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511:, and so to the manifolde mouthes of Volga, and from thence also by ship over the Caspian sea into Media, and further then that also with Camels unto Georgia, Armenia, Hyrcania, Gillan, and the cheefest Cities of the Empire of Persia: wherein the Companie of Moscovie Marchants to the perpetual honor of their Citie, and societie, have performed more than any one, yea than all the nations of Europe besides."
716:
432:. However at this juncture Chancellor's luck finally ran out. Off the Scottish coast, his ship was caught in a sudden storm and shipwrecked. Chancellor drowned, but Nepeya managed to reach the coast, where he was taken hostage by the Scots for a few months before they allowed him to travel on to London.
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in 1555, and in the same year
Chancellor left for Russia again. The Muscovy Company became an important diplomatic link between Muscovy and England, and was especially valued by the isolated Muscovy. Upon his arrival to the court of Ivan IV, Chancellor secured a number of privileges within Russia for
363:
Chancellor made the journey of over 600 miles (970 km) to Moscow through snow- and ice-covered country. He found Moscow large (much larger than London) and primitively built, most houses being constructed of wood. However, the palace of the Tsar was very luxurious, as were the dinners he offered
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fishermen who stumbled across the ship frozen in ice. Forcing entry into the ship, they found the bodies of
Willoughby and his men frozen solid. It has been assumed that the men froze after a cold Russian winter aboard the ship, however, Willoughby and his men were well supplied for a winter aboard a
274:
defending
English castles in the north of the country. He had no prior nautical or navigational experience and it was hoped he would transition into naval life with the same aplomb he showed on land. Chancellor would function as the navigator of the small fleet, which consisted of three ships: the
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poisoning. The surrounding bay would have had ample supplies of sea coal and it was likely that men would have been sent out to gather material to keep them warm, and any combustion of sea coal in an enclosed area could easily have led to their deaths in a small ship hold. At any rate, Willoughby
482:
was revoked by Ivan IV, who had been offended by
English demands to close Russian trade to other European nations. Jenkinson returned to Moscow in 1572 in an attempt to restore the company's privileges, a task at which he was largely successful. However, a cooling of Anglo-Russian relations was
459:. Although Jenkinson verified that the overland route to Persia was a viable one, it was abandoned in 1573 due to difficulties in the region; the route did not reopen until Parliament reinstated the company's right to the route in 1741. In 1567, when Muscovy was faring badly in the
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and they had many woollen garments meant for trading in any destination they might have ended up in. It has therefore been posited by historians that
Willoughby and his crew died not from exposure to the elements, but from
1074:, "'Eastward Ho! Hakluyt's Principal Navigations on English 16th Century Seafarers in the Baltic and Eastern Europe", in: Zeitsprünge. Forschungen zur Frühen Neuzeit 10 (2006), Heft 3 - 4, pp. 400 - 423.
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thence one hundred and fourescore verstes by land to
Yeraslaue standing upon the mighty river of Volga: there hence above two thousand and five hundred versts downe the streame to the ancient marte Towne of
471:
as a marriage prospect, providing a possible refuge for him if he was forced to flee the country. The negotiations yielded no results, and Ivan IV was soon forced to sign a ceasefire (1570) with the
1426:
34:
519:
Queen
Elizabeth I granted the Muscovy Company a monopoly charter on whaling in 1577. The primary and most profitable whaling grounds of this joint-stock company came to be centered around
1478:
527:
had discovered the land in 1553. Initially the
English tried to drive away competitors, but after a few years, they claimed rights only to the waters south of these Arctic islands.
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and other
Russian continental goods in return. When he returned to England in 1554, he had letters from the Tsar with him, inviting English traders and promising trade privileges.
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sent out scouts in various directions with the instruction to return after three days travelling if they had not found any human contact. All of these journeys failed.
