25:
36:
365:
1501:
489:. In the first step, the tissue is stained with a basic fuchsin solution, which stains all cells pink. In the second step, the tissue is incubated in an acid alcohol solution, which decolorizes all cells except for acid-fast cells, which retain the color and appeared as red. The mechanisms by which this color is produced are not well understood, but it is thought that the interaction of the basic
463:
351:
discovered the etiology of tuberculosis. Soon after Koch's discovery, Paul
Ehrlich developed a stain for mycobacterium tuberculosis, called the alum hematoxylin stain. Franz Ziehl then altered Ehrlich's staining technique by using carbolic acid as the mordant. Friedrich Neelsen kept Ziehl's choice of
304:
enters the body and goes to the lungs where the spores turn into yeast. The yeast gets into the blood stream and affects lymph nodes and other parts of the body. Usually people do not get sick from inhaling the spores, but if they do they usually have flu like symptoms. Another variation on this
285:
Ziehl–Neelsen staining is a type of narrow spectrum fungal stain. Narrow spectrum fungal stains are selective, and they can help differentiate and identify fungi. The results of Ziehl–Neelsen staining is variable because many fungal cell walls are not acid fast. An example of a common type of
254:
bacterium that typically infects the human lungs. Testing for TB includes blood testing, skin tests, and chest X-rays. When looking at the smears for TB, it is stained using an acid-fast stain. These acid-fast organisms like
453:
Studies have shown that an AFB stain without a culture has a poor negative predictive value. An AFB culture should be performed along with an AFB stain; this has a much higher negative predictive value.
352:
mordant but changed the primary stain to carbol fuchsin. Ziehl and
Neelsen's modifications together have developed the Ziehl–Neelsen stain. Another acid-fast stain was developed by
1331:
Ahmed, Gehan
Mohammed; Mohammed, Ali Seed Ahmed; Taha, Albadawi Abdulbagi; Almatroudi, Ahmad; Allemailem, Khaled S.; Babiker, Ali Yousif; Alsammani, Mohamed Alkhatim (2019-03-24).
2335:
2228:
323:. Some free endospores can be confused with small yeasts, so staining is used to identify the unknown fungi. It is also useful in the identification of some protozoa, namely
1990:
470:
The mechanism of action of the Ziehl-Neelsen stain is not completely understood, but it is thought to involve a chemical reaction between the acidic dyes and the
205:
2417:
2330:
1333:"Comparison of the Microwave-Heated Ziehl-Neelsen Stain and Conventional Ziehl-Neelsen Method in the Detection of Acid-Fast Bacilli in Lymph Node Biopsies"
356:
by using the Ziehl–Neelsen staining technique but removing the heating step from the procedure. This new stain from
Kinyoun was named the Kinyoun stain.
2059:
2100:
1398:
259:
contain large amounts of lipid substances within their cell walls called mycolic acids. These acids resist staining by ordinary methods such as a
1983:
192:, respectively. Non-acid-fast bacteria and other cellular structures will be colored by the counterstain, allowing for clear differentiation.
372:
A typical AFB stain procedure involves dropping the cells in suspension onto a slide, then air drying the liquid and heat fixing the cells.
2278:
482:. This results in the selective staining of only those cells that have a high density of cell wall material, such as acid-fast bacteria.
1842:
144:
2384:
1976:
1115:
Youngberg, George A.; Wallen, Ellen D. B.; Giorgadze, Tamar A. (November 2003). "Narrow-spectrum histochemical staining of fungi".
1256:
687:
180:, acid-fast bacteria are observable as vivid red or pink rods set against a blue or green background, depending on the specific
2469:
1919:
665:
623:
240:
causes tuberculosis in cattle. Since tuberculosis can be spread to humans, milk is pasteurized to kill any of the bacteria.
1505:
2283:
769:
1413:
1241:
1099:
1074:
602:
Talbot, Elizabeth A.; Raffa, Brittany J. (2015-01-01), Tang, Yi-Wei; Sussman, Max; Liu, Dongyou; Poxton, Ian (eds.),
478:. The acidity of the dyes causes them to bind more strongly to the cell walls of the bacteria than to other cells or
2527:
2437:
2293:
1543:
2298:
2253:
2532:
2345:
2119:
1645:
869:
2273:
2340:
2303:
2288:
1737:
557:
162:
1874:
1778:
645:
603:
151:
2562:
1904:
886:
242:
125:
165:. These acid-fast bacteria possess a waxy lipid-rich outer layer that contains high concentrations of
2223:
493:
with the cell wall components of bacteria creates a new molecule that is responsible for the color.
