488:
declining recently due to environmental and human factors. As a large-bodied mammal, they have great needs that are not able to be sustained due to habitat fragmentation. This species is largely protected due to the threat of extinction, due to the increase in illegal hunting. Illegal hunting has significantly decreased the population throughout many of the provinces musk deer occupy. Their habitats are being lost to colonization and deforestation and hunting for musk deer was on the rise. They were hunted for their distinct products that are very valuable in the market. Since then, the
Chinese government has stepped in to regulate these issues. They have placed rules pertaining to the killing of musk deer and created havens for the deer to survive. To help with the declining numbers, the deforestation of their natural habitat should be stopped and new habitats should be invested in them. Global climate change has also driven the musk deer population down. The warmer climates result in the drive to higher elevations and latitudes. Global warming and habitat fragmentation are two causes for the population decrease.
731:
743:
479:
population is mainly located around the
Himalayas in southern Asia, southeast Asia, and eastern Asia. They are also found in a few spots in Russia. As of 2003, they became a protected species due to their declined overall population. Musk deer have many subspecies that have varying population sizes, within the overall total, and all are threatened. Over the past twenty years, the populations are being able to slightly recover due to the captive breeding of these animals, specifically in China. Musk deer populations are recovering due to the protocols and rules being set in place to protect the species.
497:
122:
102:
755:
390:
478:
Musk deer have a global population between 400,000 to 800,000 currently, however the exact count is undetermined. They are widely spread; however, their population density increases within China, Russia, and
Mongolia. Musk deer are commonly found in China, and they are spread over 17 provinces. This
397:
Musk deer resemble small deer, with a stocky build and hind legs longer than their front legs. They are about 80 to 100 cm (31 to 39 in) long, 50 to 70 cm (20 to 28 in) high at the shoulder, and weigh between 7 and 17 kg (15 and 37 lb). The feet of musk deer are adapted
487:
The musk deer species is generally solitary and lives in the higher regions of mountain ranges, such as the
Himalayas. The varying species' habitats include different atmospheres and necessary resources for their survival, while including similar universal resources. Musk deer population has been
458:
and compete for mates, using their tusks as weapons. In order to indicate their area, musk deer build latrines. These locations can be used to identify the musk deer's existence, number, and preferred habitat in the wild. Female musk deer give birth to a single fawn after about 150–180 days. The
434:
Musk deer are herbivores, living in hilly, forested environments, generally far from human habitation. Like true deer, they eat mainly leaves, flowers, and grasses, with some mosses and lichens. They are solitary animals and maintain well-defined territories, which they
377:
of deer rather than one/multiple species of musk deer, are entirely Asian in their present distribution, being extinct in Europe where the earliest musk deer are known to have existed from
573:
While they have been traditionally classified as members of the deer family (as the subfamily "Moschinae") and all the species were classified as one species (under
730:
459:
newborn young are very small and essentially motionless for the first month of their lives, a feature that helps them remain hidden from predators.
5821:
1209:
Guha S, Goyal SP, Kashyap VK (March 2007). "Molecular phylogeny of musk deer: a genomic view with mitochondrial 16S rRNA and cytochrome b gene".
999:"Population genomics reveals moderate genetic differentiation between populations of endangered Forest Musk Deer located in Shaanxi and Sichuan"
742:
5860:
466:, which are used in perfumes. The glands can fetch up to $ 45,000/kg on the black market. It is rumored that ancient royalty wore the
5950:
334:, the group that contains antelopes, bovines, sheep, and goats. The musk deer family differs from cervids, or true deer, by lacking
5795:
924:
5834:
1269:
5852:
845:
5839:
5955:
790:
1095:
Jiang, Feng; Zhang, Jingjie; Gao, Hongmei; Cai, Zhenyuan; Zhou, Xiaowen; Li, Shengqing; Zhang, Tongzuo (February 2020).
997:
Liu, Gang; Zhang, Bao-Feng; Chang, Jiang; Hu, Xiao-Long; Li, Chao; Xu, Tin-Tao; Liu, Shu-Qiang; Hu, De-Fu (2022-09-23).
5865:
211:
967:
Zhou, Yijun; Meng, Xiuxiang; Feng, Jinchao; Yang, Qisen; Feng, Zuojian; Xia, Lin; Bartoš, Luděk (June 8, 2004).
1097:"Musk deer (Moschus spp.) face redistribution to higher elevations and latitudes under climate change in China"
5917:
1621:
2410:
5847:
5748:
5743:
876:
1690:
1262:
5904:
4667:
1612:
1603:
1170:"Molecular and morphological phylogenies of ruminantia and the alternative position of the moschidae"
121:
5945:
4454:
5103:
4496:
2392:
1533:
4616:
2052:
837:
828:
754:
5891:
5696:
2154:
1860:
1779:
5826:
5886:
5304:
4334:
2559:
1788:
1672:
1255:
5878:
5769:
5611:
5377:
5368:
5313:
4938:
4902:
4875:
4283:
4274:
3719:
3710:
2076:
1935:
1878:
1824:
1218:
1108:
936:
888:
877:"The distribution, status and conservation of the Himalayan musk deer Moschus chrysogaster"
680:
266:
1151:
G. Qi. 1985. Stratigraphic summarization of
Ramapithecus fossil locality, Lufeng, Yunnan.
8:
5557:
5259:
5250:
4998:
4866:
4839:
4775:
4436:
4316:
4265:
1944:
1851:
1442:
710:
650:
620:
298:
290:
258:
227:
1222:
1112:
940:
892:
808:
5940:
5644:
5635:
5007:
4947:
4929:
4911:
4857:
4830:
4821:
4445:
4427:
4361:
4054:
3780:
3257:
3248:
2967:
2401:
1869:
1681:
1663:
1542:
1033:
998:
635:
451:
399:
250:
116:
109:
948:
5873:
5756:
5734:
5277:
5268:
4956:
4884:
4812:
4643:
4625:
4478:
3428:
2823:
2814:
2666:
2568:
2347:
2314:
2257:
2127:
1654:
1515:
1234:
1191:
1134:
1126:
1077:
1058:"Effect of Habitat Fragmentation and Isolation on the Population of Alpine Musk Deer"
1038:
1020:
968:
900:
841:
326:. Despite being commonly called deer, they are not true deer belonging to the family
1121:
1096:
615:
Distribution
5671:
5425:
5416:
5295:
5136:
5127:
4920:
4592:
4583:
4531:
4522:
4370:
4343:
4256:
4036:
3644:
3070:
3061:
3051:
3024:
2745:
2614:
1815:
1806:
1797:
1579:
1570:
1506:
1433:
1424:
1226:
1181:
1116:
1069:
1028:
1010:
944:
896:
339:
320:
188:
5761:
423:
The musk gland is found only in adult males. It lies in a sac located between the
5401:
5392:
5340:
5331:
5112:
3969:
3960:
3437:
3033:
2085:
1995:
1833:
1645:
1524:
1497:
1488:
695:
496:
