: 1722: 1706: 1694: 1610: 1598: 1586: 1497: 1481: 1466: 1451: 1437: 1422: 1407: 1336:lost-wax casting 817: 799: 746: 745: 691:food preparation 500:Spanish conquest 418:Americas on the 406:produced by the 366:golden sea snail 350: 343: 336: 321: 314: 307: 299:Spanish conquest 26: 19: 18: 9034: 9033: 9029: 9028: 9027: 9025: 9024: 9023: 8994:Gold sculptures 8969: 8968: 8967: 8962: 8936: 8903: 8860: 8855: 8845: 8835: 8819: 8667: 8648: 8611: 8570: 8513: 8459: 8434: 8406: 8384:Arawak-speaking 8378: 8332: 8310: 8250: 8228: 8199: 8190:Quemuenchatocha 8170: 8142: 8119: 8088: 8052: 8041: 8009: 7990: 7943: 7866: 7843: 7834: 7822: 7810: 7798: 7783: 7777: 7754: 7747: 7740: 7717: 7709: 7698: 7681: 7668: 7651: 7630: 7624: 7595: 7539: 7528: 7509: 7482:The Salt People 7476: 7413: 7404: 7383: 7302: 7291: 7287: 7284: 7254: 7249: 7235:Northwest Coast 7230:Native American 7213: 7165: 7124: 7113: 7082: 7077: 7039: 7023: 7020: 7009: 7007: 6997: 6986: 6984: 6966: 6964: 6907:, pp. 1–28 6893: 6869: 6867: 6847: 6822:Langebaek Rueda 6788: 6786: 6771: 6700: 6689: 6687: 6673: 6637: 6626: 6624: 6612:Langebaek Rueda 6567: 6490:Langebaek Rueda 6478:Langebaek Rueda 6469: 6467: 6450: 6441: 6423: 6399: 6397: 6389: 6367: 6366: 6361: 6359: 6355: 6343: 6320: 6318: 6310: 6283: 6281: 6273: 6258: 6234: 6232: 6224: 6167: 6165: 6157: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6129: 6125: 6105: 6101: 6096: 6092: 6087: 6083: 6078: 6074: 6069: 6065: 6060: 6056: 6051: 6047: 6042: 6038: 6033: 6026: 6021: 6017: 6012: 6008: 6003: 5999: 5994: 5990: 5985: 5981: 5976: 5972: 5967: 5963: 5958: 5954: 5949: 5945: 5940: 5936: 5931: 5927: 5922: 5918: 5913: 5906: 5901: 5894: 5889: 5885: 5880: 5876: 5871: 5864: 5859: 5855: 5850: 5846: 5841: 5837: 5832: 5828: 5823: 5819: 5814: 5810: 5805: 5801: 5796: 5792: 5787: 5783: 5778: 5771: 5766: 5762: 5749: 5748: 5744: 5739: 5735: 5722: 5721: 5717: 5712: 5708: 5703: 5699: 5694: 5690: 5685: 5681: 5676: 5672: 5667: 5663: 5658: 5654: 5649: 5645: 5640: 5636: 5631: 5622: 5617: 5613: 5608: 5604: 5591: 5590: 5586: 5581: 5577: 5572: 5568: 5555: 5554: 5550: 5541: 5540: 5536: 5531: 5527: 5522: 5518: 5513: 5509: 5504: 5500: 5495: 5491: 5482: 5481: 5477: 5472: 5468: 5455: 5454: 5450: 5445: 5441: 5436: 5429: 5424: 5420: 5415: 5411: 5406: 5402: 5397: 5393: 5388: 5384: 5379: 5370: 5365: 5358: 5353: 5346: 5336: 5335: 5331: 5326: 5322: 5317: 5313: 5308: 5304: 5299: 5295: 5290: 5286: 5281: 5277: 5272: 5268: 5256: 5255: 5251: 5246: 5242: 5237: 5233: 5224: 5223: 5219: 5206: 5205: 5201: 5192: 5191: 5187: 5174: 5173: 5169: 5156: 5155: 5151: 5146: 5142: 5137: 5133: 5128: 5124: 5119: 5112: 5107: 5098: 5093: 5089: 5069: 5068: 5059: 5054: 5050: 5037: 5036: 5032: 5019: 5018: 5014: 5005: 5003: 4990: 4989: 4985: 4975: 4971: 4964:in Hunt Museum" 4958: 4957: 4953: 4940: 4939: 4935: 4922: 4921: 4917: 4904: 4903: 4899: 4886: 4885: 4881: 4868: 4867: 4863: 4850: 4849: 4845: 4832: 4831: 4827: 4816: 4812: 4800: 4799: 4795: 4782: 4781: 4777: 4764: 4763: 4759: 4754: 4750: 4745: 4741: 4736: 4732: 4727: 4723: 4718: 4714: 4709: 4705: 4700: 4696: 4691: 4687: 4682: 4678: 4673: 4669: 4664: 4657: 4652: 4648: 4643: 4639: 4634: 4630: 4625: 4621: 4608: 4607: 4600: 4596: 4559: 4554: 4552: 4547:Colombia portal 4545: 4540: 4538: 4531: 4524: 4521: 4514: 4508: 4499: 4492: 4483: 4470: 4461: 4459:Cuítiva, Boyacá 4451: 4442: 4436: 4427: 4424: 4303:, Cuxininegua, 4199:Muisca religion 4179: 3473: 3443: 2914: 2856: 2803: 2729:(the Moon) and 2669:(carvings) and 2610: 2584: 2552: 2550:Muisca numerals 2534: 2529: 2526: 2523: 2514: 2511: 2502: 2498: 2491: 2482: 2479: 2383:for orange and 2338: 2297: 2290: 2287: 2278: 2275: 2266: 2259: 2177: 2155: 2123: 2102: 2100:Music and dance 2095: 2092: 2083: 2080: 2071: 2068: 1985:guecha warriors 1974:colonial period 1960: 1942: 1935: 1925: 1916: 1909: 1900: 1893: 1849: 1824: 1777: 1746: 1741: 1738: 1735: 1726: 1723: 1714: 1707: 1698: 1695: 1666:guecha warriors 1656:, the ruler of 1643: 1638: 1637: 1636: 1635: 1616: 1615: 1614: 1611: 1603: 1602: 1599: 1591: 1590: 1587: 1529: 1511: 1504: 1498: 1489: 1482: 1473: 1467: 1458: 1452: 1443: 1438: 1429: 1423: 1414: 1408: 1277:Muisca religion 1219:anthropomorphic 1193: 1167: 1135:Caribbean Coast 1069:. The earliest 1067:Magdalena River 1040: 1016:Muisca calendar 967: 939: 880: 844: 838: 825: 824: 815: 807: 806: 797: 787: 785: 665:in present-day 611: 530:music and dance 470:flora and fauna 468:, the abundant 354: 317: 310: 303: 222:Main neighbours 199:The Salt People 167:Flora and fauna 17: 12: 11: 5: 9032: 9022: 9021: 9016: 9011: 9006: 9001: 8996: 8991: 8986: 8981: 8964: 8963: 8961: 8960: 8949: 8946: 8945: 8942: 8941: 8938: 8937: 8935: 8934: 8929: 8924: 8919: 8913: 8911: 8905: 8904: 8902: 8901: 8896: 8891: 8886: 8881: 8876: 8870: 8868: 8862: 8861: 8859: 8858: 8848: 8838: 8827: 8825: 8821: 8820: 8818: 8817: 8812: 8807: 8802: 8797: 8792: 8787: 8782: 8777: 8772: 8767: 8762: 8757: 8752: 8747: 8742: 8737: 8732: 8727: 8722: 8717: 8712: 8710:De Castellanos 8707: 8702: 8697: 8692: 8687: 8681: 8679: 