21:
1185:
559:
783:
570:
480:
3875:
923:, missing the upper left limb, with partial loss of the right lower limb, conserving the leg and foot. Loss of skin and soft tissue to the bone at the pelvis and the abdominal region have been noted. The upper limbs were flexed, the hands interlaced and tied with a cotton cord; they were placed on the right side of the head. Three fragments of cotton blankets accompanied the mummy. The body showed evidence of perforations caused by cadaveric fauna.
1241:
973:
795:
2331:
1255:
862:
1893:, Carl Henrik (1995), "De cómo convertir a los indios y de porqué no lo han sido. Juan de Varcarcel y la idolatría en el altiplano cundiboyacense a finales del siglo XVII - How to convert the indians and why they didn't. Juan de Varcarcel and the idolatry on the Altiplano Cundiboyacense at the end of the 17th century",
948:
and showed remains of straight black hair with signs it had been cut. Cotton was found inside the ear and nostrils. One of the vertebrates showed an abscess. The mummy has been identified as probably a male of an established age of 30 +/- 5 years old. The length of the individual has been estimated
754:
described in 1854 that the fingers of the mummified persons were strapped together with cotton cords. Some of the mummies, probably those of the warriors, were found with golden arms in their hands. The fighters were richly decorated with emeralds, crowns and fine cloths and bags of cotton.
1993:
Otálora
Cascante, Andrés Ricardo (2006), "Caracterización bioantropológica de una momia muisca: implicaciones metodológicas desde la antropología biológica - Bioanthropologist's characterization of a Muisca mummy: methodologist's implications from the biologist anthropology",
1122:. The majority of mummies discovered after the conquest were found in caves and represented scenes; they were organised in circles. In the Muisca history caves, together with lakes, waterfalls and rivers, have been important. In 1602, 150 mummies were discovered in a cave in
1175:
The Zenú and Panche oriented their mummies with the head to the east, while the Muzo buried their dead with the head to the west. The Muisca commonly directed the heads of the deceased to the east, although other graves have been found oriented to the south.
2087:
Valverde, Alejandra (2007), "Prácticas funerarias desde la arqueología: El caso de las momias de la Sierra Nevada del Cocuy - Funerary practices in archaeology: The study of Sierra Nevada del Cocuy's mummies, Colombia",
685:
The dried bodies were wrapped in various layers of cotton cloths, mostly painted. Emeralds were put in the mouths and to cover the eyes and bellybutton of the deceased and sometimes even cloths were inserted in their
1838:
Henderson, Hope; Ostler, Nicholas (2005), "Muisca settlement organization and chiefly authority at Suta, Valle de Leyva, Colombia: A critical appraisal of native concepts of house for studies of complex societies",
677:
Another method of preparation of the mummies was more frequent. The body would be dried using fire and smoke and no extraction of organs would be performed. The heat of the fire not only dried the body, also the
1052:. The 135 human remains have been dated to the 8th or 9th century until the 16th century AD. Evidence for alive burials were numerous and it is estimated it would take twenty years to fully analyse the site.
750:. Other mummies were placed on small wooden stools. The mummies were left there without being buried. All the mummies found were in a similar sitting position with the arms and legs folded towards the torso.
2040:
Rodríguez Cuenca, José Vicente (2007), "Profesor Eliécer Silva Celis (1914-2007): un
Sugamuxi dedicado a la causa muisca - Professor Eliécer Silva Celis (1914-2007): a Sugamuxi devoted to the muisca cause",
810:
was generally egalitarian, differences in the burial processes indicate the distinction of the social classes. The higher class people and their families were mummified while lower classes were not. The
670:
Estebán de
Asencio in 1550. The process took eight hours to dry the body with a dusty balm after the intestines were extracted. While the exact composition of the balm has not been determined, the
1930:
Martínez Martín, Abel
Fernando; Meléndez, Fernardo Francisco; Manrique, Fred Gustavo (2010), "Bio-anthropology and paleopathology of the SO10-IX Muisca mummy from Sátivanorte, Boyacá, Colombia",
1910:
Martínez Martín, Abel
Fernando; Martínez Santamaría, Luz (2012), "Sobre la momificación y los cuerpos momificados de los muiscas - On mummification and the mummified bodies of the Muisca",
682:
liberated by the smoke would conserve the body and prevent it from decomposing. This process, that also the Guane performed to prepare their mummies, has been described by Pedro Simón.
2577:
249:
459:
and others have provided the first historical data on the Muisca mummies. Modern researchers who contributed to the knowledge of the Muisca mummies have been 19th century scholars
2544:
2065:
Trimborn, Hermann (2005), "La organización del poder público en las culturas soberanas de los chibchas - The public power organisation in the common cultures of the
Chibchas",
881:
and belonging to the collection of Silva Celis in the
Archaeology Museum of Sogamoso, has been studied in detail by various researchers. The mummy has been donated to the
724:
for their stay in another world, similar to ours. The mummies of the higher classes were decorated with golden earrings or noserings and with golden feathered crowns and
2601:
1792:
Correa, François (2005), "El imperio muisca: invención de la historia y colonialidad del poder - The Muisca empire: invention of history and power colonialisation",
2674:
2667:
1956:
Entre risas y llantos. Una mirada a las costumbres muiscas a través de los cronistas - Between laughter and cry. A look at the Muisca habits through the chroniclers
1206:
1044:. The mummies of Usme, discovered in 2007, revealed an extensive burial site of 30 hectares (74 acres). Oval and circular graves have been found, together with
3772:
3819:
912:
2660:
1104:
369:
Andes before the arrival of the
Spanish and were an advanced civilisation. They mummified the higher social class members of their society, mainly the
3090:
3490:
2303:
807:
3794:
3522:
2534:
1817:
The Foods and crops of the Muisca: a dietary reconstruction of the intermediate chiefdoms of Bogotá (Bacatá) and Tunja (Hunza), Colombia (M.A.)
