16529:
new architectural style. The forms and conventions of
Classical architecture were better understood in Syria than in the lands further east, and as a result some of the vocabulary of Umayyad architecture—of column and capital, pointed arch and dome, rib and vault—is familiar to a Western observer. These traditions declined in importance, however, as Muslim builders began to adopt the architectural styles of the newly conquered lands to the east—in Mesopotamia, Iran, Central Asia and even India. (...) The Abbasid dynasty of caliphs, founded in 749, ruled most of the Islamic lands from capital cities in Iraq during a golden age that lasted at least until the end of the 9th century. New styles of architecture were characterized by forms, techniques and motifs of Iraqi and Iranian origin. Some features of these styles, such as brick vaults and stucco renderings, had already appeared in buildings erected late in the Umayyad period (661–c. 750; see §III above), but they became increasingly widespread as a result of the power and prestige of the Abbasid court. In the Islamic lands around the Mediterranean, Late Antique traditions of stone construction roofed with wood continued, although new techniques and styles were eventually introduced from Iraq.
2047:
3905:
5129:
7659:
4810:
1796:
1971:
7732:
4908:
1815:
13349:"Islamic Order." Today it is one of the recognized alternatives to "fundamentalist", along with "political Islam" in particular. Current terminology usually distinguishes between "Islam," and "Islamism", referring to the ideology of those who tend to signal openly, in politics, their Muslim religion. the term has often acquired a quasi-criminal connotation close to that of political extremism, religious sectarianism, or bigotry. In Western mainstream media, "Islamists" are those who want to establish, preferably through violent means, an "Islamic state" or impose sharīʿah (Islamic religious law)—goals that are often perceived merely as a series of violations of human rights or the rights of women. In the Muslim world, insiders use the term as a positive reference. In the academic sphere, although it is still debated, the term designates a more complex phenomenon.
4887:
3924:
3886:
2142:
1886:
4210:
1862:
4327:
1838:
4315:
4865:
2166:
4666:
4682:
6638:
4787:
6848:
4532:
4544:
4187:
7220:
6574:
5151:
6836:
6536:
7169:
6860:
2024:
4946:
6690:
6038:
5492:
7036:
6662:
7679:
6448:
3412:
4840:
7713:
4516:
4386:
3348:
6466:
7020:
6488:
256:
5835:
2242:
4303:
4291:
2096:
5855:
4924:
4269:
2063:
7236:
5877:
5805:
2958:
3677:, involving "support for identity, authenticity, broader regionalism, revivalism, revitalization of the community." Islamists themselves prefer terms such as "Islamic movement", or "Islamic activism" to "Islamism", objecting to the insinuation that Islamism is anything other than Islam renewed and revived. In public and academic contexts, the term "Islamism" has been criticized as having been given connotations of violence, extremism, and violations of human rights, by the Western mass media, leading to Islamophobia and stereotyping.
6555:
4650:
7200:
2126:
4706:
3013:
4630:
2190:
3396:
7782:
2213:
6618:
4592:
Muslim-majority Arab country, the youth female literacy rate exceeds that for males. Lower literacy rates are more prevalent in South Asian countries such as in
Afghanistan and Pakistan, but are rapidly increasing. In the Eastern Middle East, Iran has a high level of youth literacy at 98%, but Iraq's youth literacy rate has sharply declined from 85% to 57% during the American-led war and subsequent occupation. Indonesia, the largest Muslim-majority country in the world, has a 99% youth literacy rate.
5171:
1351:
6593:
2228:
3428:
5783:
5757:
7698:
3078:
7643:
5048:
3247:
3195:
3026:
2675:
1997:
2763:
2597:
5190:
19127:
4232:
3260:
3221:
3130:
3104:
3000:
2750:
2636:
3052:
5893:
5736:
4251:
2893:
3457:
3091:
4615:(10.7). In addition, the average of years of schooling in countries in which Muslims are the majority is 6.0 years of schooling, which lag behind the global average (7.7 years of schooling). In the youngest age (25–34) group surveyed, Young Muslims have the lowest average levels of education of any major religious group, with an average of 6.7 years of schooling, which lag behind the global average (8.6 years of schooling). The study found that
3332:
2854:
3364:
2867:
2776:
2662:
7768:
3169:
2945:
2737:
3282:
3182:
2987:
2919:
2880:
2724:
1284:
79:
6511:
3234:
2828:
2815:
2610:
3724:
3117:
3065:
1675:, were among the influential and distinguished powers in the world. 19th-century colonialism and 20th-century decolonisation have resulted in several independent Muslim-majority states around the world, with vastly differing attitudes towards and political influences granted to, or restricted for, Islam from country to country. These have revolved around the question of Islam's compatibility with other ideological concepts such as
7005:
7185:
3208:
3156:
2932:
2906:
2841:
2789:
2688:
2649:
2415:
181:
38:
3143:
3039:
2802:
2623:
3380:
19116:
7754:
1184:
3950:
3316:
583:
9916:"Many people, including myself, are often guilty of using terms such as 'Muslim countries', or the 'Islamic world', as if Islam has always been there, and always will be. And that is completely unclear. (...) If the current trend continues, at some point a large section of the population may no longer be religious. How 'Islamic' would that still make the 'Islamic world'?
8258:
4752:, this diversity includes diversity in beliefs, interpretations and practices and communities and interests. Knight says perception of Muslim world among non-Muslims is usually supported through introductory literature about Islam, mostly present a version as per scriptural view which would include some
16483:: "As the Arabs did not have an architectural tradition suited to the needs of a great empire, they adopted the building methods of the defeated Sassanian and Byzantine empires. Because they ruled from Syria, Byzantine influence was stronger, although Sassanian elements became increasingly important."
6318:
to the present day. The
Islamic world encompasses a wide geographic area historically ranging from western Africa and Europe to eastern Asia. Certain commonalities are shared by Islamic architectural styles across all these regions, but over time different regions developed their own styles according
4591:
In 2015, the
International Islamic News Agency reported that nearly 37% of the population of the Muslim world is unable to read or write, basing that figure on reports from the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and the Islamic Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. In Egypt, the largest
1246:
as a movement with power, importance, and cohesion born in Paris, where Turks, Arabs and
Persians congregated. The correspondent's focus was on India: it would take too long to consider the progress made in various parts of the Muslim world. The article considered the position of the Amir, the effect
16528:
Although Syria remained the center of the
Islamic empire for less than 90 years, its role in the development of Islamic architecture was crucial. The region's own ancient civilization, unified and transformed by Hellenization and overlaid with Roman and Christian elements, provided the basis for the
4441:
lived in countries with Muslim majorities (excluding
Nigeria). The Pew Forum study finds that Indonesia (21.1 million) has the largest Christian population in the Muslim world, followed by Egypt, Chad and Kazakhstan. While according to Adly A. Youssef and Martyn Thomas, in 2004, there were around 30
3813:
The overwhelming majority of
Muslims in the world, between 87 and 90%, are Sunni. Shias and other groups make up the rest, about 10–13% of overall Muslim population. The countries with the highest concentration of Shia populations are: Iran – 89%, Azerbaijan – 65%, Iraq – 60%, Bahrain – 60%, Yemen –
3740:
Because the terms 'Muslim world' and 'Islamic world' are disputed, since no country is homogeneously Muslim, and there is no way to determine at what point a Muslim minority in a country is to be considered 'significant' enough, there is no consensus on how to define the Muslim world geographically.
12277:
The constitution also states there shall be a "just and equitable balance" in the apportionment of cabinet and high-level civil service positions among the major religious groups, a provision amended by the Taif
Agreement, which ended the country's civil war and mandated proportional representation
7602:
while Muslim women's experiences differs a lot by location and personal situations such as family upbringing, class and education; the difference between culture and religions is often ignored by community and state leaders in many of the Muslim majority countries, the key issue in the Muslim world
2271:
In the 20th century, the end of the
European colonial domination has led to creation of a number of nation states with significant Muslim populations. These states drew on Islamic traditions to varying degree and in various ways in organizing their legal, educational and economic systems. The Times
13348:
The term "Islamism/Islamist" has come into increasing use in recent years to denote the views of those Muslims who claim that Islam, or more specifically, the Islamic sharīʿah, provides guidance for all areas of human life, individual and social, and who therefore call for an "Islamic State" or an
16580:: "Thus, it is increasingly being recognized that the mutual Roman–Byzantine architectural heritage of the Mediterranean, which had played an important role in the formation of early Islamic art, continued to mediate the shared histories of European and Islamic art long after the medieval period."
3537:
In its original formulation, Islamism described an ideology seeking to revive Islam to its past assertiveness and glory, purifying it of foreign elements, reasserting its role into "social and political as well as personal life"; and in particular "reordering government and society in accordance
13301:
Islamism is one of many sociopolitical concepts continuously contested in scholarly literature. It is a neologism debated in both Muslim and non-Muslim public and academic contexts. The term "Islamism" at the very least represents a form of social and political activism, grounded in an idea that
2393:. His understanding of the "Muslim world" and its "social order" was that, presented to the Western world as the result of practicing Islamic teachings, would impress "by the beauty and charm of true Islamic ideology". He argued that the values of the Enlightenment and its related precursor, the
16557:
At this stage of scholarly knowledge, however, it is probably fair to say that Islam's Arabian past, essential for understanding the faith and its practices, and the Arabic language and its literature, is not as important for the forms used by Islamic art as the immensely richer world, from the
9093:
THE appalling and catastrophic pictures of the so-called new extremist Isis Jihadist group made me think about someone who can say I am a Muslim of a non-denominational standpoint, and to my surprise/ignorance, such people exist. Online, I found something called the people's mosque, which makes
7123:; chapters and excerpts from the Qur'an are a common and almost universal text upon which Islamic calligraphy is based. Although artistic depictions of people and animals are not explicitly forbidden by the Qur'an, pictures have traditionally been limited in Islamic books in order to avoid
9580:
6784:
which featured paintings of people and animals, and also depictions of Quranic stories and Islamic traditional narratives. Another reason why Islamic art is usually abstract is to symbolize the transcendence, indivisible and infinite nature of God, an objective achieved by arabesque.
4481:
exist in the non-Arab countries of Iran (9,500) and Turkey (14,500); both, however, are much smaller than they historically have been. Among Arab countries, the largest Jewish community now exists in Morocco with about 2,000 Jews and in Tunisia with about 1,000. The number of
1270:'s citizens are c. 10% Christians), and in absolute numbers, there are sometimes fewer Muslims living in countries in which they make up the majority than in countries in which they form a minority. Hence, the term 'Muslim-majority countries' is often preferred in literature.
1266:, although there are no agreed criteria for inclusion. Some scholars and commentators have criticised the term 'Muslim/Islamic world' and its derivative terms 'Muslim/Islamic country' as "simplistic" and "binary", since no state has a religiously homogeneous population (e.g.
4786:
2107:
by European powers profoundly affected Muslim-majority societies in Africa, Europe, the Middle East and Asia. Colonialism was often advanced by conflict with mercantile initiatives by colonial powers and caused tremendous social upheavals in Muslim-dominated societies.
7143:, it encompasses a diverse array of works created in a wide variety of contexts. The prevalence of calligraphy in Islamic art is not directly related to its non-figural tradition; rather, it reflects the centrality of the notion of writing and written text in Islam.
558:
are roughly equal. China has the third largest Muslim population outside Muslim-majority countries, while Russia has the fifth largest Muslim population. Nigeria has the largest Muslim population in Africa, while Indonesia has the largest Muslim population in Asia.
12001:
3307:
countries, which are shown in the Government and religion section above in the article. Apart from these, large Muslim populations exist in some countries where Muslims are a minority, and their Muslim communities are larger than many Muslim-majority nations:
2491:
ideals, societies responded in different ways. Some Muslim-majority countries are secular. Azerbaijan became the first secular republic in the Muslim world, between 1918 and 1920, before it was incorporated into the Soviet Union. Turkey has been governed as a
7135:
prohibition by using strands of tiny writing to construct lines and images. Calligraphy was a valued art form, even as a moral good. An ancient Arabic proverb illustrates this point by emphatically stating that "Purity of writing is purity of the soul."
1970:
8090:
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World (OEIW) deals with all aspects of Islam—the world's second largest and fastest-growing religion—and the societies in which it exists, including their religion, politics, economics, everyday life, culture, and
6230:
in mills and water-raising machines, and pioneered the use of dams as a source of water power, used to provide additional power to watermills and water-raising machines. Such advances made it possible for industrial tasks that were previously driven by
3471:
During much of the 20th century, the Islamic identity and the dominance of Islam on political issues have arguably increased during the early 21st century. The fast-growing interests of the Western world in Islamic regions, international conflicts and
1552:, a successive series of dynasties that synthesized Indian civilization with the wider commercial and cultural networks of Africa and Eurasia, greatly increased demographic and economic growth in India and deterred Mongol incursion into the prosperous
16558:
Atlantic Ocean to Central Asia, taken over by Islam in the 7th and 8th centuries. Even later, after centuries of independent growth, new conquests in Anatolia or India continued to bring new local themes and ideas into the mainstream of Islamic art.
1917:"Why do the Christian nations, which were so weak in the past compared with Muslim nations begin to dominate so many lands in modern times and even defeat the once victorious Ottoman armies?"..."Because they have laws and rules invented by reason."
2118:
The only Muslim-majority regions not to be colonized by the Europeans were Saudi Arabia, Iran, Turkey, and Afghanistan. Turkey was one of the first colonial powers of the world with the Ottoman empire ruling several states for over 6 centuries.
2046:
3904:
2389:, the faith is "a complete divorce from jahiliyyah". He complained that American churches served as centers of community social life that were "very hard distinguish from places of fun and amusement". For Qutb, Western society was the modern
371:
which consists of 57 member states had a combined GDP(PPP) of US$ 24 trillion which is equal to about 18% of world's GDP or US$ 30 trillion with 5 OIC observer states which is equal to about 22% of the world's GDP. Some OIC member countries
13302:
public and political life should be guided by a set of Islamic principles. In other words, Islamists are those who believe that Islam has an important role to play in organizing a Muslim-majority society and who seek to implement this belief.
9588:
8967:
The Pew Forum's estimate of the Shia population (10%) is in keeping with previous estimates, which generally have been in the range of 10%. Some previous estimates, however, have placed the number of Shias at nearly 15% of the world's Muslim
7658:
16336:. Bengal was rich in the production and export of grain, salt, fruit, liquors and wines, precious metals and ornaments besides the output of its handlooms in silk and cotton. Europe referred to Bengal as the richest country to trade with.
1814:
3710:
More than 24.1% of the world's population is Muslim, with an estimated total of approximately 1.9 billion. Muslims are the majority in 49 countries, they speak hundreds of languages and come from diverse ethnic backgrounds. The city of
6820:
and arches, organized and interwoven with alternating sequences of niches and colonnettes. The role of domes in Islamic architecture has been considerable. Its usage spans centuries, first appearing in 691 with the construction of the
5128:
4995:
in 1258. The Abbasids were influenced by the Quranic injunctions and hadiths, such as "the ink of a scholar is more holy than the blood of a martyr," that stressed the value of knowledge. The major Islamic capital cities of Baghdad,
7611:
are widespread among many conservative Muslims (men and women). Orthodox Muslims often believe that rights and responsibilities of women in Islam are different from that of men and sacrosanct since assigned by the God. According to
7131:, Iraq, from which it takes its name. The style later developed into several varieties, including floral, foliated, plaited or interlaced, bordered, and square kufic. In the ancient world, though, artists would often get around the
3520:
within the context of the state or society. The majority of them are affiliated with Islamic institutions or social mobilization movements, often designated as "al-harakat al-Islamiyyah." Islamists emphasize the implementation of
1861:
8650:
4809:
486:, the largest Muslim-majority country; 31% of Muslims live in South Asia, the largest population of Muslims in the world; 20% in the Middle East–North Africa, where it is the dominant religion; and 15% in Sub-Saharan Africa and
5232:. It reached its final form by the 14th century; the number and type of tales have varied from one manuscript to another. This work has been very influential in the West since it was translated in the 18th century, first by
5004:
became the main intellectual centers for science, philosophy, medicine, and education. During this period, the Muslim world was a collection of cultures; they drew together and advanced the knowledge gained from the ancient
5926:'s invented the log base systems that are being used today, he also contributed theorems in trigonometry as well as limits. Recent studies show that it is very likely that the Medieval Muslim artists were aware of advanced
6217:
and windmills. By the 11th century, every province throughout the Islamic world had these industrial mills in operation, from al-Andalus and North Africa to the Middle East and Central Asia. Muslim engineers also invented
356:), enriched the Muslim world, achieving the economic preconditions for the emergence of this institution owing to the emphasis attached to Islamic teachings. In the modern era, most of the Muslim world came under European
13978:
4864:
3748:
is the world's largest Muslim-minority population in the world (11% of the world's Muslim population). Jones (2005) defines a "large minority" as being between 30% and 50%, which described nine countries in 2000, namely
12005:
9758:
there is no substantial net gain or loss in the number of Muslims through conversion globally; the number of people who become Muslims through conversion seems to be roughly equal to the number of Muslims who leave the
11891:
4209:
7870:
13657:
Karachi is the largest city in Pakistan, the second-largest city in the world when "city" is defined by official municipal limits, the largest city in the Muslim world, and the world's seventh-largest metropolitan
11217:
9497:
10784:: Article 1 – "The official religion of Persia is Islám, according to the orthodox Já'farí doctrine of the Ithna 'Ashariyya (Church of the Twelve Imáms), which faith 1 the Sháh of Persia must profess and promote."