24:
2542:
2374:
2325:
2141:
2033:
2008:
1924:
1787:
1515:
1040:
2537:
1015:
35:
990:
339:
because the eggs in sputum sample for ovum and parasite (O&P) can be dissolved by the stain
2547:
2409:
2308:
2013:
1947:
227:
223:
1257:
Acid-Fast Stain- Principle, Procedure, Interpretation and
Examples. May 8, 2015 by Sagar Aryal
1152:"Editorial Commentary: 1, 2, 3 (Years) ... and You're Out: The End of a 123-year Historic Era"
364:
2557:
2366:
2000:
1879:
1816:
1782:
1754:
1392:
527:
251:
130:
116:
1489:"Microbiology with Diseases by Body System", Robert W. Bauman, 2009, Pearson Education, Inc.
713:"Clinical Performance of Mycobacterial Immunohistochemistry in Anatomic Pathology Specimens"
2233:
1797:
1536:
644:
Shingadia, Delane; Burgner, David (2008-01-01), Taussig, Lynn M.; Landau, Louis I. (eds.),
201:
139:
942:
530:– glacial acetic acid used, no heat applied, secondary stain is Loeffler's methylene blue.
471:
8:
2522:
2491:
2432:
2422:
2350:
2136:
1572:
236:
119:, serves as the standard diagnostic tool and is widely accessible for rapidly diagnosing
1511:
1041:"Symptoms of Histoplasmosis | Types of Diseases | Histoplasmosis | Fungal Disease | CDC"
2501:
2148:
1914:
1380:
1367:
1332:
1016:"Sources of Histoplasmosis | Types of Diseases | Histoplasmosis | Fungal Disease | CDC"
967:
914:
810:
615:
1968:
1463:
1438:
2552:
2486:
2318:
2095:
1931:
1766:
1640:
1635:
1468:
1384:
1372:
1354:
1237:
1214:
1173:
1132:
1095:
1070:
972:
906:
902:
865:
765:
742:
734:
661:
657:
619:
582:
109:
1521:
918:
2496:
2394:
1894:
1792:
1458:
1450:
1362:
1344:
1204:
1163:
1124:
962:
954:
898:
835:
724:
653:
611:
479:
219:
2313:
785:
2268:
2168:
2158:
2038:
1774:
1529:
1209:
1192:
439:
325:
189:
1128:
2248:
2069:
2064:
1802:
1730:
1721:
1695:
435:
405:
353:
336:
297:
286:
acid-fast fungus that is usually stained with Ziehl–Neelsen staining is called
274:
270:
185:
177:
59:(bottom) and background cellular material in blue using the Ziehl–Neelsen stain
931:
Haque, A. (2010). Special Stains Use in Fungal
Infections. Connection: 187-194
2516:
2462:
2399:
2193:
2105:
2079:
2074:
2054:
1889:
1864:
1832:
1716:
1707:
1691:
1615:
1358:
738:
572:
567:
533:
503:
96:
87:
79:
1349:
958:
862:
Laboratory Manual and
Workbook in Microbiology: Applications to Patient Care
2243:
2188:
2163:
1909:
1869:
1852:
1847:
1627:
1376:
1218:
1177:
1136:
976:
910:
746:
729:
712:
247:
181:
166:
120:
101:
83:
1472:
2481:
2198:
1957:
1899:
1884:
1747:
1590:
1564:
1454:
1168:
1151:
577:
466:
Mechanism of acid-fast staining in acid-fast cells and non-acid-fast cell
348:
288:
105:
1150:
DiNardo, Andrew R.; Lange, Christoph; Mandalakas, Anna M. (1 May 2016).
885:
Veerappan, R; Miller, LE; Sosinski, C; Youngberg, GA (3 November 2006).
764:(11 ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. p. 541.