885:
by
Abraham López Ávila in 1962. Interviews with López Ávila revealed that the mummy had been found by children in the vicinity of Sativanorte,
163:
1172:
Some of the Muisca mummies found were so well conserved, that their facial expression didn't look like the people died hundreds of years ago.
2961:
2929:
2515:
2010:
Excavacaciones arqueológicas en zona Panche - Guaduas, Cundinamarca - Archaeological excavations in the Panche area - Guaduas, Cundinamarca
739:
in 2007, proved also children were mummified; a mummified baby of a couple of months old was wrapped in cotton cloths and accompanied by a
1874:
The Muisca
Calendar: An approximation to the timekeeping system of the ancient native people of the northeastern Andes of Colombia (PhD)
414:
in the centre of the scene. The mummies were surrounded by cloths and pots. In 2007 the mummy of a baby was discovered in a cave near
1741:
456:
3547:
344:
3752:
2618:
2198:
3597:
1841:
128:
774:
in Sogamoso in September 1537, they found mummies decorated with golden crowns and other objects sitting on raised platforms.
387:, priests and their families. The mummies would be placed in caves or in dedicated houses ("mausoleums") and were not buried.
2650:
1975:
3262:
1984:
Ortega Loaiza, Natalia; Grisales Cardona, Diana Fernanda; Uribe Botina, Alejandra; Blandón Hernández, Juan Camilo (2012),
746:
In the temples and places reserved for the mummies, the bodies were put on a platform of reed, as an elevated bed, called
2869:
135:
3804:
3786:
2097:
1902:
118:
3829:
3450:
3389:
2129:
2078:
1805:
1196:
964:, based on the perforated ears, and that he suffered from illnesses in his limbs, cared for by the Muisca community.
315:
123:
3700:
2473:
3809:
3799:
3517:
2752:
2070:
2050:
1797:
3680:
1869:
3377:
500:
492:
395:
295:
245:
2147:
3715:
1824:
3705:
3455:
3404:
759:
444:
301:
3842:
3409:
3248:
2155:
1218:
1165:. The mummy was wrapped in cotton mantles and decorated with golden objects. The body was eternalised in a
337:
308:
3512:
1100:
949:
at 166 centimetres (5.45 ft). The teeth of SO10-IX did not have cavities and in the mouth remains of
2191:
3852:
3419:
3507:
3470:
3445:
2586:
258:
3847:
3710:
1210:
1092:
2029:
Procesos de interacción en el área septentrional del altiplano cundiboyacense y oriente de Santander
2008:
911:
The first analysis of the mummy SO10-IX has been performed in 2004, by a group of researcher of the
20:
3814:
2458:
1115:
869:
in the north of the Muisca territory bordering the Guane terrains, as here in the Chicamocha Canyon
496:
362:
168:
3650:
3645:
3424:
3180:
2529:
1458:
178:
3904:
3072:
2878:
2796:
2320:
2310:
1577:
1060:
828:
441:
330:
145:
3460:
3429:
3675:
3640:
2184:
2033:
Interaction processes in the western area of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense and east of Santander
1454:
944:) were identified and remains of the left lung have been described in the thoracic cavity. The
431:
3837:
3695:
3635:
3527:
2916:
2171:
2159:
1963:
1202:
666:
The use of substances to balm the body and the extraction of the organs has been described by
660:
468:
3685:
3670:
2886:
1890:
1084:
905:
771:
648:
also executed the mummification process. The indigenous groups inhabiting the jungles of the
534:
were built with wood and clay. They were called "Salt People" because of their extraction of
3475:
2891:
2522:
2350:
1184:
766:
carried mummies on their backs to serve as an example and to impress their enemies in their
674:
was probably a type of resin, used in other rituals and practices around the mummification.
558:
3660:
3004:
2740:
1049:
268:
3620:
1983:
1970:(in Spanish), Bogotá, Colombia: Plaza & Janes Editores Colombia S.A., pp. 1–238,
1815:
1162:
736:
419:
8:
3730:
3630:
3625:
2483:
2243:
1939:
1217:
have Muisca mummies on display and the mummies from Sativasur and Gámeza are kept in the
1139:
1033:
945:
845:
751:
531:
460:
58:
3562:
3414:
2901:
2365:
2330:
2238:
1877:
1282:
1166:
601:
597:
589:
581:
508:
53:
3665:
2402:
1056:
802:
of Sogamoso in September 1537, they found mummies sitting on elevated platforms inside
782:
3332:
3304:
2896:
2829:
2635:
2562:
2125:
2122:
Mitos y leyendas de Colombia - Volumen III - Myths and legends of Colombia - Volume 3
2109:
2074:
2054:
1971:
1943:
1919:
1858:
1801:
617:
519:
3605:
3502:
3465:
2814:
2510:
173:
3690:
3271:
2982:
2968:
2288:
2283:
2253:
2101:
1850:
1111:
1096:
894:
865:
Mummy SO10-IX has been analysed in great detail and found on the right bank of the
641:
629:
507:, was inhabited by the Muisca people. They were an advanced civilisation of mainly
391:
103:
88:
68:
2906:
2493:
1029:
1013:
3899:
3878:
3615:
3110:
2345:
2298:
2293:
2258:
1968:
Grandes culturas indígenas de América - Great indigenous cultures of the Americas
1287:
1246:
843:
people consulted their ancestors in their prayers to them. In some cases special
840:
585:
452:
113:
108:
73:
29:
2924:
2539:
2468:
1201:
Muisca mummies are on display or in the collections of museums in Colombia. The
569:
3610:
3480:
3350:
3322:
3312:
3284:
3279:
2936:
2716:
2503:
2315:
2268:
2263:
1260:
1222:
1110:
Until 2012, seventy mummies have been analysed in Colombia, of which 54 of the
989:
920:
767:
763:
705:
621:
613:
605:
512:
438:
434:. The youngest mummies have been dated to the second half of the 18th century.
263:
140:
83:
78:
3720:
2167:
2105:
1854:
700:
As the Muisca believed in an afterlife, the mummies were buried surrounded by
471:
and Abel Fernando Martínez Martín have been analysing various Muisca mummies.