4756:
and abstracts of history as per authors own point of views, to which even many Muslims might agree, but that necessarily would not reflect Islam as lived on the ground, 'in the experience of real human bodies'.
15678:
4563:
is in second place in the Index of Literacy of World Countries. Some members such as Iran, Kuwait, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan have over 97% literacy rates, whereas literacy rates are the lowest in
14416:
Theologically, one would have to conclude that the Druze are not Muslims. They do not accept the five pillars of Islam. In place of these principles the Druze have instituted the seven precepts noted above..
7525:
The ancient Iranian Solar calendar is one of the oldest calendars in the world, as well as the most accurate solar calendar in use today. Since the calendar uses astronomical calculation for determining the
2519:
Some countries have declared Islam as the official state religion. In those countries, the legal code is largely secular. Only personal status matters pertaining to inheritance and marriage are governed by
1837:
12492:
2367:
to allay his fears: "Fight them, and God will chastise them at your hands/And degrade them, and He will help you/Against them, and bring healing to the breasts of a people who believe", referring to the
15374:
10172:
4907:
10274:. (Contributors: Alfred T, Chakabarty D, Dussel E, Eze E, Hsueh V, Kohn M, Bhanu Mehta P, Muthu S, Parekh B, Pitts J, Schutte O, Souza J, Young IM). Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Group.
1885:
10828:
9733:
Islam is the youngest, the fastest growing, and in many ways the least complicated of the world's great monotheistic faiths. It is based on its own holy book, but it is also a direct descendant of
3744:
In 2010, 73% of the world's Muslim population lived in countries where Muslims are in the majority, while 27% of the world's Muslim population lived in countries where Muslims are in the minority.
10248:
5986:("Book of Concessions"), a medical encyclopedia which was later translated to Latin and used in European and Muslim medical schools for centuries. Other medical advancements came in the fields of
4886:
2141:
1393:, is believed by Muslims to have received the first revelation of the Quran, and began to preach his message. In 622 CE, facing opposition in Mecca, he and his followers migrated to Yathrib (now
4987:, where scholars from various parts of the world sought to translate and gather all the known world's knowledge into Arabic, and to have ended with the collapse of the Abbasid caliphate due to
14964:
Worldwide, they number 1 million or so, with about 45 to 50 percent in Syria, 35 to 40 percent in Lebanon, and less than 10 percent in Israel. Recently there has been a growing Druze diaspora.
13229:
9529:
7731:
12134:
8410:
2165:
3885:
1370:. Al-Idrisi also wrote about the diverse Muslim communities found in various lands. Note: the map is here shown upside-down from the original to match current North/Up, South/Down map design
13400:
9886:
21 ambassadors from Muslim – so-called "Muslim states". How do they dare to call themselves "Muslim"? In what sense is Egypt a "Muslim" country? You can't denominate a country as religious.
15314:
15289:
9076:
8642:
8384:
1795:
309:
spans about 1,400 years and includes a variety of socio-political developments, as well as advances in the arts, science, medicine, philosophy, law, economics and technology during the
15344:
8839:
17518:
8339:
2023:
360:. The nation states that emerged in the post-colonial era have adopted a variety of political and economic models, and they have been affected by secular as well as religious trends.
14467:
6177:
and vertical-wheeled water mills were both in widespread use since at least the 9th century. A variety of industrial mills were being employed in the Islamic world, including early
5834:
11794:
15963:
12294:
3923:
13992:
1420:) continued to lead the Muslim community based on his teachings and guidelines of the Quran. The majority of Muslims consider the first four successors to be 'rightly guided' or
13335:
6661:
6278:" denotes the works of art and architecture produced from the 7th century onwards by people who lived within the territory that was inhabited by culturally Islamic populations.
14748:
13162:
12465:
6487:
5525:(Avicenna) (980–1037) had more than 450 books attributed to him. His writings were concerned with various subjects, most notably philosophy and medicine. His medical textbook
3790:
The two main denominations of Islam are the Sunni and Shia sects. They differ primarily upon of how the life of the ummah ("faithful") should be governed, and the role of the
2276:
as a movement with power importance and cohesion born in Paris where Turks, Arabs and Persians congregated. The article considered The position of the Amir; the effect of the
11887:
3666:) for combining grassroots Islamization with armed revolution. The term has been applied to non-state reform movements, political parties, militias and revolutionary groups.
407:
As of 2020, 1.8 billion or more than 25% of the world population are Muslims. By the percentage of the total population in a region considering themselves Muslim, 91% in the
16888:
11812:
9353:
8589:
6637:
14074:
Approximately 97 percent of Pakistanis are Muslim. The majority are Sunnis following the Hanafi school of Islamic law. Between 10 and 15 percent are Shias, mostly Twelvers.
12359:
9164:
Although many Iranian hardliners are Shi'a chauvinists, Khomeini's ideology saw the revolution as pan-Islamist, and therefore embracing Sunni, Shi'a, Sufi, and other, more
9063:
Anyone who has travelled to Central Asia knows of the non-denominational Muslims – those who are neither Shiites nor Sounites, but who accept Islam as a religion generally.
8132:
The Islamic world is generally defined contemporaneously as consisting of nation-states whose population contains a majority of Muslims. in the contemporary era, the term
7168:
6110:, and sugar cultivation was gradually adopted by the Europeans. Arab merchants dominated trade in the Indian Ocean until the arrival of the Portuguese in the 16th century.
4681:
4531:
4186:
13966:
On the other hand, in Pakistan, where 6% of the survey respondents identify as Shia, Sunni attitudes are more mixed: 50% say Shias are Muslims, while 41% say they are not.
9489:
13953:
10625:
6138:
crossing Central Asia passed through Islamic states between China and Europe. The emergence of major economic empires with technological resources after the conquests of
4326:
13588:
8846:"Sunni Islam is the dominant division of the global Muslim community, and throughout history it has made up a substantial majority (85 to 90 percent) of that community."
7495:) and has years of 365 or 366 days. It is sometimes also called the Shamsi calendar and Khorshidi calendar. It is abbreviated as SH, HS or, sometimes as AHSh, while the
4543:
13193:
3542:), Islamist movements have "arguably altered the Middle East more than any trend since the modern states gained independence", redefining "politics and even borders".
9323:
8528:
8440:
7514:. The calendar is named the "Hijri calendar" because that was the year that Mohammed is believed to have left from Mecca to Medina, which event is referred to as the
4971:, economic development and cultural works in most of the Muslim-dominated world flourished. The age is traditionally understood to have begun during the reign of the
15823:: in qua ostenditur, quomodo ex inferiorum contemplatione ad superiorum notitiam ratio humana ascendere possit. E Theatro Sheldoniano, excudebat Joannes Owens, 1700.
6573:
4945:
13643:
Global Happiness: A Guide to the Most Contented (and Discontented) Places around the Globe: A Guide to the Most Contented (and Discontented) Places around the Globe
6965:, though there is no evidence that such a set was used in medieval times. Girih patterns have been used to decorate varied materials including stone screens, as at
6961:
explicitly shows girih patterns together with the tilings used to create them. A set of tiles consisting of a dart and a kite shape can be used to create aperiodic
5782:
1769:
and small arms, to create their empires. They existed primarily between the fourteenth and the late seventeenth centuries. During the 17th–18th centuries, when the
18866:
12666:
12405:
8702:
7499:(commonly known in the West as the 'Islamic calendar', although both calendars are Islamic) is usually abbreviated as AH. The solar Hijri calendar predominates in
5804:
16748:
11685:
5876:
4314:
18748:
8672:
5692:
4665:
3806:, Muhammad's father-in-law, to be Muhammad's political but not his religious successor. Shia, on the other hand, believe that Muhammad designated his son-in-law
1996:
14186:
12496:
18116:
14153:
11552:
9611:
8619:
15366:
10180:
7019:
5150:
4515:
2189:
1409:. By the time of his death, Muhammad had become the political and spiritual leader of Medina, Mecca, the surrounding region, and numerous other tribes in the
16387:
Adam Robert Lucas (2005), "Industrial Milling in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds: A Survey of the Evidence for an Industrial Revolution in Medieval Europe",
16249:
Adam Robert Lucas (2005), "Industrial Milling in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds: A Survey of the Evidence for an Industrial Revolution in Medieval Europe",
13553:
12324:
8877:
8854:
7712:
7035:
4268:
13519:
12536:
11213:
9467:
8490:
7199:
6465:
5376:, both being the earliest examples of a desert island story. However, while Hayy lives alone with animals on the desert island for the rest of the story in
4623:
in educational attainment, since Muslim women have an average of 4.9 years of schooling, compared to an average of 6.4 years of schooling among Muslim men.
9027:
The majority of the world's Islamic population, which is Sunni, accounts for over 85 percent of the Islamic population; the other 10 to 15 percent is Shia.
4493:
In 2010, the Pew Forum study finds that Bangladesh (13.5 million), Indonesia (4 million), Pakistan (3.3 million) and Malaysia (1.7 million) has a sizeable
17229:
14729:
Christian contributions to art, culture, and literature in the Arab-Islamic world; Christian contributions education and social advancement in the region.
11871:
10824:
10213:
8781:
5854:
4839:
18733:
14047:
13490:
10240:
10070:
9666:
9187:
5714:
12247:
12163:
9293:
2241:
11484:
6789:
is an omnipresent decoration in Islamic art, and is usually expressed in the form of Quranic verses. Two of the main scripts involved are the symbolic
2062:
368:
290:. This consists of all those who adhere to the religious beliefs, politics, and laws of Islam or to societies in which Islam is practiced. In a modern
14025:
8954:
8818:
5756:
4442:
million Christians who lived in countries with Muslim majorities, with the largest Christian population number lived in Indonesia, followed by Egypt.
2397:, "denies or suspends God's sovereignty on earth" and argued that strengthening "Islamic character" was needed "to abolish the negative influences of
14288:
13448:
13237:
11736:
11653:
11523:
11011:
10760:
9720:
9550:
9519:
8136:
now includes not only the traditional heartlands of Islam, but also Europe and North America, both of which have sizeable minority Muslim populations
17179:
13692:
12920:. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America: Oxford University Press. pp. 270–271, 276–278, 280, 283–285, 295, 310–311.
12437:
12126:
10982:
10927:
9249:
8406:
18832:
17258:. INU societal research. Vol. 1: Coexisting contemporary civilizations : Arabo-Muslim, Bharati, Chinese, and Western. Geneva: INU Press.
16024:
Dominique Urvoy, "The Rationality of Everyday Life: The Andalusian Tradition? (Aropos of Hayy's First Experiences)", in Lawrence I. Conrad (1996),
15121:
13388:
12647:
11427:
11156:
10562:
9271:
8559:
6066:
5933:
geometry (discovered half a millennium later in the 1970s and 1980s in the West) and used it in intricate decorative tilework in the architecture.
16372:
15282:
11072:
9107:
16893:
16308:
16281:
15446:
15322:
11610:
7616:
patriarchal behaviour among Muslims is based in an ideology which jumbles sexual and biological differences with gender dualisms and inequality.
5421:. Rather than giving supernatural or mythological explanations for these events, Ibn al-Nafis attempted to explain these plot elements using the
13362:
11040:
9444:
9080:
6535:
5085:
was one of the earliest new technologies developed by the Islamic potters. The first Islamic opaque glazes can be found as blue-painted ware in
14241:
13719:
9632:
8991:
Shi'a Islam is the second largest branch of the tradition, with up to 150 million followers who comprise around 10% of all Muslims worldwide...
8376:
7219:
5892:
2233:
15336:
13933:
Religion: The overwhelming majority of the population (96.3 percent) is Muslim, of whom approximately 97 percent are Sunni and 3 percent Shia.
11343:
10048:
5517:." Islamic philosophy, in this definition is neither necessarily concerned with religious issues, nor is exclusively produced by Muslims. The
2115:; or affirmed more traditionalist and inclusive cultural ideals; and in rare cases adopted modernity that was ushered by the colonial powers.
16075:
15846:
14767:
Copts in Egypt: A Christian Minority Under Siege: Papers Presented at the First International Coptic Symposium, Zurich, September 23-25, 2004
11264:
10953:
7678:
7235:
7153:. There are several variations of each, as well as regionally specific styles. Arabic or Persian calligraphy has also been incorporated into
6243:
and driven by machinery instead in the medieval Islamic world. The transfer of these technologies to medieval Europe had an influence on the
2351:
against the United States, scholars considered the ramifications of seeking to understand Muslim experience through the framework of secular
15788:
14781:
There are some 30 million Christians who live in countries with Muslim majorities. The largest number live in Indonesia, some 15 million ...
8462:
8335:
6554:
11581:
11318:
10802:
9693:
9128:, and her parents belong to the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community. She has participated in multiple blood drives through the Indiana Blood Center.
7855:
16222:
14471:
9414:
6689:
18763:
17503:
The political algebra of global value change. General models and implications for the Muslim world. With Almas Heshmati and Hichem Karoui
17002:
16977:
14526:
13858:
13836:
12290:
11798:
9753:
6847:
5438:
16860:
11188:
10462:
10367:
9014:
8205:
7345:
4923:
4736:
had exceeded 1.8 million. In Asia, an estimated 625,000 refugees from Rakhine, Myanmar, mostly Muslim, had crossed the border into
2372:, the community of Muslim believers, and invoking the imagery of the early warriors of Islam who lead the faithful from the darkness of
16945:
14096:
11768:
4629:
17428:
Mason, Robert (1995). "New Looks at Old Pots: Results of Recent Multidisciplinary Studies of Glazed Ceramics from the Islamic World".
15786:
Pulmonary Transit and Bodily Resurrection: The Interaction of Medicine, Philosophy and Religion in the Works of Ibn al-Nafīs (d. 1288)
15251:
14127:
13774:
13316:
12077:
11398:
11369:
10721:
2524:
law. In some places, Muslims implement Islamic law, called sharia in Arabic. The Islamic law exists in a number of variations, called
18837:
18753:
15173:
14741:
13629:... With a population of over 23 million Karachi is also the world's largest Muslim city, the world's seventh largest conurbation ...
13426:
13158:
9795:
8157:
7621:
6835:
5706:
4422:
4418:
3451:
2125:
1720:
17078:[Measuring the year and month for a long time until now in a conversation with Dr. Iraj Malekpour] (in Persian). BBC Persian
13745:
13117:. Translated by Lotan, Yaer. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California, United States: University of California Press. pp. 147–148.
6947:
with lines drawn on them: the lines form the pattern. Patterns may be elaborated by the use of two levels of design, as at the 1453
18854:
16173:
12815:
11459:
9384:
8733:
6812:
of Islamic architecture have always been ordered repetition, radiating structures, and rhythmic, metric patterns. In this respect,
5702:
4474:
3741:
The only rule of thumb for inclusion which has some support, is that countries need to have a Muslim population of more than 50%.
15147:
11816:
18817:
18738:
17595:
15600:
15225:
15199:
14212:
13251:
12346:
6319:
to local materials and techniques, local dynasties and patrons, different regional centers of artistic production, and sometimes
6154:
in particular, a major global trading nation in the world, described by the Europeans to be the "richest country to trade with".
5710:
4302:
957:
14388:
Most Druze do not consider themselves Muslim. Historically they faced much persecution and keep their religious beliefs secrets.
13945:
13917:
11714:
10296:
4290:
18758:
17648:
12019:
10609:
9345:
8581:
7561:. The first six months have 31 days, the next five have 30 days, and the last month has 29 days in common years but 30 days in
7045:
6859:
6617:
6345:
conquered in the seventh and eighth centuries. Later it developed distinct characteristics in the form of buildings and in the
5426:
1508:(746–750) also definitively destroyed the political unity of the Muslims, who have been inhabiting multiple states ever since.
16156:
13581:
8974:
8858:
6447:
4231:
367:
of 50 Muslim majority countries was US$ 5.7 trillion. As of 2016, they contributed 8% of the world's total. In 2020, the
18768:
18725:
17510:
17491:
17470:
17381:
17354:
17263:
16781:
16731:
16674:
16595:
16575:
16498:
16478:
16459:
16426:
Tabbaa, Yasser (2007). "Architecture". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.).
16333:
16125:
15576:
15440:
15085:
14932:
14837:
14660:
14633:
14508:
13185:
13122:
13083:
12933:
12451:
12110:
11101:
10715:
10685:
10537:
10504:
10353:
9951:
8293:
6937:
5698:
5544:, Avicenna, also founded his own Avicennism school of philosophy, which was influential in both Islamic and Christian lands.
5422:
5042:
4968:
4478:
2360:
1473:
1469:
844:
15882:
15816:
15764:
14666:
11984:
9957:
9839:
9042:
8520:
8044:
16613:
11952:
8235:
3516:. The advocates of Islamism, also known as "al-Islamiyyun", are dedicated to realizing their ideological interpretation of
2148:
143:
11127:
5735:
5449:
appeared in Latin (1671), English (1708), German, and Dutch. These European-language translations may have later inspired
3687:
currents became heavily involved in democratic politics, while others spawned "the most aggressive and ambitious Islamist
1936:
The Great Divergence was the reason why European colonial powers militarily defeated preexisting Oriental powers like the
474:). Muslims who do not belong to, do not self-identify with, or cannot be readily classified under one of the identifiable
17075:
13907:
13070:. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America: Oxford University Press. pp. 280, 284–285, 295.
11938:
9873:
7860:
6628:
6560:
5337:
4470:
115:
17617:
Why Europe has to offer a better deal towards its Muslim communities. A quantitative analysis of open international data
12662:
12272:
9315:
8759:
8432:
7083:
6816:
geometry has been a key utility, especially for mosques and palaces. Other features employed as motifs include columns,
2227:
2212:
17293:
15675:
12779:
11678:
10589:
9987:
Encarta-encyclopedie Winkler Prins (1993–2002) s.v. "Omajjaden §1. De Spaanse tak". Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum.