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The first expedition of the
Company of Merchant Adventurers was led by Willoughby, who was chosen for his military leadership skills after esteemed service against the
1788:
1647:
1501:
816:, Vol. III: North-Eastern Europe and Adjacent Countries, Part II: The Muscovy Company and the North-Eastern Passage (E. & G. Goldsmid, Edinburgh 1886),
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evident. This unease between the Muscovy Company and Russia continued to the end of the sixteenth century, under the anti-English dominated courts of
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in the early 17th century, and the company's royal charter of 1613 granted a monopoly on whaling in Spitsbergen, based on the (erroneous) claim that
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wrote: "... the notable and strange journey of Master Jenkinson to Boghar in Bactria. Whereunto thou maist adde sixe of our voyages eleven hundred
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247:(in full: "Mystery and Company of Merchant Adventurers for the Discovery of Regions, Dominions, Islands, and Places unknown") founded in 1551 by
183:, the precursor of the type of business that would soon flourish in England and finance its exploration of the world. The Muscovy Company had a
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352:, which would be eventually founded in 1584 to service the growing trade). The region had just recently been added to Muscovy, and when Tsar
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The Company helped provide churches and Anglican ministers at various times in Arkhangelsk, Moscow, St. Petersburg, and Kronstadt, such as
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succeeded Chancellor as the main trader of the Muscovy Company. Jenkinson made two important voyages himself — one trying to reach
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Henry Hudson the Navigator: The Original Documents in which His Career is Recorded, Collected, Partly Translated, and Annotated
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rescinded the exemption of the Muscovy Company from Russian customs, in response to the company's alleged support of the
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69:("Our Refuge is in God"). The ship is shown, unusually for heraldry, sailing towards the sinister, signifying "The East"
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When Chancellor set sail for England one year later in 1556, he was joined by the first Russian ambassador to England,
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in two separate voyages in an attempt to find the Northeast Passage. Both voyages were unsuccessful.
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The Principal Navigations, Voyages, Traffiques and Discoveries of the English Nation, collected by
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Richard Chancellor's 1555 voyage to Moscow, and the return to Scotland and London are portrayed in
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merchants replaced the English as the dominant traders in Russia. Nevertheless, the company held a
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in 1660 resulted in a temporary thaw of relations between England and Russia, a 1664 embassy under
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Shortly after Chancellor's death in 1556, the Muscovy Company sent another voyage to discover the
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on English-Russian trade until 1698, when it lost its privileges due to political opposition.
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on trade between England and Russia until 1698 and it survived as a trading company until the
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the company, including free passage, control of English settlement, and freedom from arrest.
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The Company of Merchant Adventurers to New Lands was rechartered as the Muscovy Company by
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Trying-out: An anatomy of Dutch Whaling and Sealing in the Nineteenth Century, 1815-1885.
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proved unsuccessful in restoring the Muscovy Company's prior benefits. In the meantime,
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with England and other countries, as Russia did not yet have a safe connection with the
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the ship became trapped in ice. Willoughby and his crew were found a few years later by
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Barry wavy of six argent and azure, over all a ship of three masts in full sail towards
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The Principal Navigations, Voyages, Traffiques and Discoveries of the English Nation
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islands a storm hit the ships and separated Chancellor's vessel from the other two.
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at the time and almost all of the area was contested by the neighbouring powers of
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CHARITABLE FUND ADMINISTERED BY THE RUSSIA COMPANY, registered charity no. 210842
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in 1648, Alexei I expelled English merchants from Russia altogether, except from
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heard of Chancellor's arrival, he immediately invited the exotic guest to visit
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Seal of the Muscovy Company, showing the date 1555 above an escutcheon of arms:
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396:. Chancellor was no less optimistic, finding a good market for his English
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Existed until 1917 as a trading company. Now operates mainly as a charity.
55:, a chief or, on a pale between two roses gules seeded or, barbed vert, a
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The Impact of the English Civil War on the Economy of London: 1642 - 50
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ship – they had supplies of food enough for a journey meant for
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In 1571, the company's right to free trade and navigation down the
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Studies in the History of English Commerce in the Tudor Period
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English in the Russian Context: A Macrosociolinguistic Study
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Richard Chancellor, Sebastian Cabot and Sir Hugh Willoughby
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451:; the other, between 1562 and 1579 to establish overland
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Chancellor. The Russian Tsar was pleased to open the sea
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St. Andrew's and the company headquarters (called the
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Vladimir Kosov. 1553 expedition of Richard Chancellor
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1789:Trading companies established in the 16th century
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1047:Historical Dictionary of the British Empire: K-Z
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502:up against the streame of Dwina to the towne of
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657:. The Company continued in existence until the
388:had a monopoly on the trade between Russia and
86:Trading company; now a charitable organization
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885:. London: Hakluyt Society. pp. clix–clx.
447:overland from Moscow, eventually stopping at
1167:Company of Merchant Adventurers to New Lands
1085:Bibliography of works related to the Company
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661:and has since operated mainly as a charity.
