17:
59:). These bacteria employ various adaptations to avoid or mitigate the damage done by antimicrobials. With increased access to modern medicine there has been a sharp increase in the amount of antibiotics consumed. Given the abundant use of antibiotics there has been a considerable increase in the evolution of
228:
penetration in cases where antibiotics are ineffective due to the increased resistance of biofilm-forming pathogens. One major drawback to phage therapy is the evolution of phage-resistant microbes which was seen in a majority of phage therapy experiments aimed to treat sepsis and intestinal
223:
therapy, commonly known as 'phage therapy,' uses bacteria-specific viruses to kill antibiotic resistant bacteria. Phage therapy offers considerably higher specificity as the phage can be engineered to only infect a certain bacteria species. Phage therapy also allows for the possibility of
196:
Antibiotic inactivation: bacteria create proteins that can prevent damage caused by antibiotics, they can do this in two ways. First, inactivating or modifying the antibiotic so that it can no longer interact with its target. Second, degrading the antibiotic
246:
Magiorakos, A.-P.; Srinivasan, A.; Carey, R.B.; Carmeli, Y.; Falagas, M.E.; Giske, C.G.; Harbarth, S.; Hindler, J.F.; Kahlmeter, G.; Olsson-Liljequist, B.; Paterson, D.L. (March 2012).
188:
MDR bacteria employ a plurality of adaptations to overcome the environmental insults caused by antibiotics. Bacteria are capable of sharing these resistance factors in a process called
229:
infection. Recent studies suggest that development of phage resistance comes as a trade-off for antibiotic resistance and can be used to create antibiotic-sensitive populations.
248:"Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance"
206:
Structural modifications: mutating or modifying global elements of cell to adapt to
Antibiotic (Such as increased acid tolerance to an acidic antimicrobial)
289:"Antimicrobial Resistance in Haemophilus influenzae Respiratory Tract Isolates in Korea: Results of a Nationwide Acute Respiratory Infections Surveillance"
345:
568:
Du, Dijun; Wang-Kan, Xuan; Neuberger, Arthur; van Veen, Hendrik W.; Pos, Klaas M.; Piddock, Laura J. V.; Luisi, Ben F. (September 2018).
203:
Modification of target sites: mutating or modifying elements of the bacteria structure to prevent interaction with the antibiotic.
838:
81:
747:
Chan, Benjamin K.; Sistrom, Mark; Wertz, John E.; Kortright, Kaitlyn E.; Narayan, Deepak; Turner, Paul E. (July 2016).
287:
Bae, Songmee; Lee, Jaehoon; Lee, Jaehwa; Kim, Eunah; Lee, Sunhwa; Yu, Jaeyon; Kang, Yeonho (January 2010).
176:
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where resistant bacteria share genetic information that encodes resistance to the naive population.
189:
95:
60:
36:
43:
drugs. MDR bacteria have seen an increase in prevalence in recent years and pose serious risks to
56:
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8:
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628:"Phage therapy: An alternative to antibiotics in the age of multi-drug resistance"
690:"Resistance Development to Bacteriophages Occurring during Bacteriophage Therapy"
71:
Examples of MDR bacteria identified as serious threats to public health include:
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Multidrug efflux pumps: The use of transporter proteins to expel the antibiotic.
749:"Phage selection restores antibiotic sensitivity in MDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa"
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812:
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44:
40:
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346:"Calls to rein in antibiotic use after study shows 65% increase worldwide"
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304:
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108:
772:
706:
20:
A variety of different bacteria - testing for antimicrobial resistance
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32:
451:
Arnold, Brian J.; Huang, I-Ting; Hanage, William P. (April 2022).
225:
245:
632:
World
Journal of Gastrointestinal Pharmacology and Therapeutics
379:"The antibiotic resistance crisis: part 1: causes and threats"
453:"Horizontal gene transfer and adaptive evolution in bacteria"
570:"Multidrug efflux pumps: structure, function and regulation"
567:
383:
P & T: A Peer-Reviewed
Journal for Formulary Management
63:
factors, now outpacing the development of new antibiotics.
746:
67:
Examples identified as serious threats to public health
47:. MDR bacteria can be broken into 3 main categories:
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Lin, Derek M; Koskella, Britt; Lin, Henry C (2017).
210:
450:
810:
511:Munita, Jose M.; Arias, Cesar A. (April 2016).
625:
286:
510:
432:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
788:
723:
705:
661:
643:
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428:"Antibiotic-resistant Germs: New Threats"
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183:
15:
376:
811:
343:
683:
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513:"Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance"
293:Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
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619:
529:10.1128/microbiolspec.VMBF-0016-2015
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502:
425:
252:Clinical Microbiology and Infection
13:
678:
14:
850:
616:
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211:Alternative antimicrobial methods
265:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x
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688:Oechslin, Frank (2018-06-30).
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444:
419:
377:Ventola, C. Lee (April 2015).
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1:
839:Antibiotic-resistant bacteria
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39:to three or more classes of
25:Multidrug-resistant bacteria
7:
574:Nature Reviews Microbiology
457:Nature Reviews Microbiology
10:
855:
469:10.1038/s41579-021-00650-4
344:Sample, Ian (2018-03-26).
177:Mycobacterium tuberculosis
103:Gram-negative MDR bacteria
75:Gram-positive MDR bacteria
586:10.1038/s41579-018-0048-6
190:horizontal gene transfer
96:Streptococcus pneumoniae
82:Clostridioides difficile
61:antimicrobial resistance
645:10.4292/wjgpt.v8.i3.162
149:Pseudomonas aeruginosa
21:
517:Microbiology Spectrum
184:Microbial adaptations
135:Neisseria gonorrhoeae
128:Klebsiella pneumoniae
89:Staphylococcus aureus
19:
305:10.1128/AAC.00966-09
765:2016NatSR...626717C
753:Scientific Reports
426:CDC (2020-10-28).
170:Other MDR bacteria
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773:10.1038/srep26717
707:10.3390/v10070351
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121:Escherichia coli
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638:(3): 162–173.
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580:(9): 523–539.
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463:(4): 206–218.
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258:(3): 268–281.
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142:Campylobacter
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55:, and other (
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53:Gram-negative
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49:Gram-positive
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45:public health
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41:antimicrobial
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819:Microbiology
759:(1): 26717.
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435:. Retrieved
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361:. Retrieved
350:The Guardian
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299:(1): 65–71.
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29:MDR bacteria
28:
24:
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834:Antibiotics
111:-resistant
813:Categories
700:(7): 351.
437:2020-11-09
363:2020-11-09
233:References
156:Salmonella
109:Carbapenem
57:acid-stain
829:Symbiosis
781:2045-2322
716:1999-4915
654:2150-5349
594:1740-1534
537:2165-0497
493:244076968
477:1740-1526
395:1052-1372
358:0261-3077
313:0066-4804
197:directly.
37:resistant
35:that are
799:27225966
734:29966329
672:28828194
610:49666287
602:30002505
555:27227291
485:34773098
413:25859123
331:19884366
274:21793988
163:Shigella
33:bacteria
790:4880932
761:Bibcode
725:6070868
694:Viruses
663:5547374
546:4888801
404:4378521
322:2798543
226:biofilm
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606:S2CID
523:(2).
489:S2CID
795:PMID
777:ISSN
730:PMID
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481:PMID
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327:PMID
309:ISSN
270:PMID
785:PMC
769:doi
720:PMC
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640:doi
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317:PMC
301:doi
260:doi
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