7603:
regarding gender issues is that religious texts constructed in highly patriarchal environments and based on biological
4729:
2312:
2068:
364:
17605:
16744:
16583:
15063:
12043:
11855:
11632:
9899:
7476:
that is the most similar to the Gregorian calendar, being based on the Earth's orbit around the Sun. It begins on the
6994:
6592:
18620:
18574:
18234:
18228:
17560:
17320:
16707:
16550:
16521:
16435:
16206:
16037:
16000:
15945:
15914:
15856:
15733:
15637:
15610:
15554:
15538:
15483:
15035:
15010:
14957:
14902:
14851:
14774:
14722:
14697:
14609:
14585:
14560:
14409:
14381:
14335:
14282:
14091:
14052:
13808:
13650:
13622:
13329:
13036:
12997:
12972:
10754:
10619:
10440:
10279:
10125:
10014:
9833:
9224:
9157:
9008:
8694:
8268:
8199:
8125:
8083:
7629:
4649:
3304:
2716:, and though they may guarantee freedom of religion for citizens, do not declare a separation of state and religion:
2706:
2458:
2288:
2281:
2053:
1323:
1022:
242:
224:
162:
65:
14149:
11548:
8871:
Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam, comprising about 85% of the world's over 1.5 billion Muslims.
5513:
One of the common definitions for "Islamic philosophy" is "the style of philosophy produced within the framework of
3794:. Sunnis believe that the true political successor of Muhammad according to the Sunnah should be selected based on ٍ
2440:
206:
122:
18491:
18347:
17824:
17720:
15723:
13541:
12316:
12218:
8925:
8664:
7424:'In the year of the Hijrah'). In Muslim countries, it is also sometimes denoted as H from its Arabic form (
6986:
5170:
4733:
3879:
Muslims, who are less known, have their own stronghold in the country of Oman holding about 75% of the population.
3417:
2152:
2099:
Map of colonial powers throughout the world in the year 1914 (note colonial powers in the pre-modern Muslim world).
622:
17:
17584:
9978:
Encarta-encyclopedie Winkler Prins (1993–2002) s.v. "islam. §7. Sektevorming". Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum.
7127:. Although some scholars dispute this, Kufic script was supposedly developed around the end of the 7th century in
18985:
18791:
17053:
13511:
12528:
10647:
9996:
The preaching of Islam: a history of the propagation of the Muslim faith By Sir Thomas Walker Arnold, pp. 227–228
9475:
8611:
8498:
7820:
7642:
5659:, a critic of Aristotelian natural philosophy; Ibn Tufail and Ibn al-Nafis, pioneers of the philosophical novel;
5476:
4710:
4402:
2352:
1214:
16306:
Gunpowder Composition for Rockets and Cannon in Arabic Military Treatises In Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries
14865:
12188:
4141:
19050:
18598:
18496:
17533:
17221:
16826:
11868:
10529:
10209:
10158:
9179:
8887:
8836:
8785:
8313:
7571:, always falls on the March equinox. Nowruz is celebrated by communities in a wide range of countries from the
4988:
2425:
2324:
1305:
1159:
408:
191:
100:
14061:
13288:
10078:
9658:
9285:
8945:"Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population"
8809:"Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population"
4748:
Throughout history, Muslim cultures have been diverse ethnically, linguistically and regionally. According to
2111:
A number of Muslim-majority societies reacted to Western powers with zealotry and thus initiating the rise of
129:
18408:
18167:
17844:
17483:
What 1.3 Billion Muslims Really Think: An Answer to a Recent Gallup Study, Based on the "World Values Survey"
16572:, p. 30, Frameworks of Islamic Art and Architectural History: Concepts, Approaches, and Historiographies
15676:
The Thousand and One Nights; Or, The Arabian Night's Entertainments - David Claypoole Johnston - Google Books
12376:
12240:
12156:
10648:"93 years pass since establishment of first democratic republic in the east – Azerbaijan Democratic Republic"
9620:
This growth has to do with the relatively young age of the Muslim population as well as high fertility rates.
4250:
1746:
1301:
893:
96:
51:
17100:[Iranian Studies & # 124; Preservation of the Iranian calendar]. Ghiasabadi.com. 3 November 2005
16804:
Blair, Sheila S. (Spring 2003). "The Mirage of Islamic Art: Reflections on the Study of an Unwieldy Field".
14017:
Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population
14015:
13768:"Administrative Department of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan – Presidential Library – Religion"
12478:"Benazir Bhutto: Daughter of Tragedy" by Muhammad Najeeb, Hasan Zaidi, Saurabh Shulka and S. Prasannarajan,
11491:
8944:
8808:
5093:, originating from 9th-century Iraq. Other centers for innovative ceramic pottery in the Old world included
518:
are home to the world’s second, fourth, sixth and seventh largest Muslim populations respectively. Sizeable
18970:
18947:
18557:
18413:
18403:
18309:
17962:
14976:
14176:
13478:
13099:
13052:
13013:
12949:
10781:
7557:
the names of the zodiacal signs were used for the months; elsewhere the month names are the same as in the
6320:
6070:
4446:
is divided almost evenly between Muslims and Christians, with more than 80 million Christians and Muslims.
4430:
3944:
925:
475:
455:
329:
14272:
11743:
11646:
11516:
11007:
10744:
9716:
5236:. Imitations were written, especially in France. Various characters from this epic have themselves become
3602:
to politically unite the Muslim world. Riḍā was a strong exponent of Islamic vanguardism, the belief that
19171:
19072:
18937:
18743:
18511:
18304:
17681:
17187:
16541:
Grabar, Oleg (2011). "Art and Culture in the Islamic World". In Hattstein, Markus; Delius, Peter (eds.).
16196:
14110:
The majority of Muslims in the country are Sunni, with a Shi'a minority ranging between 10 to 15 percent.
13983:
13688:
12466:"The Muslims of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Victims of poverty, ignorance and Christianization"
10975:
10919:
10554:
9241:
9094:
itself clear that it's 100 per cent non-denominational and most importantly, 100 per cent non-judgmental.
7697:
7139:
However, Islamic calligraphy is not limited to strictly religious subjects, objects, or spaces. Like all
6338:
5482:
5434:
5430:
5206:
5001:
4815:
1828:
1533:
1345:
972:
799:
111:
17519:(PDF) The political algebra of global value change: General models and implications for the Muslim world
15117:
11420:
11149:
10027:
8551:
6768:. Such designs are highly nonrepresentational, as Islam forbids representational depictions as found in
6764:
Islamic art frequently adopts the use of geometrical floral or vegetal designs in a repetition known as
19181:
18822:
18705:
18222:
17641:
17056:[The most accurate calendar in the world, Khayyam's gift to Iranians] (in Persian). BBC Persian
16369:
12602:
Burgat, François, "The Islamic Movement in North Africa", U of Texas Press, 1997, pp. 39–41, 67–71, 309
11065:
10424:
9111:
6904:
6358:
6058:
5640:
5590:
3817:
3464:
2478:
2328:
2218:
2132:
1012:
479:
16883:
16667:
Islamic geometric patterns : their historical development and traditional methods of construction
16305:
16278:
15430:
11606:
4603:
and post-graduate degrees. The highest of years of schooling among Muslim-majority countries found in
2277:
1248:
19156:
18915:
18902:
18603:
18432:
18128:
17850:
17813:
15992:
15496:
15475:
13715:
11033:
9436:
7845:
5602:
4753:
2292:
1525:
1107:
819:
15401:
10317:
9741:, incorporating some of the teachings of those religions, while modifying some and rejecting others.
19196:
19186:
19161:
19067:
18786:
18610:
18383:
17863:
16916:
15800:
11350:
10044:
9524:
7685:
7095:
6829:. And as late as the 19th century, Islamic domes had been incorporated into European architecture.
6037:
5915:
5914:
Ibn al-Haytham is also regarded as the father of optics, especially for his empirical proof of the
5898:
5660:
5570:
5327:
4133:
4063:
3814:
35%, Turkey – 10%, Lebanon – 27%, Syria – 13%, Afghanistan – 10%, Pakistan – 10%, and India – 10%.
3705:
3640:
2557:
2248:
1039:
839:
16072:
15632:
Vartan Gregorian, "Islam: A Mosaic, Not a Monolith", Brookings Institution Press, 2003, pp. 26–38
13883:
13366:
11257:
10949:
8473:
7157:, beginning with the post-colonial period in the Middle East, as well as the more recent style of
6510:
5343:
3868:
has the largest number of non-denominational Muslims, who constitute about 74% of the population.
2497:
2296:
1232:
The term has been documented as early as 1912 to encompass the influence of perceived pan-Islamic
18925:
17736:
17122:[Iranian Studies & # 124; Glory Calendar Timeline]. Ghiasabadi.com. 25 September 2007
15937:
15549:
Vartan Gregorian, "Islam: A Mosaic, Not a Monolith", Brookings Institution Press, 2003, pg 26–38
14742:"Global Christianity – A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Christian Population"
14319:
14057:
13313:
12278:
between Christians and Muslims in parliament, the cabinet, and other senior government positions.
7950:
6765:
6695:
6248:
6049:), it is considered to be an important device that contributed greatly to the advancement of the
6006:
5973:
5922:
stated in 2009 that Ibn al-Haytham is 'often referred to as the "world's first true scientist".'
5788:
5296:
4992:
4749:
4410:
2436:
2029:
1761:
states. Each of these three empires had considerable military exploits using the newly developed
1581:
1521:
1457:
1294:
634:
424:
267:
202:
89:
17890:
15785:
12689:
Sayyid Qutb and Islamic Activism: A Translation and Critical Analysis of Social Justice in Islam
11913:
11574:
11311:
10794:
7510:
The very first day of the Solar Hijri calendar was the day of the spring equinox, March 18, 622
7442:
reckoning, 1446 AH runs from 7 July 2024 to approximately 26 June 2025.
6122:, along which Muslim-majority countries traded with each other and with European powers such as
432:
19082:
19011:
18980:
18910:
17834:
17829:
17747:
16921:
16219:
15905:
12510:
11289:
9689:
9406:
9149:
8361:
7530:, it has no intrinsic error. It is older than the lunar Hijri calendar used by the majority of
7376:
7298:
6493:
6342:
6330:
5625:
5620:
Islamic philosophers continued making advances in philosophy through to the 17th century, when
5491:
5441:
known in his time. Ibn al-Nafis' fiction explained Islamic religious teachings via science and
5361:
3841:
3018:
1876:
1489:
1425:
1398:
1088:
854:
337:
14523:
13866:
13832:
12100:
10145:
9216:
7542:
and is calculated based on the "year of the Hijrah," and the lunar Hijri calendar is based on
5189:
4599:
showed that at the time about 36% of all Muslims had no formal schooling, with only 8% having
19191:
19166:
19028:
19006:
17757:
17634:
17599:
16951:
16840:
15875:, Second International Conference on Islamic Medicine: Islamic Medical Organization, Kuwait (
15757:, Second International Conference on Islamic Medicine: Islamic Medical Organization, Kuwait (
14922:
12641:
12423:
12390:
11830:
11181:
10701:
10412:
10337:
10304:
8998:
8407:"Pew-Templeton Global Religious Futures Project - Research and data from Pew Research Center"
8189:
7608:
6772:. Despite this, there is a presence of depictional art in some Muslim societies, notably the
6731:
6244:
6083:
was also transmitted from China via predominantly Islamic countries, where formulas for pure
6050:
5998:
5965:
5680:
5644:
5578:
5566:
5527:
5316:
4728:
Since then Muslim-majority countries have absorbed refugees from recent conflicts, including
4385:
3977:
3539:
2532:, which was endorsed in 2005 by prominent Islamic scholars around the world, recognized four
2394:
1083:
908:
692:
647:
523:
448:
420:
16955:
15566:
14086:
13670:
10705:
10522:
The Globalization of Martyrdom: Al Qaeda, Salafi Jihad, and the Diffusion of Suicide Attacks
9943:
3892:
2979:
in the Muslim world have declared separation between civil/government affairs and religion.
18685:
18592:
18537:
17281:
16646:
Tonna, Jo (1990). "The Poetics of Arab-Islamic Architecture", Muqarnas BRILL, 7, pp. 182–97
16353:
16157:
https://www.al-islam.org/al-tawhid/vol-12-no3/islamic-concept-knowledge-sayyid-wahid-akhtar
15247:
14327:
14123:
13767:
12069:
11390:
11366:
8938:
In the early 21st century some 10–13 percent of the world's 1.6 billion Muslims were Shiʿi.
8117:
8075:
7810:
7558:
7488:
7461:
7453:
7184:
6648:
6598:
6583:
6516:
6404:
6334:
6295:
6288:
6275:
6022:
5741:
5668:
5652:
5648:
4801:
4414:
4039:
3633:
3562:
3513:
3477:
2963:
2482:
2335:
2316:
1728:
1676:
547:
15169:
13422:
9787:
8149:
7607:
are still valued highly in Islam; hence views emphasizing on men's superiority in unequal
4359:
136:
8:
18920:
18796:
18690:
18506:
17945:
17742:
17553:
Trust and the Islamic Advantage: Religious-Based Movements in Turkey and the Muslim World
17481:
17338:
14249:
14021:
13913:
13741:
13549:
13486:
13396:
13075:
12925:
12593:
Soage, Ana Belén. "Introduction to Political Islam." Religion Compass 3.5 (2009): 887–96.
12354:
11239:
10146:
Development Centre Studies The World Economy Historical Statistics: Historical Statistics
8949:
8813:
8725:
8380:
7636:
further says that equality for Muslim women needs to be achieved through self-criticism.
7419:
7091:
7067:
7060:
6978:
6895:
6817:
6809:
6786:
6541:
6350:
6299:
6143:
6046:
5672:
5533:
5229:
4596:
4434:
3869:
3538:
with laws prescribed by Islam" (i.e. Sharia). According to at least one observer (author
3300:
1957:
1923:
1872:
1770:
1553:
1207:
1093:
727:
627:
507:
428:
16370:
Transfer Of Islamic Technology To The West, Part II: Transmission Of Islamic Engineering
16169:
12807:
11452:
10746:
The Gülen Movement: A Sociological Analysis of a Civic Movement Rooted in Moderate Islam
9376:
3820:
make up a majority of the Muslims in seven countries (and a plurality in three others):
2095:
1436:
beyond the Arabian Peninsula, stretching from northwest India, across Central Asia, the
19087:
19001:
18932:
18842:
18778:
18586:
18562:
18239:
18217:
18177:
18019:
17922:
17873:
17839:
17730:
17445:
17416:
16365:
16345:
16328:
Nanda, J. N (2005). Bengal: the unique state. Concept Publishing Company. p. 10. 2005.
16301:
16274:
15718:
15516:
15407:
15143:
14879:
14818:
13988:
13093:
13046:
13007:
12943:
12771:
12629:
11240:"The Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh | 2A. The state religion"
10707:
Russian Azerbaijan, 1905–1920: The Shaping of a National Identity in a Muslim Community
10454:
9933:
9265:
9142:
8882:
7718:
7485:
7439:
7365:
7337:
7132:
7087:
6717:
6326:
6259:
6054:
5961:
5598:
5541:
5442:
5264:
5114:
4964:
4856:
4770:
3629:
3624:
synthesis and Islamist ideals greatly influenced his disciples like Hasan al-Banna, an
3554:
2898:
2501:
2300:
2002:
1983:
1505:
1429:
1367:
1117:
1074:
1044:
1027:
1002:
947:
903:
615:
543:
483:
328:, but disagreements on other matters have led to the appearance of different religious
310:
255:
18085:
15221:
15195:
14715:
Secular Nationalism and Citizenship in Muslim Countries: Arab Christians in the Levant
14500:
14208:
13979:"Religions: Muslim 95% (Sunni 75%, Shia 20%), other (includes Christian and Hindu) 5%"
13262:
6375:
were invented. Common or important types of buildings in Islamic architecture include
4342:
There are sizeable non-Muslim minorities in many Muslim-majority countries, includes,
2432:
198:
19062:
19057:
18962:
18952:
18942:
18615:
18501:
18453:
18296:
18207:
17910:
17900:
17895:
17885:
17880:
17713:
17566:
17556:
17539:
17529:
17506:
17487:
17466:
17387:
17377:
17360:
17350:
17326:
17316:
17299:
17289:
17269:
17259:
17097:
16927:
16856:
16822:
16787:
16777:
16727:
16703:
16680:
16670:
16546:
16517:
16431:
16329:
16202:
16131:
16121:
16033:
15996:
15941:
15910:
15852:
15729:
15633:
15606:
15572:
15550:
15534:
15520:
15479:
15436:
15318:
15031:
15006:
14953:
14928:
14898:
14822:
14810:
14770:
14718:
14693:
14656:
14629:
14605:
14581:
14556:
14504:
14405:
14377:
14331:
14278:
13899:
13814:
13804:
13646:
13618:
13325:
13118:
13079:
13032:
12993:
12968:
12929:
12763:
12724:
12633:
12493:"A Wake-Up Call: Milestones of Islamic History – IslamOnline.net – Art & Culture"
12106:
11710:
10750:
10711:
10681:
10615:
10585:
10533:
10500:
10489:
10458:
10446:
10436:
10359:
10349:
10275:
10154:
10121:
10010:
9947:
9829:
9220:
9153:
9004:
8831:
Of the total Muslim population, 10–13% are Shia Muslims and 87–90% are Sunni Muslims.