448:
3893:
3735:
3725:
3557:
3497:
3340:
3211:
2692:
2360:
2113:
2058:
1947:
1923:
1862:
1273:
1154:
1147:
901:
882:
620:
cultures in Colombia. Of the cultures to the southwest of the Altiplano, the
464:
358:
236:
1221:
in Sogamoso. The mummy found in Gachantivá is part of the collection of the
1041:
985:
649:
3317:
3294:
3289:
3115:
2946:
2941:
2804:
2686:
2567:
2488:
2380:
2278:
1088:
1064:
694:
637:
633:
625:
479:
403:
399:
226:
185:
98:
3025:
2410:
993:
790:
filled with food accompanied the mummies in their journey to the afterlife
539:
210:
3655:
3552:
3345:
3030:
3020:
2951:
2854:
2498:
2478:
2370:
1278:
1119:
1076:
1072:
940:
874:
743:, a small bowl, three strings of cotton and a small bag around the neck.
527:
231:
3240:
3100:
2425:
2156:
The Muisca mummies from Pisba and of a 10-year old child from Gachantivá
717:
406:. In 1602 the early Spanish colonisers found 150 mummies in a cave near
3762:
3485:
3221:
3206:
2859:
2844:
2834:
2625:
2248:
1268:
1161:, at 4,000 metres (13,000 ft) altitude within the municipality of
1080:
934:
928:
770:. When his soldiers Miguel Sánchez and Juan Rodríguez Parra raided the
701:
667:
410:, that were organised in a scenic circular shape with the mummy of the
63:
2849:
2415:
543:
205:
3216:
3035:
2998:
2956:
2839:
2681:
2067:
Muiscas: representaciones, cartografías y etnopolíticas de la memoria
1794:
Muiscas: representaciones, cartografías y etnopolíticas de la memoria
886:
850:
762:
who made the first contact with the Muisca, during the conquest, the
3198:
3105:
2809:
2613:
1214:
1037:
997:
972:
890:
732:
580:
Mummification was a common practice in South American cultures. The
415:
273:
3144:
3139:
3131:
2392:
1157:
described a mummy of a young girl, found in a cave on the Toquilla
1001:
740:
632:
practiced mummification. On and close to the Altiplano the Muisca,
562:
The oldest mummies of South America come from the northern Chilean
423:
366:
283:
1909:
1882:
1114:-speaking people. The remaining 16 mummies have been found in the
1009:
3166:
3158:
2824:
2608:
1025:
849:
were constructed to house the mummies of the highest classes, as
794:
725:
383:
288:
1742:
Estudio de tumbas Muiscas evoca el mito de la Leyenda del Dorado
645:
3226:
2728:
2655:
2355:
2207:
1986:
Los rituales fúnebres indígenas - The indigenous burial rituals
1929:
1226:
1158:
1131:
1123:
1021:
954:
687:
679:
535:
427:
407:
37:
2819:
3126:
3085:
2420:
2386:
2375:
1005:
950:
916:
861:
819:
mummy sites, often in temples and caves, were decorated with
721:
713:
690:. The ears and nose were covered with cotton cloths as well.
609:
547:
523:
504:
377:
278:
3193:
1068:
1017:
960:
Analysis of the mummy provided that it probably had been a
908:
at 615 +/- 35 years before 1950; between 1300 and 1370 AD.
820:
709:
593:
538:
from various salt mines on the Altiplano, predominantly in
371:
976:
The early Spanish colonisers discovered in 1602 a cave in
2176:
1126:, and were organised in a circle around the mummy of the
1045:
835:) were placed in secret sites. Often the mummies of the
659:
The Muisca started their mummification practices in the
518:
The Muisca did not construct stone architecture, as the
430:
cloths. The process of mummification continued into the
573:
The mummies of the higher classes were decorated with
919:. The mummy was unwrapped in flexion, simulating the
1704:
1702:
1692:
1690:
1236:
640:
mummified their dead and north of the Altiplano the
1594:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1510:
1508:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1386:
1384:
1720:
1711:
1699:
1687:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1480:
1478:
967:
663:, approximately from the 5th century AD onwards.
398:have been found to date, mainly from the Muisca,
3891:
2039:
1992:
1583:
1533:
1517:
1505:
1420:
1411:
1402:
1381:
1207:Museo Arqueológico Casa del Marqués de San Jorge
980:with 150 mummies organised in a circular fashion
598:oldest evidence of mummification in the Americas
1889:
1837:
1372:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1299:
1868:
1563:
1475:
1338:
1336:
2192:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1134:cloths. The circular organisation around the
693:During the mummification rituals, the Muisca
616:. The practice was also performed by various
338:
3586:
3388:
1962:
1734:
1732:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1468:
1466:
1354:
1308:
1055:Mummies by surrounding groups were found in
1048:and some of the findings showed evidence of
697:and drank chicha for various days in a row.