8669: 8668: 8658: 8657: 8654: 8653: 8650: 8649: 8647: 8646: 8645: 8644: 8634: 8629: 8623: 8621: 8617: 8616: 8613: 8612: 8610: 8609: 8604: 8599: 8594: 8589: 8584: 8582:Martín Galeano 8579: 8574: 8567: 8562: 8560:Juan del Junco 8557: 8552: 8547: 8545:Gonzalo Macías 8542: 8537: 8532: 8527: 8521: 8519: 8515: 8514: 8512: 8511: 8506: 8501: 8496: 8491: 8486: 8480: 8478: 8471: 8461: 8460: 8448: 8447: 8444: 8443: 8440: 8439: 8436: 8435: 8433: 8432: 8427: 8422: 8416: 8414: 8408: 8407: 8405: 8404: 8399: 8394: 8388: 8386: 8380: 8379: 8377: 8376: 8371: 8366: 8361: 8355: 8353: 8344: 8338: 8337: 8334: 8333: 8331: 8330: 8324: 8322: 8312: 8311: 8309: 8308: 8303: 8298: 8293: 8288: 8282: 8280: 8265: 8256: 8255: 8252: 8251: 8249: 8248: 8242: 8240: 8230: 8229: 8227: 8226: 8221: 8215: 8213: 8201: 8200: 8198: 8197: 8192: 8187: 8182: 8176: 8174: 8157: 8144: 8143: 8133: 8132: 8129: 8128: 8125: 8124: 8121: 8120: 8118: 8117: 8112: 8107: 8102: 8096: 8094: 8090: 8089: 8087: 8086: 8081: 8073: 8071: 8064: 8058: 8057: 8054: 8053: 8051: 8050: 8045: 8038: 8033: 8028: 8023: 8018: 8013: 8006: 8000: 7998: 7992: 7991: 7989: 7988: 7983: 7978: 7973: 7968: 7962: 7960: 7951: 7945: 7944: 7942: 7941: 7936: 7931: 7926: 7921: 7916: 7911: 7906: 7901: 7896: 7891: 7886: 7880: 7878: 7868: 7867: 7857: 7856: 7853: 7852: 7849: 7848: 7845: 7844: 7842: 7841: 7829: 7817: 7805: 7792: 7790: 7779: 7778: 7776: 7775: 7768: 7763: 7758: 7751: 7744: 7737: 7732: 7726: 7724: 7711: 7710: 7708: 7707: 7702: 7695: 7690: 7685: 7677: 7675: 7659: 7653: 7652: 7650: 7649: 7644: 7638: 7636: 7632: 7631: 7629: 7628: 7621: 7616: 7611: 7606: 7605: 7604: 7599: 7590:Bogotá savanna 7587: 7586: 7585: 7580: 7575: 7570: 7565: 7560: 7555: 7544: 7542: 7540:Cundiboyacense 7530: 7529: 7519: 7518: 7515: 7514: 7511: 7510: 7508: 7507: 7502: 7497: 7492: 7486: 7484: 7478: 7477: 7475: 7474: 7469: 7462: 7457: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7437: 7432: 7427: 7421: 7419: 7415: 7414: 7407: 7405: 7403: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7387: 7380: 7375: 7370: 7365: 7360: 7355: 7350: 7345: 7340: 7335: 7330: 7325: 7320: 7314: 7312: 7304: 7303: 7293: 7292: 7283: 7282: 7275: 7268: 7260: 7251: 7250: 7248: 7247: 7242: 7237: 7232: 7227: 7221: 7219: 7215: 7214: 7212: 7211: 7206: 7201: 7196: 7195: 7194: 7184: 7179: 7173: 7171: 7167: 7166: 7164: 7163: 7158: 7153: 7148: 7143: 7138: 7132: 7130: 7126: 7125: 7116: 7114: 7112: 7111: 7106: 7101: 7096: 7090: 7088: 7084: 7083: 7076: 7075: 7068: 7061: 7053: 7047: 7046: 7037: 7019: 7018:External links 7016: 7015: 7014: 6996: 6993: 6992: 6991: 6971: 6959:(in Spanish), 6945: 6935:(in Spanish), 6928: 6918: 6909: 6903:(in Spanish), 6896: 6891: 6881:(in Spanish), 6874: 6857: 6846: 6843: 6842: 6841: 6828:(in Spanish), 6818: 6797:Izquierdo Peña 6793: 6770: 6767: 6766: 6765: 6755:(in Spanish), 6748: 6739: 6733:(in Spanish), 6723: 6710: 6706:Mantas Muiscas 6699: 6696: 6695: 6694: 6672: 6669: 6668: 6667: 6658: 6636: 6633: 6632: 6631: 6608: 6577: 6575:, pp. 1–4 6566: 6563: 6562: 6561: 6552: 6543: 6515: 6509:(in Spanish), 6502: 6496:(in Spanish), 6486: 6474: 6449: 6446: 6445: 6444: 6439: 6426: 6421: 6411:(in Spanish), 6404: 6396:, pp. 1–6 6380: 6346: 6341: 6325: 6301: 6288: 6265:Correal Urrego 6261: 6256: 6246:(in Spanish), 6239: 6212: 6206:(in Spanish), 6196: 6179:(in Spanish), 6172: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6135: 6123: 6099: 6090: 6081: 6072: 6063: 6054: 6045: 6036: 6024: 6015: 6006: 5997: 5988: 5979: 5970: 5961: 5952: 5943: 5934: 5925: 5916: 5904: 5892: 5883: 5874: 5862: 5853: 5844: 5835: 5826: 5817: 5808: 5799: 5790: 5781: 5769: 5760: 5742: 5733: 5715: 5706: 5697: 5688: 5679: 5670: 5661: 5652: 5643: 5634: 5620: 5611: 5602: 5584: 5575: 5566: 5548: 5534: 5525: 5516: 5507: 5498: 5489: 5475: 5466: 5448: 5439: 5427: 5418: 5409: 5400: 5391: 5382: 5368: 5356: 5344: 5329: 5320: 5311: 5302: 5293: 5284: 5275: 5266: 5249: 5240: 5231: 5217: 5199: 5185: 5167: 5149: 5140: 5131: 5122: 5110: 5108:Peña Gama, p.8 5096: 5087: 5057: 5048: 5030: 5012: 4983: 4969: 4951: 4933: 4915: 4897: 4879: 4861: 4843: 4825: 4810: 4793: 4775: 4757: 4748: 4739: 4730: 4721: 4712: 4703: 4694: 4685: 4676: 4667: 4655: 4646: 4637: 4628: 4619: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4591: 4590: 4581: 4576: 4574:Muisca economy 4571: 4565: 4564: 4550: 4536: 4520: 4517: 4516: 4515: 4509: 4502: 4500: 4493: 4486: 4484: 4472:Statue of the 4471: 4464: 4462: 4452: 4445: 4443: 4437: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4418: 4279:are included. 