274:
1230:
925:"Conservation status and causes of decline of musk deer (Moschus spp.) in China"
365:
Musk deer live mainly in forested and alpine scrub habitats in the mountains of
5719:
5601:
5539:
5169:
5160:
4685:
4634:
4555:
4546:
4487:
4325:
4027:
3849:
3840:
3395:
3362:
3344:
2832:
2642:
2517:
2356:
1344:
1316:
1015:
665:
455:
403:
374:
282:
1247:
1186:
1169:
1073:
5934:
5226:
5208:
5094:
5031:
5022:
4081:
3816:
3789:
3560:
3470:
3461:
3446:
3311:
3275:
3230:
3167:
3158:
2675:
2633:
2526:
2492:
2482:
2383:
2365:
2028:
1977:
1887:
1451:
1130:
1081:
1024:
555:
523:
436:
207:
101:
59:
514:, a family with a fossil record extending over 25 million years to the late
5620:
5589:
5479:
5151:
4965:
4893:
4766:
4709:
4700:
4418:
4352:
4114:
4072:
3987:
3798:
3518:
3509:
3371:
3302:
3191:
3182:
2924:
2693:
2374:
2329:
2296:
2067:
1959:
1926:
1842:
1238:
1195:
1138:
1042:
969:"Review of the distribution, status and conservation of musk deer in China"
771:
577:), recent studies have indicated that moschids are more closely related to
547:
351:
219:
1057:
416:
413:
5808:
5728:
5241:
4989:
4151:
4105:
4096:
4045:
3997:
3858:
3700:
3293:
3284:
3112:
2906:
2897:
2887:
2781:
2624:
2434:
2425:
2338:
2181:
2103:
1986:
1911:
1902:
1279:
539:
463:
444:
347:
173:
34:
5800:
4848:
4748:
4573:
4165:
3587:
3569:
3320:
3015:
3000:
2991:
2958:
2735:
2541:
2458:
2449:
2224:
2215:
2094:
2019:
1560:
1381:
502:
402:, a cervid, they have no antlers, but the males do have enlarged upper
366:
79:
44:
5813:
5782:
5548:
5469:
5322:
5193:
5184:
4658:
4232:
4223:
4208:
4199:
4063:
3635:
3419:
3353:
3239:
2754:
2550:
2239:
2163:
2043:
1594:
1469:
1363:
1354:
567:
515:
511:
467:
440:
424:
407:
378:
370:
359:
323:
183:
133:
84:
5690:
5515:
389:
5787:
5713:
5457:
5085:
4757:
4469:
4307:
4247:
3912:
3611:
3143:
3088:
2976:
2805:
2281:
2272:
2248:
2136:
2010:
1760:
1636:
1332:
1310:
1298:
586:
582:
551:
531:
327:
233:
153:
74:
69:
54:
49:
39:
5912:
5662:
5497:
5358:
5217:
4607:
4394:
4385:
4298:
4184:
4175:
4147:
3903:
3807:
3771:
3686:
3682:
3653:
3578:
3266:
3139:
3100:
2684:
2601:
2507:
1770:
1720:
1415:
590:
578:
527:
519:
439:
with their caudal glands. Musk deer are generally shy and either
331:
89:
64:
313:
can refer to any one, or all eight, of the species that make up
5506:
5075:
4980:
4803:
4793:
4409:
3921:
3761:
3743:
3734:
3620:
3542:
3494:
3485:
2943:
2934:
2869:
2860:
2850:
2772:
2305:
2118:
1968:
1304:
1292:
343:
335:
163:
143:
5774:
358:
and—of particular economic importance to humans—a
5899:
5530:
5488:
5063:
4733:
4724:
4018:
3945:
3936:
3867:
3596:
3551:
3410:
3335:
3215:
3206:
2717:
2708:
2200:
2191:
1400:
1391:
428:
431:, and its secretions are most likely used to attract mates.
4676:
4006:
3894:
3876:
3533:
3386:
2790:
2657:
2473:
1747:
1708:
612:
Common name
355:
4144:
5286:
3885:
3831:
2763:
2145:
3136:
3679:
809:"On the structure and affinities of the musk-deer (
373:. Moschids, the proper term when referring to this
827:
5932:
1208:
1094:
966:
510:Musk deer are the only surviving members of the
393:Skull of a buck showing the characteristic teeth
330:, but rather their family is closely related to
1277:
1167:
996:
530:, but underwent a substantial decline, with no
1263:
1153:Acta Anthropologica Sinica (Renleixue xuebao)
718:White-bellied musk deer
1055:
870:
868:
866:
962:
960:
958:
918:
916:
914:
912:
910:
797:. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology.
1352:
1270:
1256:
992:
990:
988:
986:
100:
5587:
3059:
1185:
1120:
1056:Zhixiao, Liu; Helin, Sheng (2002-03-01).
1032:
1014:
863:
5468:
2858:
1202:
955:
922:
907:
825:
495:
398:for climbing in rough terrain. Like the
388:
1759:
1330:
983:
342:also, possessing only a single pair of
5933:
1477:
5695:
5694:
5586:
5455:
5454:
5060:
4143:
3678:
3135:
2597:
1743:
1329:
1251:
1211:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1168:Hassanin A, Douzery EJ (April 2003).
874:
506:showing the general skeletal features
462:Musk deer have been hunted for their
5918:A1C9A5C9-AAC9-4B0E-A1B9-8A83378120A9
5905:F35838F6-DF4C-92D3-B33A-7A2608407AA0
2895:
836:. New York: Facts on File. pp.
791:"Moschus (musk deer) Classification"
609:Species name
1744:
13:
5061:
2598:
819:
542:. The oldest records of the genus
384:
14:
5967:
705:Western Himalayas and Hindu Kush
660:South China and Northern Vietnam
470:, and that it is an aphrodisiac.
410:is similar to that of true deer:
5951:Extant Miocene first appearances
1101:Science of the Total Environment
753:
741:
729:
518:. The group was abundant across
406:, forming sabre-like tusks. The
120:
32:
1622:Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain (
1161:
1145:
1122:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135335
1088:
923:Meng, X; Yang, Q (March 2003).
319:, the only extant genus of the
2411:Central American red brocket (
1049:
860:Wild Russia, Discovery Channel
854:
801:
783:
1:
949:10.1016/S0006-3207(02)00159-3
777:
566:For a complete taxonomy, see
473:
3118:Large subfamily listed below
3106:Large subfamily listed below
3094:Large subfamily listed below
901:10.1016/0006-3207(86)90094-7
875:Green, Michael J.B. (1986).
491:
7:
5956:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1613:Yellow-striped chevrotain (
1604:Indian spotted chevrotain (
1231:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.06.020
834:The Encyclopedia of Mammals
765:
561:
10:
5972:
1062:Russian Journal of Ecology
1016:10.1186/s12864-022-08896-9
565:
482:
5703:
5661:
5633:
5609:
5600:
5596:
5582:
5549:Dromedary/Arabian camel (
5540:Domestic Bactrian camel (
5528:
5477:
5464:
5450:
5414:
5390:
5366:
5357:
5239:
5206:
5182:
5149:
5125:
5104:North Sulawesi babirusa (
5083:
5074:
5070:
5056:
5020:
4978:
4801:
4792:
4746:
4722:
4698:
4656:
4605:
4581:
4572:
4544:
4520:
4513:
4467:
4407:
4383:
4296:
4245:
4221:
4197:
4173:
4164:
4160:
4139:
4094:
3995:
3986:
3958:
3934:
3829:
3769:
3760:
3732:
3708:
3699:
3695:
3674:
3633:
3609:
3531:
3507:
3483:
3459:
3408:
3384:
3333:
3228:
3204:
3180:
3156:
3152:
3131:
3111:
3099:
3087:
3050:
3013:
2989:
2956:
2932:
2923:
2886:
2849:
2803:
2743:
2734:
2706:
2655:
2622:
2613:
2609:
2593:
2539:
2505:
2471:
2447:
2423:
2393:Amazonian brown brocket (
2327:
2294:
2270:
2237:
2213:
2189:
2180:
2116:
2065:
2041:
2008:
1957:
1924:
1900:
1768:
1755:
1739:
1726:Large family listed below
1719:
1714:Large family listed below
1707:
1691:Williamson's mouse-deer (
1634:
1592:
1568:
1559:
1468:
1413:
1389:
1380:
1343:
1339:
1325:
1287:
1187:10.1080/10635150390192726
538:the only genus since the
294:– White-bellied musk deer
246:
241:
225:
218:
117:Scientific classification
115:
108:
99:
23:
3790:Domestic water buffalo (
2155:Central Asian red deer (
1780:Bornean yellow muntjac (
832:. In Macdonald D (ed.).