487:in the Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes
3061:
2119:
2026:
1953:
1333:
2785:
2199:
2185:
2006:
1876:, Université de Montréal, pp. 1–170,
1673:
1440:
1130:. The scene was completed with many small
345:
331:
2447:
1881:
1729:
1547:
1463:
1363:
2086:
2064:
1183:
971:
860:
827:were put together with their slaves and
793:
781:
568:
557:
478:
984:Muisca mummies have been discovered in
823:stools and guarded by the priests. The
3892:
1842:Journal of Anthropological Archaeology
1813:
1791:
839:were kept in their own houses and the
3585:
3375:
3060:
2784:
2446:
2220:
2180:
2124:(in Spanish), IADAP, pp. 1–160,
1895:Revista de Antropología y Arqueología
1179:
575:golden crowns, earrings and noserings
3376:
2027:Pérez Riaño, Pablo Fernando (2001),
798:When the Spanish entered the sacred
457:Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés
2035:] (in Spanish), pp. 49–110
1598:Martínez & Martínez, 2012, p.69
1544:Martínez & Martínez, 2012, p.72
1530:Martínez & Martínez, 2012, p.71
1514:Martínez & Martínez, 2012, p.70
1493:Henderson & Ostler, 2005, p.149
1437:Martínez & Martínez, 2012, p.68
1417:Martínez & Martínez, 2012, p.66
1408:Martínez & Martínez, 2012, p.63
1378:Martínez & Martínez, 2012, p.62
1305:Martínez & Martínez, 2012, p.74
13:
1138:resembled the organisation of the
14:
3916:
2138:
1996:Revista Salud, Historia y Sanidad
1197:List of Muisca museum collections
1024:and mummies wrapped in cloths in
777:
612:and has been dated at 7000 years
3874:
3873:
3548:Conquest of the Chibchan Nations
2329:
2148:Analysis of the mummy from Pisba
1954:Martínez Martín, Abel Fernando,
1253:
1239:
1205:(mummy from Pisba, Boyacá), the
856:
422:, together with a small bowl, a
19:
1785:
1773:
1764:
1755:
1746:
1664:
1655:
1646:
1637:
1628:
1619:
1610:
1601:
1560:Ortega Loaiza et al., 2012, p.8
1496:
1487:
1393:
467:. In the 20th and 21st century
3843:Archaeology Museum of Sogamoso
2168:Video of Muisca mummy analysis
2016:(in Spanish), pp. 247–289
1912:Revista Salud Historia Sanidad
1345:
1324:
968:Other Colombian Andean mummies
596:conducted mummifications. The
553:
493:Spanish conquest of the Muisca
1:
3523:Pedro Fernández de Valenzuela
2120:Villa Posse, Eugenia (1993),
2007:De Perdomo, Lucia R. (1975),
1825:University of Central Florida
1634:Rodríguez Cuenca, 2007, p.115
1330:Martínez & Martínez, 2012
1293:
474:
3249:Diego de Torres y Moyachoque
1726:Martínez et al., 2010, p.117
1717:Martínez et al., 2010, p.116
1708:Martínez et al., 2010, p.118
1696:Martínez et al., 2010, p.115
1390:Martínez et al., 2010, p.113
1342:Martínez Martín et al., 2010
491:In the centuries before the
7:
3848:Archaeology Museum of Pasca
1958:(in Spanish), pp. 1–16
1814:García, Jorge Luis (2012),
1684:Otálora Cascante, 2006, p.5
1369:Otálora Cascante, 2006, p.4
1232:
893:on the western bank of the
731:The discovery of a cave in
532:houses, temples and shrines
10:
3921:
3853:Metropolitan Museum of Art
3518:Ortún Velázquez de Velasco
3456:Bartolomé Camacho Zambrano
2351:Battle of Chocontá (~1490)
2221:
2206:
1670:Izquierdo Peña, 2009, p.10
1643:Izquierdo Peña, 2009, p.13
1607:Martínez Martín, s.a., p.3
1194:
1191:in the Gold Museum, Bogotá
760:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada
445:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada
3869:
3828:
3785:
3744:
3596:
3592:
3581:
3563:Battle of Tocarema (1538)
3540:
3513:Miguel Holguín y Figueroa
3438:
3397:
3384:
3371:
3331:
3303:
3270:
3261:
3235:
3191:
3179:
3153:
3124:
3083:
3071:
3067:
3056:
3013:
2990:
2981:
2915:
2877:
2868:
2795:
2791:
2780:
2702:
2634:
2585:
2576:
2555:
2546:Ubaté-Chiquinquirá Valley
2457:
2453:
2442:
2401:
2338:
2327:
2231:
2227:
2216:
2106:10.7440/antipoda5.2007.12
1855:10.1016/j.jaa.2005.01.002
483:The Muisca inhabited the
3815:University of Pittsburgh
3810:Universidad La Javeriana
3805:Universidad de los Andes
3587:Research and collections
2098:Universidad de los Andes
2071:Universidad La Javeriana
1903:Universidad de los Andes
1872:, Manuel Arturo (2009),
1849:(2), Elsevier: 148–178,
1798:Universidad La Javeriana
1399:Ocampo López, 2007, p.26
1283:Chinchorro mummification
497:Altiplano Cundiboyacense
485:Altiplano Cundiboyacense
363:Altiplano Cundiboyacense
3471:Hernán Venegas Carrillo
3446:Antonio Díaz de Cardoso
3062:Caciques and neighbours
2346:Battle of Pasca (~1470)
1770:Pérez Riaño, 2001, p.86
1761:De Perdomo, 1975, p.275
1472:Villa Posse, 1993, p.52
1153:In 1885 Muisca scholar
1061:Sierra Nevada del Cocuy
3558:Conquest of the Panche
3541:Neighbouring conquests
2786:Religion and mythology
1484:Langebaek, 1995, p.214
1192:
981:
957:have been discovered.
946:cranium was undeformed
904:by researchers at the
870:
803:
791:
577:
566:
499:, high plateau of the
488:
390:Many mummies from the
3420:Gonzalo Suárez Rendón
2448:Geography and history
1940:Universidad del Valle
1779:Valverde, 2007, p.276
1752:Valverde, 2007, p.275
1625:Trimborn, 2005, p.305
1580:- Pueblos Originarios
1459:Banco de la República
1360:Valverde, 2007, p.281
1351:Martínez Martín, s.a.
1321:Valverde, 2007, p.280
1187:
975:
906:University of Uppsala
864:
797:
785:
572:
561:
482:
3800:Universidad Nacional
3553:Conquest of the Muzo
3461:Gonzalo García Zorro
3014:Mythological figures
3005:Monster of Lake Tota
2741:Muisca Confederation
2073:, pp. 298–314,
2051:Universidad Nacional
1800:, pp. 201–226,
1142:, where the central
1118:and belonged to the
269:Muisca Confederation
3787:Research institutes
3528:Pedro Ruíz Corredor
1616:Correa, 2005, p.204
1150:of the settlement.