4231:, named after 4185:Detail of the 4178: 4175: 4172: 4171: 4162: 4160: 4157: 4154: 4151: 4145: 4144: 4135: 4133: 4130: 4127: 4124: 4118: 4117: 4108: 4106: 4103: 4100: 4097: 4091: 4090: 4081: 4079: 4076: 4073: 4070: 4064: 4063: 4054: 4052: 4049: 4046: 4043: 4037: 4036: 4027: 4025: 4022: 4019: 4016: 4010: 4009: 4000: 3998: 3995: 3992: 3989: 3983: 3982: 3973: 3971: 3968: 3965: 3962: 3956: 3955: 3946: 3944: 3941: 3938: 3935: 3929: 3928: 3919: 3917: 3914: 3911: 3908: 3902: 3901: 3892: 3890: 3887: 3884: 3881: 3875: 3874: 3865: 3863: 3860: 3857: 3854: 3848: 3847: 3838: 3836: 3833: 3830: 3827: 3821: 3820: 3811: 3809: 3806: 3803: 3800: 3794: 3793: 3784: 3782: 3779: 3776: 3773: 3767: 3766: 3757: 3755: 3752: 3749: 3746: 3740: 3739: 3730: 3728: 3725: 3722: 3719: 3713: 3712: 3703: 3701: 3698: 3695: 3692: 3686: 3685: 3676: 3674: 3671: 3668: 3665: 3659: 3658: 3649: 3647: 3644: 3641: 3638: 3632: 3631: 3622: 3620: 3617: 3614: 3611: 3605: 3604: 3595: 3593: 3590: 3587: 3584: 3578: 3577: 3568: 3566: 3563: 3560: 3557: 3551: 3550: 3541: 3539: 3536: 3533: 3530: 3524: 3523: 3514: 3512: 3509: 3506: 3503: 3497: 3496: 3487: 3485: 3482: 3479: 3476: 3474:del Tequendama 3468: 3467: 3458: 3456: 3453: 3450: 3447: 3437: 3436: 3427: 3425: 3422: 3419: 3416: 3410: 3409: 3400: 3398: 3395: 3392: 3389: 3383: 3382: 3373: 3371: 3368: 3365: 3362: 3356: 3355: 3346: 3344: 3341: 3338: 3335: 3329: 3328: 3319: 3317: 3314: 3311: 3308: 3302: 3301: 3292: 3290: 3287: 3284: 3281: 3275: 3274: 3265: 3263: 3260: 3257: 3254: 3248: 3247: 3238: 3236: 3233: 3230: 3227: 3221: 3220: 3211: 3209: 3206: 3203: 3200: 3194: 3193: 3184: 3182: 3179: 3176: 3173: 3167: 3166: 3157: 3155: 3152: 3149: 3146: 3140: 3139: 3130: 3128: 3125: 3122: 3119: 3113: 3112: 3103: 3101: 3098: 3095: 3092: 3086: 3085: 3076: 3067: 3064: 3061: 3058: 3052: 3051: 3042: 3033: 3030: 3027: 3022: 3016: 3015: 3006: 2997: 2994: 2991: 2988: 2982: 2981: 2972: 2963: 2960: 2957: 2954: 2948: 2947: 2938: 2929: 2924: 2921: 2918: 2908: 2907: 2898: 2889: 2884: 2881: 2876: 2870: 2869: 2866: 2863: 2860: 2853: 2848: 2807:Bogotá savanna 2802: 2799: 2739:winged figures 2609: 2606: 2583: 2580: 2556:Joaquín Acosta 2548:Main article: 2533: 2530: 2528: 2527: 2524: 2517: 2515: 2512: 2505: 2503: 2492: 2485: 2483: 2480: 2473: 2470: 2308:cotton mantles 2296: 2293: 2292: 2291: 2288: 2281: 2279: 2276: 2269: 2267: 2260: 2253: 2161:Collection of 2154: 2151: 2119:Main article: 2101: 2098: 2097: 2096: 2093: 2086: 2084: 2081: 2074: 2072: 2069: 2062: 1956:Main article: 1950:Muisca mummies 1941: 1938: 1937: 1936: 1926: 1919: 1917: 1910: 1903: 1901: 1894: 1887: 1848: 1845: 1823: 1820: 1773:Main article: 1745: 1742: 1740: 1739: 1736: 1729: 1727: 1724: 1717: 1715: 1709:Golden Muisca 1708: 1701: 1699: 1696: 1689: 1686: 1668:, priests and 1642: 1639: 1618: 1617: 1612: 1605: 1604: 1601:Lake Guatavita 1600: 1593: 1592: 1588: 1581: 1580: 1579: 1578: 1577: 1548:Lake Guatavita 1546:in the sacred 1525:Main article: 1510: 1507: 1506: 1505: 1499: 1492: 1490: 1483: 1476: 1474: 1468: 1461: 1459: 1453: 1446: 1444: 1439: 1432: 1430: 1424: 1417: 1415: 1410:Collection of 1409: 1402: 1235:; an alloy of 1189:Main article: 1166: 1161: 1133:closer to the 1127: 1126: 1119: 1110: 1039: 1036: 966: 963: 938: 935: 907:Villa de Leyva 874:Herrera Period 843: 842:Pre-Muisca art 840: 834: 833: 816: 798: 788: 758: 755: 754: 741:Bogotá savanna 639:Eastern Ranges 610: 607: 579:Joaquín Acosta 538:Bogotá savanna 534:Lake Guatavita 524:(priests) and 482:Herrera Period 451:Eastern Ranges 382:Bogotá savanna 356: 355: 353: 352: 345: 338: 330: 327: 326: 325: 324: 323: 322: 315: 308: 296: 295: 294: 289: 284: 279: 269: 267:Herrera Period 264: 256: 255: 245: 244: 243: 242: 237: 232: 224: 223: 219: 218: 217: 216: 211: 203: 202: 194: 193: 192: 191: 186: 185: 184: 179: 177:Bogotá savanna 169: 161: 160: 154: 153: 152: 151: 146: 141: 136: 135: 134: 129: 119: 114: 109: 104: 99: 94: 89: 84: 79: 74: 69: 64: 59: 51: 50: 44: 43: 41:Muisca culture 37: 36: 28: 27: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9031: 9020: 9017: 9015: 9012: 9010: 9007: 9005: 9002: 9000: 8997: 8995: 8992: 8990: 8987: 8985: 8982: 8980: 8977: 8976: 8974: 8959: 8951: 8950: 8947: 8933: 8930: 8928: 8925: 8923: 8920: 8918: 8917:Museo del Oro 8915: 8914: 8912: 8910: 8906: 8900: 8897: 8895: 8892: 8890: 8887: 8885: 8882: 8880: 8877: 8875: 8872: 8871: 8869: 8867: 8863: 8854: 8853: 8849: 8844: 8843: 8839: 8834: 8833: 8829: 8828: 8826: 8822: 8816: 8813: 8811: 8808: 8806: 8803: 8801: 8798: 8796: 8793: 8791: 8788: 8786: 8783: 8781: 8780:De Piedrahita 8778: 8776: 8773: 8771: 8768: 8766: 8763: 8761: 8758: 8756: 8753: 8751: 8748: 8746: 8743: 8741: 8738: 8736: 8733: 8731: 8728: 8726: 8723: 8721: 8718: 8716: 8713: 8711: 8708: 8706: 8703: 8701: 8698: 8696: 8693: 8691: 8690:Acosta Samper 8688: 8686: 8683: 8682: 8680: 8678: 8674: 8670: 8663: 8659: 8643: 8640: 8639: 8638: 8635: 8633: 8630: 8628: 8625: 8624: 8622: 8618: 8608: 8605: 8603: 8600: 8598: 8595: 8593: 8590: 8588: 8585: 8583: 8580: 8578: 8577:Luis Lanchero 8575: 8573: 8568: 8566: 8563: 8561: 8558: 8556: 8553: 8551: 8548: 8546: 8543: 8541: 8538: 8536: 8533: 8531: 8528: 8526: 8523: 8522: 8520: 8516: 8510: 8507: 8505: 8502: 8500: 8497: 8495: 8492: 8490: 8487: 8485: 8482: 8481: 8479: 8475: 8472: 8470: 8469:Conquistadors 8466: 8462: 8458: 8453: 8449: 8431: 8428: 8426: 8423: 8421: 8418: 8417: 8415: 8413: 8409: 8403: 8400: 8398: 8395: 8393: 8390: 8389: 8387: 8385: 8381: 8375: 8372: 8370: 8367: 8365: 8362: 8360: 8357: 8356: 8354: 8352: 8348: 8345: 8343: 