8289:
8264:
8195:
8121:
8079:
7805:
7617:
7473:
7341:
6777:
6773:
6769:
6157:
Muslim engineers in the Islamic world made a number of innovative industrial uses of
6119:
6084:
5586:
5548:
5249:
4972:
4955:
4852:
4620:
4486:
worldwide is between 800,000 and one million, with the vast majority residing in the
3807:
3674:
3566:
2513:
2345:
2308:
2172:
2014:
1949:
1786:
1740:
1708:
1704:
1696:
1672:
1545:
1461:
1441:
1410:
1383:
1168:
1154:
1122:
1069:
982:
942:
804:
555:
503:
57:
12775:
12026:
6958:
6726:
are meant to exist because it is believed that such artistic depictions may lead to
5964:; or in the work of the Egyptian physician Ibn al-Nafis, who proposed the theory of
5811:
5531:
was used as the standard text in European universities for centuries. He also wrote
4705:
19176:
19092:
19077:
18827:
18532:
18254:
18192:
18182:
18172:
18157:
17905:
17808:
17780:
17668:
17611:
17462:
17437:
17408:
16852:
16029:
15508:
14802:
14323:
14311:
13456:
13071:
12921:
12901:
12896:
12884:
12855:
12850:
12838:
12755:
12714:
12703:"The Totalitarianism of Jihadist Islamism and its Challenge to Europe and to Islam"
12621:
12574:
10673:
10578:
US Counter-Terrorism Strategy and al-Qaeda: Signalling and the Terrorist World-View
10428:
9558:
9407:"Middle East :: Azerbaijan — The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency"
8978:
8850:
8113:
8071:
7978:
7941:
7835:
7825:
7815:
7625:
7535:
7496:
7380:
7309:
7281:
7175:
6890:
6822:
6624:
6453:
6412:
6346:
6315:
6151:
5945:
5763:
5557:
5321:
5273:
5180:
5018:
4951:
4793:
4766:
4173:
3735:
3670:
3603:
3570:
2505:
2472:
2176:
2010:
1910:
1724:
1716:
1684:
1664:
1620:
1517:
1449:
1406:
1375:
1355:
1337:
1263:
967:
962:
913:
898:
883:
792:
671:
551:
519:
491:
440:
306:
295:
17027:
16449:
16447:
15092:
11097:
7871:
List of largest cities in the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member countries
7004:
6801:
scripts, which can be found adorning the walls and domes of mosques, the sides of
5936:
Muslim physicians contributed to the field of medicine, including the subjects of
4172:
communities have survived. In addition, new schools of thought and movements like
487:
19018:
18715:
18660:
18460:
18146:
18106:
17995:
17951:
17725:
17616:
17589:
17459:
The 'Arabick' Interest of the Natural Philosophers in Seventeenth-Century England
17158:"Approaches to the Research of Early Islam: The Hijrah in Western Historiography"
16376:
16312:
16285:
16226:
16079:
15967:
15934:
Eastern Wisedome and Learning: The Study of Arabic in Seventeenth-Century England
15886:
15879:
15820:
15814:
Philosophus autodidactus, sive Epistola Abi Jaafar ebn Tophail de Hai ebn Yokdhan
15813:
15792:
15768:
15761:
15682:
15396:
14650:
14623:
14530:
13887:
11988:
11875:
11373:
10496:
10484:
10432:
10150:
9937:
9823:
9776:
FROM A CORRESPONDENT IN INDIA, Tuesday, 3 September 1912, The Times, Issue: 39994
9210:
9050:
8843:
8036:
7961:
7840:
7830:
7321:
7289:
7103:
7079:
6912:
6236:
5664:
5518:
5514:
5455:
5366:
5241:
5233:
4980:
4976:
4778:
4636:
4600:
4406:
4219:
4051:
3770:
3617:
3613:
3550:
3447:
2200:
2086:
1987:
1549:
1485:
1433:
1341:
1149:
1102:
918:
878:
867:
849:
752:
697:
610:
539:
527:
444:
412:
322:
16609:
15989:
A History of Arabic Astronomy: Planetary Theories During the Golden Age of Islam
15602:
A History of Arabic Astronomy: Planetary Theories During the Golden Age of Islam
15472:
A History of Arabic Astronomy: Planetary Theories During the Golden Age of Islam
13314:
William E. Shepard; FranÇois Burgat; James Piscatori; Armando Salvatore (2009).
11960:
10173:"Bullocks dragging siege-guns up hill during Akbar's attack on Ranthambhor Fort"
8227:
7781:
7436:). In English, years prior to the Hijra are denoted as BH ("Before the Hijra").
5089:, dating to around the 8th century. Another contribution was the development of
3654:
social and political activism. Other Islamists (Al-Turabi) are proponents of a "
495:
19151:
19130:
18847:
18700:
18542:
18244:
16444:
15086:"Science-Matrix: 30 Years in Science – Secular Movements in Knowledge Creation"
14806:
11981:
11123:
10205:
10140:
7773:
7589:
7469:
7410:
7333:
7313:
7260:
7256:
7210:
7150:
6966:
6962:
6797:
6781:
6372:
6210:
6042:
6010:
5957:
5919:
5861:
5629:
5614:
5606:
5268:
5120:
5052:
5014:
5006:
4893:
4875:
4849:
4831:
4714:
4502:
4458:
4379:
4259:
4177:
4035:
3745:
3584:
3460:
2713:
2709:
2266:
2252:
2180:
2033:
1976:
1953:
1892:
1821:
1801:
1754:
1750:
1700:
1660:
1652:
1624:
1600:
1584:
1513:
1465:
1200:
1062:
1049:
1007:
952:
566:
535:
531:
515:
499:
333:
17570:
17303:
16684:
16486:
13029:
Nationalism, Liberalism, and Progress: Volume 2 The Dismal Fate of New Nations
12990:
Nationalism, Liberalism, and Progress: Volume 2 The Dismal Fate of New Nations
12759:
12719:
12702:
12625:
9865:
6932:
dates from around 1000 CE, and the artform flourished until the 15th century.
5401:
Ibn al-Nafis (1213–1288), deals with various science fiction elements such as
1350:
494:). Muslims are the overwhelming majority in Central Asia, the majority in the
19145:
19033:
18860:
18710:
18249:
18212:
18187:
18024:
17273:
16931:
16791:
16135:
15984:
15467:
15042:
Today Turkish Jewry remains the largest Jewish community in the Muslim world.
14909:
Today Turkish Jewry remains the largest Jewish community in the Muslim world.
14814:
12767:
12728:
12102:
Religion and Contemporary Politics: A Global Encyclopedia [2 volumes]
10345:
7904:
7527:
7477:
7158:
6668:
6644:
6479:
6424:
6251:
6240:
6232:
6223:
5972:
remained an authoritative medical textbook in Europe until the 18th century.
5385:
5373:
5260:
5237:
5074:
5026:
4450:
4031:
3758:
3692:
3684:
3655:
3532:
3473:
3083:
2976:
2586:
2529:
2493:
2356:
2204:
1937:
1774:
1758:
1712:
1632:
1557:
1252:
1127:
1032:
992:
511:
436:
17543:
17391:
17364:
17330:
15960:
14578:
The World's Christians: Who they are, Where they are, and How they got there
13818:
12743:
12579:
12562:
12098:
9468:"The Middle East and Muslim Southeast Asia: Implications of the Arab Spring"
4469:
since the rise of Islam. Today, Jews residing in Muslim countries have been
4062:
faith, although Druzes do not identify as Muslims. Twelver Shiism developed
2589:
have adopted Islam as the ideological foundation of state and constitution.
19120:
19045:
18695:
18547:
18425:
17990:
17975:
17689:
16084:
15929:
15832:
15118:"Nearly 40% of Muslim world's population unable read or write: IINA Report"
15055:
14793:
Ojo, Matthews A. (July 1995). "The Charismatic Movement in Nigeria Today".
14534:
10103:
9738:
8004:
7850:
7787:
7759:
7604:
6908:
6723:
6497:
6416:
5987:
5930:
5923:
5883:
5460:
5450:
5414:
5388:
plot and eventually becoming the first example of a science fiction novel.
5312:
5301:
5292:
5196:
5010:
4774:
4725:, Muslim-majority countries hosted 18 million refugees by the end of 2010.
4466:
4343:
4275:
3961:
3861:
3659:
3637:
3596:
3528:
3252:
3200:
3031:
2680:
2273:
2112:
2006:
1979:
1941:
1692:
1596:
1497:
1243:
1188:
1134:
603:
592:
16771:
16026:
The World of Ibn Tufayl: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Ḥayy Ibn Yaqẓān
14652:
Christian Communities in the Arab Middle East: The Challenge of the Future
14271:
McCloud, Aminah Beverly; Hibbard, Scott W.; Saud, Laith (2 January 2013).
11679:"United Arab Emirates's Constitution of 1971 with Amendments through 2009"
6114:
was an important center for this trade. There was also a dense network of
6045:
is believed to have been invented in the medieval era (of what is now the
3595:, advocated Sunni internationalism through revolutionary restoration of a
1378:
as a religion and social institution begins with its inception around 610
18672:
18162:
18070:
17970:
17857:
16702:(Reprinted with corrections ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press.
15028:
Kinship and Consent: Jewish Political Tradition and Its Contemporary Uses
14895:
Kinship and Consent: Jewish Political Tradition and Its Contemporary Uses
14838:"Ahead of Rosh Hashanah, figures show 14.7 million Jews around the globe"
14441:
14432:
14353:
10394:
9490:"India invited as 'Guest of Honour' to OIC meet, Sushma Swaraj to attend"
8012:
7900:
7795:
7613:
7554:
7550:
7543:
7538:); though they both count from the Hijrah. The solar Hijri calendar uses
7504:
7320:
in a year of 354 or 355 days. It is used to determine the proper days of
7317:
7268:
7140:
7099:
7075:
6955:, and historic pattern books may have been intended for use in this way.
6948:
6941:
6925:
6271:
6255:
6190:
6174:
6162:
6147:
6115:
6076:
6026:
5676:
5621:
5594:
5574:
5410:
5402:
5395:
5369:
5352:
5142:
5138:
5082:
5047:
4640:
4569:
4462:
4429:, and they have had a significant impact contributing the culture of the
4363:
3953:
3896:
3762:
3680:
3663:
3592:
3558:
3546:
3433:
3401:
2602:
2533:
2525:
2382:
2104:
2090:
1961:
1945:
1844:
1688:
1680:
1592:
1501:
1493:
1477:
1259:
930:
888:
812:
467:
459:
373:
357:
291:
17119:
14977:"Zoroastrianism i. History to the Arab Conquest – Encyclopaedia Iranica"
14553:
The Rowman & Littlefield Handbook of Christianity in the Middle East
14374:
The Middle East Today: Political, Geographical and Cultural Perspectives
12214:
8917:
8108:
Afsaruddin, Asma (2016). "Islamic World". In McNeill, William H. (ed.).
7932:
exact dates depend on which variant of the Islamic calendar is followed.
7438:
Since 7 July 2024 CE, the current Islamic year is 1446 AH. In the
6936:
patterns can be created in a variety of ways, including the traditional
18975:
18057:
18014:
17985:
17449:
17342:
17076:"پيمانه کردن سال و ماه از ديرباز تا کنون در گفتگو با دکتر ايرج ملک پور"
14494:
10976:"Brunei Darussalam's Constitution of 1959 with Amendments through 2006"
8977:. Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs. Archived from
8008:
7920:
7916:
7912:
7908:
7800:
7738:
7539:
7511:
7500:
7492:
7384:
7332:. In almost all countries where the predominant religion is Islam, the
7308:), or Arabic calendar also known in English as the Muslim calendar and
7154:
7071:
6747:
6311:
6219:
6206:
6202:
6186:
6166:
6158:
6107:
6091:
5941:
5819:
5767:
5582:
5552:
5506:
5406:
5332:
5308:
4878:
4737:
4612:
4604:
4560:
4438:
4121:
4090:
4004:
3973:
3876:
3865:
3849:
3845:
3825:
3651:
3265:
3226:
3135:
3109:
3057:
3005:
2755:
2641:
2553:
2545:
2488:
2374:
1636:
1573:
1569:
1509:
1481:
1476:. Meanwhile, the Muslim community tore itself apart into the rivalling
1453:
1379:
1308: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1233:
935:
463:
385:
263:
17420:
14866:"VI- November 30: Commemorating the expulsion of Jews from Arab lands"
10680:. The New York Philosophical Library. pp. 124, 222, 229, 269–70.
10651:
7579:. Currently the Solar Hijri calendar is officially used only in Iran.
4796: receiving a richly decorated robe of honor from the caliph
4576:
and other parts of Africa. Several Muslim-majority countries, such as
3456:
2331:
in 1924, have sometimes been seen as the result of Western influence.
18680:
18111:
18053:
18000:
17868:
17621:
13031:. Ithaca, New York 14850, USA: Cornell University Press. p. 91.
12992:. Ithaca, New York 14850, USA: Cornell University Press. p. 91.
12192:
10581:
10525:
10420:
9077:"Isis Jihadist group made me wonder about non-denominational Muslims"
8900:
Sunni Islam accounts for over 85% of the world's Muslim population...
7562:
7518:. This year is generally considered by Muslims as the first year of
7481:
7372:
7190:
7120:
6915:
6826:
6759:
6743:
6672:
6471:
6457:
6354:
6214:
6198:
6182:
6170:
6135:
6131:
6080:
6014:
6002:
5982:
5841:
5793:
5746:
5656:
5418:
5287:
5222:. The concept had been influenced by a pre-Islamic Persian prototype
5077:
was prevalent in Islamic art, usually assuming the form of elaborate
5030:
4929:
4899:
4823:
4672:
4375:
4371:
4256:
4149:
4129:
4067:
4055:
4027:
3833:
3777:. As of 2024, however, Nigeria has become a Muslim-majority country.
3727:
3647:
3625:
3599:
3096:
2561:
2509:
2339:
2304:
1896:
1868:
1848:
1789:, India became the world's largest economy, valued 25% of world GDP.
1778:
1577:
1437:
1359:
1238:
834:
546:
partially due to their high birth rate, according to the same study,
502:
has the largest Muslim population outside Muslim-majority countries.
341:
17441:
17157:
17134:
16655:
Grabar, Oleg (2006), "Islamic art and beyond". Ashgate. Vol 2, p. 87
15315:"OIC to hold conference on refugees in Muslim world in Turkmenistan"
9520:"Book review: Russia's Muslim Heartlands reveals diverse population"
8755:
8309:
6173:
in the Islamic world date back to the 7th century, while horizontal-
5997:
Some most famous scientists from the medieval Islamic world include
2443:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
1283:
416:
209:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
78:
19023:
18519:
18377:
18329:
18123:
18029:
17980:
17708:
17412:
16512:
M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Architecture".
16497:
sfn error: no target: CITEREFEttinghausenGrabarJenkins-Madina2001 (
15512:
15003:
Muslims in Global Politics: Identities, Interests, and Human Rights
14538:
14359:
13280:
12438:"Russia Will be One-Third Muslim in 15 Years, Chief Mufti Predicts"
7994:; also called in some English sources as the Iranian Solar calendar
7665:
7576:
7549:
Each of the twelve months of the Hijri calendar corresponds with a
7388:
7124:
6734:
that, according to Islam, he revealed to his creation. All but one
6727:
6676:
6652:
6579:
6564:
6545:
6408:
6367:
6303:
6095:
6018:
5991:
5956:) which contained comprehensive diagrams of the body's structural,
5522:
5502:
5495:
5398:
5282:
5253:
5215:
5211:
5098:
5090:
5066:
5057:
4819:
4797:
4498:
4390:
4367:
4355:
4351:
4241:
4200:
4075:
4043:
4015:
3969:
3803:
3774:
3754:
3723:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3490:
3369:
3337:
2872:
2859:
2781:
2667:
2348:
2342:
2320:
1805:
1762:
1656:
1640:
1604:
1565:
1561:
1560:. Notable major empires dominated by Muslims, such as those of the
1445:
1421:
1386:
1144:
1112:
826:
760:
550:
has no impact on Muslim population, since the number of people who
393:
325:
13115:
The Rise and Fall of a Palestinian Dynasty: The Husaynis 1700–1948
12127:"Sudan ends 30 years of Islamic law by separating religion, state"
10450:
10363:
10009:, First published 1973, Reprint 2006, Tulshi Prakashani, Kolkata,
7865:
7767:
6951:
shrine. Square repeating units of known patterns can be copied as
6940:; the construction of a grid of polygons; and the use of a set of
19038:
18634:
18322:
18202:
18080:
18075:
18062:
18046:
18039:
18034:
17766:
17622:
Indian Ocean in World History, A free online educational resource
17399:
Madden, Edward H. (1975). "Some Characteristics of Islamic Art".
14448:
14445:
14181:
12612:
Berman, Sheri (2003). "Islamism, Revolution, and Civil Society".
9734:
9612:"A Religious Forecast For 2050: Atheism Is Down, Islam Is Rising"
9180:"10 Countries With the Largest Muslim Populations, 2010 and 2050"
8288:. Cambridge University Press (Kindle edition). pp. 829–834.
7689:
7649:
7593:
7572:
7531:
7361:
7325:
6982:
6974:
6952:
6813:
6739:
6680:
6501:
6400:
6380:
6362:
6194:
6178:
5937:
5927:
5636:
5610:
5581:. European scholars and writers influenced by this novel include
5380:, the story of Kamil extends beyond the desert island setting in
5278:
5245:
5078:
4984:
4827:
4692:
4688:
4616:
4443:
4347:
4279:
4196:
4169:
4161:
4125:
4098:
4083:
4071:
4023:
4019:
4008:
3982:
3857:
3821:
3799:
3766:
3750:
3712:
3688:
3621:
3588:
3574:
3467:
became the first woman elected to lead a Muslim-majority country.