1116:Serranía del Perijá
900:The mummy has been
752:Ezequiel Uricoechea
661:Late Herrera Period
469:Eliécer Silva Celis
461:Ezequiel Uricoechea
3508:Martín Yañéz Tafur
3476:Juan de Albarracín
3451:Antonio de Lebrija
3430:Juan de San Martín
3415:Baltasar Maldonado
3405:Gonzalo de Quesada
2902:Goranchacha Temple
2556:Neighbouring areas
1914:, 7 (in Spanish),
1661:García, 2005, p.69
1652:García, 2005, p.34
1502:García, 2012, p.27
1274:Inca mummy Juanita
1219:Archaeology Museum
1193:
1180:Museum collections
1167:squatting position
982:
871:
804:
792:
602:Chinchorro culture
600:is known from the
578:
567:
564:Chinchorro culture
489:
3887:
3886:
3865:
3864:
3861:
3860:
3711:Reichel-Dolmatoff
3577:
3576:
3573:
3572:
3536:
3535:
3410:Hernán de Quesada
3367:
3366:
3363:
3362:
3359:
3358:
3257:
3256:
3175:
3174:
3052:
3051:
3048:
3047:
3044:
3043:
2977:
2976:
2897:Cojines del Zaque
2776:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2651:Piedras del Tunjo
2535:Flora & fauna
2438:
2437:
2434:
2433:
1977:978-958-14-0368-4
1966:, Javier (2007),
831:and the priests (
503:of the Colombian
396:indigenous groups
355:
354:
3912:
3877:
3876:
3778:
3768:
3758:
3594:
3593:
3583:
3582:
3493:
3425:Juan de Céspedes
3395:
3394:
3386:
3385:
3378:Spanish conquest
3373:
3372:
3333:Cariban-speaking
3272:Chibcha-speaking
3268:
3267:
3189:
3188:
3093:
3081:
3080:
3069:
3068:
3058:
3057:
2988:
2987:
2969:Tequendama Falls
2964:
2932:
2875:
2874:
2793:
2792:
2782:
2781:
2761:
2749:
2737:
2725:
2710:
2677:
2670:
2663:
2644:
2641:10,000 - 2800 BP
2621:
2604:
2595:
2583:
2582:
2547:
2518:
2455:
2454:
2444:
2443:
2333:
2306:
2229:
2228:
2218:
2217:
2210:
2201:
2194:
2187:
2178:
2177:
2166:
2154:
2146:
2134:
2116:
2083:
2061:
2036:
2023:
2022:
2021:
2015:
2003:
1989:
1980:
1959:
1950:
1926:
1906:
1886:
1885:
1865:
1834:
1833:
1832:
1827:, pp. 1–201
1822:
1810:
1780:
1777:
1771:
1768:
1762:
1759:
1753:
1750:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1727:
1724:
1718:
1715:
1709:
1706:
1697:
1694:
1685:
1682:
1671:
1668:
1662:
1659:
1653:
1650:
1644:
1641:
1635:
1632:
1626:
1623:
1617:
1614:
1608:
1605:
1599:
1596:
1581:
1578:Funeraria Muisca
1576:
1572:
1561:
1558:
1545:
1542:
1531:
1528:
1515:
1512:
1503:
1500:
1494:
1491:
1485:
1482:
1473:
1470:
1461:
1453:
1449:
1438:
1435:
1418:
1415:
1409:
1406:
1400:
1397:
1391:
1388:
1379:
1376:
1370:
1367:
1361:
1358:
1352:
1349:
1343:
1340:
1331:
1328:
1322:
1319:
1306:
1303:
1263:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1249:
1244:
1243:
1242:
1146:belonged to the
1105:Mosquito culture
895:Chicamocha River
867:Chicamocha River
652:mummified their
347:
340:
333:
318:
311:
304:
296:Spanish conquest
23:
16:
15:
3920:
3919:
3915:
3914:
3913:
3911:
3910:
3909:
3890:
3889:
3888:
3883:
3857:
3824:
3781:
3776:
3766:
3756:
3740:
3588:
3569:
3532:
3491:
3434:
3380:
3355:
3327:
3305:Arawak-speaking
3299:
3253:
3231:
3171:
3149:
3120:
3111:Quemuenchatocha
3091:
3063:
3040:
3009:
2973:
2962:
2930:
2911:
2864:
2787:
2764:
2755:
2743:
2731:
2719:
2704:
2698:
2675:
2668:
2661:
2638:
2630:
2619:
2602:
2589:
2572:
2551:
2545:
2516:
2460:
2449:
2430:
2403:The Salt People
2397:
2334:
2325:
2304:
2223:
2212:
2208:
2205:
2164:
2152:
2144:
2141:
2132:
2081:
2019:
2017:
2013:
1978:
1932:Colombia Médica
1891:Langebaek Rueda
1830:
1828:
1820:
1808:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1774:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1756:
1751:
1747:
1738:
1737:
1730:
1725:
1721:
1716:
1712:
1707:
1700:
1695:
1688:
1683:
1674:
1669:
1665:
1660:
1656:
1651:
1647:
1642:
1638:
1633:
1629:
1624:
1620:
1615:
1611:
1606:
1602:
1597:
1584:
1574:
1573:
1564:
1559:
1548:
1543:
1534:
1529:
1518:
1513:
1506:
1501:
1497:
1492:
1488:
1483:
1476:
1471:
1464:
1451:
1450:
1441:
1436:
1421:
1416:
1412:
1407:
1403:
1398:
1394:
1389:
1382:
1377:
1373:
1368:
1364:
1359:
1355:
1350:
1346:
1341:
1334:
1329:
1325:
1320:
1309:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1288:Muisca religion
1259:
1254:
1252:
1247:Colombia portal
1245:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1199:
1182:
1140:Muisca villages
970:
873:The mummy from
859:
780:
764:guecha warriors
556:
477:
453:Pedro de Aguado
432:colonial period
351:
314:
307:
300:
219:Main neighbours
196:The Salt People
164:Flora and fauna
12:
11:
5:
3918:
3908:
3907:
3905:Andean mummies
3902:
3885:
3884:
3882:
3881:
3870:
3867:
3866:
3863:
3862:
3859:
3858:
3856:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3834:
3832:
3826:
3825:
3823:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3791:
3789:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3779:
3769:
3759:
3748:
3746:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3631:De Castellanos
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3602:
3600:
3590:
3589:
3579:
3578:
3575:
3574:
3571:
3570:
3568:
3567:
3566:
3565:
3555:
3550:
3544:
3542:
3538:
3537:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3503:Martín Galeano
3500:
3495:
3488:
3483:
3481:Juan del Junco
3478:
3473:
3468:
3466:Gonzalo Macías
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3442:
3440:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3401:
3399:
3392:
3382:
3381:
3369:
3368:
3365:
3364:
3361:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3354:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3337:
3335:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3309:
3307:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3276:
3274:
3265:
3259:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3251:
3245:
3243:
3233:
3232:
3230:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3203:
3201:
3186:
3177:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3169:
3163:
3161:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3147:
3142:
3136:
3134:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3097:
3095:
3078:
3065:
3064:
3054:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3017:
3015:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3007:
3002:
2994:
2992:
2985:
2979:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2971:
2966:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2927:
2921:
2919:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2883:
2881:
2872:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2801:
2799:
2789:
2788:
2778:
2777:
2774:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2762:
2750:
2738:
2726:
2713:
2711:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2696:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2672:
2665:
2658:
2653:
2647:
2645:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2628:
2623:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2598:
2596:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2570:
2565:
2559:
2557:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2549:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2520:
2511:Bogotá savanna
2508:
2507:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2465:
2463:
2461:Cundiboyacense
2451:
2450:
2440:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2407:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2395:
2390:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2335:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2235:
2233:
2225:
2224:
2214:
2213:
2204:
2203:
2196:
2189:
2181:
2175:
2174:
2162:
2150:
2140:
2139:External links
2137:
2136:
2135:
2130:
2117:
2084:
2079:
2069:(in Spanish),
2062:
2045:(in Spanish),
2037:
2024:
2004:
1998:(in Spanish),
1990:
1981:
1976:
1960:
1951:
1927:
1907:
1897:(in Spanish),
1887:
1870:Izquierdo Peña
1866:
1835:
1811:
1806:
1796:(in Spanish),
1787:
1784:
1782:
1781:
1772:
1763:
1754:
1745:
1728:
1719:
1710:
1698:
1686:
1672:
1663:
1654:
1645:
1636:
1627:
1618:
1609:
1600:
1582:
1562:
1546:
1532:
1516:
1504:
1495:
1486:
1474:
1462:
1439:
1419:
1410:
1401:
1392:
1380:
1371:
1362:
1353:
1344:
1332:
1323:
1307:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1290:
1285:
1276:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1261:History portal
1250:
1234:
1231:
1223:British Museum
1211:Museo Nacional
1181:
1178:
990:Villa de Leyva
969:
966:
921:fetal position
858:
855:
808:Muisca society
779:
778:Social classes
776:
722:golden figures
720:, mantles and
606:Atacama Desert
555:
552:
501:Eastern Ranges
476:
473:
361:inhabited the
353:
352:
350:
349:
342:
335:
327:
324:
323:
322:
321:
320:
319:
312:
305:
293:
292:
291:
286:
281:
276:
266:
264:Herrera Period
261:
253:
252:
242:
241:
240:
239:
234:
229:
221:
220:
216:
215:
214:
213:
208:
200:
199:
191:
190:
189:
188:
183:
182:
181:
176:
174:Bogotá savanna
166:
158:
157:
151:
150:
149:
148:
143:
138:
133:
132:
131:
126:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
48:
47:
41:
40:
38:Muisca culture
34:
33:
25:
24:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3917:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3880:
3872:
3871:
3868:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3838:Museo del Oro
3836:
3835:
3833:
3831:
3827:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3792:
3790:
3788:
3784:
3775:
3774:
3770:
3765:
3764:
3760:
3755:
3754:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3743:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3701:De Piedrahita
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3611:Acosta Samper
3609:
3607:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3584:
3580:
3564:
3561:
3560:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3545:
3543:
3539:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3498:Luis Lanchero
3496:
3494:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3437:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3390:Conquistadors
3387:
3383:
3379:
3374:
3370:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3338:
3336:
3334:
3330:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3302:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3273:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3260:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3212:Saguamanchica
3210:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3200:
3196:
3195:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3184:
3178:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3160:
3159:Tundama
3156:
3152:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3129:
3128:
3123:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
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2935:
2933:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2918:
2914:
2908:
2907:Hunzahúa Well
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
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2884:
2882:
2880:
2876:
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2803:
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2798:
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2779:
2759:
2754:
2753:Cabildo Mayor
2751:
2747:
2742:
2739:
2735:
2730:
2727:
2723:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2708:
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2695:
2694:
2693:El Infiernito
2690:
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2673:
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2637:
2633:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2603:Lake Humboldt
2600:
2599:
2597:
2593:
2592:<10,000 BP
2588:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2575:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2554:
2548:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2530:Eastern Hills
2528:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2514:
2513:
2512:
2509:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2484:Juan Amarillo
2482:
2480:
2477:
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2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2274:Mummification
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2202:
2197:
2195:
2190:
2188:
2183:
2182:
2179:
2173:
2172:Museo del Oro
2169:
2163:
2161:
2160:Museo del Oro
2157:
2151:
2149:
2143:
2142:
2133:
2131:9978-60-004-3
2127:
2123:
2118:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2085:
2082:
2080:958-683-643-6
2076:
2072:
2068:
2063:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2025:
2012:
2011:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1991:
1987:
1982:
1979:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1928:
1925:
1921:
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1913:
1908:
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1900:
1896:
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1856:
1852:
1848:
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1836:
1826:
1819:
1818:
1812:
1809:
1807:958-683-643-6
1803:
1799:
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1789:
1776:
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1758:
1749:
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1237:
1230:
1228:
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1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1203:Museo del Oro
1198:
1190:
1186:
1177:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1155:Liborio Zerda
1151:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1108:
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1027:
1023:
1019:
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947:
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931:
930:
924:
922:
918:
914:
909:
907:
903:
898:
896:
892:
888:
884:
883:archaeologist
880:
876:
868:
863:
857:Mummy SO10-IX
854:
852:
848:
847:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
809:
806:Although the
801:
796:
789:
784:
775:
773:
769:
765:
761:
758:According to
756:
753:
749:
744:
742:
738:
734:
729:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
698:
696:
691:
689:
683:
681:
675:
673:
669:
664:
662:
657:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
618:pre-Columbian
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
576:
571:
565:
560:
551:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
516:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
495:in 1537, the
494:
486:
481:
472:
470:
466:
465:Liborio Zerda
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
443:
440:
435:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
388:
386:
385:
380:
379:
374:
373:
368:
364:
360:
348:
343:
341:
336:
334:
329:
328:
326:
325:
317:
313:
310:
306:
303:
299:
298:
297:
294:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
271:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
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254:
251:
247:
244:
243:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
224:
223:
222:
218:
217:
212:
209:
207:
204:
203:
202:
201:
198:
197:
193:
192:
187:
184:
180:
179:Eastern Hills
177:
175:
172:
171:
170:
167:
165:
162:
161:
160:
159:
156:
153:
152:
147:
144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
130:
127:
125:
122:
121:
120:
117:
115:
112:
110:
107:
105:
102:
100:
97:
95:
92:
90:
87:
85:
82:
80:
77:
75:
72:
70:
67:
65:
62:
60:
57:
55:
52:
51:
50:
49:
46:
43:
42:
39:
36:
35:
31:
27:
26:
22:
18:
17:
3771:
3761:
3751:
3745:Publications
3492:Lázaro Fonte
3236:
3192:
3182:
3154:
3125:
3116:Aquiminzaque
3084:
3074:
2997:
2870:Sacred sites
2805:Chiminigagua
2757:
2746:~1450 - 1540
2745:
2733:
2729:Early Muisca
2722:800 BC - 800
2721:
2706:
2691:
2687:Lake Herrera
2640:
2591:
2568:Tenza Valley
2563:Ocetá Páramo
2540:Suárez River
2469:Bogotá River
2385:
2273:
2244:Architecture
2165:(in Spanish)
2153:(in Spanish)
2145:(in Spanish)
2121:
2093:
2089:
2066:
2046:
2042:
2032:
2028:
2018:, retrieved
2009:
1999:
1995:
1988:(in Spanish)
1985:
1967:
1964:Ocampo López
1955:
1935:
1931:
1915:
1911:
1898:
1894:
1873:
1846:
1840:
1829:, retrieved
1816:
1793:
1786:Bibliography
1775:
1766:
1757:
1748:
1739:(in Spanish)
1722:
1713:
1666:
1657:
1648:
1639:
1630:
1621:
1612:
1603:
1575:(in Spanish)
1498:
1489:
1452:(in Spanish)
1413:
1404:
1395:
1374:
1365:
1356:
1347:
1326:
1301:
1200:
1189:Muisca mummy
1188:
1174:
1171:
1152:
1143:
1135:
1127:
1120:Yuko culture
1109:
1054:
983:
977:
961:
959:
939:
933:
927:
925:
910:
902:carbon dated
899:
878:
872:
866:
844:
836:
832:
824:
816:
812:
805:
799:
788:ceramic pots
787:
757:
747:
745:
730:
699:
692:
684:
676:
671:
665:
658:
653:
608:of northern
579:
574:
563:
517:
490:
484:
436:
411:
389:
382:
376:
370:
356:
195:
194:
186:Tenza Valley
154:
93:
59:Architecture
44:
3830:Collections
3031:Pacanchique
3021:Goranchacha
2892:Moon Temple
2855:Chibafruime
2371:Muisca raft
2239:Agriculture
2100:: 275–291,
2053:: 111–127,
1942:: 112–120,
1077:Bucaramanga
1073:Muzo people
988:, Iguaque,
941:Phyllophaga
926:Remains of
875:Sativanorte