8339: 8329: 8326: 8325: 8323: 8321: 8317: 8313: 8307: 8304: 8302: 8299: 8297: 8294: 8292: 8291:Saguamanchica 8289: 8287: 8284: 8283: 8281: 8279: 8275: 8274: 8269: 8266: 8264: 8263: 8257: 8247: 8244: 8243: 8241: 8239: 8238:Tundama 8235: 8231: 8225: 8222: 8220: 8217: 8216: 8214: 8212: 8208: 8207: 8202: 8196: 8193: 8191: 8188: 8186: 8183: 8181: 8178: 8177: 8175: 8173: 8167: 8166: 8161: 8158: 8156: 8155: 8149: 8145: 8138: 8134: 8116: 8113: 8111: 8108: 8106: 8103: 8101: 8098: 8097: 8095: 8091: 8085: 8082: 8080: 8079: 8075: 8074: 8072: 8068: 8065: 8063: 8059: 8049: 8046: 8044: 8039: 8037: 8034: 8032: 8029: 8027: 8024: 8022: 8019: 8017: 8014: 8012: 8007: 8005: 8002: 8001: 7999: 7997: 7993: 7987: 7986:Hunzahúa Well 7984: 7982: 7979: 7977: 7974: 7972: 7969: 7967: 7964: 7963: 7961: 7959: 7955: 7952: 7950: 7946: 7940: 7937: 7935: 7932: 7930: 7927: 7925: 7922: 7920: 7917: 7915: 7912: 7910: 7907: 7905: 7902: 7900: 7897: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7887: 7885: 7882: 7881: 7879: 7877: 7873: 7869: 7862: 7858: 7838: 7833: 7832:Cabildo Mayor 7830: 7826: 7821: 7818: 7814: 7809: 7806: 7802: 7797: 7794: 7793: 7791: 7787: 7780: 7774: 7773: 7772:El Infiernito 7769: 7767: 7764: 7762: 7759: 7757: 7752: 7750: 7745: 7743: 7738: 7736: 7733: 7731: 7728: 7727: 7725: 7721: 7716: 7712: 7706: 7703: 7701: 7696: 7694: 7691: 7689: 7686: 7684: 7682:Lake Humboldt 7679: 7678: 7676: 7672: 7671:<10,000 BP 7667: 7663: 7660: 7658: 7654: 7648: 7645: 7643: 7640: 7639: 7637: 7633: 7627: 7622: 7620: 7617: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7609:Eastern Hills 7607: 7603: 7600: 7598: 7593: 7592: 7591: 7588: 7584: 7581: 7579: 7576: 7574: 7571: 7569: 7566: 7564: 7563:Juan Amarillo 7561: 7559: 7556: 7554: 7551: 7550: 7549: 7546: 7545: 7543: 7541: 7535: 7531: 7524: 7520: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7487: 7485: 7483: 7479: 7473: 7470: 7468: 7467: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7422: 7420: 7416: 7411: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7381: 7379: 7376: 7374: 7371: 7369: 7366: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7353:Mummification 7351: 7349: 7346: 7344: 7341: 7339: 7336: 7334: 7331: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7316: 7315: 7313: 7309: 7305: 7298: 7294: 7290: 7281: 7276: 7274: 7269: 7267: 7262: 7261: 7258: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7222: 7220: 7216: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7199:Kwakwakaʼwakw 7197: 7193: 7190: 7189: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7174: 7172: 7168: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7133: 7131: 7127: 7120: 7110: 7107: 7105: 7104:Pre-Columbian 7102: 7100: 7097: 7095: 7092: 7091: 7089: 7085: 7081: 7074: 7069: 7067: 7062: 7060: 7055: 7054: 7051: 7044: 7038: 7036: 7032: 7031:Museo del Oro 7028: 7022: 7021: 7006: 7005: 6999: 6998: 6982: 6981: 6976: 6972: 6962: 6958: 6954: 6950: 6946: 6942: 6938: 6934: 6929: 6925: 6919: 6915: 6910: 6906: 6902: 6897: 6894: 6892:958-8181-07-0 6888: 6884: 6880: 6875: 6865: 6864: 6858: 6854: 6849: 6848: 6839: 6835: 6831: 6827: 6823: 6819: 6815: 6810: 6806: 6802: 6798: 6794: 6784: 6783: 6777: 6773: 6772: 6762: 6758: 6754: 6749: 6745: 6740: 6736: 6732: 6728: 6724: 6720: 6716: 6711: 6707: 6702: 6701: 6685: 6684: 6679: 6675: 6674: 6664: 6659: 6656: 6652: 6648: 6644: 6639: 6638: 6623: 6619: 6618: 6613: 6609: 6606: 6602: 6598: 6594: 6590: 6586: 6585: 6578: 6574: 6569: 6568: 6558: 6553: 6549: 6544: 6541: 6537: 6533: 6529: 6525: 6521: 6516: 6512: 6508: 6503: 6499: 6495: 6491: 6487: 6483: 6479: 6475: 6466: 6465: 6460: 6456: 6452: 6451: 6442: 6440:9978-60-004-3 6436: 6432: 6427: 6424: 6422:958-683-643-6 6418: 6414: 6410: 6405: 6395: 6394:Museo del Oro 6388: 6387: 6381: 6377: 6371: 6354: 6353: 6347: 6344: 6338: 6334: 6330: 6326: 6316: 6309: 6308: 6302: 6298: 6294: 6289: 6279: 6272: 6271: 6266: 6262: 6259: 6257:958-683-643-6 6253: 6249: 6245: 6240: 6230: 6223: 6222: 6217: 6213: 6209: 6205: 6201: 6197: 6194: 6190: 6186: 6182: 6178: 6173: 6163: 6156: 6155: 6149: 6148: 6132: 6127: 6121: 6120: 6115: 6111: 6110:expansion set 6109: 6103: 6094: 6085: 6076: 6067: 6058: 6049: 6040: 6031: 6029: 6019: 6010: 6001: 5992: 5983: 5974: 5965: 5956: 5947: 5938: 5929: 5920: 5911: 5909: 5899: 5897: 5887: 5878: 5869: 5867: 5857: 5848: 5839: 5830: 5821: 5812: 5803: 5794: 5785: 5776: 5774: 5764: 5756: 5752: 5746: 5737: 5729: 5728:www.cubun.org 5725: 5719: 5710: 5701: 5692: 5683: 5674: 5665: 5656: 5647: 5638: 5629: 5627: 5625: 5615: 5606: 5600: 5596: 5588: 5579: 5573:Escobar, 1987 5570: 5564: 5560: 5552: 5544: 5538: 5529: 5520: 5511: 5502: 5493: 5485: 5479: 5470: 5464: 5460: 5452: 5443: 5434: 5432: 5422: 5413: 5404: 5395: 5386: 5377: 5375: 5373: 5363: 5361: 5351: 5349: 5341: 5333: 5324: 5315: 5306: 5297: 5288: 5279: 5270: 5263: 5262: 5253: 5244: 5235: 5227: 5221: 5213: 5209: 5203: 5195: 5189: 5183: 5182:Museo del Oro 5179: 5171: 5165: 5161: 5153: 5144: 5135: 5126: 5117: 5115: 5105: 5103: 5101: 5091: 5085: 5081: 