3287:
3187:
3174:
2992:
2950:
2924:
2885:
2768:
2742:
2729:
2549:
2272:
first documented the term "Muslim world" in 1912 when describing
2156:
2037:
1668:
1644:
1628:
1612:
1417:
977:
654:
466:(10–13%). However, other denominations exist in pockets, such as
389:
314:
283:
259:
17280:
16492:
15835:. The Theologus autodidactus of Ibn al-Nafīs. Clarendon P., 1968
12605:
12241:"Uzbekistan's Constitution of 1992 with Amendments through 2011"
12157:"Tajikistan's Constitution of 1994 with Amendments through 2003"
11034:"Mauritania's Constitution of 1991 with Amendments through 2012"
6911:
and handicraft objects, consisting of angled lines that form an
3949:
298:, although there are no agreed criteria for inclusion. The term
18552:
18526:
18485:
18446:
18363:
18276:
18197:
18099:
18009:
17940:
17935:
17702:
17626:
16736:
16150:
Al-Tawhid: A Quarterly Journal of Islamic Thought & Culture
16049:
Muhammad ibn Abd al-Malik Ibn Tufail and Léon Gauthier (1981),
15833:
Ala-al-din abu Al-Hassan Ali ibn Abi-Hazm al-Qarshi al-Dimashqi
14454:
14428:
13833:"The population of Shia: How many Shia are there in the world?"
13177:
12801:
12799:
12797:
10555:"Special Reports – The Salafist Movement: Al Qaeda's New Front"
8147:
7722:
7568:
7515:
7406:
7396:
7357:
7242:
7206:
7119:
The development of Islamic calligraphy is strongly tied to the
7116:), which translates into Arabic line, design, or construction.
6970:
6802:
6699:
6520:
6420:
6396:
6392:
6388:
6376:
6123:
6103:
6099:
5499:
5102:
5094:
4933:
4914:
4896:
4608:
4577:
4537:
Bangladesh has the largest Hindu population in the Muslim world
4487:
4394:
4223:
4157:
4117:
4113:
4106:
4102:
4079:
4047:
4000:
3996:
3915:
3853:
3829:
3545:
Central and prominent figures in 20th-century Islamism include
3523:
3385:
3239:
3122:
3070:
2833:
2820:
2615:
2569:
2541:
2537:
2521:
2072:
1852:
1782:
1766:
1648:
1608:
1529:
1448:. The Arab Muslims were unable to conquer the entire Christian
1402:
1394:
1363:
997:
987:
776:
744:
736:
721:
715:
599:
401:
377:
353:
349:
17612:
Asabiyya: Re-Interpreting Value Change in Globalized Societies
16915:
Watt, W. Montgomery. "Hidjra". In P.J. Bearman; Th. Bianquis;
14524:
Alevi-Islam Religious Services – The message of İzzettin Doğan
13230:"How credible is the claim of the failure of political Islam?"
12967:. New York: Routledge: Taylor and Francis Group. p. 141.
6825:
mosque, and recurring even up until the 17th century with the
1401:
for the city under his leadership. This migration, called the
18801:
18626:
18580:
18568:
18370:
18356:
18315:
18092:
17930:
17787:
17773:
17694:
17657:
17020:
15337:"UN Calls Syrian Refugee Crisis Worst Since Rwandan Genocide"
13615:
Cityscapes of Violence in Karachi: Publics and Counterpublics
12830:
11607:"Provisional Constitution of the Federal Republic of Somalia"
11258:"Comoros's Constitution of 2001 with Amendments through 2009"
10100:
Islamic and European Expansion: The Forging of a Global Order
9633:"Why Muslims are the world's fastest-growing religious group"
9108:"Indiana Blood Center cancels 'Muslims for Life' blood drive"
8377:"Why Muslims are the world's fastest-growing religious group"
7669:
7519:
7401:
7392:
7353:
7146:
7041:
7026:
7010:
6990:
6885:
6877:
6791:
6602:
6307:
6139:
6127:
6111:
5486:
5277:, dating back to the Umayyad era in the 7th century. It is a
5219:
5086:
5062:
5022:
4997:
4937:
4871:
4722:
4656:
4585:
4522:
4494:
4483:
4426:
4237:
4215:
4165:
4153:
4145:
4137:
4094:
4059:
3965:
3930:
3795:
3608:
3580:
3577:
3517:
3509:
3353:
3321:
3213:
3161:
2937:
2911:
2846:
2794:
2693:
2565:
2386:
2364:
2299:
had an instrumental role in ending and replacing it with the
1824:
1588:
1541:
1537:
1390:
1267:
1262:
sense, the terms 'Muslim world' and 'Islamic world' refer to
1139:
1017:
708:
666:
659:
582:
574:
381:
318:
287:
16505:
16419:
15871:
Abu Shadi Al-Roubi (1982), "Ibn Al-Nafis as a philosopher",
15753:
Abu Shadi Al-Roubi (1982), "Ibn Al-Nafis as a philosopher",
13880:
12794:
11957:
Official site of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan
11856:"2022 Report on International Religious Freedom: The Gambia"
11729:
11290:
Djibouti's Constitution of 1992 with Amendments through 2010
7546:, and dates from the presumed actual "day of the Hijrah".
5980:) contributed to the discipline of medical surgery with his
5844:'s astronomical works, explains the different phases of the
5547:
Yet another influential philosopher who had an influence on
5537:, an influential scientific and philosophical encyclopedia.
4549:
Turkey has the largest Jewish population in the Muslim world
18467:
18439:
18389:
18336:
18281:
17794:
14435:
12863:
12596:
11939:"2022 Report on International Religious Freedom: Indonesia"
11421:"Libya's Constitution of 2011 with Amendments through 2012"
11150:"Yemen's Constitution of 1991 with Amendments through 2001"
8336:"Muslim countries make thin contribution to global economy"
7875:
7704:
7465:
7349:
7329:
7264:
7259:
that is most widely used among Muslims. The other one is a
7255:
Two calendars are used all over the Muslim world. One is a
7128:
6735:
6475:
6384:
6227:
5845:
4845:
4581:
4573:
4565:
4506:
4454:
4425:
to Arab and Islamic civilization since the introduction of
4193:
3988:
3911:
3837:
3791:
3673:) has argued for a broader notion of Islamism as a form of
3148:
3044:
2807:
2654:
2628:
2196:
768:
676:
471:
397:
345:
16691:
16534:
16352:, pp. 34–35. Institute for the History of Arabic Science,
16148:
S.R.W. Akhtar (1997). "The Islamic Concept of Knowledge",
13208:
12556:
12554:
12181:
11880:
11066:"Oman's Constitution of 1996 with Amendments through 2011"
8112:. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Berkshire Publishing Group.
5882:"Cubic equations and intersections of conic sections", of
5565:
in 1671, developed the themes of empiricism, tabula rasa,
4967:" has been attributed to a period in history during which
16466:
15876:
15758:
13136:
13134:
12681:
12273:"2019 Report on International Religious Freedom: Lebanon"
8260:
Handbook of Empirical Research on Islam and Economic Life
7632:
in terms of respect for Muslim women's lives and rights.
7409:. In the West, dates in this era are usually denoted AH (
7226:
6750:
can also be found in Jewish and some Christian theology.
5204:
The best known work of fiction from the Islamic world is
1616:
16716:
14402:
The Political Role of Minority Groups in the Middle East
14177:"Suicide bombs kill 39 near Shi'ite mosques in Pakistan"
14087:"Pakistan – International Religious Freedom Report 2008"
13354:
13272:
12291:"What is each country's second-largest religious group?"
9663:
Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project
9290:
Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project
9184:
Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project
8837:
Sunni Islam: Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide
8525:
Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project
8011:), this calendar is no longer used by the government of
6928:
knotwork patterns from the second century. The earliest
16697:
16658:
12889:
Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies (In Asia)
12843:
Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies (In Asia)
12551:
11633:"2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Syria"
5693:
Timeline of science and engineering in the Muslim world
4800: in 1000. Miniature from the Rashid al-Din's
3986:) reflecting different methodologies of jurisprudence (
3872:
also has a large number of non-denominational Muslims.
3730:
is currently the most populous Muslim-majority country.
17526:
Science in Medieval Islam: An Illustrated Introduction
17003:"Important dates in Islamic Calendar in the Year 2025"
16978:"Important dates in Islamic Calendar in the Year 2024"
16514:
The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture
15685:. Books.google.com.pk. Retrieved on 23 September 2013.
14352:
Mezhepler Tarihi ve Terimleri Sözlüğü (The History of
13131:
11098:"The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan"
5901:'s rocket flight depicted in a 17th-century engraving.
4870:
Mir Sayyid Ali, a scholar writing a commentary on the
4437:
estimates indicate that in 2010, more than 64 million
3960:
The first centuries of Islam gave rise to three major
3810:
as his true political as well as religious successor.
3612:) who steered the efforts for religious education and
27:
Muslim-majority countries, states, districts, or towns
12885:"Commentary on "Islamic State": Thoughts of Islamism"
12839:"Commentary on "Islamic State": Thoughts of Islamism"
12377:"Muslim Population in India - Total Muslims in India"
12099:
Timothy J. Demy Ph.D., Jeffrey M. Shaw Ph.D. (2019).
10611:
Religion, the Enlightenment, and the New Global Order
10331:
10329:
10327:
10118:
Morality and Justice in Islamic Economics and Finance
8855:
Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs
7989:
7955:
7668:– West African religious leaders and teachers of the
7145:
Islamic calligraphy developed from two major styles:
4588:
have a high rate of citable scientific publications.
4401:
The Muslim world is home to some of the world's most
4332:
People move close to the Muslim food corner in China.
17180:"Taliban Changes Solar Year to Hijri Lunar Calendar"
16908:
16841:"Reading Mosques: Meaning and Architecture in Islam"
16574:
harvnb error: no target: CITEREFFloodNecipoğlu2017 (
15367:"Rohingya widows find safe haven in Bangladesh camp"
14252:'s Religion & Public Life Project. 9 August 2012
13066:
Matthiesen, Toby (2023). "10: The Muslim Response".
12654:
11232:
8726:"Number of Muslims ahead of Catholics, says Vatican"
7972:
7749:
7567:
The ancient Iranian New Year's Day, which is called
7303:
6742:". Images of Mohammed are likewise prohibited. Such
3476:
have changed the influence of Islam on the world in
1603:
which dominated the centers of Islamic knowledge of
17528:(1st ed.). Austin: University of Texas Press.
17505:(1st ed.). Nova Science Publishers, New York.
17486:(1st ed.). New York: Nova Science Publishers.
17256:
Global communication without universal civilization
14880:"Jewish Population Rises to 15.2 million Worldwide"
12895:(3). Routledge: Taylor & Francis group: 38–40.
12849:(3). Routledge: Taylor & Francis group: 23–28.
11549:"BASIC LAW - OF THE PALESTINIAN NATIONAL AUTHORITY"
10417:
Islamist Terrorism and Democracy in the Middle East
10263:
10106:, Temple University Press (Philadelphia, PA), 1993.
5864:
was one of the most famous inventions of Al-Jazari.
5715:
Alchemy and chemistry in the medieval Islamic world
1556:and enthroned one of the few female Muslim rulers,
1548:conquered Delhi in 1206 and began the reign of the
302:is an alternative often used for the latter sense.
103:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
17288:(2nd ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press.
16700:The art and architecture of Islam : 1250–1800
16602:
15400:
14950:Middle East Patterns: Places, People, and Politics
14270:
14150:"Early Warning Signs of Shia Genocide in Pakistan"
13315:
13159:"What most people get wrong about political Islam"
11761:
11380:, U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, 24 August 2012
10488:
10324:
9714:
9144:Unthinkable: Iran, the Bomb, and American Strategy
9141:
5798:Surgical instruments illustrations. (11th century)
5671:, a critic of Aristotelian logic and a pioneer of
4409:—including three of its five great patriarchates (
3512:should influence political systems, and generally
2504:replaced a monarchial semi-secular regime with an
369:Economy of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
17098:"پژوهشهای ایرانی | پاسداشت گاهشماری ایرانی"
15571:. Taylor & Francis. 1 March 2011. p. 9.
13307:
13227:
10406:
10404:
9870:Christopher Hitchens and Tim Rutten in discussion
9786:Carpenter, Scott; Cagaptay, Soner (2 June 2009).
9785:
8194:. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. pp. 11–14.
7503:whereas the lunar Hijri calendar predominates in
4732:. In July 2013, the UN stated that the number of
4497:minorities. Malaysia (5 million) has the largest
4093:were initially divided into five major branches:
3715:has the largest Muslim population in the world.
2287:A significant change in the Muslim world was the
19143:
17284:; Grabar, Oleg; Jenkins-Madina, Marilyn (2003).
16511:
16265:Arming the Periphery. Emrys Chew, 2012. p. 1823.
15956:
15954:
15005:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 73.
14764:
13640:
11953:"The Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan"
11182:"Of the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria"
10491:The Looming Tower: Al-Qaeda and the Road to 9/11
9172:
8375:Lipka, Michael; Hackett, Conrad (6 April 2017).
7241:Modern Islamic calligraphy representing various
6924:decoration is believed to have been inspired by
6740:In the name of God, the Beneficent, the Merciful
6067:List of inventions in the medieval Islamic world
4505:are the oldest remaining religious community in
1416:After Muhammad died in 632, his successors (the
17145:. London: Ta-Ha Publishers Ltd. pp. 51–52.
16914:
15738:
14852:"Global Jewish population reaches 14.7 million"
13825:
13278:
11485:"Constitution of the Republic of Maldives 2008"
11214:"Constitution of the Kingdom of Bahrain (2002)"
10294:
9900:"Ook na 1400 jaar kan de islam heus verdwijnen"
9897:
8148:Scott Carpenter, Soner Cagaptay (2 June 2009).
8015:, after its switch to the Lunar Hijri calendar.
7368:) but the religious calendar is the Hijri one.
5073:Between the 8th and 18th centuries, the use of
4405:, and some of the most important cities of the
3938:
17555:. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
17120:"پژوهشهای ایرانی | گاهشماری تقویم جلالی"
16821:. Sebastopol, CA: Solipsist Press. pp. 17–37.
16769:
16745:"Arabic calligraphy as a typographic exercise"
16633:
16631:
16592:, Ch.s "Architecture", "Ornament and pattern".
16569:
16493:Ettinghausen, Grabar & Jenkins-Madina 2001
16477:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFPetersen1996 (
15925:
15923:
15703:
14433:Abu’l-Qāsim Sulaiman ibn Ahmad ibn at-Tabarānī
14175:Hussain, Javed; Ahmad, Jibran (26 July 2013).
12962:
12748:Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions
12707:Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions
10914:
10912:
10910:
10908:
10906:
10904:
10902:
10900:
10898:
10896:
10894:
10892:
10890:
10888:
10886:
10884:
10882:
10880:
10878:
10876:
10874:
10872:
10870:
10868:
10866:
10694:
10580:(Reprint ed.). London and New York City:
10401:
10200:
10198:
9769:
9767:
9708:
9124:Ball State Student Sadie Sial identifies as a
9003:. Praeger Security International. p. 15.
8552:"The moment American Muslims were waiting for"
6094:and farming, using new technology such as the
5944:: such as in the 15th-century Persian work by
5635:Other influential Muslim philosophers include
4559:The literacy rate in the Muslim world varies.
4423:Christians have made significant contributions
2291:(1908–1922), to which the Ottoman officer and
17642:
17054:"دقیق ترین تقویم جهان، هدیه خیام به ایرانیان"
16742:
16698:Blair, Sheila S.; Bloom, Jonathan M. (1995).
16594:sfn error: no target: CITEREFBloomBlair2009 (
16458:sfn error: no target: CITEREFBloomBlair2009 (
16350:Taqi al-Din and Arabic Mechanical Engineering
16279:Potassium Nitrate in Arabic and Latin Sources
16201:, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
15951:
15848:The Cambridge Companion to Utopian Literature
15568:Islamic Radicalism and Multicultural Politics
14795:International Bulletin of Missionary Research
13415:
13285:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics
13244:
13150:
12691:. Leiden, New York: E.J. Brill. (1996). p. 40
12567:The US Army War College Quarterly: Parameters
10864:
10862:
10860:
10858:
10856:
10854:
10852:
10850:
10848:
10846:
10700:
9825:Radical: My Journey out of Islamist Extremism
9690:"The world's fastest-growing religion is ..."
9437:"The Many Languages of Islam in the Caucasus"
8886:. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from
8034:
6325:Early Islamic architecture was influenced by
4320:People pray together in the mosque in Russia.
3662:society through exercise of state power, or (
3424:
3392:
1208:
16724:Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture
16516:. Oxford University Press. pp. 74, 78.
15559:
14628:. University of Chicago Press. p. 164.
14621:
14555:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. XLVIII.
14486:
14316:The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World
14274:An Introduction to Islam in the 21st Century
14174:
13879:"Pew Forum on Religious & Public life".
13322:The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World
13156:
13027:B. Hass, Ernst (2000). "2: Iran and Egypt".
12646:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2024 (
12406:"China's hi-tech war on its Muslim minority"
10413:"Transnational Islamist Terrorism: Al Qaeda"
10340:. In Ágoston, Gábor; Masters, Bruce (eds.).