244:Company of Merchant Adventurers to New Lands
241:The Muscovy Company traces its roots to the
237:Company of Merchant Adventurers to New Lands
95:Company of Merchant Adventurers to New Lands
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336:Chancellor was luckier. He penetrated the
176:chartered in 1555. It was the first major
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784:Charity Commission for England and Wales
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314:on the coast to the east of present-day
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16:16th-century English business enterprise
1524:Imperial Company of Trieste and Antwerp
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1066:The Early History of the Russia Company
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1754:Organizations established in the 1550s
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680:. In 1994 they were visited by Queen
554:. In 1607 and 1608, the company sent
1529:Imperial Privileged Oriental Company
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749:Fox-Davies, The Book of Public Arms)
655:St. Andrew's Anglican Church, Moscow
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542:, the strait between the islands of
360:for an audience at the royal court.
467:asked Jenkinson to sound out Queen
13:
1675:Royal Greenland Trading Department
895:Schokkenbroek, Joost C.A. (2008).
790:
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298:Willoughby eventually crossed the
291:on 10 May 1553, but near the
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1800:
1351:Company of One Hundred Associates
1078:
538:. He managed to sail through the
408:Chartering of the Muscovy Company
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1592:Royal Company of the Philippines
1340:Compagnie des Îles de l'Amérique
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494:At the end of the 16th century,
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1744:1555 establishments in England
1479:Pernambuco and Paraíba Company
1449:Grão Pará and Maranhão Company
1050:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
879:; Georg Michael Asher (1860).
866:, v. 1, Northern Europe (1598)
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473:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
310:. However at the mouth of the
259:, who decided to look for the
1:
1587:Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas
1439:Cacheu and Cape Verde Company
1147:British American Land Company
1039:. University of Pennsylvania.
763:Guildhall Library Manuscripts
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1784:Trading companies of England
1759:Defunct companies of England
1137:African Company of Merchants
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348:river (near the present-day
7:
1774:Trading companies of Russia
1389:Brandenburg African Company
1182:Eastern Archipelago Company
1152:British East Africa Company
765:, accessed January 26, 2011
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203:Map of Muscovy prepared by
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67:Refugium Nostrum in Deo Est
10:
1805:
1764:Economic history of Russia
1630:Swedish West India Company
1615:Swedish East India Company
1559:Compagnie van De Moucheron
1312:Virginia Company of London
1217:London and Bristol Company
1068:, 1956, reprinted in 1968.
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659:Russian Revolution of 1917
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287:. The fleet departed from
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1769:Exploration of the Arctic
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1665:Danish East India Company
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1242:Providence Island Company
1222:Massachusetts Bay Company
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997:. Yale University Press.
991:Dmitrieva, Ol'ga (2006).
730:List of trading companies
342:Nikolo-Korelsky Monastery
283:under Chancellor and the
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1549:Dutch West India Company
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78:Trading company; charity
1333:Compagnie de l'Occident
1033:Gerson, Armand (1912).
668:Old English Yard Moscow
150:Muscovy Trading Company
106:; 469 years ago
1749:1917 disestablishments
1660:Danish Asiatic Company
1648:Danish African Company
1620:Swedish Levant Company
1610:Swedish Africa Company
1534:New Netherland Company
1502:Australische Compagnie
976:. Ashgate Publishing.
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469:Elizabeth I of England
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279:under Willoughby, the
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223:Shows His Treasury to
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1625:Swedish South Company
1514:Brabantsche Compagnie
1247:Royal African Company
1044:Olson, James (1996).
994:Britannia and Muscovy
917:Schokkenbroek, p. 28.
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596:Charles II of England
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169:Moskovskaya kompaniya
57:lion passant guardant
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1346:Company of Habitants
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1272:Sierra Leone Company
1267:South Africa Company
1237:North Borneo Company
1207:Hudson's Bay Company
970:Coates, Ben (2004).
799:James Evans (2014)
584:Charles I of England
436:Trade through Russia
104:6 February 1555
19:For other uses, see
1739:Chartered companies
1554:Compagnie van Verre
1539:Noordsche Compagnie
1394:East Africa Company
1361:Mississippi Company
1257:Royal Niger Company
1232:New Zealand Company
1172:Company of Scotland
1121:Chartered companies
1012:Eddy, Anna (2007).