5080:Museo del Oro 5077: 5076: 5066: 5064: 5062: 5052: 5044: 5040: 5034: 5026: 5022: 5016: 5002:on 2016-07-01 5001: 4997: 4995: 4987: 4981: 4979: 4973: 4965: 4963: 4955: 4947: 4943: 4937: 4929: 4925: 4919: 4911: 4907: 4901: 4893: 4891: 4883: 4875: 4873: 4865: 4857: 4853: 4847: 4839: 4835: 4829: 4821: 4814: 4807: 4806: 4797: 4791: 4787: 4779: 4771: 4767: 4761: 4752: 4743: 4734: 4725: 4716: 4707: 4698: 4689: 4680: 4671: 4662: 4660: 4650: 4641: 4632: 4623: 4617: 4613: 4605: 4603: 4598: 4589: 4585: 4582: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4566: 4562: 4551: 4548: 4537: 4534: 4528: 4523: 4513: 4506: 4501: 4497: 4490: 4485: 4482: 4478: 4475: 4468: 4463: 4460: 4456: 4449: 4444: 4441: 4434: 4429: 4422: 4417: 4416: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4409: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4375: 4370: 4369: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4315: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4257:Muisca rulers 4254: 4253: 4248: 4247: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4209: 4208: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4183: 4167: 4150: 4146: 4140: 4123: 4119: 4113: 4096: 4092: 4086: 4069: 4065: 4059: 4042: 4038: 4032: 4015: 4011: 4005: 3988: 3984: 3978: 3961: 3957: 3951: 3937:Cundinamarca 3934: 3930: 3924: 3910:Cundinamarca 3907: 3903: 3897: 3883:Cundinamarca 3880: 3876: 3870: 3856:Cundinamarca 3853: 3849: 3843: 3829:Cundinamarca 3826: 3822: 3816: 3802:Cundinamarca 3799: 3795: 3789: 3775:Cundinamarca 3772: 3768: 3762: 3748:Cundinamarca 3745: 3741: 3735: 3721:Cundinamarca 3718: 3714: 3708: 3694:Cundinamarca 3691: 3687: 3681: 3667:Cundinamarca 3664: 3660: 3654: 3640:Cundinamarca 3637: 3633: 3627: 3613:Cundinamarca 3610: 3606: 3600: 3586:Cundinamarca 3583: 3579: 3573: 3559:Cundinamarca 3556: 3552: 3546: 3532:Cundinamarca 3529: 3525: 3519: 3505:Cundinamarca 3502: 3501:San Francisco 3498: 3492: 3478:Cundinamarca 3475: 3469: 3463: 3449:Cundinamarca 3446: 3442: 3438: 3432: 3418:Cundinamarca 3415: 3411: 3405: 3391:Cundinamarca 3388: 3384: 3378: 3364:Cundinamarca 3361: 3357: 3351: 3337:Cundinamarca 3334: 3330: 3324: 3310:Cundinamarca 3307: 3303: 3297: 3283:Cundinamarca 3280: 3276: 3270: 3256:Cundinamarca 3253: 3249: 3243: 3229:Cundinamarca 3226: 3222: 3216: 3202:Cundinamarca 3199: 3195: 3189: 3175:Cundinamarca 3172: 3168: 3162: 3148:Cundinamarca 3145: 3141: 3135: 3121:Cundinamarca 3118: 3114: 3108: 3094:Cundinamarca 3091: 3087: 3081: 3072: 3057: 3053: 3047: 3038: 3026: 3021: 3017: 3011: 3002: 2990:Cundinamarca 2987: 2983: 2977: 2968: 2956:Cundinamarca 2953: 2949: 2943: 2934: 2928: 2920:Cundinamarca 2917: 2913: 2909: 2903: 2894: 2888: 2880: 2875: 2871: 2852: 2845: 2842: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2798: 2796: 2792: 2787: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2772: 2771:El Infiernito 2767: 2763: 2758: 2755: 2751: 2746: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2711:complex hands 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2690: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2679:Miguel Triana 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2653: 2646: 2642: 2637: 2630: 2629:tobacco plant 2625: 2618: 2614: 2605: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2590: 2589:Bixa orellana 2579: 2577: 2576:qhicħâ hɣcſcâ 2573: 2570:) to twenty ( 2569: 2565: 2564:Liborio Zerda 2561: 2557: 2551: 2543: 2538: 2521: 2516: 2509: 2504: 2501: 2496: 2489: 2484: 2477: 2472: 2471: 2469: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2450: 2448: 2444: 2443: 2438: 2434: 2433: 2428: 2427: 2426:Bixa orellana 2422: 2421: 2416: 2415: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2373: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2356:in the west, 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2337: 2329: 2328:Bixa orellana 2325: 2320: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2285: 2280: 2273: 2268: 2264: 2257: 2252: 2251: 2250: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2199: 2198:El Infiernito 2194: 2190: 2186: 2181: 2176: 2168: 2164: 2163:ceramic vases 2159: 2150: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2122: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2090: 2085: 2078: 2073: 2066: 2061: 2060: 2059: 2055: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2020: 2018: 2017:Liborio Zerda 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1977: 1975: 1971: 1966: 1959: 1951: 1946: 1934: 1930: 1923: 1918: 1914: 1907: 1902: 1898: 1891: 1886: 1885: 1884: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1844: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1829: 1819: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1804: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1776: 1769: 1764: 1757: 1756: 1750: 1733: 1728: 1721: 1716: 1712: 1705: 1700: 1693: 1688: 1687: 1685: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1659: 1655: 1652: 1647: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1609: 