169:, rendering them resistant to conventional staining techniques like the
2457:
2153:
1952:
1807:
1742:
1686:
1668:
562:
518:
260:
170:
91:
296:
is found in soil and the feces of birds and bats. Humans can contract
2379:
2238:
1663:
1610:
1600:
540:
688:"Acid-Fast Stain- Principle, Procedure, Interpretation and Examples"
104:(1854–1915) and subsequently modified by the German bacteriologists
2355:
2263:
2203:
2180:
1725:
1700:
1678:
1605:
1595:
1552:
514:
507:
490:
486:
475:
335:. The Ziehl–Neelsen stain can also hinder diagnosis in the case of
331:
306:
265:
231:
75:
1414:"Ziehl-Neelsen Stain-Ziehl-Neelsen Staining Method - Microbiology"
2474:
2028:
1857:
1837:
1655:
319:
309:
to differentially stain acid-fast incrustations in the cuticular
134:
1268:
884:
212:. Both of them are superior to traditional Ziehl–Neelsen stain.
1500:
860:
Morello, Josephine A.; Granato, Paul A.; Morton, Verna (2006).
544:
310:
222:
that are slightly curved or straight, and are considered to be
158:
711:
Crothers, Jessica W; Laga, Alvaro C; Solomon, Isaac H (2021).
2427:
2389:
2258:
1582:
943:"Acid-Fastness of Histoplasma in Surgical Pathology Practice"
314:
263:. It can also be used to stain a few other bacteria, such as
1292:
991:"Histoplasmosis | Types of Diseases | Fungal Diseases | CDC"
1560:
1330:
1234:
Microbiology
Laboratory Theory & Application Essentials
1193:"Microscopy as a diagnostic tool in pulmonary tuberculosis"
941:
Rajeshwari, M.; Xess, I.; Sharma, M. C.; Jain, D. (2017).
1089:
760:
Sandman, Kathleen; Willey, Joanne; Wood, Dorothy (2020).
524:
0.25–0.5% sulfuric acid alcohol for bacterial endospores.
1114:
1092:
How to identify fungi to genus III: microscopic features
940:
100:
genus. This staining method was initially introduced by
1998:
1149:
1551:
864:(10 ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill Higher Education.
462:
204:
and modifications of Ziehl–Neelsen staining (such as
1191:
Singhal, Ritu; Myneedu, Vithal Prasad (March 2015).
859:
536:(or cold Ziehl–Neelsen technique) is also available.
208:) have comparable diagnostic utility in identifying
45:
Microscopic visualisation of the acid-fast bacteria
1436:
710:
368:
Basic steps of the Ziehl-Neelsen staining procedure
277:. Acid-fast bacilli are bright red after staining.
269:. The reagents used for Ziehl–Neelsen staining are
115:The acid-fast staining method, in conjunction with
1337:Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences
887:"Narrow-spectrum staining pattern of Pityrosporum"
759:
378:Summary of acid-fast stain (Ziehl–Neelsen stain)
176:After the Ziehl-Neelsen staining procedure using
2514:
643:
1232:Leboffe, Michael J.; Pierce, Burton E. (2019).
1117:Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine
947:Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine
650:Pediatric Respiratory Medicine (Second Edition)
608:Molecular Medical Microbiology (Second Edition)
1190:
610:, Boston: Academic Press, pp. 1637–1653,
1984:
1537:
1439:"Safer staining method for acid fast bacilli"
1231:
1397:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2024 (
513:0.5–1% sulfuric acid alcohol for oocysts of
836:"Tuberculosis (TB) - Testing and Diagnosis"
601:
1991:
1977:
1544:
1530:
1067:Les Russules d'Europe et d'Afrique du Nord
840:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
815:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
790:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
234:that cause disease in animals and humans.
112:(1854–1898) during the late 19th century.
1462:
1366:
1348:
1208:
1197:International Journal of Mycobacteriology
1167:
1090:Largent, D; D Johnson; R Watling (1977).
1064:
966:
728:
652:, Philadelphia: Mosby, pp. 597–614,
604:"Chapter 92 - Mycobacterium tuberculosis"
461:
457:
363:
646:"Chapter 39 - Mycobacterial Infections"
2515:
1843:Jaswant Singh–Bhattacharji (JSB) stain
1411:
717:American Journal of Clinical Pathology
485:The Ziehl-Neelsen stain is a two step
1972:
1525:
1315:
685:
543:is substituted for the highly toxic
300:by inhalation of the fungal spores.