4668:Bates' pygmy antelope (
4455:Soemmerring's gazelle (
2560:Yucatan brown brocket (
1789:Hairy-fronted muntjac (
1673:Philippine mouse-deer (
1074:10.1023/A:1014456909480
929:Biological Conservation
881:Biological Conservation
5378:White-lipped peccary (
5314:Philippine warty pig (
4939:Yellow-backed duiker (
4903:Black-fronted duiker (
4876:White-bellied duiker (
4497:Przewalski's gazelle (
3720:Four-horned antelope (
2518:Peruvian Yungas pudu (
2077:Visayan spotted deer (
1936:European fallow deer (
1879:Northern red muntjac (
1825:Southern red muntjac (
715:
507:
468:scent of the musk deer
394:
5887:Paleobiology Database
5558:Wild Bactrian camel (
5260:Bornean bearded pig (
5251:Palawan bearded pig (
4840:White-legged duiker (
4266:Red-fronted gazelle (
1945:Persian fallow deer (
1861:Roosevelt's muntjac (
1534:Himalayan musk deer (
1443:Reticulated giraffe (
973:Folia Zoologica-Praha
499:
392:
5645:Pygmy hippopotamus (
5305:Oliver's warty pig (
4930:Red-flanked duiker (
4335:Erlanger's gazelle (
4055:Harnessed bushbuck (
3781:Wild water buffalo (
3258:East Caucasian tur (
3249:West Caucasian tur (
2402:Little red brocket (
1870:Truong Son muntjac (
1682:Vietnam mouse-deer (
1664:Greater mouse-deer (
1543:Siberian musk deer (
795:Animal Diversity Web
302:– Siberian musk deer
5278:Celebes warty pig (
5269:Visayan warty pig (
4885:Red forest duiker (
4617:Günther's dik-dik (
4479:Mongolian gazelle (
4284:Heuglin's gazelle (
4275:Thomson's gazelle (
3429:Long-tailed goral (
2824:Mountain reedbuck (
2815:Southern reedbuck (
2667:East African oryx (
2569:White-tailed deer (
2348:Small red brocket (
2315:South Andean deer (
2258:Siberian roe deer (
2249:European roe deer (
2086:Philippine sambar (
2053:Père David's deer (
1655:Lesser mouse-deer (
1516:Kashmir musk deer (
1223:2007MolPE..42..585G
1113:2020ScTEn.70435335J
941:2003BCons.109..333Y
893:1986BCons..35..347G
826:Frädrich H (1984).
605:
575:Moschus moschiferus
546:are known from the
354:, a pair of canine
278:– Kashmir musk deer
228:Moschus moschiferus
30:Late Miocene–recent
5426:Collared peccary (
5296:Flores warty pig (
5137:Giant forest hog (
4999:Maxwell's duiker (
4921:Ruwenzori duiker (
4867:Jentink's duiker (
4776:Sharpe's grysbok (
4532:Tibetan antelope (
4437:Bright's gazelle (
4371:Goitered gazelle (
4344:Mountain gazelle (
4317:Cuvier's gazelle (
4257:Mongalla gazelle (
3645:Pyrenean chamois (
3071:Tibetan antelope (
3025:Black wildebeest (
1852:Reeves's muntjac (
1816:Sumatran muntjac (
1807:Gongshan muntjac (
1580:Water chevrotain (
1507:Alpine musk deer (
1434:Southern giraffe (
1425:Northern giraffe (
1174:Systematic Biology
811:Moschus mosciferus
721:Central Himalayas
690:Eastern Himalayas
675:Eastern Himalayas
627:Siberian musk deer
596:
534:fossil record and
508:
450:Males leave their
400:Chinese water deer
395:
270:– Alpine musk deer
110:Siberian musk deer
5928:
5927:
5874:Open Tree of Life
5697:Taxon identifiers
5688:
5687:
5684:
5683:
5680:
5679:
5657:
5656:
5578:
5577:
5574:
5573:
5570:
5569:
5446:
5445:
5442:
5441:
5438:
5437:
5402:Chacoan peccary (
5353:
5352:
5341:Javan warty pig (
5332:Timor warty pig (
5139:H. meinertzhageni
5113:Togian babirusa (
5052:
5051:
5048:
5047:
5044:
5043:
5008:Walter's duiker (
4948:Abbott's duiker (
4912:Ogilby's duiker (
4858:Harvey's duiker (
4822:Brooke's duiker (
4788:
4787:
4568:
4567:
4509:
4508:
4446:Peter's gazelle (
4428:Grant's gazelle (
4362:Speke's gazelle (
4135:
4134:
4131:
4130:
4127:
4126:
4012:
3982:
3981:
3970:African buffalo (
3801:B. depressicornis
3756:
3755:
3670:
3669:
3666:
3665:
3438:Himalayan goral (
3260:C. cylindricornis
3127:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3083:
3082:
3046:
3045:
3034:Blue wildebeest (
2968:Common tsessebe (
2919:
2918:
2882:
2881:
2845:
2844:
2757:K. ellipsiprymnus
2730:
2729:
2589:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2529:P. mephistophiles
2485:P. mephistophiles
2176:
2175:
1872:M. truongsonensis
1834:Pu Hoat muntjac (
1735:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1703:
1702:
1646:Java mouse-deer (
1555:
1554:
1525:Black musk deer (
1498:Dwarf musk deer (
1489:Anhui musk deer (
1464:
1463:
1427:G. camelopardalis
1376:
1375:
847:978-0-87196-871-5
725:
724:
702:Kashmir musk deer
340:preorbital glands
308:
307:
286:– Black musk deer
262:– Dwarf musk deer
254:– Anhui musk deer
214:
192:
5963:
5921:
5920:
5908:
5907:
5895:
5894:
5882:
5881:
5869:
5868:
5856:
5855:
5843:
5842:
5830:
5829:
5817:
5816:
5804:
5803:
5791:
5790:
5778:
5777:
5765:
5764:
5752:
5751:
5739:
5738:
5737:
5724:
5723:
5722:
5692:
5691:
5607:
5606:
5598:
5597:
5584:
5583:
5475:
5474:
5466:
5465:
5452:
5451:
5364:
5363:
5170:Common warthog (
5161:Desert warthog (
5081:
5080:
5072:
5071:
5058:
5057:
4957:Weyns's duiker (
4831:Peters' duiker (
4813:Aders's duiker (
4799:
4798:
4686:Royal antelope (
4644:Salt's dik-dik (
4635:Silver dik-dik (
4626:Kirk's dik-dik (
4579:
4578:
4556:Saiga antelope (
4518:
4517:
4457:N. soemmerringii
4326:Dorcas gazelle (
4171:
4170:
4162:
4161:
4155:
4141:
4140:
4028:Mountain nyala (
4011:
4010:
4002:
3993:
3992:
3948:P. nghetinhensis
3850:European bison (
3841:American bison (
3767:
3766:
3706:
3705:
3697:
3696:
3690:
3676:
3675:
3552:Domestic sheep (
3396:Himalayan tahr (
3363:Mainland serow (
3345:Japanese serow (
3154:
3153:
3147:
3133:
3132:
3057:
3056:
2930:
2929:
2893:
2892:
2856:
2855:
2833:Bohor reedbuck (
2741:
2740:
2720:A. nasomaculatus
2643:Sable antelope (
2620:
2619:
2611:
2610:
2604:
2595:
2594:
2357:Merida brocket (
2187:
2186:
2128:Thorold's deer (
1980:A. calamianensis
1863:M. rooseveltorum
1809:M. gongshanensis
1766:
1765:
1757:
1756:
1750:
1741:
1740:
1566:
1565:
1475:
1474:
1454:G. tippelskirchi
1387:
1386:
1350:
1349:
1341:
1340:
1327:
1326:
1272:
1265:
1258:
1249:
1248:
1243:
1242:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1189:
1165:
1159:
1149:
1143:
1142:
1124:
1092:
1086:
1085:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1036:
1018:
994:
981:
980:
964:
953:
952:
920:
905:
904:
872:
861:
858:
852:
851:
831:
823:
817:
816:
805:
799:
798:
787:
760:Alpine musk deer
757:
745:
733:
687:Alpine musk deer
630:North East Asia
606:
604:
595:
420:
419:
418:
415:
206:
187:
125:
124:
104:
94:
31:
27:Temporal range:
21:
20:
16:Genus of mammals
5971:
5970:
5966:
5965:
5964:
5962:
5961:
5960:
5946:Mammals of Asia
5931:
5930:
5929:
5924:
5916:
5911:
5903:
5898:
5890:
5885:
5877:
5872:
5864:
5859:
5851:
5846:
5838:
5833:
5825:
5820:
5812:
5807:
5799:
5794:
5786:
5781:
5773:
5768:
5760:
5755:
5747:
5742:
5733:
5732:
5727:
5718:
5717:
5712:
5699:
5689:
5676:
5653:
5629:
5592:
5566:
5524:
5460:
5434:
5410:
5386:
5349:
5316:S. philippensis
5253:S. ahoenobarbus
5235:
5227:Red river hog (
5202:
5178:
5145:
5121:
5095:Buru babirusa (
5066:
5040:
5032:Common duiker (
5016:
4974:
4784:
4742:
4718:
4694:
4652:
4601:
4564:
4540:
4505:
4490:P. picticaudata
4463:
4403:
4379:
4373:G. subgutturosa
4292:
4241:
4217:
4193:
4156:
4145:
4123:
4090:
4082:Cape bushbuck (
4075:T. strepsiceros
4004:
4003:
4001:
3978:
3954:
3930:
3825:
3817:Mountain anoa (
3752:
3746:B. tragocamelus
3728:
3722:T. quadricornis
3691:
3680:
3662:
3629:
3605:
3561:Bighorn sheep (
3527:
3503:
3479:
3471:Mountain goat (
3455:
3447:Chinese goral (
3404:
3380:
3365:C. sumatraensis
3329:
3312:Siberian ibex (
3276:Domestic goat (
3224:
3200:
3176:
3168:Barbary sheep (
3148:
3137:
3119:
3107:
3095:
3079:
3042:
3009:
2985:
2952:
2915:
2878:
2841:
2799:
2726:
2702:
2676:Scimitar oryx (
2651:
2634:Roan antelope (
2605:
2599:
2577:
2535:
2527:Northern pudu (
2501:
2493:Southern pudu (
2483:Northern pudu (
2467:
2443:
2419:
2384:Pygmy brocket (
2366:Dwarf brocket (
2323:
2290:
2266:
2233:
2209:
2172:
2112:
2061:
2037:
2004:
1978:Calamian deer (
1953:
1947:D. mesopotamica
1920:
1896:
1890:M. vuquangensis
1888:Giant muntjac (
1798:Fea's muntjac (
1751:
1745:
1727:
1715:
1699:
1630:
1588:
1551:
1509:M. chrysogaster
1460:
1452:Masai giraffe (
1409:
1372:
1335:
1321:
1283:
1276:
1246:
1207:
1203:
1166:
1162:
1150:
1146:
1093:
1089:
1054:
1050:
995:
984:
965:
956:
921:
908:
873:
864:
859:
855:
848:
824:
820:
807:
806:
802:
789:
788:
784:
780:
768:
761:
758:
749:
748:Black musk deer
746:
737:
736:Dwarf musk deer
734:
682:M. chrysogaster
672:Black musk deer
657:Dwarf musk deer
642:Anhui musk deer
598:
571:
564:
526:until the late
494:
485:
476:
412:
411:
387:
385:Characteristics
267:M. chrysogaster
237:
231:
205:
186:
119:
95:
93:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
42:
37:
29:
28:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5969:
5959:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5926:
5925:
5923:
5922:
5909:
5896:
5883:
5870:
5857:
5844:
5831:
5818:
5805:
5792:
5779:
5766:
5753:
5740:
5725:
5709:
5707:
5701:
5700:
5686:
5685:
5682:
5681:
5678:
5677:
5675:
5674:
5667:
5665:
5659:
5658:
5655:
5654:
5652:
5651:
5647:C. liberiensis
5641:
5639:
5631:
5630:
5628:
5627:
5621:Hippopotamus (
5617:
5615:
5604:
5602:Hippopotamidae
5594:
5593:
5580:
5579:
5576:
5575:
5572:
5571:
5568:
5567:
5565:
5564:
5555:
5551:C. dromedarius
5546:
5536:
5534:
5526:
5525:
5523:
5522:
5513:
5504:
5495:
5485:
5483:
5472:
5462:
5461:
5448:
5447:
5444:
5443:
5440:
5439:
5436:
5435:
5433:
5432:
5422:
5420:
5412:
5411:
5409:
5408:
5398:
5396:
5388:
5387:
5385:
5384:
5374:
5372:
5361:
5355:
5354:
5351:
5350:
5348:
5347:
5338:
5334:S. timoriensis
5329:
5320:
5311:
5302:
5293:
5287:Domestic pig (
5284:
5275:
5266:
5257:
5247:
5245:
5237:
5236:
5234:
5233:
5224:
5214:
5212:
5204:
5203:
5201:
5200:
5190:
5188:
5180:
5179:
5177:
5176:
5167:
5163:P. aethiopicus
5157:
5155:
5147:
5146:
5144:
5143:
5133:
5131:
5123:
5122:
5120:
5119:
5115:B. togeanensis
5110:
5101:
5091:
5089:
5078:
5068:
5067:
5054:
5053:
5050:
5049:
5046:
5045:
5042:
5041:
5039:
5038:
5028:
5026:
5018:
5017:
5015:
5014:
5005:
4996:
4986:
4984:
4976:
4975:
4973:
4972:
4966:Zebra duiker (
4963:
4954:
4945:
4941:C. silvicultor
4936:
4927:
4918:
4909:
4900:
4894:Black duiker (
4891:
4882:
4878:C. leucogaster
4873:
4864:
4855:
4846:
4837:
4828:
4819:
4809:
4807:
4796:
4790:
4789:
4786:
4785:
4783:
4782:
4773:
4767:Cape grysbok (
4764:
4754:
4752:
4744:
4743:
4741:
4740:
4730:
4728:
4720:
4719:
4717:
4716:
4710:Klipspringer (
4706:
4704:
4696:
4695:
4693:
4692:
4683:
4674:
4664:
4662:
4654:
4653:
4651:
4650:
4641:
4637:M. piacentinii
4632:
4623:
4613:
4611:
4603:
4602:
4600:
4599:
4589:
4587:
4576:
4570:
4569:
4566:
4565:
4563:
4562:
4552:
4550:
4542:
4541:
4539:
4538:
4528:
4526:
4515:
4511:
4510:
4507:
4506:
4504:
4503:
4499:P. przewalskii
4494:
4485:
4475:
4473:
4465:
4464:
4462:
4461:
4452:
4443:
4434:
4425:
4419:Dama gazelle (
4415:
4413:
4405:
4404:
4402:
4401:
4391:
4389:
4381:
4380:
4378:
4377:
4368:
4359:
4353:Rhim gazelle (
4350:
4341:
4332:
4323:
4314:
4304:
4302:
4294:
4293:
4291:
4290:
4281:
4272:
4263:
4253:
4251:
4243:
4242:
4240:
4239:
4229:
4227:
4219:
4218:
4216:
4215:
4211:A. marsupialis
4205:
4203:
4195:
4194:
4192:
4191:
4181:
4179:
4168:
4158:
4157:
4137:
4136:
4133:
4132:
4129:
4128:
4125:
4124:
4122:
4121:
4115:Common eland (
4112:
4102:
4100:
4092:
4091:
4089:
4088:
4079:
4073:Greater kudu (
4070:
4061:
4052:
4043:
4034:
4025:
4015:
4013:
3990:
3984:
3983:
3980:
3979:
3977:
3976:
3966:
3964:
3956:
3955:
3953:
3952:
3942:
3940:
3932:
3931:
3929:
3928:
3919:
3910:
3901:
3892:
3886:Domestic yak (
3883:
3874:
3865:
3856:
3847:
3837:
3835:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3823:
3814:
3810:B. mindorensis
3805:
3799:Lowland anoa (
3796:
3787:
3777:
3775:
3764:
3758:
3757:
3754:
3753:
3751:
3750:
3740:
3738:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3726:
3716:
3714:
3703:
3693:
3692:
3672:
3671:
3668:
3667:
3664:
3663:
3661:
3660:
3651:
3641:
3639:
3631:
3630:
3628:
3627:
3617:
3615:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3603:
3594:
3585:
3576:
3567:
3558:
3549:
3539:
3537:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3525:
3519:Nilgiri tahr (
3515:
3513:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3501:
3491:
3489:
3481:
3480:
3478:
3477:
3467:
3465:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3453:
3444:
3435:
3426:
3416:
3414:
3406:
3405:
3403:
3402:
3392:
3390:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3378:
3372:Taiwan serow (
3369:
3360:
3351:
3341:
3339:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3327:
3318:
3309:
3303:Iberian ibex (
3300:
3291:
3282:
3273:
3264:
3255:
3246:
3236:
3234:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3222:
3212:
3210:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3198:
3192:Arabian tahr (
3188:
3186:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3174:
3164:
3162:
3150:
3149:
3129:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3109:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3097:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3085:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3078:
3077:
3067:
3065:
3054:
3048:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3040:
3031:
3021:
3019:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3007:
2997:
2995:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2983:
2974:
2964:
2962:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2950:
2940:
2938:
2927:
2921:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2913:
2903:
2901:
2890:
2884:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2876:
2866:
2864:
2853:
2847:
2846:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2839:
2830:
2826:R. fulvorufula
2821:
2811:
2809:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2797:
2788:
2779:
2770:
2761:
2751:
2749:
2738:
2732:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2724:
2714:
2712:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2694:Arabian oryx (
2691:
2682:
2673:
2663:
2661:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2649:
2640:
2630:
2628:
2617:
2607:
2606:
2591:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2575:
2571:O. virginianus
2566:
2557:
2547:
2545:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2533:
2524:
2514:
2512:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2499:
2490:
2479:
2477:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2465:
2455:
2453:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2441:
2437:O. bezoarticus
2431:
2429:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2417:
2408:
2399:
2390:
2381:
2377:M. gouazoubira
2375:Gray brocket (
2372:
2363:
2354:
2345:
2335:
2333:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2321:
2312:
2302:
2300:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2288:
2278:
2276:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2264:
2255:
2245:
2243:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2231:
2221:
2219:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2207:
2197:
2195:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2170:
2161:
2152:
2143:
2134:
2130:C. albirostris
2124:
2122:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2110:
2101:
2092:
2083:
2073:
2071:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2059:
2049:
2047:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2035:
2026:
2016:
2014:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2002:
1993:
1984:
1975:
1965:
1963:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1951:
1942:
1932:
1930:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1918:
1914:E. cephalophus
1908:
1906:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1894:
1885:
1876:
1867:
1858:
1849:
1843:Leaf muntjac (
1840:
1836:M. puhoatensis
1831:
1822:
1813:
1804:
1795:
1786:
1776:
1774:
1763:
1753:
1752:
1737:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1697:
1693:T. williamsoni
1688:
1679:
1670:
1661:
1652:
1642:
1640:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1628:
1619:
1610:
1600:
1598:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1586:
1576:
1574:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1549:
1545:M. moschiferus
1540:
1536:M. leucogaster
1531:
1522:
1513:
1504:
1500:M. berezovskii
1495:
1485:
1483:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1458:
1449:
1440:
1431:
1421:
1419:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1407:
1397:
1395:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1371:
1370:
1360:
1358:
1347:
1345:Antilocapridae
1337:
1336:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1319:
1317:Laurasiatheria
1313:
1307:
1301:
1295:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1275:
1274:
1267:
1260:
1252:
1245:
1244:
1201:
1160:
1144:
1087:
1068:(2): 121–124.
1048:
982:
954:
935:(3): 333–342.
906:
887:(4): 347–375.
862:
853:
846:
818:
800:
781:
779:
776:
775:
774:
767:
764:
763:
762:
759:
752:
750:
747:
740:
738:
735:
728:
723:
722:
719:
716:
712:M. leucogaster
707:
706:
703:
700:
692:
691:
688:
685:
677:
676:
673:
670:
662:
661:
658:
655:
652:M. berezovskii
647:
646:
645:Eastern China
643:
640:
632:
631:
628:
625:
622:M. moschiferus
617:
616:
613:
610:
563:
560:
493:
490:
484:
481:
475:
472:
456:rutting season
408:dental formula
386:
383:
369:, notably the
306:
305:
304:
303:
299:M. moschiferus
295:
291:M. leucogaster
287:
279:
271:
263:
259:M. berezovskii
255:
244:
243:
239:
238:
232:
223:
222:
216:
215:
198:
194:
193:
181:
177:
176:
171:
167:
166:
161:
157:
156:
151:
147:
146:
141:
137:
136:
131:
127:
126:
113:
112:
106:
105:
97:
96:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
38:
33:
26:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5968:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5938:
5936:
5919:
5914:
5910:
5906:
5901:
5897:
5893:
5888:
5884:
5880:
5875:
5871:
5867:
5862:
5858:
5854:
5849:
5845:
5841:
5836:
5832:
5828:
5823:
5819:
5815:
5810:
5806:
5802:
5797:
5793:
5789:
5784:
5780:
5776:
5771:
5767:
5763:
5758:
5754:
5750:
5745:
5741:
5736:
5730:
5726:
5721:
5715:
5711:
5710:
5708:
5706:
5702:
5698:
5693:
5673:
5669:
5668:
5666:
5664:
5660:
5650:
5648:
5643:
5642:
5640:
5638:
5637:
5632:
5626:
5624:
5619:
5618:
5616:
5614:
5613:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5599:
5595:
5591:
5585:
5581:
5563:
5561:
5556:
5554:
5552:
5547:
5545:
5543:
5542:C. bactrianus
5538:
5537:
5535:
5533:
5532:
5527:
5521:
5519:
5514:
5512:
5510:
5505:
5503:
5501:
5496:
5494:
5492:
5487:
5486:
5484:
5482:
5481:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5467:
5463:
5459:
5453:
5449:
5431:
5429:
5424:
5423:
5421:
5419:
5418:
5413:
5407:
5405:
5400:
5399:
5397:
5395:
5394:
5389:
5383:
5381:
5376:
5375:
5373:
5371:
5370:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5356:
5346:
5344:
5343:S. verrucosus
5339:
5337:
5335:
5330:
5328:
5326:
5321:
5319:
5317:
5312:
5310:
5308:
5303:
5301:
5299:
5294:
5292:
5290:
5289:S. domesticus
5285:
5283:
5281:
5280:S. celebensis
5276:
5274:
5272:
5267:
5265:
5263:
5258:
5256:
5254:
5249:
5248:
5246:
5244:
5243:
5238:
5232:
5230:
5225:
5223:
5221:
5216:
5215:
5213:
5211:
5210:
5209:Potamochoerus
5205:
5199:
5197:
5192:
5191:
5189:
5187:
5186:
5181:
5175:
5173:
5168:
5166:
5164:
5159:
5158:
5156:
5154:
5153:
5148:
5142:
5140:
5135:
5134:
5132:
5130:
5129:
5124:
5118:
5116:
5111:
5109:
5107:
5106:B. celebensis
5102:
5100:
5098:
5093:
5092:
5090:
5088:
5087:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5073:
5069:
5065:
5059:
5055:
5037:
5035:
5030:
5029:
5027:
5025:
5024:
5019:
5013:
5011:
5006:
5004:
5002:
4997:
4995:
4993:
4990:Blue duiker (
4988:
4987:
4985:
4983:
4982:
4977:
4971:
4969:
4964:
4962:
4960:
4955:
4953:
4951:
4946:
4944:
4942:
4937:
4935:
4933:
4928:
4926:
4924:
4919:
4917:
4915:
4910:
4908:
4906:
4905:C. nigrifrons
4901:
4899:
4897:
4892:
4890:
4888:
4887:C. natalensis
4883:
4881:
4879:
4874:
4872:
4870:
4865:
4863:
4861:
4856:
4854:
4852:
4847:
4845:
4843:
4838:
4836:
4834:
4833:C. callipygus
4829:
4827:
4825:
4820:
4818:
4816:
4811:
4810:
4808:
4806:
4805:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4791:
4781:
4779:
4774:
4772:
4770:
4765:
4763:
4761:
4760:R. campestris
4756:
4755:
4753:
4751:
4750:
4745:
4739:
4737:
4732:
4731:
4729:
4727:
4726:
4721:
4715:
4713:
4712:O. oreotragus
4708:
4707:
4705:
4703:
4702:
4697:
4691:
4689:
4684:
4682:
4680:
4675:
4673:
4671:
4666:
4665:
4663:
4661:
4660:
4655:
4649:
4647:
4642:
4640:
4638:
4633:
4631:
4629:
4624:
4622:
4620:
4615:
4614:
4612:
4610:
4609:
4604:
4598:
4596:
4591:
4590:
4588:
4586:
4585:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4571:
4561:
4559:
4554:
4553:
4551:
4549:
4548:
4543:
4537:
4535:
4530:
4529:
4527:
4525:
4524:
4519:
4516:
4512:
4502:
4500:
4495:
4493:
4491:
4486:
4484:
4482:
4477:
4476:
4474:
4472:
4471:
4466:
4460:
4458:
4453:
4451:
4449:
4444:
4442:
4440:
4435:
4433:
4431:
4426:
4424:
4422:
4417:
4416:
4414:
4412:
4411:
4406:
4400:
4398:
4393:
4392:
4390:
4388:
4387:
4382:
4376:
4374:
4369:
4367:
4365:
4360:
4358:
4356:
4355:G. leptoceros
4351:
4349:
4347:
4342:
4340:
4338:
4333:
4331:
4329:
4324:
4322:
4320:
4315:
4313:
4311:
4306:
4305:
4303:
4301:
4300:
4295:
4289:
4287:
4282:
4280:
4278:
4273:
4271:
4269:
4264:
4262:
4260:
4259:E. albonotata
4255:
4254:
4252:
4250:
4249:
4244:
4238:
4236:
4235:A. cervicapra
4231:
4230:
4228:
4226:
4225:
4220:
4214:
4212:
4207:
4206:
4204:
4202:
4201:
4196:
4190:
4188:
4183:
4182:
4180:
4178:
4177:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4153:
4149:
4142:
4138:
4120:
4118:
4113:
4111:
4109:
4106:Giant eland (
4104:
4103:
4101:
4099:
4098:
4093:
4087:
4085:
4084:T. sylvaticus
4080:
4078:
4076:
4071:
4069:
4067:
4062:
4060:
4058:
4053:
4051:
4049:
4046:Lesser kudu (
4044:
4042:
4040:
4035:
4033:
4031:
4026:
4024:
4022:
4017:
4016:
4014:
4008:
4000:
3999:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3985:
3975:
3973:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3963:
3962:
3957:
3951:
3949:
3944:
3943:
3941:
3939:
3938:
3933:
3927:
3925:
3920:
3918:
3916:
3911:
3909:
3907:
3902:
3900:
3898:
3893:
3891:
3889:
3884:
3882:
3880:
3875:
3873:
3871:
3866:
3864:
3862:
3861:B. domesticus
3859:Bali cattle (
3857:
3855:
3853:
3848:
3846:
3844:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3834:
3833:
3828:
3822:
3820:
3815:
3813:
3811:
3806:
3804:
3802:
3797:
3795:
3793:
3788:
3786:
3784:
3779:
3778:
3776:
3774:
3773:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3759:
3749:
3747:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3737:
3736:
3731:
3725:
3723:
3718:
3717:
3715:
3713:
3712:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3688:
3684:
3677:
3673:
3659:
3657:
3652:
3650:
3648:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3638:
3637:
3632:
3626:
3624:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3614:
3613:
3608:
3602:
3600:
3595:
3593:
3591:
3586:
3584:
3582:
3577:
3575:
3573:
3568:
3566:
3564:
3563:O. canadensis
3559:
3557:
3555:
3550:
3548:
3546:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3536:
3535:
3530:
3524:
3522:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3512:
3511:
3510:Nilgiritragus
3506:
3500:
3498:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3488:
3487:
3482:
3476:
3474:
3473:O. americanus
3469:
3468:
3466:
3464:
3463:
3458:
3452:
3450:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3436:
3434:
3432:
3427:
3425:
3423:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3413:
3412:
3407:
3401:
3399:
3398:H. jemlahicus
3394:
3393:
3391:
3389:
3388:
3383:
3377:
3375:
3370:
3368:
3366:
3361:
3359:
3357:
3352:
3350:
3348:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3338:
3337:
3332:
3326:
3324:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3301:
3299:
3297:
3294:Nubian ibex (
3292:
3290:
3288:
3285:Alpine ibex (
3283:
3281:
3279:
3274:
3272:
3270:
3265:
3263:
3261:
3256:
3254:
3252:
3247:
3245:
3243:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3233:
3232:
3227:
3221:
3219:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3203:
3197:
3195:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3185:
3184:
3179:
3173:
3171:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3160:
3155:
3151:
3145:
3141:
3134:
3130:
3116:
3114:
3110:
3104:
3102:
3098:
3092:
3090:
3086:
3076:
3074:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3063:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3052:Pantholopinae
3049:
3039:
3037:
3032:
3030:
3028:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3018:
3017:
3012:
3006:
3004:
3003:A. buselaphus
2999:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2993:
2988:
2982:
2980:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2960:
2955:
2949:
2947:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2936:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2922:
2912:
2910:
2907:Grey rhebok (
2905:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2899:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2885:
2875:
2873:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2862:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2851:Aepycerotinae
2848:
2838:
2836:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2807:
2802:
2796:
2794:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2782:Nile lechwe (
2780:
2778:
2776:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2747:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2733:
2723:
2721:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2710:
2705:
2699:
2697:
2692:
2690:
2688:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2674:
2672:
2670:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2659:
2654:
2648:
2646:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2615:Hippotraginae
2612:
2608:
2603:
2596:
2592:
2574:
2572:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2543:
2538:
2532:
2530:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2504:
2498:
2496:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2475:
2470:
2464:
2462:
2461:B. dichotomus
2457:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2451:
2446:
2440:
2438:
2435:Pampas deer (
2433:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2427:
2422:
2416:
2414:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2395:M. nemorivaga
2391:
2389:
2387:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2339:Red brocket (
2337:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2331:
2326:
2320:
2318:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2308:H. antisensis
2304:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2298:
2293:
2287:
2285:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2274:
2269:
2263:
2261:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2241:
2236:
2230:
2228:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2206:
2204:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2193:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2179:
2169:
2167:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2148:C. canadensis
2144:
2142:
2140:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2120:
2115:
2109:
2107:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2097:R. timorensis
2093:
2091:
2089:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2058:
2056:
2055:E. davidianus
2051:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2045:
2040:
2034:
2032:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2022:R. duvaucelii
2018:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2012:
2007:
2001:
1999:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1987:Bawean deer (
1985:
1983:
1981:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1961:
1956:
1950:
1948:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1923:
1917:
1915:
1912:Tufted deer (
1910:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1904:
1899:
1893:
1891:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1845:M. putaoensis
1841:
1839:
1837:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1791:M. crinifrons
1787:
1785:
1783:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1772:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1749:
1742:
1738:
1724:
1722:
1718:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1696:
1694:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1684:T. versicolor
1680:
1678:
1676:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1638:
1633:
1627:
1625:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1596:
1591:
1585:
1583:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1572:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1558:
1548:
1546:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1491:M. anhuiensis
1487:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1481:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1467:
1457:
1455:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1445:G. reticulata
1441:
1439:
1437:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1417:
1412:
1406:
1404:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1393:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1369:
1367:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1356:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1328:
1324:
1318:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1289:
1286:
1281:
1273:
1268:
1266:
1261:
1259:
1254:
1253:
1250:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1217:(3): 585–97.
1216:
1212:
1205:
1197:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1180:(2): 206–28.
1179:
1175:
1171:
1164:
1157:
1154:
1148:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1091:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1052:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
993:
991:
989:
987:
979:(2): 129–140.