1597: 1585: 1576: 1574: 1569: 1567: 1563: 1562:conquistadors 1559: 1558: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1544: 1539: 1538:Museo del Oro 1535: 1528: 1520: 1515: 1503: 1496: 1491: 1487: 1480: 1475: 1471: 1465: 1460: 1456: 1450: 1445: 1442: 1436: 1431: 1427: 1421: 1416: 1413: 1406: 1401: 1400: 1399: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1352: 1348: 1343: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1292: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1233: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1192: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1171: 1165: 1160: 1158: 1157:conquistadors 1154: 1153: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1137:, the people 1136: 1132: 1124: 1120: 1117: 1116: 1111: 1108: 1104: 1103: 1102: 1099: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1048: 1044: 1035: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1004: 1002: 1001: 996: 992: 988: 984: 981: 976: 972: 962: 960: 955: 947: 943: 934: 932: 928: 922: 920: 916: 912: 908: 904: 903: 902:El Infiernito 898: 894: 889: 885: 879: 878:El Infiernito 875: 871: 867: 863: 855: 854: 853:El Infiernito 848: 839: 829: 822: 821: 811: 804: 803: 793: 789: 757: 756: 753: 752: 747: 744: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 718: 713: 711: 707: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 633: 628: 620: 615: 606: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 587:Miguel Triana 584: 583:Liborio Zerda 580: 576: 572: 568: 565: 561: 557: 551: 549: 548: 543: 539: 535: 531: 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 510: 505: 501: 497: 496:conquistadors 493: 492: 491:El Infiernito 487: 483: 479: 475: 471: 467: 463: 458: 456: 452: 447: 445: 441: 440:Museo del Oro 437: 433: 429: 425: 421: 417: 416:pre-Columbian 413: 409: 405: 397: 396: 391: 387: 383: 378: 371: 370:Museo del Oro 367: 362: 351: 346: 344: 339: 337: 332: 331: 329: 328: 320: 316: 313: 309: 306: 302: 301: 300: 297: 293: 290: 288: 285: 283: 280: 278: 275: 274: 273: 270: 268: 265: 263: 260: 259: 258: 257: 254: 250: 247: 246: 241: 238: 236: 233: 231: 228: 227: 226: 225: 221: 220: 215: 212: 210: 207: 206: 205: 204: 201: 200: 196: 195: 190: 187: 183: 182:Eastern Hills 180: 178: 175: 174: 173: 170: 168: 165: 164: 163: 162: 159: 156: 155: 150: 147: 145: 142: 140: 137: 133: 130: 128: 125: 124: 123: 120: 118: 115: 113: 110: 108: 105: 103: 100: 98: 95: 93: 90: 88: 85: 83: 80: 78: 75: 73: 70: 68: 65: 63: 60: 58: 55: 54: 53: 52: 49: 46: 45: 42: 39: 38: 34: 30: 29: 25: 21: 20: 8850: 8840: 8830: 8824:Publications 8571:Lázaro Fonte 8315: 8271: 8261: 8233: 8204: 8195:Aquiminzaque 8163: 8153: 8076: 7949:Sacred sites 7884:Chiminigagua 7836: 7825:~1450 - 1540 7824: 7812: 7808:Early Muisca 7801:800 BC - 800 7800: 7785: 7770: 7766:Lake Herrera 7719: 7670: 7647:Tenza Valley 7642:Ocetá Páramo 7619:Suárez River 7548:Bogotá River 7464: 7327: 7323:Architecture 7208: 7177:Coast Salish 7040:(in Spanish) 7024:(in Spanish) 7008:, retrieved 7003: 6985:, retrieved 6979: 6965:, retrieved 6960: 6956: 6936: 6932: 6924:Cundinamarca 6922: 6913: 6900: 6878: 6868:, retrieved 6862: 6852: 6829: 6825: 6800: 6787:, retrieved 6780: 6756: 6752: 6743: 6734: 6730: 6727:Ocampo López 6718: 6714: 6705: 6688:, retrieved 6682: 6662: 6646: 6642: 6625:, retrieved 6616: 6588: 6582: 6572: 6565:Architecture 6556: 6547: 6527: 6523: 6510: 6506: 6497: 6493: 6481: 6468:, retrieved 6463: 6455:Cooper, Jago 6430: 6408: 6398:, retrieved 6385: 6360:, retrieved 6351: 6332: 6329:Ocampo López 6319:, retrieved 6306: 6292: 6282:, retrieved 6269: 6243: 6233:, retrieved 6220: 6207: 6203: 6180: 6177:Franciscanum 6176: 6166:, retrieved 6153: 6140:Bibliography 6126: 6117: 6107: 6102: 6097:Guzmán, 2012 6093: 6084: 6075: 6066: 6057: 6048: 6039: 6018: 6009: 6000: 5991: 5982: 5973: 5964: 5955: 5946: 5937: 5928: 5919: 5886: 5877: 5856: 5847: 5838: 5829: 5820: 5811: 5802: 5797:Triana, 1922 5793: 5784: 5763: 5754: 5745: 5736: 5727: 5718: 5709: 5700: 5691: 5682: 5673: 5664: 5655: 5646: 5637: 5614: 5605: 5592:(in Spanish) 5587: 5578: 5569: 5556:(in Spanish) 5551: 5537: 5528: 5519: 5510: 5501: 5492: 5478: 5469: 5456:(in Spanish) 5451: 5442: 5421: 5412: 5403: 5394: 5385: 5337:(in Spanish) 5332: 5323: 5314: 5305: 5296: 5287: 5278: 5269: 5260: 5257:(in Spanish) 5252: 5243: 5234: 5220: 5211: 5202: 5193: 5188: 5175:(in Spanish) 5170: 5157:(in Spanish) 5152: 5143: 5134: 5125: 5090: 5074: 5070:(in Spanish) 5051: 5042: 5033: 5024: 5015: 5004:. Retrieved 5000:the original 4993: 4986: 4977: 4972: 4961: 4954: 4945: 4936: 4927: 4918: 4909: 4900: 4889: 4882: 4871: 4864: 4855: 4846: 4837: 4828: 4813: 4804: 4801:(in Spanish) 4796: 4783:(in Spanish) 4778: 4769: 4760: 4751: 4742: 4733: 4724: 4715: 4706: 4697: 4688: 4679: 4670: 4649: 4640: 4631: 4622: 4609:(in Spanish) 4495: 4406: 4402: 4372: 4366: 4312: 4277:Aquiminzaque 4250: 4244: 4205: 4203: 4186: 4159:petrographs 4132:petrographs 4105:petrographs 4078:petrographs 4051:petrographs 4024:petrographs 3997:petrographs 3970:petrographs 3943:petrographs 3916:petrographs 3889:petrographs 3862:petrographs 3835:petrographs 3808:petrographs 3781:petrographs 3754:petrographs 3727:petrographs 3700:petrographs 3673:petrographs 3646:petrographs 3619:petrographs 3592:petrographs 3565:petrographs 3538:petrographs 3511:petrographs 3484:petrographs 3455:petrographs 3424:petrographs 3397:petrographs 3370:petrographs 3343:petrographs 3316:petrographs 3289:petrographs 3262:petrographs 3235:petrographs 3208:petrographs 3181:petrographs 3154:petrographs 3127:petrographs 3100:petrographs 3066:petrographs 3032:petroglyphs 2996:petrographs 2962:petrographs 2916:P. del Tunjo 2879:Cundinamarca 2858:urban centre 2855:Altitude (m) 2841:and others. 