226:. Some mycobacteria are free-living
2284:Oxidative/fermentation glucose test
811:"Tuberculosis (TB)- How TB Spreads"
786:"Tuberculosis (TB)- Basic TB Facts"
13:
1920:Grocott's methenamine silver stain
1437:Ellis, RC; LA Zabrowarny. (1993).
1236:. Morton Publishing. p. 179.
616:10.1016/b978-0-12-397169-2.00092-5
146:Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare
14:
2574:
2410:Antibiotic susceptibility testing
2217:biochemical and immunologic tests
1553:Microbial and histological stains
1493:
1412:Sharma, Dr Anubhav (2022-10-01).
547:in the fuchsin staining solution.
200:In anatomic pathology specimens,
2438:Minimum inhibitory concentration
2130:Manual testing: basic techniques
1499:
903:10.1111/j.1600-0560.2006.00537.x
658:10.1016/b978-032304048-8.50043-8
496:
34:
23:
1483:
1430:
1405:
1324:
1309:
1285:
1261:
1250:
1225:
1184:
1143:
1108:
1094:. Mad River Press. p. 25.
1083:
1058:
1033:
1008:
983:
934:
925:
878:
195:
129:) and other diseases caused by
2346:Novobiocin susceptibility test
2336:Bacitracin susceptibility test
891:Journal of Cutaneous Pathology
853:
828:
803:
778:
753:
704:
679:
637:
595:
94:, particularly members of the
1:
2229:Amino acid decarboxylase test
1443:Journal of Clinical Pathology
588:
502:1% sulfuric acid alcohol for
161:, gastric washing fluid, and
2341:Optochin susceptibility test
2304:Sulfide indole motility test
2289:Phenylalanine deaminase test
1210:10.1016/j.ijmyco.2014.12.006
1156:Clinical Infectious Diseases
359:
218:are slow-growing rod-shaped
163:bronchoalveolar lavage fluid
7:
1269:"Online Microbiology Notes"
1129:10.5858/2003-127-1529-NHSOF
686:Aryal, Sagar (2022-08-10).
551:
305:staining method is used in
10:
2579:
1646:Periodic acid–Schiff stain
342:
243:Mycobacterium tuberculosis
126:Mycobacterium tuberculosis
47:Mycobacterium tuberculosis
2450:
2408:
2385:Polymerase chain reaction
2364:
2214:
2129:
2118:
2088:
2047:
2021:
2007:
1940:
1825:
1765:
1677:
1654:
1626:
1581:
1559:
1273:Online Microbiology Notes
388:
385:
382:
377:
16:Bacteriological technique
2375:Analytical profile index
1788:Light Green SF yellowish
1779:Masson's trichrome stain
1738:Auramine–rhodamine stain
1318:Textbook of Microbiology
1316:Kumar, Surinder (2012).
558:Lowenstein–Jensen medium
280:
117:auramine phenol staining
2528:Microbiology techniques
1353:(inactive 2024-07-09).
1350:10.3889/oamjms.2019.215
959:10.4132/jptm.2017.07.11
762:Prescott's Microbiology
74:, is a bacteriological
2309:Triple sugar iron test
1905:Schaeffer–Fulton stain
1875:Gömöri trichrome stain
1293:"Home – microbeonline"
1065:Romagnesi, H. (1967).