9754:"The Future of the Global Muslim Population"
9543:
9270:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
8374:
8068:The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World
8035:Waldman, Marilyn R.; Zeghal, Malika (2009).
7856:Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition
7431:
7425:
7399:and established the first Muslim community (
7111:
5770:era) colored illustrations of human anatomy.
5228:(Thousand Fables) that relied on particular
3650:" strategy to re-Islamizing society through
3583:Muhammad Rashid Riḍā, a fervent opponent of
2289:defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire
1820:Bullocks dragging siege-guns up hill during
1536:achieved their greatest success in terms of
1492:that has never been resolved. The following
321:and believe in the prophetic mission of the
16845:The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism
16628:
16220:Harvard's Office of News and Public Affairs
16120:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 9, 39.
16065:
15920:
15277:
15275:
15273:
15271:
15269:
15000:
14399:
13718:. Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life.
13504:
13471:
13441:
12309:
12036:
10710:. Cambridge University Press. p. 129.
10195:
10120:. Edward Elgar Publishing. pp. 62–63.
9928:
9926:
9924:
9859:
9857:
9764:
9338:
9308:
9208:
6341:architecture and all other lands which the
5341:, and then Ibn al-Nafis also wrote a novel
5305:was also a popular mythical Persian story.
3569:(founder of the Islamic Republic of Iran),
2487:As the Muslim world came into contact with
544:fastest-growing major religion in the world
344:being established across three continents (
66:Learn how and when to remove these messages
17649:
17635:
17337:
16589:
16453:
16317:History of Science and Technology in Islam
16295:
16290:History of Science and Technology in Islam
16167:
14769:. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. p. 85.
14404:. Michigan University Press. p. 114.
14371:
13946:"The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity"
13689:"Comparison Chart of Sunni and Shia Islam"
13546:The Future of the Global Muslim Population
13516:The Future of the Global Muslim Population
13483:The Future of the Global Muslim Population
13453:The Future of the Global Muslim Population
13393:The Future of the Global Muslim Population
13065:
12915:
12321:The Future of the Global Muslim Population
11945:
10843:
10672:
10666:
10382:
10170:
10071:"The Islamic Gunpowder Empires, 1300–1650"
10025:
9817:
9815:
9813:
9555:The Future of the Global Muslim Population
9350:The Future of the Global Muslim Population
9320:The Future of the Global Muslim Population
9212:South Asian Religions: Tradition and Today
8699:The Future of the Global Muslim Population
8669:The Future of the Global Muslim Population
8616:The Future of the Global Muslim Population
8586:The Future of the Global Muslim Population
8437:The Future of the Global Muslim Population
8107:
8066:Esposito, John L., ed. (2009). "Preface".
7025:The subdivision rule used to generate the
6722:No Islamic visual images or depictions of
5319:. Ibn Tufail wrote the first Arabic novel
4892:Portrait of a painter during the reign of
3408:
3360:
3328:
2575:
2234:Anglo-Egyptian invasion of Sudan 1896–1899
1956:and many smaller states in the pre-modern
1929:Rational basis for the Politics of Nations
1255:action in Persia, and "Afghan Ambitions".
1215:
1201:
16245:
16243:
15288:. Pew Research Center. 19 December 2011.
15283:"Religion and Education Around the World"
15025:
14921:Rosenberg, Jerry M. (28 September 2009).
14920:
14892:
14765:A. Youssef, Adly; Thomas, Martyn (2006).
13575:
13573:
13571:
13381:
12900:
12854:
12718:
12578:
12563:"Qutbism: An Ideology of Islamic-Fascism"
12092:
11383:
10749:. Springer Science & Business Media.
10678:The Struggle for Transcaucasia: 1917–1921
10650:. Azerbaijan Press Agency. Archived from
10614:. Columbia University Press. p. 12.
10603:
10601:
10410:
10297:"The Impact of Imperialism on the Region"
10295:Payind, Alam; McClimans, Melinda (2016).
9609:
8996:
8643:"Muslim Population in Oceania: 1950-2020"
7274:
6478:city of India was constructed during the
6258:'s Kingdom, through the conquests of the
5707:Mathematics in the medieval Islamic world
4917:miniature of Shah Abu'l Ma‘ali, a scholar
4554:
3452:Liberalism and progressivism within Islam
3294:
2459:Learn how and when to remove this message
1324:Learn how and when to remove this message
243:Learn how and when to remove this message
225:Learn how and when to remove this message
163:Learn how and when to remove this message
16919:; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.).
16472:
15694:
15499:(1983). "The Astronomy of the Mamluks".
15429:Knight, Michael Muhammad (24 May 2016).
15395:
15266:
14687:
14575:
14246:The World’s Muslims: Unity and Diversity
13798:
13713:
13579:
13518:. Pew Research Center. 27 January 2011.
12882:
12836:
12560:
12323:. Pew Research Center. 27 January 2011.
11391:"International Religious Freedom Report"
10607:
10519:
9921:
9866:"Hitchens '07: Danish Muhammad Cartoons"
9863:
9854:
9659:"Main Factors Driving Population Growth"
9352:. Pew Research Center. 27 January 2011.
9322:. Pew Research Center. 27 January 2011.
8800:
8701:. Pew Research Center. 27 January 2011.
8671:. Pew Research Center. 27 January 2011.
8618:. Pew Research Center. 27 January 2011.
8588:. Pew Research Center. 27 January 2011.
8439:. Pew Research Center. 27 January 2011.
8065:
6075:In technology, the Muslim world adopted
6036:
5703:Psychology in the medieval Islamic world
5490:
5295:, is a mythical and heroic retelling of
5046:
4704:
4384:
3948:
3722:
3455:
3376:
2094:
1440:, North Africa, southern Italy, and the
1349:
254:
17456:
17401:Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism
17371:
17315:. Beltsville, Md.: Amana Publications.
16359:
16142:
15626:
15461:
14947:
14854:. The Jerusalem Post. 9 September 2018.
14690:Jews, Antisemitism, and the Middle East
14550:
14468:"Alevi İslam Din Hizmetleri Başkanlığı"
14421:
14236:
14234:
14232:
14230:
14040:
13534:
13026:
12987:
11008:"Islamic Republic of Iran Constitution"
10575:
10552:
10388:
10335:
10235:
10233:
10231:
10047:. Northern Virginia Community College.
9810:
9242:"How South Asia Will Save Global Islam"
9209:Pechilis, Karen; Raj, Selva J. (2013).
9139:
9133:
9105:
9099:
9074:
9068:
9040:
8723:
8640:
8604:
8425:
8283:
8183:
8181:
8179:
8177:
8175:
8110:Berkshire Encyclopedia of World History
7446:
6500:and local ethnic style architecture in
5711:Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world
4979:(786–809) with the inauguration of the
4222:festival at the tomb of the prophet in
4199:drums up the Friday afternoon crowd in
3344:
3312:
1524:, whose reigns under the leadership of
1397:), where he was invited to establish a
14:
19144:
17523:
17500:
17479:
17398:
17310:
17253:
17215:
17213:
17211:
17209:
17207:
17205:
17140:
16881:
16664:
16540:
16425:
16240:
15983:
15865:
15844:
15598:
15428:
15402:"'Islamic' Culture: A Groundless Myth"
14712:
14648:
14580:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 423.
14499:. Edinburgh University Press. p.
14189:from the original on 24 September 2015
14079:
14013:
13716:"Mapping the Global Muslim Population"
13568:
13183:
13165:from the original on 29 September 2022
12805:
12611:
12347:"MAPPING THE GLOBAL MUSLIM POPULATION"
11914:"Indonesia Risks Factors in Terrorism"
11717:from the original on 24 September 2015
10930:from the original on 27 September 2017
10805:from the original on 10 September 2021
10743:Ebaugh, Helen Rose (1 December 2009).
10742:
10598:
10483:
10115:
9891:
9387:from the original on 16 September 2018
9240:Diplomat, Akhilesh Pillalamarri, The.
9041:Benakis, Theodoros (13 January 2014).
8687:
8657:
8574:
8256:
8103:
8101:
8099:
7053:
6142:(Tamerlane) and the resurgence of the
5946:Mansur ibn Muhammad ibn al-Faqih Ilyas
4308:Muslim beggars stalk a car in Nigeria.
1264:countries in which Islam is widespread
296:countries in which Islam is widespread
286:community, which is also known as the
18887:
18655:
18271:
17630:
17550:
17427:
17286:Islamic Art and Architecture 650-1250
17155:
16863:from the original on 24 November 2023
16838:
16776:. Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum.
16118:Mulla Sadra's Transcendent Philosophy
16115:
15812:Muhammad b. Abd al-Malik Ibn Tufayl.
15489:
15449:from the original on 22 February 2021
15295:from the original on 22 December 2016
15254:from the original on 6 September 2018
15228:from the original on 6 September 2018
15176:from the original on 6 September 2018
15150:from the original on 6 September 2018
15124:from the original on 22 December 2015
15120:. International Islamic News Agency.
14835:
14028:from the original on 14 December 2015
13956:from the original on 23 December 2016
13780:from the original on 23 November 2011
13556:from the original on 20 November 2011
13455:. Pew Research Center. Archived from
13429:from the original on 23 February 2021
13228:Rashid Ghannouchi (31 October 2013).
13112:
12818:from the original on 23 December 2015
12663:"AP Stylebook revises 'Islamist' use"
12660:
12403:
12327:from the original on 20 November 2011
12293:. Pew Research Center. 22 June 2015.
12137:from the original on 6 September 2020
12080:from the original on 19 December 2019
11220:from the original on 23 February 2017
11130:from the original on 26 December 2011
11014:from the original on 25 February 2008
10956:from the original on 23 February 2017
10608:Owen, John M.; Owen, J. Judd (2010).
10370:from the original on 27 December 2021
10216:from the original on 13 February 2014
9821:
9746:
9687:
9610:Whitehead, Nadia (25 December 2015).
9557:. Pew Research Center. Archived from
9034:
8957:from the original on 25 December 2018
8821:from the original on 25 December 2018
8736:from the original on 2 September 2013
8549:
8316:from the original on 16 December 2017
8257:Hassan, M. Kabir (30 December 2016).
8187:
7452:These paragraphs are an excerpt from
7280:These paragraphs are an excerpt from
7059:These paragraphs are an excerpt from
6938:straightedge and compass construction
6876:These paragraphs are an excerpt from
6738:of the Quran begins with the phrase "
6287:These paragraphs are an excerpt from
6106:fruit were brought to Europe through
5699:Physics in the medieval Islamic world
5384:, developing into the earliest known
5043:Alchemy in the medieval Islamic world
3606:should be guided by clerical elites (
3489:These paragraphs are an excerpt from
18656:
18272:
17374:Humanism in the Renaissance of Islam
17345:(15 March 1999). "Arabian fantasy".
17232:from the original on 25 January 2022
16839:Erzen, Jale Nejdet (February 2011).
16751:from the original on 11 October 2018
16053:, p. 5, Editions de la Méditerranée.
15972:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
15495:
15422:
15377:from the original on 4 November 2018
15091:. Science-matrix.com. Archived from
15066:from the original on 31 October 2017
15056:"Scimago Journal & Country Rank"
14655:. Clarendon Press. pp. 38, 55.
14492:
14344:
14328:10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001
14310:Rabb, Intisar A. (2009). "Fiqh". In
14309:
14291:from the original on 25 January 2022
14227:
14007:
13971:
13938:
13748:from the original on 16 October 2021
13722:from the original on 24 October 2012
13612:
13338:from the original on 4 February 2017
12873:, Palgrave MacMillan, (2003), p. 120
12741:
12700:
12253:from the original on 27 January 2017
11894:from the original on 5 November 2013
11691:from the original on 29 October 2016
11659:from the original on 27 January 2017
11613:from the original on 27 January 2017
11587:from the original on 27 January 2017
11555:from the original on 30 October 2021
11529:from the original on 27 January 2017
11433:from the original on 27 January 2017
11401:from the original on 8 November 2019
11162:from the original on 27 January 2017
11078:from the original on 27 January 2017
10763:from the original on 25 January 2022
10724:from the original on 17 January 2018
10628:from the original on 25 January 2022
10391:The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia
10269:
10251:from the original on 23 January 2019
10228:
10204:
9939:Islam and the Integration of Society
9932:
9669:from the original on 1 December 2020
9532:from the original on 14 January 2019
9417:from the original on 27 January 2021
9296:from the original on 28 January 2017
9239:
8907:
8861:from the original on 12 October 2014
8653:from the original on 2 October 2023.
8531:from the original on 10 October 2017
8413:from the original on 5 February 2023
8399:
8172:
8118:10.1093/acref/9780190622718.001.0001
8076:10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001
8047:from the original on 2 February 2017
7899:This notation is similar to that of
7205:Islamic calligraphy represented for
6314:and religious styles from the early
4760:
4421:). Scholars and intellectuals agree
4112:Among these numerous branches, only
3531:political unity and the creation of
2408:
1734:
1306:adding citations to reliable sources
1277:
498:, and widespread in Southeast Asia.
174:
101:adding citations to reliable sources
72:
31:
17202:
16896:from the original on 1 January 2019
16892:. No. November/December 2005.
16669:. New York: Springer. p. 579.
15797:Electronic Theses and Dissertations
15695:Marzolph (2007). "Arabian Nights".
14882:. Jewish agency. 15 September 2021.
14792:
14754:from the original on 1 August 2019.
14014:Miller, Tracy, ed. (October 2009).
13908:Library of Congress Country Studies
13403:from the original on 10 August 2017
13365:. foreignpolicy.com. Archived from
13360:
13324:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
13218:, Palgrave MacMillan, (2003), p. 21
12539:from the original on 25 August 2023
12365:from the original on 26 March 2023.
12169:from the original on 2 January 2017
11769:"United States Department of State"
10336:Cuthell, David Cameron Jr. (2009).
10077:. Pearson Education. Archived from
10032:. Shiva Lal Agarwala & Company.
9898:Gert Jan Geling (12 January 2017).
9715:Lippman, Thomas W. (7 April 2008).
9603:
9374:
9286:"Middle East-North Africa Overview"
8387:from the original on 23 August 2017
8342:from the original on 13 August 2018
8096:
8070:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
7982:
7965:
7945:
7861:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
7737:Muslim girls walking for school in
7432:
7426:
7293:
7112:
6894:
6561:Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Mosque
5338:The Incoherence of the Philosophers
4457:live in Arab and Muslim countries.
3929:Friday prayer for Sunni Muslims in
3860:(42%). They are found primarily in
3646:Al-Banna and Maududi called for a "
3508:ideological movements that believe
2404:
2260:
1960:, and initiated a period known as '
1904:
1635:in the Indian subcontinent (India,
24:
17602:, Canada (archived 15 April 2004).
17313:How Islam Created the Modern World
16616:from the original on 14 March 2007
16176:from the original on 26 April 2015
16168:Al-Khalili, Jim (4 January 2009).
14669:from the original on 10 March 2021
14242:"Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation"
14156:from the original on 1 August 2017
14130:from the original on 1 August 2017
13695:from the original on 29 April 2011
13594:from the original on 23 March 2018
13522:from the original on 5 August 2013
13291:from the original on 25 March 2022
13196:from the original on 26 March 2023
13184:Nugent, Elizabeth (23 June 2014).
13076:10.1093/oso/9780190689469.001.0001
12926:10.1093/oso/9780190689469.001.0001
12782:from the original on 6 August 2023
12495:. 17 February 2011. Archived from
12221:from the original on 14 April 2015
11991:, Republic of Kosovo constitution,
10950:"Constitution of Afghanistan 2004"
10831:from the original on 9 August 2014
10782:1906 Constitution of Imperial Iran
10553:Livesey, Bruce (25 January 2005).
10342:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire
10029:The Sultanate Of Delhi 711–1526 AD
10026:Srivastava, Ashirvadi Lal (1929).
9960:from the original on 6 August 2020
9876:from the original on 22 April 2016
9842:from the original on 25 April 2016
9798:from the original on 26 March 2017
9500:from the original on 16 March 2020
9316:"Region: Middle East-North Africa"
9252:from the original on 27 March 2019
9017:from the original on 3 August 2020
9000:Iran, Israel and the United States
8647:Pacific Data Hub Microdata Library
8562:from the original on 12 March 2017
8433:"Region: Middle East-North Africa"
8368:
8362:"Who will stand up for Palestine?"
8160:from the original on 26 March 2017
7725:, West Sumatra) reciting Al-Qur'an
6361:. New architectural elements like
4490:(primarily in Syria and Lebanon).
4477:, with the largest communities of
4337:
4296:Children read Qur'an in Indonesia.
2313:Abolition of the Ottoman sultanate
2069:French campaign in Egypt and Syria
1891:Cannons and guns belonging to the
1366:in 1154, one of the most advanced
25:
19208:
17578:
17219:
16884:"The Beginning of Hijri calendar"
15845:Claeys, Gregory (5 August 2010).
15347:from the original on 27 July 2013
15202:from the original on 10 July 2018
14215:from the original on 5 March 2016
14092:United States Department of State
14053:Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies
13991:on Pakistan. 2010. Archived from
13923:from the original on 17 July 2005
13839:from the original on 29 July 2016
13493:from the original on 25 July 2013
12965:Islamic Fundamentalism since 1945
12963:Milton-Edwards, Beverley (2005).
12806:Wright, Robin (10 January 2015).
12297:from the original on 22 June 2015
12048:United States Department of State
11941:. U.S. Department of State. 2022.
11773:United States Department of State
10988:from the original on 25 June 2016
10565:from the original on 28 June 2011
10465:from the original on 12 July 2021
10210:"The 6 killer apps of prosperity"
10042:
9465:
9447:from the original on 21 July 2020
9383:. Vol. 2. pp. 161–164.