554:Description
530:did; their
449:Pedro Simón
442:chroniclers
124:Collections
54:Agriculture
3894:Categories
3763:El Carnero
3731:Uricoechea
3706:De Quesada
3486:Juan Tafur
3263:Neighbours
3222:Tisquesusa
3207:Meicuchuca
2887:Sun Temple
2860:Guahaioque
2845:Nencatacoa
2835:Chibchacum
2734:800 - 1200
2707:>800 BC
2626:Tequendama
2587:Prehistory
2517:Suba Hills
2284:Muysccubun
2020:2016-07-08
1831:2016-07-08
1294:References
1269:Muisca art
1195:See also:
1085:Los Santos
1081:La Belleza
1050:sacrifices
1042:Gachancipá
986:Gachantivá
935:Ancognatha
929:Coleoptera
851:mausoleums
800:Sun Temple
772:Sun Temple
695:sang songs
668:franciscan
590:Chachapoya
475:Background
437:The early
394:-speaking
259:Prehistory
3716:Schrimpff
3686:Langebaek
3681:Izquierdo
3626:Broadbent
3616:De Aguado
3217:Nemequene
3181:Southern
3073:Northern
3036:Thomagata
3026:Idacansás
2999:El Dorado
2983:Mythology
2937:Guatavita
2840:Cuchavira
2682:Aguazuque
2459:Altiplano
2411:Zipaquirá
2289:Mythology
2254:Astronomy
2114:1900-5407
2059:0120-3045
1948:1657-9534
1924:1909-2407
1918:: 61–80,
1905:: 187–234
1883:0812.0574
1863:0278-4165
1163:Aquitania
1097:Chitarero
994:Moniquirá
887:Sativasur
841:religious
748:barbacoas
642:Chitarero
540:Zipaquirá
367:Colombian
211:Zipaquirá
169:Altiplano
155:Geography
104:Mythology
69:Astronomy
3879:Category
3676:Humboldt
3646:Duquesne
3598:Scholars
3241:Turmequé
3183:caciques
3145:Sugamuxi
3140:Nompanim
3101:Hunzahúa
3075:caciques
2758:>2002
2703:Ceramic
2523:Wetlands
2504:Tunjuelo
2426:Sesquilé
2393:Zoratama
2366:Emeralds
2339:Specific
2311:Toponyms
2299:Religion
2294:Numerals
2259:Calendar
2090:Antípoda
2002:(1): 4–9
1823:(M.A.),
1233:See also
1209:and the
1002:Sogamoso
877:, named
837:caciques
825:caciques
726:emeralds
654:caciques
630:Quimbaya
424:pacifier
384:caciques
250:timeline
129:Scholars
119:Research
114:Religion
109:Numerals
89:Language
74:Calendar
30:a series
28:Part of
3773:Epítome
3753:Elegías
3691:De Lugo
3641:Correal
3351:Yarigui
3323:Guayupe
3313:Achagua
3285:Sutagao
3237:cacique
3167:Tundama
3155:cacique
2942:Iguaque
2925:Fúquene
2917:Natural
2850:Chaquén
2830:Huitaca
2825:Bochica
2797:Deities
2717:Herrera
2676:Sáchica
2669:Nemocón
2662:Galindo
2609:El Abra
2578:History
2494:Teusacá
2416:Nemocón
2316:Warfare
2305:Society
2269:Economy
2264:Cuisine
2232:General
2043:Maguaré
1136:cacique
1128:cacique
1112:Chibcha
1057:Chiscas
1026:Boavita
955:diatoms
879:SO10-IX
768:warfare
741:teether
604:in the
586:Paracas
544:Nemocón
513:traders
509:farmers
439:Spanish
412:cacique
392:Chibcha
365:in the
302:Gonzalo
289:Tundama
246:History
206:Nemocón
141:Warfare
94:Mummies
84:Economy
79:Cuisine
3900:Muisca
3777:(1889)
3767:(1638)
3757:(1589)
3726:Triana
3696:Ocampo
3671:Hammen
3661:Gamboa
3656:Friede
3651:Freyle
3621:Arango
3606:Acosta
3341:Panche
3227:Sagipa
3199:Bacatá
3132:Suamox
3106:Michuá
2963:Ubaque
2952:Suesca
2947:Siecha
2931:Guasca
2810:Bachué
2656:Checua
2636:Lithic
2614:Tibitó
2489:Soacha
2356:Chicha
2222:Topics
2209:Muisca
2128:
2112:
2077:
2057:
1974:
1946:
1922:
1861:
1804:
1227:London
1215:Bogotá
1159:paramo
1132:cotton
1124:Suesca
1099:) and
1038:Gámeza
1034:Tópaga
1022:Suesca
998:Socotá
978:Suesca
962:shaman
891:Socotá
846:bohíos
833:xeques
821:golden
786:Small
737:Boyacá
733:Gámeza
718:chicha
688:rectum
680:phenol
650:Darién
622:Calima
536:halite
428:cotton
420:Boyacá
416:Gámeza
408:Suesca
378:zaques
359:Muisca
316:Others
309:Hernán
284:Suamox
274:Bacatá
237:Panche
45:Topics
3795:ICANH
3736:Zerda
3721:Simón
3666:Groot
3636:Celis
3439:Minor
3398:Major
3318:Tegua
3295:Lache
3290:Guane
3127:iraca
3092:Hunza
3086:zaque
2991:Myths
2879:Built
2620:Sueva
2499:Torca
2479:Fucha
2421:Tausa
2387:Tunjo
2376:Ruana
2321:Women
2279:Music
2031:[
2014:(PDF)
1938:(2),
1878:arXiv
1821:(PDF)
1455:Momia
1279:Aztec
1148:ruler
1144:bohío
1101:Ocaña
1093:Silos
1089:Guane
1065:Lache
1030:Tasco
1014:Pisba
1010:Ubaté
1006:Tunja
951:algae
917:Tunja
829:wives
817:zaque
714:maize
710:beans
704:with
672:moque
638:Lache
634:Guane
626:Pijao
610:Chile
582:Nazca
548:Tausa
524:Aztec
505:Andes
404:Guane
400:Lache
372:zipas
279:Hunza
227:Guane
146:Women
136:Sites
99:Music
3820:UPTC
3346:Muzo
3280:U'wa
3194:zipa
2957:Tota
2815:Chía
2474:Frío
2381:Tejo
2361:Duit
2126:ISBN
2110:ISSN
2075:ISBN
2055:ISSN
1972:ISBN
1944:ISSN
1920:ISSN
1859:ISSN
1802:ISBN
1083:and
1069:Muzo
1046:urns
1040:and
1020:and
1018:Usme
953:and
938:and
913:UPTC
889:and
815:and
813:zipa
716:and
706:food
702:pots
646:Zenú
644:and
636:and
628:and
594:Peru
588:and
546:and
528:Inca
526:and
520:Maya
511:and
463:and
426:and
402:and
357:The
248:and
232:Muzo
3239:of
3197:of
3157:of
3130:of
3089:of
2820:Sué
2249:Art
2102:doi
1851:doi
1225:in
1213:in
1107:).
1091:),
1075:),
1067:),
915:in
708:as
592:of
64:Art
3896::
2170:-
2158:-
2108:,
2096:,
2092:,
2049:,
2047:21
1936:41
1934:,
1901:,
1899:11
1857:,
1847:24
1845:,
1731:^
1701:^
1689:^
1675:^
1585:^
1565:^
1549:^
1535:^
1519:^
1507:^
1477:^
1465:^
1457:-
1442:^
1422:^
1383:^
1335:^
1310:^
1281:,
1229:.
1169:.
1079:,
1059:,
1036:,
1032:,
1028:,
1016:,
1012:,
1008:,
1004:,
1000:,
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2748:)
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2732:(
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2720:(
2709:)
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2643:)
2639:(
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2104::
2094:5
2000:1
1916:1
1880::
1853::
1103:(
1095:(
1087:(
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932:(
346:e
339:t
332:v
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