539:A protocol in which a
467:
369:
313:of certain species of
2533:Laboratory techniques
2367:point-of-care testing
2048:Cultures by body site
2001:clinical microbiology
1880:Luxol fast blue stain
1755:Auramine phenol stain
692:Microbiology Info.com
528:Differential staining
465:
458:Mechanism explanation
367:
250:(TB) in humans is an
131:atypical mycobacteria
2326:Voges–Proskauer test
2234:Bile solubility test
2089:Cultures by organism
2022:Isolation techniques
1925:Warthin–Starry stain
1798:Phosphomolybdic acid
1508:at Wikimedia Commons
1455:10.1136/jcp.46.6.559
730:10.1093/ajcp/aqaa119
534:Kinyoun modification
273:, acid alcohol, and
206:Fite-Faraco staining
202:immunohistochemistry
140:Mycobacterium leprae
70:, also known as the
54:Mycobacterium leprae
2433:McFarland standards
2423:Disk diffusion test
2418:Beta-lactamase test
2351:Lancefield grouping
2331:X and V factor test
2299:Salt tolerance test
2174:Ziehl–Neelsen stain
2137:Colonial morphology
1941:Tissue stainability
1713:Ziehl–Neelsen stain
1573:Perls Prussian blue
1506:Ziehl-Neelsen stain
237:Mycobacterium bovis
153:Mycobacterium avium
68:Ziehl-Neelsen stain
2502:Inoculation needle
1915:Bielschowsky stain
1817:Van Gieson's stain
1783:Lillie's trichrome
1169:10.1093/cid/ciw041
468:
370:
157:) in samples like
78:technique used in
2563:Acid-fast bacilli
2510:
2509:
2487:Biosafety cabinet
2446:
2445:
2294:Reverse CAMP test
2114:
2113:
2096:Bacterial culture
1966:
1965:
1767:Connective tissue
1504:Media related to
1297:microbeonline.com
667:978-0-323-04048-8
625:978-0-12-397169-2
583:Friedrich Neelsen
451:
450:
110:Friedrich Neelsen
2570:
2497:Inoculation loop
2395:Rapid strep test
2127:
2126:
2019:
2018:
1993:
1986:
1979:
1970:
1969:
1793:Biebrich scarlet
1546:
1539:
1532:
1523:
1522:
1503:
1477:
1476:
1466:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1425:
1424:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1396:
1388:
1370:
1352:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1303:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1279:
1265:
1259:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1212:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1171:
1162:(9): 1089–1091.
1147:
1141:
1140:
1112:
1106:
1105:
1087:
1081:
1080:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1053:
1052:
1037:
1031:
1030:
1028:
1027:
1012:
1006:
1005:
1003:
1002:
987:
981:
980:
970:
938:
932:
929:
923:
922:
882:
876:
875:
857:
851:
850:
848:
847:
832:
826:
825:
823:
822:
807:
801:
800:
798:
797:
782:
776:
775:
757:
751:
750:
732:
708:
702:
701:
699:
698:
683:
677:
676:
675:
674:
641:
635:
634:
633:
632:
599:
487:staining process
375:
374:
108:(1859–1926) and
60:
58:
51:
38:
27:
2578:
2577:
2573:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2568:
2567:
2543:Histotechnology
2513:
2512:
2511:
2506:
2442:
2404:
2360:
2269:Methyl red test
2216:
2215:Manual testing:
2210:
2169:India ink stain
2159:Acid-fast stain
2122:
2110:
2084:
2060:Genital culture
2043:
2039:Selective media
2011:
2003:
1997:
1967:
1962:
1936:
1821:
1775:trichrome stain
1761:
1673:
1650:
1622:
1577:
1555:
1550:
1496:
1486:
1481:
1480:
1435:
1431:
1422:
1420:
1410:
1406:
1390:
1389:
1329:
1325:
1314:
1310:
1301:
1299:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1277:
1275:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1255:
1251:
1244:
1230:
1226:
1189:
1185:
1148:
1144:
1123:(11): 1529–30.
1113:
1109:
1102:
1088:
1084:
1077:
1063:
1059:
1050:
1048:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1025:
1023:
1014:
1013:
1009:
1000:
998:
989:
988:
984:
939:
935:
930:
926:
897:(11): 731–734.