9356:from the original on 28 July 2013
9326:from the original on 25 July 2013
8928:from the original on 20 July 2019
8705:from the original on 7 April 2013
8675:from the original on 7 April 2013
8622:from the original on 9 March 2013
8592:from the original on 9 March 2013
8443:from the original on 9 March 2013
8208:from the original on 20 June 2020
7630:hermeneutics of feminism in Islam
2970:
2700:
2580:
2325:separated religion from the state
2103:Beginning with the 15th century,
47:This article has multiple issues.
19126:
19125:
19114:
18635:Schools of islamic jurisprudence
17825:Timeline of the history of Islam
17656:
17172:
17149:
17112:
17090:
17068:
17046:
16995:
16970:
16938:
16875:
16857:10.1111/j.1540-6245.2010.01453.x
16832:
16811:
16798:
16763:
16649:
16640:
16563:
16412:"Islamic Art and Architecture",
16406:
16397:
16381:
16339:
16322:
16268:
16259:
16231:
16212:
16188:
16161:
16109:
16100:
16091:
16056:
16043:
16018:
16009:
15977:
15896:
15838:
15826:
15806:
15778:
15747:
15724:Literary Swordsmen and Sorcerers
15712:
15688:
15669:
15660:
15651:
15642:
15592:
15543:
15527:
15389:
15359:
15329:
15307:
15240:
15214:
15188:
15162:
15136:
15110:
15078:
15047:
15019:
14994:
14969:
14941:
14914:
14886:
14872:
14858:
14844:
14829:
14786:
14758:
14734:
14706:
14681:
14642:
14615:
14594:
14569:
14544:
14517:
14460:
14393:
14365:
14356:and its terminology dictionary),
14303:
14264:
14201:
14168:
14142:
14116:
14099:from the original on 30 May 2019
13892:
13873:
13851:
13792:
13760:
13734:
13707:
13681:
13663:
13641:Adrian Cybriwsky, Roman (2015).
13634:
13606:
13221:
13106:
13059:
13020:
12981:
12956:
12909:
12876:
12742:Bale, Jeffrey M. (1 June 2009).
12735:
12694:
12669:from the original on 3 June 2023
12587:
12521:
12503:
12485:
12472:
12458:
12444:
12430:
12416:
12397:
12383:
12369:
12339:
12283:
12275:. US Department of State. 2019.
12265:
12233:
12207:
12149:
12119:
12062:
12012:
11994:
11975:
11931:
11906:
11862:
11848:
11823:
11805:
11787:
11703:
11671:
11647:"Tunisia's Constitution of 2014"
11639:
11625:
11599:
11567:
11541:
11517:"Morocco's Constitution of 2011"
11509:
11477:
11465:from the original on 14 May 2011
11445:
11413:
11360:
11336:
11304:
11282:
11250:
11104:from the original on 9 July 2011
10920:"Islamic Countries Of The World"
10338:"Atatürk, Kemal (Mustafa Kemal)"
10051:from the original on 26 May 2011
9719:. U.S. News & World Report.
9696:from the original on 15 May 2020
8762:from the original on 25 May 2013
8463:"The Global Religious Landscape"
7997:
7935:
7926:
7893:
7780:
7766:
7752:
7730:
7711:
7696:
7677:
7657:
7641:
7405:), an event commemorated as the
7391:and his followers migrated from
7234:
7218:
7198:
7183:
7167:
7034:
7018:
7003:
6987:Mosque-Madrassa of Sultan Hassan
6858:
6846:
6834:
6688:
6660:
6636:
6616:
6591:
6572:
6553:
6534:
6509:
6486:
6464:
6446:
6321:different religious affiliations
5891:
5875:
5853:
5833:
5803:
5781:
5755:
5734:
5188:
5169:
5149:
5127:
4944:
4922:
4906:
4885:
4863:
4838:
4808:
4785:
4680:
4664:
4648:
4628:
4542:
4530:
4514:
4501:population in the Muslim world.
4325:
4313:
4301:
4289:
4267:
4249:
4230:
4208:
4185:
3922:
3903:
3884:
3426:
3410:
3394:
3389:: 14–20 million Muslims (10–14%)
3378:
3362:
3346:
3330:
3314:
3280:
3258:
3245:
3232:
3219:
3206:
3193:
3180:
3167:
3154:
3141:
3128:
3115:
3102:
3089:
3076:
3063:
3050:
3037:
3024:
3011:
2998:
2985:
2956:
2943:
2930:
2917:
2904:
2891:
2878:
2865:
2852:
2839:
2826:
2813:
2800:
2787:
2774:
2761:
2748:
2735:
2722:
2686:
2673:
2660:
2647:
2634:
2621:
2608:
2595:
2413:
2240:
2226:
2211:
2188:
2164:
2140:
2124:
2061:
2045:
2032:, an armed conflict between the
2022:
1995:
1986:after being defeated during the
1969:
1884:
1860:
1836:
1813:
1794:
1282:
1182:
581:
179:
77:
36:
18986:List of ex-Muslim organisations
17222:"On Erdogan and Muslim mothers"
17186:. 26 March 2022. Archived from
16545:. h.f.ullmann. pp. 36–37.
15435:. Penguin. pp. Chapter 1.
15321:. 24 April 2012. Archived from
15053:
14836:Staff, Toi (8 September 2018).
14604:. 1993. Edinburgh Univ. Press.
14602:Islamic Science and Engineering
14440:Al-Bākūrat’ūs Sūlaiman’īyyah –
13283:. In Emad El-Din Shahin (ed.).
13157:Hamid, Shadi (1 October 2015).
12404:Byler, Darren (11 April 2019).
11982:Republic of Kosovo constitution
11324:from the original on 4 May 2017
11292:(Constitution, Article 1). 1992
11270:from the original on 4 May 2017
11206:
11194:from the original on 4 May 2017
11174:
11142:
11116:
11090:
11058:
11046:from the original on 4 May 2017
11026:
11000:
10968:
10942:
10817:
10795:"Islam: Governing Under Sharia"
10787:
10775:
10736:
10640:
10561:. WGBH educational foundation.
10546:
10513:
10477:
10288:
10164:
10134:
10109:
10093:
10075:Civilization Past & Present
10063:
10036:
10019:
9999:
9990:
9981:
9972:
9828:. WH Allen. p. XXII–XIII.
9779:
9723:from the original on 5 May 2019
9681:
9651:
9625:
9573:
9512:
9482:
9459:
9429:
9399:
9368:
9278:
9233:
9202:
9190:from the original on 4 May 2017
8774:
8748:
8717:
8634:
8543:
8513:
8491:"Oxford Islamic Studies Online"
8483:
8472:. December 2012. Archived from
8455:
8354:
8328:
8238:from the original on 3 May 2020
8191:Islam, the State and Population
7821:Index of Islam-related articles
7178:, 7th century. (Surah 7: 86–87)
7044:pattern that can be drawn with
6281:
6161:, and early industrial uses of
5649:Aristotelian natural philosophy
5477:Contemporary Islamic philosophy
5445:. Translations of Ibn Tufail's
5351:. Both of these narratives had
5101:(from 1100 to around 1600) and
4274:Most of the inhabitants of the
3976:. Each sect developed distinct
3798:(consultation), as was done at
3699:
2334:In the 21st century, after the
1464:attempted two failed sieges of
1293:needs additional citations for
482:. About 13% of Muslims live in
454:Most Muslims are of one of two
88:needs additional citations for
55:or discuss these issues on the
17143:Chronology of Prophetic Events
17141:Shaikh, Fazlur Rehman (2001).
16743:Julia Kaestle (10 July 2010).
16612:. Encyclopedia of the Orient.
15995:. pp. 245, 250, 256–257.
15851:. Cambridge University Press.
15726:: The Makers of Heroic Fantasy
14924:The Rebirth of the Middle East
13801:The Oxford Dictionary of Islam
13449:"Muslim Population by Country"
13361:Roy, Olivier (16 April 2012).
13186:"What do we mean by Islamist?"
13140:
12902:10.1080/19370679.2013.12023226
12856:10.1080/19370679.2013.12023226
12744:"Islamism and Totalitarianism"
12215:"Constitution of Turkmenistan"
11575:"Qatar's Constitution of 2003"
11312:"Egypt's Constitution of 2014"
10530:Johns Hopkins University Press
10116:Chapra, Muhammad Umer (2014).
9864:Hitchens, Christopher (2007).
9688:Burke, Daniel (4 April 2015).
9551:"Muslim Population by Country"
9148:. Simon and Schuster. p.
9079:. The Sentinel. Archived from
8922:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
8724:Kington, Tom (31 March 2008).
8550:Burke, Daniel (29 July 2016).
8302:
8286:A History of Islamic Societies
8277:
8250:
8220:
8141:
8059:
8028:
7328:and the annual season for the
6730:. Muslims describe God by the
5347:as a response to Ibn Tufail's
4074:, and other movements such as
3695:of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL).
3628:schoolteacher who founded the
3373:: 19.4 million Muslims (35.2%)
3357:: 25–40 million Muslims (2–3%)
3341:: 34.7 million Muslims (31.3%)
2282:Anglo-Russian action in Persia
2080:
1847:under the command of Islamist
1405:, marks the first year of the
1227:
13:
1:
16926:. Brill Academic Publishers.
16773:Books : a living history
16428:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three
15891:Encyclopedia of Islamic World
15880:Ibnul-Nafees As a Philosopher
15773:Encyclopedia of Islamic World
15762:Ibn al-Nafis As a Philosopher
15699:. Vol. I. Leiden: Brill.
15001:Monshipouri, Mahmood (2011).
14625:The Legend of the Middle Ages
14427:"Muhammad ibn Āliyy’ūl Cillī
14124:"The Trouble With Madrassahs"
13580:Analysis (19 December 2011).
13320:. In John L. Esposito (ed.).
13216:The Future of Political Islam
12871:The Future of Political Islam
12808:"A Short History of Islamism"
12701:Tibi, Bassam (1 March 2007).
12661:Byers, Dylan (5 April 2013).
11831:"Gambia (The) 1996(rev.2004)"
11737:"Article 7.1 of Constitution"
9377:"CENTRAL ASIA ii. Demography"
7881:
7622:liberal progressive movements
7371:This calendar enumerates the
7225:Islamic calligraphy praising
7078:, in the languages which use
6415:, commercial buildings (e.g.
6079:from China. The knowledge of
6032:
5628:and developed the concept of
5470:
5411:end of the world and doomsday
5218:, Persian, and later Arabian
5108:
4619:have a significant amount of
4453:estimated that around 27,000
4403:ancient Christian communities
4180:later emerged independently.
3995:The major Sunni madhhabs are
3437:: 8–9 million Muslims (9–10%)
3325:: 200 million Muslims (14.6%)
2712:have endorsed Islam as their
2363:, reportedly quoted from the
1747:Age of the Islamic Gunpowders
18971:Apostasy in Islam by country
18838:Liberalism and progressivism
16237:Turner, H. (1997) pp. 136–38
15784:Nahyan A. G. Fancy (2006), "
15599:Saliba, George (July 1995).
14493:Halm, Heinz (21 July 2004).
14400:De McLaurin, Ronald (1979).
13582:"Global religious landscape"
11795:"Article 31 of Constitution"
10799:Council on Foreign Relations
10433:10.1017/CBO9780511977367.003
10411:Dalacoura, Katerina (2012).
10393:. London and New York City:
10272:Colonialism and Its Legacies
10270:Levy, Jacob T., ed. (2011).
9942:. Psychology Press. p.
9346:"Region: Sub-Saharan Africa"
8582:"Region: Sub-Saharan Africa"
8495:www.oxfordislamicstudies.com
8022:
7652:wedding ceremony in a mosque
7464:is the official calendar of
7102:calligraphy. It is known in
7070:is the artistic practice of
6753:
6711:
6071:Arab Agricultural Revolution
4523:largest Christian population
4431:Middle East and North Africa
4218:dignitaries celebrating the
3945:Islamic schools and branches
3939:Islamic schools and branches
3718:
2195:The Christian reconquest of
1940:, starting from the wealthy
1745:Scholars often use the term
1721:liberalism and progressivism
1512:' rule was succeeded by the
1376:history of the Islamic faith
476:Islamic schools and branches
294:sense, these terms refer to
7:
17347:The Encyclopedia of Fantasy
16889:Saudi Aramco World Magazine
16543:Islam: Art and Architecture
16015:Russell (1994), pp. 224–62,
15909:, p. 202, Rowman Altamira,
13984:Central Intelligence Agency
13900:"Country Profile: Pakistan"
13803:. Oxford University Press.
13714:ANALYSIS (7 October 2009).
13617:. Oxford University Press.
13542:"Muslim-Majority Countries"
13287:. Oxford University Press.
13261:. p. 5. Archived from
12317:"Muslim-Majority Countries"
12189:"Article 2 of Constitution"
12002:"Article 1 of Constitution"
11888:"Article 1 of Constitution"
11813:"Article 1 of Constitution"
11124:"Basic Law of Saudi Arabia"
10576:Geltzer, Joshua A. (2011).
10007:History of Mediaeval Bengal
9075:Longton, Gary Gurr (2014).
8263:. Edward Elgar Publishing.
7990:
7973:
7956:
7745:
7304:
7250:
6995:Mosque–Cathedral of Córdoba
6770:pre-Islamic pagan religions
5686:
5651:and Aristotle's concept of
5561:, translated into Latin as
5555:. His philosophical novel,
5483:Logic in Islamic philosophy
5207:One Thousand and One Nights
5036:
4700:
4471:reduced to a small fraction
4054:. It also gave rise to the
3780:
3483:
3441:
2439:the claims made and adding
1346:Timeline of Islamic history
756:("Stories of the Prophets")
307:history of the Muslim world
205:the claims made and adding
10:
19213:
18888:
17598:an online tutorial at the
17524:Turner, Howard R. (1997).
17247:
16819:Five Essays on Islamic Art
16808:. 85: 152–184 – via JSTOR.
16722:Chapman, Caroline (2012).
16570:Flood & Necipoğlu 2017
16062:Russell (1994), pp. 224–39
15026:L. Elazar, Daniel (2020).
14952:. Routledge. p. 109.
14893:L. Elazar, Daniel (2020).
14807:10.1177/239693939501900306
14692:. Routledge. p. 173.
14576:Jacobsen, Douglas (2011).
14537:Cad. No: 290, Yenibosna /
13259:International Crisis Group
13143:Failure of Political Islam
12020:"Preamble of Constitution"
11453:"Constitution of Malaysia"
10425:Cambridge University Press
9049:. Brussels. Archived from
9043:"Islamophoobia in Europe!"
8641:Kettani, Houssain (2010).
7587:
7534:(known in the West as the
7451:
7279:
7176:an early Qur'an manuscript
7058:
6905:Islamic geometric patterns
6875:
6757:
6715:
6286:
6064:
5810:A self-trimming lamp from
5696:
5690:
5665:Illuminationist philosophy
5480:
5474:
5118:
5112:
5040:
4954:studying together, from a
4874:, during the reign of the
4764:
4743:
4675:lining up for class, 2009.
3942:
3818:Non-denominational Muslims
3733:
3703:
3488:
3465:prime minister of Pakistan
3445:
3421:: 10 million Muslims (15%)
3405:: 12 million Muslims (42%)
2479:Political aspects of Islam
2476:
2470:
2338:(2001) coordinated by the
2329:abolition of the Caliphate
2284:; and "Afghan Ambitions".
2264:
2219:French conquest of Algeria
2133:French conquest of Algeria
2084:
1908:
1738:
1540:and number of converts to
1460:, however. The succeeding
1335:
1273:
480:non-denominational Muslims
340:, which culminated in the
19109:
18994:
18961:
18901:
18897:
18883:
18810:
18777:
18749:Geography and cartography
18724:
18671:
18667:
18651:
18477:
18399:
18346:
18295:
18291:
18267:
18137:
17961:
17921:
17804:
17756:
17680:
17676:
17665:
17596:The Islamic World to 1600
17585:What is the Muslim world?
17372:Kraemer, Joel L. (1992).
16637:Madden (1975), pp. 423–30
16414:The Columbia Encyclopedia
16403:Ettinghausen (2003), p. 3
15993:New York University Press
15873:Symposium on Ibn al Nafis
15861:– via Google Books.
15755:Symposium on Ibn al-Nafis
15476:New York University Press
15248:"Indonesia Literacy rate"
14948:C. Held, Colbert (2008).
14376:. Routledge. p. 33.
14372:J. Stewart, Dona (2008).
14299:– via Google Books.
14277:. John Wiley & Sons.
13645:. ABC-CLIO. p. 179.
12916:Matthiesen, Toby (2023).
12760:10.1080/14690760903371313
12720:10.1080/14690760601121630
12628:(inactive 24 July 2024).
12626:10.1017/S1537592703000197
12105:. ABC-CLIO. p. 180.
11874:13 September 2004 at the
11869:Article 1 of Constitution
10771:– via Google Books.
9166:nondenominational Muslims
9140:Pollack, Kenneth (2014).
9126:non-denominational Muslim
8997:Roshandel, Jalil (2011).
8782:"Field Listing Religions"
8758:. IslamicPopulation.com.
8273:– via Google Books.
7846:Islam and other religions
7324:and rituals, such as the
7084:alphabets derived from it
7046:compass and straight edge
6993:; and in wood, as at the
6169:. The industrial uses of
5372:living in seclusion on a
4262:ruled in Yemen until 1962
4244:valley in Algerian Sahara
3746:India's Muslim population
3500:refers to a broad set of
3272:
1587:(15th-16th centuries) of
1526:Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji
404:are not Muslim-majority.