978:
974:
970:
963:
961:
959:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
919:
917:
915:
913:
911:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
871:
869:
867:
857:
849:
843:
839:
835:
830:
822:
814:
812:
804:
796:
792:
786:
782:
773:
770:
769:
756:
751:
744:
739:
732:
727:
726:
720:
717:
714:
713:
709:
708:
704:
701:
699:
698:
694:
693:
689:
686:
684:
683:
679:
678:
674:
671:
669:
668:
664:
663:
659:
656:
654:
653:
649:
648:
644:
641:
639:
638:
637:M. anhuiensis
634:
633:
629:
626:
624:
623:
619:
618:
614:
611:
608:
607:
603:
602:
594:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
569:
559:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
524:North America
521:
517:
513:
505:
504:
498:
489:
480:
471:
469:
465:
460:
457:
453:
448:
446:
442:
438:
432:
430:
426:
421:
409:
405:
401:
391:
382:
380:
376:
372:
368:
363:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
322:
318:
317:
312:
301:
300:
296:
293:
292:
288:
285:
284:
280:
277:
276:
272:
269:
268:
264:
261:
260:
256:
253:
252:
251:M. anhuiensis
248:
247:
245:
240:
235:
230:
229:
224:
221:
217:
213:
209:
204:
203:
199:
196:
195:
190:
185:
182:
179:
178:
175:
172:
169:
168:
165:
162:
159:
158:
155:
152:
149:
148:
145:
142:
139:
138:
135:
132:
129:
128:
123:
118:
114:
111:
107:
103:
98:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
41:
36:
22:
19:
5704:
5646:
5634:
5623:H. amphibius
5622:
5612:Hippopotamus
5610:
5590:Whippomorpha
5559:
5550:
5541:
5529:
5517:
5508:
5499:
5490:
5478:
5427:
5415:
5403:
5391:
5379:
5367:
5342:
5333:
5324:
5315:
5306:
5297:
5288:
5279:
5271:S. cebifrons
5270:
5261:
5252:
5240:
5228:
5219:
5207:
5195:
5183:
5172:P. africanus
5171:
5162:
5152:Phacochoerus
5150:
5138:
5126:
5114:
5105:
5097:B. babyrussa
5096:
5084:
5033:
5021:
5009:
5001:P. maxwellii
5000:
4992:P. monticola
4991:
4979:
4967:
4958:
4949:
4940:
4932:C. rufilatus
4931:
4922:
4913:
4904:
4895:
4886:
4877:
4868:
4859:
4850:
4849:Bay duiker (
4842:C. crusalbum
4841:
4832:
4823:
4814:
4802:
4794:Cephalophini
4777:
4769:R. melanotis
4768:
4759:
4747:
4735:
4723:
4711:
4699:
4687:
4679:N. moschatus
4678:
4669:
4657:
4645:
4636:
4627:
4619:M. guentheri
4618:
4606:
4595:D. megalotis
4594:
4582:
4557:
4545:
4534:P. hodgsonii
4533:
4521:
4498:
4489:
4481:P. gutturosa
4480:
4468:
4456:
4447:
4438:
4429:
4420:
4408:
4396:
4384:
4372:
4363:
4354:
4345:
4337:G. erlangeri
4336:
4327:
4318:
4310:G. bennettii
4309:
4297:
4285:
4277:E. thomsonii
4276:
4268:E. rufifrons
4267:
4258:
4246:
4234:
4222:
4210:
4198:
4186:
4174:
4116:
4108:T. derbianus
4107:
4095:
4083:
4074:
4065:
4056:
4047:
4039:T. eurycerus
4038:
4029:
4020:
3996:
3988:Tragelaphini
3971:
3959:
3947:
3935:
3923:
3914:
3906:B. javanicus
3905:
3896:
3888:B. grunniens
3887:
3878:
3870:B. frontalis
3869:
3860:
3851:
3842:
3830:
3818:
3809:
3800:
3791:
3782:
3770:
3745:
3733:
3721:
3709:
3656:R. rupicapra
3655:
3647:R. pyrenaica
3646:
3634:
3622:
3610:
3598:
3589:
3588:Snow sheep (
3580:
3571:
3570:Dall sheep (
3562:
3553:
3544:
3532:
3521:N. hylocrius
3520:
3508:
3497:O. moschatus
3496:
3484:
3472:
3460:
3448:
3439:
3430:
3421:
3409:
3397:
3385:
3373:
3364:
3355:
3346:
3334:
3322:
3321:Walia ibex (
3313:
3305:C. pyrenaica
3304:
3295:
3286:
3277:
3269:C. falconeri
3268:
3259:
3250:
3241:
3229:
3218:B. taxicolor
3217:
3205:
3193:
3181:
3169:
3157:
3073:P. hodgsonii
3072:
3060:
3035:
3026:
3016:Connochaetes
3014:
3002:
3001:Hartebeest (
2990:
2978:
2969:
2957:
2945:
2933:
2925:Alcelaphinae
2909:P. capreolus
2908:
2896:
2871:
2859:
2834:
2825:
2817:R. arundinum
2816:
2804:
2792:
2784:K. megaceros
2783:
2774:
2765:
2756:
2744:
2719:
2707:
2695:
2686:
2677:
2668:
2656:
2644:
2635:
2623:
2570:
2561:
2552:
2540:
2528:
2519:
2506:
2494:
2484:
2472:
2460:
2459:Marsh deer (
2448:
2436:
2424:
2412:
2403:
2394:
2385:
2376:
2367:
2358:
2349:
2341:M. americana
2340:
2328:
2316:
2307:
2297:Hippocamelus
2295:
2283:
2271:
2259:
2251:C. capreolus
2250:
2238:
2226:
2225:Water deer (
2214:
2202:
2190:
2165:
2156:
2147:
2138:
2129:
2117:
2105:
2096:
2088:R. mariannus
2087:
2078:
2066:
2054:
2042:
2030:
2029:Eld's deer (
2021:
2020:Barasingha (
2009:
1997:
1988:
1979:
1970:
1958:
1946:
1937:
1925:
1913:
1901:
1889:
1881:M. vaginalis
1880:
1871:
1862:
1853:
1844:
1835:
1826:
1817:
1808:
1799:
1790:
1782:M. atherodes
1781:
1769:
1692:
1683:
1675:T. nigricans
1674:
1665:
1656:
1648:T. javanicus
1647:
1635:
1623:
1614:
1605:
1593:
1582:H. aquaticus
1581:
1569:
1544:
1535:
1526:
1517:
1508:
1499:
1490:
1479:
1478:
1453:
1444:
1435:
1426:
1414:
1403:O. johnstoni
1402:
1390:
1366:A. americana
1365:
1353:
1315:Superorder:
1309:Infraclass:
1280:Artiodactyla
1214:
1210:
1204:
1177:
1173:
1163:
1155:
1152:
1147:
1104:
1100:
1090:
1065:
1061:
1051:
1006:
1003:BMC Genomics
1002:
976:
972:
932:
928:
884:
880:
856:
833:
821:
810:
803:
794:
785:
772:Vampire deer
711:
696:
681:
666:
651:
636:
621:
600:
599:
587:goats, sheep
574:
572:
548:Late Miocene
543:
535:
509:
501:
500:Skeleton of
486:
477:
464:scent glands
461:
449:
433:
422:
396:
364:
352:caudal gland
315:
314:
310:
309:
297:
289:
281:
273:
265:
257:
249:
226:
220:Type species
201:
200:
174:Artiodactyla
18:
5809:iNaturalist
5729:Wikispecies
5500:L. guanicoe
5359:Tayassuidae
5323:Wild boar (
5262:S. barbatus
5220:P. larvatus
5196:P. salvania
5194:Pygmy hog (
5128:Hylochoerus
4981:Philantomba
4869:C. jentinki
4851:C. dorsalis
4804:Cephalophus
4688:N. pygmaeus
4646:M. saltiana
4584:Dorcatragus
4558:S. tatarica
4448:N. petersii
4386:Litocranius
4286:E. tilonura
4233:Blackbuck (
4209:Springbok (
4152:Antilopinae
4150:(subfamily
4097:Taurotragus
4064:Sitatunga (
4057:T. scriptus
4048:T. imberbis
4005:(including
3998:Tragelaphus
3819:B. quarlesi
3701:Boselaphini
3685:(subfamily
3590:O. nivicola
3431:N. caudatus
3420:Red goral (
3411:Naemorhedus
3374:C. swinhoei
3354:Red serow (
3336:Capricornis
3314:C. sibirica
3251:C. caucasia
3242:C. aegagrus
3240:Wild goat (
3194:A. jayakari
3183:Arabitragus
3142:(subfamily
3113:Antilopinae
3036:C. taurinus
2979:D. pygargus
2872:A. melampus
2793:K. vardonii
2755:Waterbuck (
2696:O. leucoryx
2625:Hippotragus
2553:O. hemionus
2551:Mule deer (
2450:Blastocerus
2359:M. bricenii
2317:H. bisulcus
2284:R. tarandus
2260:C. pygargus
2182:Capreolinae
2164:Sika deer (
2106:R. unicolor
2095:Rusa deer (
1998:A. porcinus
1818:M. montanus
1615:M. kathygre
1364:Pronghorn (
1355:Antilocapra
540:Pleistocene
454:during the
452:territories
445:crepuscular
348:gallbladder
5935:Categories
5636:Choeropsis
5518:L. vicugna
5404:C. wagneri
5307:S. oliveri
5298:S. heureni
5034:S. grimmia
5023:Sylvicapra
5010:P. walteri
4923:C. rubidis
4914:C. ogilbyi
4860:C. harveyi
4824:C. brookei
4778:R. sharpei
4758:Steenbok (
4749:Raphicerus
4701:Oreotragus
4574:Neotragini
4523:Pantholops
4439:N. notatus
4397:L. walleri
4346:G. gazella
4319:G. cuvieri
4308:Chinkara (
4200:Antidorcas
4187:A. clarkei
4176:Ammodorcas
4166:Antilopini
4066:T. spekeii
4030:T. buxtoni
4021:T. angasii
3913:Wild yak (
3897:B. indicus
3852:B. bonasus
3792:B. bubalis
3735:Boselaphus
3711:Tetracerus
3581:O. gmelini
3449:N. griseus
3422:N. baileyi
3387:Hemitragus
3356:C. rubidus
3347:C. crispus
3296:C. nubiana
3159:Ammotragus
3062:Pantholops
2992:Alcelaphus
2977:Bontebok (
2970:D. lunatus
2959:Damaliscus
2946:B. hunteri
2835:R. redunca
2736:Reduncinae
2687:O. gazella
2636:H. equinus
2562:O. pandora
2542:Odocoileus
2426:Ozotoceros
2282:Reindeer (
2227:H. inermis
2216:Hydropotes
2139:C. elaphus
2137:Red deer (
2079:R. alfredi
1996:Hog deer (
1854:M. reevesi
1827:M. muntjak
1657:T. kanchil
1624:M. meminna
1571:Hyemoschus
1561:Tragulidae
1518:M. cupreus
1436:G. giraffa
1382:Giraffidae
1333:Ruminantia
1107:: 135335.