883:
879:
872:
858:
854:
845:
843:
834:
833:
829:
820:
818:
809:
808:
804:
795:
793:
784:
783:
779:
772:
758:
754:
709:
705:
696:
694:
684:
680:
672:
670:
668:
642:
638:
630:
628:
626:
600:
596:
591:
554:
499:
460:
440:malachite green
362:
345:
326:Cryptosporidium
283:
230:, but many are
198:
190:malachite green
90:bacteria under
72:acid-fast stain
64:
63:
62:
61:
56:
49:
44:
41:
40:
39:
30:
29:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2576:
2566:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2538:Histopathology
2535:
2530:
2525:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2478:
2477:
2467:
2466:
2465:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2414:
2412:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2371:
2369:
2365:Automated and
2362:
2361:
2359:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2322:
2321:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2249:Coagulase test
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2220:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2183:
2178:
2177:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2146:
2145:
2144:
2133:
2131:
2124:
2120:Identification
2116:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2108:
2103:
2101:Fungal culture
2098:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2070:Throat culture
2067:
2065:Sputum culture
2062:
2057:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2025:
2023:
2016:
2005:
2004:
1999:Techniques in
1996:
1995:
1988:
1981:
1973:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1934:
1932:Wright's stain
1929:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1861:
1860:
1855:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1829:
1827:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1811:
1810:
1805:
1803:Fast Green FCF
1800:
1795:
1790:
1771:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1759:
1758:
1757:
1752:
1751:
1750:
1745:
1735:
1734:
1733:
1731:Methylene blue
1728:
1722:Carbol fuchsin
1705:
1704:
1703:
1698:
1696:Gentian violet
1683:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1671:
1666:
1660:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1632:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1587:
1585:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1575:
1569:
1567:
1557:
1556:
1549:
1548:
1541:
1534:
1526:
1520:
1519:
1509:
1495:
1494:External links
1492:
1491:
1490:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1449:(6): 559–560.
1429:
1404:
1343:(6): 903–907.
1323:
1320:. p. 315.
1308:
1284:
1260:
1249:
1242:
1224:
1183:
1142:
1107:
1100:
1082:
1075:
1057:
1032:
1007:
982:
953:(5): 482–487.
933:
924:
877:
870:
852:
827:
802:
777:
771:978-1260211887
770:
752:
703:
678:
666:
636:
624:
593:
592:
590:
587:
586:
585:
580:
575:
570:
565:
560:
553:
550:
549:
548:
537:
531:
525:
522:
511:
498:
495:
459:
456:
449:
448:
445:
442:
436:Methylene blue
433:
429:
428:
425:
422:
419:
415:
414:
411:
408:
406:Carbol fuchsin
403:
399:
398:
397:Non-acid fast
395:
391:
390:
387:
384:
383:Application of
380:
379:
361:
358:
354:Joseph Kinyoun
344:
341:
337:paragonimiasis
298:histoplasmosis
282:
279:
275:methylene blue
271:carbol fuchsin
197:
194:
186:methylene blue
184:used, such as
178:carbol fuchsin
43:
42:
33:
32:
31:
22:
21:
20:
19:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2575:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2548:Staining dyes
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2471:
2470:Anaerobic jar
2468:
2464:
2463:Growth medium
2461:
2460:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2449:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2407:
2401:
2400:Monospot test
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2363:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2213:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2150:
2147:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2128:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2107:
2106:Viral culture
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2081:
2080:Wound culture
2078:
2076:
2075:Urine culture
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2055:Blood culture
2053:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1994:
1989:
1987:
1982:
1980:
1975:
1974:
1971:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1939:
1933:
1930:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1895:Movat's stain
1893:
1891:
1890:Moeller stain
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1865:Janus Green B
1863:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1849:
1848:H&E stain
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1833:Cresyl violet
1831:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1764:
1756:
1753:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1739:
1736:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1718:
1717:Kinyoun stain
1714:
1711:
1710:
1709:
1706:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1693:
1692:Methyl violet
1690:
1689:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1676:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1653:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1628:Carbohydrates
1625:
1617:
1616:Sudan Black B
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1580:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1547:
1542:
1540:
1535:
1533:
1528:
1527:
1524:
1517:
1513:
1512:Ziehl–Neelsen
1510:
1507:
1502:
1498:
1497:
1488:
1487:
1474:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1433:
1419:
1415:
1408:
1400:
1394:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1327:
1319:
1312:
1298:
1294:
1288:
1274:
1270:
1264:
1258:
1253:
1245:
1243:9781640430327
1239:
1235:
1228:
1220:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1187:
1179:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1146:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1111:
1103:
1101:0-916422-09-7
1097:
1093:
1086:
1078:
1076:0-934454-87-6
1072:
1068:
1061:
1046:
1042:
1036:
1021:
1017:
1011:
996:
992:
986:
978:
974:
969:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
937:
928:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
881:
873:
867:
863:
856:
841:
837:
831:
816:
812:
806:
791:
787:
781:
773:
767:
763:
756:
748:
744:
740:
736:
731:
726:
723:(1): 97–105.