2804: 2788: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2770: 2766:phytomorphic 2759: 2747: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2722: 2710: 2694: 2691: 2675:index finger 2665:consists of 2652:conquistador 2649: 2644: 2640: 2628: 2616: 2587: 2585: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2553: 2541: 2499: 2451: 2440: 2430: 2424: 2418: 2412: 2374: 2370:Muisca women 2339: 2327: 2323: 2314:in the north 2307: 2303: 2262: 2196: 2182: 2178: 2166: 2162: 2124: 2121:Muisca music 2112: 2108: 2056: 2021: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1980: 1978: 1961: 1949: 1928: 1912: 1896: 1850: 1827: 1825: 1811: 1807: 1801: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1778: 1767: 1754: 1753: 1744:Architecture 1710: 1673: 1669: 1663: 1657: 1653: 1650: 1633:Cundinamarca 1628: 1624: 1620: 1570: 1565: 1555: 1551: 1541: 1530: 1501: 1485: 1469: 1454: 1440: 1425: 1411: 1355: 1346: 1344: 1339: 1331: 1293: 1284: 1280: 1272: 1260: 1247:, some with 1230: 1226: 1207: 1203: 1195: 1194: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1163: 1150: 1128: 1113: 1100: 1061:, mainly in 1052: 1046: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1007: 1005: 998: 986: 968: 951: 945: 923: 900: 881: 852: 851: 837: 818: 800: 749: 714: 636: 632:golden hooks 631: 618: 552: 545: 525: 521: 507: 489: 488:site called 474:agricultural 459: 448: 407: 403: 401: 393: 389: 381: 365: 198: 197: 189:Tenza Valley 157: 66: 62:Architecture 47: 8909:Collections 8110:Pacanchique 8100:Goranchacha 7971:Moon Temple 7934:Chibafruime 7450:Muisca raft 7318:Agriculture 7151:Photography 6949:Silva Celis 6534:: 169–185, 6448:Goldworking 6187:: 151–176, 4477:Goranchacha 3472:San Antonio 2927:petrographs 2887:petroglyphs 2847:Settlement 2782:during the 2671:petrographs 2667:petroglyphs 2657:during the 2532:Hieroglyphs 2445:of gold or 2385:indigo weed 1527:Muisca raft 1519:Muisca raft 1509:Muisca raft 1484:Zoomorphic 1267:, close to 1173:While most 1071:radiocarbon 1038:Goldworking 888:petroglyphs 884:petrographs 725:agriculture 717:guinea pigs 687:stone tools 567:Pedro Simón 556:researchers 504:Muisca raft 460:During the 127:Collections 57:Agriculture 8979:Muisca art 8973:Categories 8842:El Carnero 8810:Uricoechea 8785:De Quesada 8565:Juan Tafur 8342:Neighbours 8301:Tisquesusa 8286:Meicuchuca 7966:Sun Temple 7939:Guahaioque 7924:Nencatacoa 7914:Chibchacum 7813:800 - 1200 7786:>800 BC 7705:Tequendama 7666:Prehistory 7596:Suba Hills 7363:Muysccubun 7170:By culture 7043:Muisca art 7027:Muisca art 7010:2016-07-08 6987:2016-07-08 6967:2016-07-08 6870:2016-07-08 6789:2016-07-08 6690:2016-07-08 6627:2016-07-08 6470:2016-07-08 6400:2016-07-08 6362:2016-07-08 6321:2016-07-08 6284:2016-07-08 6235:2016-07-08 6168:2016-07-08 5006:2016-10-06 4594:References 4533:Art portal 4269:Tisquesusa 4265:Meicuchuca 4237:Tequendama 4233:preceramic 3744:Tequendama 3582:Subachoque 2912:Facatativá 2851:Department 2645:vandalised 2466:Nencatacoa 2449:was used. 2334:See also: 2231:Gachancipá 2215:armadillos 2173:See also: 2147:Nencatacoa 2001:many wives 1970:Sun Temple 1869:Sun Temple 1798:Muysccubun 1654:Tisquesusa 1631:, both in 1296:Gachantivá 1223:zoomorphic 1200:Muysccubun 1080:Fusagasugá 1022:), ninth ( 1012:Muysccubun 980:Researcher 937:Muisca art 870:Tequendama 860:See also: 675:Facatativá 663:Tequendama 609:Background 462:preceramic 262:Prehistory 8795:Schrimpff 8765:Langebaek 8760:Izquierdo 8705:Broadbent 8695:De Aguado 8296:Nemequene 8260:Southern 8152:Northern 8115:Thomagata 8105:Idacansás 8078:El Dorado 8062:Mythology 8016:Guatavita 7919:Cuchavira 7761:Aguazuque 7538:Altiplano 7490:Zipaquirá 7368:Mythology 7333:Astronomy 7218:By region 6838:1029-2004 6814:0812.0574 6763:: 332–340 6721:: 285–296 6655:1909-2407 6649:: 61–80, 6605:0278-4165 6200:Broadbent 6193:0120-1468 6108:El Dorado 5599:El Tiempo 4498:as symbol 4412:Nemequene 4403:Nemequene 4389:. Artist 4383:Aguazuque 4252:El Dorado 4095:Ramiriquí 3879:Zipaquirá 3798:Tocancipá 3636:Sutatausa 3333:Guatavita 3117:La Calera 2784:El Dorado 2687:ayahuasca 2393:Siachoque 2389:cochineal 2239:Guatavita 2227:Tocancipá 2036:Chitarero 1833:Lake Tota 1711:nariguera 1557:El Dorado 1517:The gold 1380:Chitagoto 1376:Ramiriquí 1300:Moniquirá 1185:figurines 1152:El Dorado 