1009:(1): 668.
778:References
697:M. cupreus
503:Micromeryx
474:Population
437:scent mark
381:deposits.
367:South Asia
275:M. cupreus
5941:Musk deer
5588:Suborder
5498:Guanaco (
5470:Camelidae
5456:Suborder
5428:D. tajacu
5417:Dicotyles
5393:Catagonus
5380:T. pecari
5325:S. scrofa
5229:P. porcus
5218:Bushpig (
5086:Babyrousa
5062:Suborder
4959:C. weynsi
4950:C. spadix
4815:C. adersi
4736:O. ourebi
4670:N. batesi
4659:Neotragus
4628:M. kirkii
4430:N. granti
4395:Gerenuk (
4364:G. spekei
4328:G. dorcas
4185:Dibatag (
3972:S. caffer
3937:Pseudoryx
3924:B. taurus
3904:Banteng (
3879:B. gaurus
3808:Tamaraw (
3654:Chamois (
3636:Rupicapra
3623:P. nayaur
3599:O. vignei
3579:Mouflon (
3278:C. hircus
3267:Markhor (
3170:A. lervia
2935:Beatragus
2861:Aepyceros
2685:Gemsbok (
2678:O. dammah
2520:P. carlae
2413:M. temama
2404:M. rufina
2368:M. chunyi
2350:M. bororo
2240:Capreolus
2166:C. nippon
2157:C. hanglu
2044:Elaphurus
1989:A. kuhlii
1903:Elaphodus
1771:Muntiacus
1606:M. indica
1595:Moschiola
1527:M. fuscus
1470:Moschidae
1331:Suborder
1291:Kingdom:
1131:0048-9697
1082:1608-3334
1025:1471-2164
813:, Linn.)"
667:M. fuscus
568:Moschidae
558:, China.
516:Oligocene
512:Moschidae
492:Evolution
441:nocturnal
429:umbilicus
379:Oligocene
371:Himalayas
324:Moschidae
311:Musk deer
283:M. fuscus
184:Moschidae
140:Kingdom:
134:Eukaryota
24:Musk deer
5853:14200186
5720:Q3866060
5714:Wikidata
5560:C. ferus
5516:Vicuña (
5509:L. pacos
5507:Alpaca (
5491:L. glama
5458:Tylopoda
4968:C. zebra
4896:C. niger
4470:Procapra
4248:Eudorcas
4224:Antilope
3961:Syncerus
3922:Cattle (
3915:B. mutus
3843:B. bison
3783:B. arnee
3744:Nilgai (
3621:Bharal (
3612:Pseudois
3572:O. dalli
3554:O. aries
3545:O. ammon
3543:Argali (
3495:Muskox (
3462:Oreamnos
3440:N. goral
3323:C. walie
3207:Budorcas
3144:Caprinae
3089:Caprinae
2944:Hirola (
2888:Peleinae
2870:Impala (
2775:K. leche
2773:Lechwe (
2669:O. beisa
2645:H. niger
2306:Taruca (
2273:Rangifer
2203:A. alces
2104:Sambar (
2031:R. eldii
2011:Rucervus
1969:Chital (
1761:Cervinae
1748:Cervidae
1709:Cervidae
1637:Tragulus
1311:Eutheria
1305:Mammalia
1299:Chordata
1297:Phylum:
1293:Animalia
1239:17158073
1196:12746147
1139:31784177
1043:36138352
766:See also
583:antelope
562:Taxonomy
552:Turolian
532:Pliocene
427:and the
425:genitals
328:Cervidae
242:Species
234:Linnaeus
208:Linnaeus
180:Family:
164:Mammalia
154:Chordata
150:Phylum:
144:Animalia
130:Domain:
5913:ZooBank
5827:1271917
5801:2440987
5735:Moschus
5705:Moschus
5672:Cetacea
5663:Cetacea
5531:Camelus
5489:Llama (
5369:Tayassu
5185:Porcula
4734:Oribi (
4725:Ourebia
4608:Madoqua
4593:Beira (
4514:Saigini
4421:N. dama
4299:Gazella
4148:Bovidae
4146:Family
4117:T. oryx
4037:Bongo (
4019:Nyala (
3946:Saola (
3868:Gayal (
3772:Bubalus
3687:Bovinae
3683:Bovidae
3681:Family
3597:Urial (
3287:C. ibex
3216:Takin (
3140:Bovidae
3138:Family
3101:Bovinae
3027:C. gnou
2806:Redunca
2718:Addax (
2602:Bovidae
2600:Family
2508:Pudella
2495:P. pudu
2386:M. nana
2201:Moose (
1971:A. axis
1938:D. dama
1800:M. feae
1746:Family
1721:Bovidae
1666:T. napu
1480:Moschus
1416:Giraffa
1401:Okapi (
1303:Class:
1282:species
1278:Extant
1219:Bibcode
1158:: 55–69
1109:Bibcode
1034:9503231
937:Bibcode
889:Bibcode
815:. 1875.
601:Moschus
544:Moschus
536:Moschus
528:Miocene
520:Eurasia
483:Habitat
417:3.1.3.3
414:0.1.3.3
404:canines
362:gland.
336:antlers
332:Bovidae
316:Moschus
202:Moschus
197:Genus:
170:Order:
160:Class:
5879:233506
5840:624950
5788:1MOSCG
5749:201853
5076:Suidae
4677:Suni (
4410:Nanger
3895:Zebu (
3877:Gaur (
3762:Bovini
3486:Ovibos
2791:Puku (
2766:K. kob
2330:Mazama
2119:Cervus
1392:Okapia
1237:
1194:
1137:
1129:
1080:
1041:
1031:
1023:
844:
829:"Deer"
597:Genus
591:cattle
579:bovids
556:Lufeng
321:family
236:, 1758
191:, 1821
5900:Plazi
5892:42648
5866:68410
5822:IRMNG
5814:42141
5775:39388
5064:Suina
4547:Saiga
4488:Goa (
4007:kudus
3231:Capra
2898:Pelea
2764:Kob (
2746:Kobus
2709:Addax
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