722:
718:
714:
707:
693:
689:
682:
669:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
640:
627:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
598:
594:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
573:Acid-fastness
571:
569:
568:Kinyoun stain
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
555:
546:
542:
538:
535:
532:
529:
526:
523:
520:
516:
512:
509:
505:
504:actinomycetes
501:
500:
497:Modifications
494:
492:
488:
483:
481:
477:
473:
464:
455:
446:
443:
441:
437:
434:
432:Counter stain
431:
430:
426:
423:
420:
417:
416:
412:
409:
407:
404:
401:
400:
396:
393:
392:
381:
376:
373:
366:
357:
355:
350:
340:
338:
334:
333:
328:
327:
322:
321:
317:in the genus
316:
312:
308:
303:
299:
295:
291:
290:
278:
276:
272:
268:
267:
262:
258:
257:Mycobacterium
253:
249:
245:
244:
239:
238:
233:
229:
225:
224:Gram positive
221:
217:
216:Mycobacterium
213:
211:
210:Mycobacterium
207:
203:
193:
191:
187:
183:
179:
174:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
154:
149:
147:
142:
141:
136:
132:
128:
127:
122:
118:
113:
111:
107:
103:
99:
98:
97:Mycobacterium
93:
89:
85:
81:
80:cytopathology
77:
73:
69:
55:
48:
37:
26:
2558:Bacteriology
2274:Nitrite test
2244:Citrate test
2185:Rapid tests
2173:
2164:Giemsa stain
2034:Streak plate
1958:Chromophobic
1910:Silver stain
1870:Giemsa stain
1853:Haematoxylin
1712:
1484:Bibliography
1446:
1442:
1432:
1421:. Retrieved
1417:
1407:
1393:cite journal
1340:
1336:
1326:
1317:
1311:
1300:. Retrieved
1296:
1287:
1276:. Retrieved
1272:
1263:
1252:
1233:
1227:
1200:
1196:
1186:
1159:
1155:
1145:
1120:
1116:
1110:
1091:
1085:
1066:
1060:
1049:. Retrieved
1047:. 2021-01-14
1044:
1035:
1024:. Retrieved
1022:. 2021-02-19
1019:
1010:
999:. Retrieved
997:. 2020-12-29
994:
985:
950:
946:
936:
927:
894:
890:
880:
861:
855:
844:. Retrieved
842:. 2022-05-03
839:
830:
819:. Retrieved
817:. 2022-05-03
814:
805:
794:. Retrieved
792:. 2019-06-19
789:
780:
761:
755:
720:
716:
706:
695:. Retrieved
691:
681:
671:, retrieved
649:
639:
629:, retrieved
607:
597:
484:
469:
452:
421:Acid alcohol
389:Cell colour
371:
346:
330:
324:
318:
301:
293:
287:
284:
264:
256:
248:tuberculosis
246:that causes
241:
235:
215:
214:
209:
199:
196:Mycobacteria
182:counterstain
175:
167:mycolic acid
152:
145:
138:
124:
121:tuberculosis
114:
102:Paul Ehrlich
95:
86:to identify
84:microbiology
71:
67:
65:
53:
46:
2482:Durham tube
2314:Urease test
2123:and testing
1948:Acidophilic
1900:Neutral red
1885:Methyl blue
1748:Rhodamine B
1641:Mucicarmine
1636:Alcian blue
1591:Sudan stain
1565:hemosiderin
1045:www.cdc.gov
1020:www.cdc.gov
995:www.cdc.gov
578:Franz Ziehl
418:Decolorizer
402:Primary dye
349:Robert Koch
302:Histoplasma
294:Histoplasma
289:Histoplasma
228:saprophytes
150:(caused by
137:(caused by
123:(caused by
106:Franz Ziehl
2523:Microscopy
2517:Categories
2458:Agar plate
2254:DNAse test
2154:Gram stain
1953:Basophilic
1808:Sirius Red
1743:Auramine O
1687:Gram stain
1669:Thioflavin
1514:protocol (
1423:2022-10-03
1302:2017-11-29
1278:2017-11-29
1203:(1): 1–6.