1129:With the 1076:Guatavita 995:Aguazuque 915:religious 899:, called 802:Altiplano 706:Aguazuque 699:type site 655:Zipaquirá 645:, called 547:El Dorado 509:psihipqua 398:artefacts 380:The flat 372:in Bogotá 214:Zipaquirá 172:Altiplano 158:Geography 107:Mythology 72:Astronomy 9014:Body art 8958:Category 8755:Humboldt 8725:Duquesne 8677:Scholars 8320:Turmequé 8262:caciques 8224:Sugamuxi 8219:Nompanim 8180:Hunzahúa 8154:caciques 7837:>2002 7782:Ceramic 7602:Wetlands 7583:Tunjuelo 7505:Sesquilé 7472:Zoratama 7445:Emeralds 7418:Specific 7390:Toponyms 7378:Religion 7373:Numerals 7338:Calendar 7240:Paraguay 7192:clothing 7161:Textiles 7136:Ceramics 7129:By media 6845:Rock art 6776:Humboldt 6461:(2013), 6370:citation 6313:(M.A.), 6295:(M.A.), 6133:- GitHub 5208:"Inicio" 4852:"Muisca" 4588:Inca art 4579:Maya art 4519:See also 4474:mythical 4405:, about 4363:Uzathama 4351:Tomagata 4343:Tibirita 4289:Busbanzá 4285:Muyquytá 4068:Motavita 3771:Tibiritá 3414:Mosquera 3279:Guachetá 3252:Cucunubá 3171:Chipaque 2795:Motavita 2780:caciques 2689:(yahé). 2663:rock art 2608:Rock art 2582:Body art 2542:numerals 2462:spindles 2442:tejuelos 2295:Textiles 2207:ocarinas 2205:such as 2153:Ceramics 2131:zampoñas 2109:Trumpets 1989:caciques 1808:caciques 1670:caciques 1658:Muyquytá 1573:Sesquilé 1396:Sogamoso 1392:Cucunubá 1356:Caciques 1308:filigree 1289:emeralds 1269:Sogamoso 1107:alluvial 1088:Quimbaya 1084:El Peñon 893:Tocarema 695:rock art 571:religion 526:caciques 514:Muyquytá 424:Colombia 253:timeline 132:Scholars 122:Research 117:Religion 112:Numerals 92:Language 77:Calendar 33:a series 31:Part of 8852:Epítome 8832:Elegías 8770:De Lugo 8720:Correal 8430:Yarigui 8402:Guayupe 8392:Achagua 8364:Sutagao 8316:cacique 8246:Tundama 8234:cacique 8021:Iguaque 8004:Fúquene 7996:Natural 7929:Chaquén 7909:Huitaca 7904:Bochica 7876:Deities 7796:Herrera 7755:Sáchica 7748:Nemocón 7741:Galindo 7688:El Abra 7657:History 7573:Teusacá 7495:Nemocón 7395:Warfare 7384:Society 7348:Economy 7343:Cuisine 7311:General 7182:Huichol 7146:Jewelry 7141:Fashion 7087:Surveys 6943:: 83–90 6678:Escobar 6635:Mummies 6513:: 22–39 6386:Muiscas 6183:(149), 6160:(PhD), 4455:Bochica 4387:Zipacón 4379:Tibacuy 4359:Tutazúa 4355:Tunduma 4305:Duitama 4301:Chipatá 4297:Charalá 4293:Cerinza 4259:, from 4225:deities 4195:Bochica 4153:Boyacá 4126:Boyacá 4099:Boyacá 4072:Boyacá 4045:Boyacá 4018:Boyacá 3991:Boyacá 3964:Boyacá 3852:Zipacón 3441:Nemocón 3360:Machetá 3060:Boyacá 3056:Sáchica 2986:Tibacuy 2874:El Abra 2839:Sáchica 2754:tobacco 2707:Tibacuy 2458:Bochica 2411:plant ( 2403:. Also 2381:saffron 2377:avocado 2366:Guayupe 2326:plant ( 2324:achiote 2247:Ráquira 2223:lizards 2167:múcuras 2143:Huitaca 2139:deities 2127:battles 2013:teether 1940:Mummies 1927:Muisca 1786:malokas 1678:diadems 1674:tumbaga 1641:Jewelry 1566:tumbaga 1372:Iguaque 1368:Duitama 1332:tumbaga 1328:Guayupe 1320:Achagua 1304:Sumapaz 1232:tumbaga 1212:scholar 1183:ceramic 1179:tumbaga 1115:tumbaga 1090:of the 1063:La Tora 1059:trading 1006:Frogs ( 971:Tairona 969:As the 931:Cómbita 911:menhirs 862:El Abra 683:Nemocón 651:El Abra 480:in the 466:deities 395:tumbaga 305:Gonzalo 292:Tundama 249:History 209:Nemocón 144:Warfare 97:Mummies 87:Economy 82:Cuisine 8984:Muisca 8856:(1889) 8846:(1638) 8836:(1589) 8805:Triana 8775:Ocampo 8750:Hammen 8740:Gamboa 8735:Friede 8730:Freyle 8700:Arango 8685:Acosta 8420:Panche 8306:Sagipa 8278:Bacatá 8211:Suamox 8185:Michuá 8042:Ubaque 8031:Suesca 8026:Siecha 8010:Guasca 7889:Bachué 7735:Checua 7715:Lithic 7693:Tibitó 7568:Soacha 7435:Chicha 7301:Topics 7288:Muisca 7225:Alaska 7209:Muisca 7035:Bogotá 6975:Triana 6963:: 9–36 6889: 6836: 6653: 6603: 6530:(40), 6500:: 3–36 6437: 6419: 6339: 6254: 6191: 5084:Bogotá 5075:tunjos 4994:Tunjos 4978:Tunjos 4872:Tunjos 4440:Bachué 4339:Tibana 4331:Soacha 4327:Saboyá 4319:Onzaga 4309:Guecha 4273:Sagipa 4261:Michuá 4217:Bogotá 4207:tunjos 4149:Tibaná 4122:Saboyá 4041:Mongua 3987:Gámeza 3609:Suesca 3555:Soacha 3528:Sibaté 3445:Checua 3387:Madrid 3306:Guasca 3090:Bojacá 3025:Boyacá 3020:Berbeo 2865:Image 2831:Sibaté 2823:Bogotá 2819:suburb 2815:mining 2811:Soacha 2776:xeques 2743:tunjos 2719:Tibaná 2715:Saboyá 2699:Mongua 2661:. The 2594:Arawak 2437:Aymara 2409:potato 2405:curuba 2401:Soracá 2358:Panche 2350:cotton 2346:cotton 2263:tunjos 2243:Guasca 2219:snakes 2189:chicha 2135:jaguar 2052:Panche 2009:Gámeza 2005:slaves 1981:tunjos 1965:phenol 1929:bohíos 1897:Suamox 1873:Suamox 1837:bamboo 1828:xeques 1812:tunjos 1790:tunjos 1782:bohíos 1768:bamboo 1755:bohíos 1682:tiaras 1502:tunjos 1412:tunjos 1384:Onzaga 1347:tunjos 1340:tunjos 1285:bohíos 1281:tunjos 1273:tunjos 1271:. The 1265:Mongua 1261:tunjos 1249:traces 1245:silver 1241:copper 1227:tunjos 1225:. The 1198:(from 1196:Tunjos 1175:tunjos 1164:Tunjos 1147:legend 1139:traded 919:chicha 876:, and 737:tubers 710:Bogotá 697:. The 679:Checua 667:Soacha 622:period 619:Suesca 542:legend 522:xeques 444:Bogotá 412:Muisca 410:. 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