808:E. Goldsmid (ed.),
534:, this time led by
384:. In addition, the
181:joint-stock company
158:Московская компания
28:
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1444:East India Company
1404:New Guinea Company
1371:West India Company
1356:East India Company
1252:Royal British Bank
1177:East India Company
904:2011-07-21 at the
688:In popular culture
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633:. You can help by
463:(1558–1583), Tsar
455:through Russia to
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249:Richard Chancellor
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441:Anthony Jenkinson
422:Mary I of England
261:Northeast Passage
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205:Anthony Jenkinson
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536:Steven Borough
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513:
437:
434:
409:
406:
394:Western Europe
346:Northern Dvina
277:Bona Esperanza
238:
235:
209:Gerard de Jode
196:
193:
146:Russia Company
136:
135:
132:
128:
127:
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98:
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37:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
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1779:Whaling firms
1777:
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1494:Low Countries
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1399:Emden Company
1397:
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1057:9780313279171
1053:
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1031:
1027:
1025:9780549321606
1021:
1017:
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989:
985:
983:9780754601043
979:
975:
974:
968:
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944:
942:
932:
926:Olson, p. 770
923:
914:
907:
903:
900:
899:
892:
884:
883:
878:
877:Hudson, Henry
872:
865:
861:
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847:
841:Gerson, p. 84
838:
832:Olson, p. 769
829:
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645:
642:December 2020
636:
632:
629:This section
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619:
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593:
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585:
581:
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548:Novaya Zemlya
545:
541:
537:
533:
528:
526:
522:
512:
510:
505:
501:
497:
492:
490:
489:Boris Godunov
486:
481:
476:
474:
470:
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458:
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334:
331:
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321:
317:
313:
312:Varzina River
309:
305:
304:Novaya Zemlya
301:
296:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
273:
268:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
245:
231:
227:
226:
225:Jerome Horsey
222:
217:
210:
206:
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192:
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186:
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175:
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155:
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133:
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125:
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118:
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96:
93:
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81:
77:
73:
68:
64:
60:
58:
54:
50:
46:
43:
35:
30:
22:
1705:
1338:
1331:
1226:
1072:Jürgen Klein
1065:
1046:
1035:
1014:
993:
972:
952:
931:
922:
913:
897:
891:
881:
871:
855:
846:
837:
809:
804:
777:
770:
744:
698:
682:Elizabeth II
673:
671:
652:
639:
635:adding to it
630:
590:. While the
578:. After the
565:
556:Henry Hudson
552:Arctic Ocean
529:
518:
493:
477:
461:Livonian War
453:trade routes
439:
427:
419:
366:trade routes
362:
335:
302:and reached
297:
284:
280:
276:
269:
242:
240:
219:
149:
145:
141:
139:
75:Company type
66:
59:of the fifth
39:
1651: [
1505: [
1430: [
956:Eddy, p. 67
818:pp. 101-112
592:restoration
588:Arkhangelsk
521:Spitsbergen
430:Osip Nepeya
350:Arkhangelsk
308:Scandinavia
300:Barents Sea
91:Predecessor
49:cross gules
1728:Categories
1419:Portuguese
1004:0300116780
814:, Preacher
736:References
540:Kara Gates
380:, and the
370:Baltic Sea
111:1555-02-06
580:execution
515:Expansion
374:Lithuania
338:White Sea
178:chartered
163:romanized
1712:Category
1489:Austrian
902:Archived
708:See also
608:monopoly
568:Alexei I
509:Astracan
504:Vologhda
316:Murmansk
255:and Sir
185:monopoly
123:Founders
83:Industry
42:sinister
1685:Russian
1602:Swedish
1574:Spanish
1129:British
964:Sources
574:in the
562:Decline
550:in the
544:Vaygach
500:verstes
465:Ivan IV
449:Bukhara
390:Central
354:Ivan IV
344:on the
320:Russian
293:Lofoten
232:, 1875)
195:History
165::
154:Russian
148:or the
117:England
109: (
101:Founded
53:bezants
21:Muscovy
1640:Danish
1381:German
1324:French
1054:
1022:
1001:
980:
908:p. 27.
457:Persia
445:Cathay
382:Sweden
378:Poland
358:Moscow
289:London
211:(1593)
45:proper
1655:]
1509:]
1434:]
604:Dutch
480:Volga
272:Scots
265:China
63:motto
1427:List
1052:ISBN
1020:ISBN
999:ISBN
978:ISBN
546:and
487:and
402:furs
398:wool
392:and
325:Asia
207:and
140:The
131:Fate
1491:and
637:.
594:of
582:of
263:to
115:in
1730::
1653:da
1507:fr
1432:pt
1018:.
940:^
862:,
825:^
792:^
782:.
755:^
684:.
491:.
475:.
376:,
267:.
251:,
160:,
156::
152:;
65::
1113:e
1106:t
1099:v
1060:.
1028:.
1007:.
986:.
820:.
786:.
780:"
776:"
703:.
644:)
640:(
228:(
113:)
23:.
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