1069:. Bordas.
1051:2024-03-06
1026:2024-03-06
1001:2024-03-06
871:0073522538
846:2024-03-06
821:2024-03-06
796:2024-03-06
697:2023-07-28
673:2023-07-28
631:2023-07-28
589:References
563:Gram stain
519:cyclospora
472:cell walls
427:Colorless
261:Gram stain
171:Gram stain
133:, such as
92:microscopy
52:(top) and
2492:Incubator
2451:Equipment
2380:MALDI-TOF
2279:ONPG test
2239:CAMP test
2142:Hemolysis
2009:Isolation
1708:Acid-fast
1664:Congo red
1611:Oil Red O
1601:Sudan III
1385:108292027
1359:1857-9655
739:0002-9173
541:detergent
394:Acid fast
360:Procedure
232:pathogens
148:infection
88:acid-fast
2553:Staining
2356:RPR test
2264:KOH test
2224:ALA test
2194:Catalase
2181:Wet prep
2149:Staining
1726:Fuchsine
1701:Safranin
1679:Bacteria
1606:Sudan IV
1596:Sudan II
1518:format).
1377:30976331
1219:26655191
1178:26839384
1137:14567744
977:28934824
919:39812297
911:17083692
747:32915191
552:See also
515:isospora
508:nocardia
476:bacteria
347:In 1882
332:Isospora
307:mycology
266:Nocardia
252:airborne
76:staining
2475:Gas-pak
2189:Oxidase
2029:Asepsis
2014:culture
1858:Eosin Y
1838:Cyanine
1656:Amyloid
1473:7687254
1418:Witfire
1368:6454162
968:5611531
491:fuchsin
480:tissues
474:of the
386:Reagent
343:History
320:Russula
220:bacilli
155:complex
135:leprosy
2199:Indole
1583:Lipids
1471:
1464:501296
1461:
1383:
1375:
1365:
1357:
1240:
1217:
1176:
1135:
1098:
1073:
975:
965:
917:
909:
868:
768:
745:
737:
664:
622:
545:phenol
311:hyphae
292:(HP).
159:sputum
143:) and
57:
50:
2428:Etest
2390:VITEK
2319:rapid
2259:IMViC
1826:Other
1381:S2CID
915:S2CID
447:Blue
315:fungi
281:Fungi
2012:and
1561:Iron
1469:PMID
1399:link
1373:PMID
1355:ISSN
1238:ISBN
1215:PMID
1174:PMID
1133:PMID
1096:ISBN
1071:ISBN
973:PMID
907:PMID
866:ISBN
766:ISBN
743:PMID
735:ISSN
662:ISBN
620:ISBN
413:Red
329:and
82:and
66:The
2204:PYR
1516:PDF
1459:PMC
1451:doi
1363:PMC
1345:doi
1205:doi
1164:doi
1125:doi
1121:127
963:PMC
955:doi
899:doi
725:doi
721:155
654:doi
612:doi
444:Red
424:Red
410:Red
188:or
2519::
1777::
1467:.
1457:.
1447:46
1445:.
1441:.
1416:.
1395:}}
1391:{{
1379:.
1371:.
1361:.
1339:.
1335:.
1295:.
1271:.
1213:.
1199:.
1195:.
1172:.
1160:62
1158:.
1154:.
1131:.
1119:.
1043:.
1018:.
993:.
971:.
961:.
951:51
949:.
945:.
913:.
905:.
895:33
893:.
889:.
838:.
813:.
788:.
741:.
733:.
719:.
715:.
690:.
660:,
648:,
618:,
606:,
517:,
506:,
173:.
1992:e
1985:t
1978:v
1781:/
1724:/
1715:/
1694:/
1563:/
1545:e
1538:t
1531:v
1475:.
1453::
1426:.
1401:)
1387:.
1347::
1341:7
1305:.
1281:.
1246:.
1221:.
1207::
1201:4
1180:.
1166::
1139:.
1127::
1104:.
1079:.
1054:.
1029:.
1004:.
979:.
957::
921:.
901::
874:.
849:.
824:.
799:.
774:.
749:.
727::
700:.
656::
614::
521:.
510:.
438:/
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