363:As of 2013, the combined
317:look for guidance to the
300:Muslim-majority countries
19068:Islamic view of miracles
17606:Is There a Muslim World?
17156:Marom, Roy (Fall 2017).
16375:18 February 2008 at the
16311:26 February 2008 at the
16284:26 February 2008 at the
16116:Kamal, Muhammad (2006).
15801:University of Notre Dame
15709:Grant & Clute, p. 51
15170:"Pakistan Literacy rate"
14717:. Springer. p. 11.
14713:Curtis, Michael (2018).
14551:Jenkins, Philip (2020).
13881:http://www.pewforum.org/
13279:Emin Poljarevic (2015).
13252:"Understanding Islamism"
13098:: CS1 maint: location (
13051:: CS1 maint: location (
13012:: CS1 maint: location (
12948:: CS1 maint: location (
12614:Perspectives on Politics
12452:"Technical Difficulties"
12074:U.S. Department of State
11987:21 November 2013 at the
11711:"Albania – Constitution"
10520:Moghadam, Assaf (2008).
9934:Watt, William Montgomery
8310:"Economies of the ummah"
8284:Lapidus, Ira M. (2014).
8188:Jones, Gavin W. (2005).
7886:
7583:
7029:pattern on the spandrel.
6870:
6247:, particularly from the
5661:Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi
5639:(Alhazen), a pioneer of
5571:condition of possibility
5563:Philosophus Autodidactus
5540:Another figure from the
5447:Philosophus Autodidactus
5378:Philosophus Autodidactus
5357:Philosophus Autodidactus
5349:Philosophus Autodidactus
5328:Philosophus Autodidactus
4479:Jews in Muslim countries
4461:have existed across the
3785:
3706:Muslim population growth
3641:Grand Mufti of Jerusalem
2526:schools of jurisprudence
2500:. By contrast, the 1979
1486:killing of caliph Uthman
845:Medieval Islamic science
18823:Creationism (evolution)
17457:Russell, G. A. (1994).
17220:Akyol, Riada Asimovic.
16770:Lyons, Martyn. (2011).
16078:17 January 2008 at the
16051:Risalat Hayy ibn Yaqzan
15938:Oxford University Press
15885:6 February 2008 at the
15767:6 February 2008 at the
15744:Grant & Clute, p 52
15533:Medieval India, NCERT,
15474:, pp. 245, 250, 256–7.
14747:. Pew Research Center.
14688:C. Ellis, Kail (2017).
14649:Pacini, Andrea (1998).
14320:Oxford University Press
14058:Oxford University Press
13799:Esposito, John (2003).
13068:The Caliph and the Imam
12988:B. Hass, Ernst (2000).
12918:The Caliph and the Imam
12580:10.55540/0031-1723.2340
12561:Eikmeier, Dale (2007).
11367:"Jordan country report"
10389:Commins, David (2009).
10045:"The Gunpowder Empires"
7703:A tribal delegation in
7379:was established as the
7294:ٱلتَّقْوِيم ٱلْهِجْرِيّ
6899:, "knot", also written
6865:Example of an Arabesque
6853:Example of an Arabesque
6841:Example of an Arabesque
6696:Moscow Cathedral Mosque
6580:Great Mosque of Córdoba
6265:
6007:Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi
5974:Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi
5789:Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi
5465:The Aspiring Naturalist
5291:, the national epic of
5281:story of undying love.
4754:prescriptive literature
4655:A primary classroom in
3956:across the Muslim world
3891:Turkish Muslims at the
3691:" to date, such as the
2705:The following nineteen
2576:Government and religion
2030:Siege of Ochakov (1788)
1749:to describe period the
1522:Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad
1488:in 656, resulting in a
268:administrative division
19083:Persecution of Muslims
18981:List of former Muslims
17830:Succession to Muhammad
17551:Livny, Avital (2020).
16922:Encyclopaedia of Islam
16590:Bloom & Blair 2009
16454:Bloom & Blair 2009
16389:Technology and Culture
16251:Technology and Culture
16106:Russell (1994), p. 247
15906:Encyclopaedia of Islam
15819:4 October 2015 at the
15697:Encyclopaedia of Islam
13886:4 January 2012 at the
13613:Khan, Nichola (2016).
12883:Zhongmin, Liu (2013).
12837:Zhongmin, Liu (2013).
11344:"Constitution of Iraq"
10702:Swietochowski, Tadeusz
10312:Cite journal requires
9822:Nawaz, Maajid (2012).
9774:Pan-Islamism In India,
9472:Oxford Islamic Studies
8612:"Region: Asia-Pacific"
8521:"Region: Asia-Pacific"
7414:
7346:Levant and Mesopotamia
7275:Islamic lunar calendar
6494:Al Jabbar Grand Mosque
6343:early Muslim conquests
6310:. It encompasses both
6090:Advances were made in
6062:
5626:Transcendent theosophy
5624:founded his school of
5510:
5403:spontaneous generation
5392:Theologus Autodidactus
5382:Theologus Autodidactus
5362:Theologus Autodidactus
5344:Theologus Autodidactus
5070:
4718:
4635:Young school girls in
4555:Literacy and education
4398:
3957:
3954:Islamic schools of law
3842:Bosnia and Herzegovina
3731:
3468:
3303:in 2015 there were 50
3295:Muslim-minority states
3019:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2361:11 September hijackers
2100:
1919:
1871:in combat against the
1371:
855:Succession to Muhammad
522:are also found in the
282:commonly refer to the
271:
18867:Conversion to mosques
18734:Alchemy and chemistry
17600:University of Calgary
17501:Tausch, Arno (2015).
17480:Tausch, Arno (2009).
17311:Graham, Mark (2006).
17282:Ettinghausen, Richard
17254:Ankerl, Guy (2000) .
17030:Encyclopaedia Iranica
16952:Government of Sharjah
16817:Allen, Terry (1988).
16225:14 March 2007 at the
16194:Plofker, Kim (2009),
16097:Russell (1994) p. 227
16073:Desert island scripts
15902:Cyril Glasse (2001),
15144:"Egypt Literacy rate"
14622:Brague, Rémi (2009).
14438:" (Sūlaiman Affandy,
14095:. 19 September 2008.
12076:. 14 September 2007.
12032:on 12 September 2012.
11835:constituteproject.org
9381:Encyclopaedia Iranica
9215:. Routledge. p.
9106:Kirkham, Bri (2015).
8479:on 24 September 2015.
8338:. 22 September 2016.
8003:Since 1 Muharam 1444
7983:ڕۆژژمێری کۆچیی ھەتاوی
7628:have been revisiting
7480:as determined by the
6969:; plasterwork, as at
6776:style made famous in
6245:Industrial Revolution
6051:Industrial Revolution
6040:
5970:The Canon of Medicine
5966:pulmonary circulation
5840:An illustration from
5816:On Mechanical Devices
5681:philosophy of history
5645:philosophy of science
5591:Melchisédech Thévenot
5567:nature versus nurture
5528:The Canon of Medicine
5494:
5481:Further information:
5315:were pioneers of the
5119:Further information:
5105:(from 1470 to 1550).
5083:Tin-opacified glazing
5050:
5041:Further information:
4730:the uprising in Syria
4708:
4521:Egypt has one of the
4389:Church and Mosque in
4388:
4064:Ja'fari jurisprudence
3978:jurisprudence schools
3952:
3726:
3669:At least one author (
3634:Hajji Amin al-Husayni
3459:
3446:Further information:
2498:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
2496:since the reforms of
2477:Further information:
2395:Scientific Revolution
2297:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
2293:Turkish revolutionary
2265:Further information:
2098:
1915:
1873:Knights of Saint John
1867:Gun-wielding Ottoman
1353:
258:
18593:Ma malakat aymanukum
18168:Association football
18067:Moderate Kharijites
17376:. Brill Publishers.
16665:Bonner, Jay (2017).
16354:University of Aleppo
16197:Mathematics in India
15961:"Islamic Philosophy"
15791:4 April 2015 at the
15222:"Iraq Literacy rate"
15196:"Iran Literacy rate"
15098:on 13 September 2012
14981:Encyclopædia Iranica
14529:4 March 2016 at the
14358:Ensar Publications,
14048:"Pakistan, Islam in"
13742:"The World Factbook"
13423:"The World Factbook"
13113:Pappe, Ilan (2010).
12515:Cambridge dictionary
12499:on 17 February 2011.
12133:. 6 September 2020.
11963:on 24 September 2014
11356:on 28 November 2016.
11244:bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd
10926:. 21 February 2018.
9788:"What Muslim World?"
9496:. 23 February 2019.
9375:Rowland, Richard H.
8150:"What Muslim World?"
7957:Gâhšomâri-ye Xoršidi
7811:History of the Arabs
7634:Riada Asimovic Akyol
7600:Riada Asimovic Akyol
7559:Zoroastrian calendar
7497:lunar Hijri calendar
7484:calculation for the
7462:Solar Hijri calendar
7454:Solar Hijri calendar
7447:Solar Hijri calendar
7387:. During that year,
7288:The Hijri calendar (
6732:names and attributes
6649:Persian architecture
6599:Lagos Central Mosque
6436:Islamic architecture
6300:architectural styles
6296:Islamic architecture
6289:Islamic architecture
6249:proto-industrialised
6023:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
5742:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
5669:Fakhr al-Din al-Razi
5496:Ibn Rushd (Averroes)
5423:scientific knowledge
5097:(from 975 to 1075),
4691:, before an exam in
4687:Medical students of
3478:contemporary history
2964:United Arab Emirates
2483:Islam and secularism
2336:September 11 attacks
2149:Hispano-Moroccan War
1982:negotiates with the
1829:Siege of Ranthambore
1534:Islamic missionaries
1532:, where South Asian
1302:improve this article
894:Association football
97:improve this article
17190:on 4 September 2022
17034:. Iranicaonline.org
16610:"Muslim Iconoclasm"
16071:Martin Wainwright,
15966:6 June 2022 at the
15681:17 May 2020 at the
15399:(4 November 2011).
15373:. 7 December 2017.
14250:Pew Research Center
14211:. Shianumbers.com.
14022:Pew Research Center
13950:Pew Research Center
13914:Library of Congress
13869:on 10 January 2011.
13552:. 27 January 2011.
13550:Pew Research Center
13512:"Executive Summary"
13489:, 27 January 2011,
13487:Pew Research Center
13399:. 27 January 2011.
13397:Pew Research Center
13389:"Executive Summary"
13363:"The New Islamists"
13214:Fuller, Graham E.,
13190:The Washington Post
12869:Fuller, Graham E.,
12426:. 21 February 2023.
12393:. 21 February 2023.
12355:Pew Research Center
12008:on 4 February 2007.
11395:US State Department
11372:3 June 2021 at the
10654:on 21 November 2011
10171:Unknown (1590–95).
9756:. 27 January 2011.
9637:Pew Research Center
9114:on 25 November 2015
8981:on 15 December 2012
8950:Pew Research Center
8890:on 24 December 2018
8842:16 May 2020 at the
8814:Pew Research Center
8756:"Muslim Population"
8527:. 27 January 2011.
8381:Pew Research Center
8364:. 19 December 2017.
7991:Salnameya Koçberiyê
7974:lmaríz legdíz kalíz
7618:Modernist discourse
7263:officially used in
7068:Islamic calligraphy
7061:Islamic calligraphy
7054:Islamic calligraphy
6979:Hunat Hatun Complex
6787:Islamic calligraphy
6542:Sultan Ahmed Mosque
6351:Islamic calligraphy
6144:Timurid Renaissance
6047:Greater Middle East
5962:circulatory systems
5954:Anatomy of the body
5916:intromission theory
5899:Lagâri Hasan Çelebi
5679:, a pioneer in the
5534:The Book of Healing
5331:) as a response to
5317:philosophical novel
5210:, a compilation of
4740:since August 2017.
4597:Pew Research Center
4525:in the Muslim world
4435:Pew Research Center
4066:whose branches are
3870:Southeastern Europe
3301:Pew Research Center
2203:, 1686, painted by
2159:, from 1859 to 1860
2135:, from 1830 to 1903
1958:Greater Middle East
1924:Ibrahim Muteferrika
1771:Indian subcontinent
1554:Indo-Gangetic Plain
1528:extended until the
1458:Arab–Byzantine wars
655:Profession of Faith
628:Day of Resurrection
548:religious switching
358:colonial domination
19172:Historical regions
19088:Quran and miracles
19002:Criticism of Islam
18706:Geometric patterns
18558:Gender segregation
18129:Non-denominational
17184:Hasht-e Subh Daily
16958:on 2 February 2017
16366:Ahmad Y. al-Hassan
16346:Ahmad Y. al-Hassan
16302:Ahmad Y. al-Hassan
16275:Ahmad Y. al-Hassan
15719:L. Sprague de Camp
15408:The New York Times
14927:. Hamilton Books.
14840:. Times of Israel.
14474:on 10 January 2012
13989:The World Factbook
13459:on 9 February 2011
12468:. 17 January 2022.
12195:on 1 December 2010
11819:on 9 October 2006.
11801:on 9 October 2006.
11749:on 26 October 2011
11378:The World Factbook
10427:. pp. 40–65.
10348:. pp. 56–60.
10043:Evans, Charles T.
9591:on 11 January 2019
9561:on 9 February 2011
9292:. 7 October 2009.
9053:on 31 January 2016
8953:. 7 October 2009.
8924:. 4 October 2019.
8883:The World Factbook
8817:. 7 October 2009.
8695:"Region: Americas"
7719:Minangkabau people
7486:Iran Standard Time
7440:Gregorian calendar
7342:Syriac month-names
7338:Gregorian calendar
7305:al-taqwīm al-hijrī
7209:of sailors in the
7174:Kufic script from
6718:Aniconism in Islam
6260:East India Company
6063:
5599:Christiaan Huygens
5579:Molyneux's problem
5542:Islamic Golden Age
5511:
5443:Islamic philosophy
5177:Cassim in the Cave
5115:Islamic literature
5071:
4965:Islamic Golden Age
4857:Vali Muhammad Khan
4771:Islamic Golden Age
4719:
4459:Jewish communities
4399:
3958:
3893:Eyüp Sultan Mosque
3732:
3630:Muslim Brotherhood
3555:Muslim Brotherhood
3547:Sayyid Rashid Riḍā
3469:
2502:Iranian Revolution
2424:possibly contains
2301:Republic of Turkey
2255:of Morocco in 1909
2251:between Spain and
2101:
2054:Russo-Persian Wars
2052:Combat during the
2003:East India Company
1984:East India Company
1779:Muhammad Auranzgeb
1707:), democracy (see
1627:and Warsangali in
1582:largest contiguous
1506:Abbasid Revolution
1430:Rashidun Caliphate
1372:
1368:ancient world maps
520:Muslim communities
433:Sub-Saharan Africa
336:within Islam. The
330:schools of thought
311:Islamic Golden Age
272:
270:estimated for 2022
190:possibly contains
19182:Regions of Africa
19139:
19138:
19105:
19104:
19101:
19100:
19073:Domestic violence
19063:Islamic terrorism
19058:Islamic extremism
18879:
18878:
18875:
18874:
18647:
18646:
18643:
18642:
18433:Marriage contract
18263:
18262:
18223:Political aspects
17952:Story of Prophets
17721:Prophets of Islam
17512:978-1-62948-899-8
17493:978-1-60692-731-1
17472:978-90-04-09459-8
17383:978-90-04-07259-6
17356:978-0-312-19869-5
17265:978-2-88155-004-1
17226:www.aljazeera.com
16783:978-1-60606-083-4
16732:978-979-099-631-1
16676:978-1-4419-0216-0
16456:, "Architecture".
16334:978-81-8069-149-2
16199:: 500 BCE–1800 CE
16127:978-0-7546-5271-7
15666:Mason (1995) p. 7
15657:Mason (1995) p. 5
15648:Mason (1995) p. 1
15578:978-1-136-95960-8
15442:978-1-101-98349-2
14934:978-0-7618-4846-2
14662:978-0-19-829388-0
14635:978-0-226-07080-3
14510:978-0-7486-1888-0
14431:" of "Maymūn ibn
14312:Esposito, John L.
13952:. 9 August 2012.
13916:. February 2005.
13691:. ReligionFacts.
13675:CIA Word Factbook
13369:on 9 October 2014
13124:978-0-520-26839-5
13085:978-0-19-068946-9
12935:978-0-19-068946-9
12112:978-1-4408-3933-7
12050:. 1 December 2020
10717:978-0-521-52245-8
10687:978-0-8305-0076-5
10674:Kazemzadeh, Firuz
10539:978-0-8018-9055-0
10506:978-0-375-41486-2
10495:. New York City:
10355:978-0-8160-6259-1
10344:. New York City:
9953:978-0-415-17587-6
9585:www.aljazeera.com
9581:"Islam in Russia"
9528:, 21 April 2018,
9478:on 20 March 2017.
8295:978-0-521-51430-9
7988:
7971:
7966:لمريز لېږدیز کلیز
7954:
7946:گاهشماری خورشیدی
7806:Glossary of Islam
7423:
7316:consisting of 12
7302:
6957:The 15th century
6903:) are decorative
6709:
6708:
6629:Jammu and Kashmir
6349:of surfaces with
6085:potassium nitrate
5912:
5911:
5587:Gottfried Leibniz
5549:modern philosophy
5394:, written by the
5250:Sinbad the Sailor
5158:Princess Parizade
4956:Persian miniature
4826:and the ruler of
4802:Jami' al-tawarikh
4761:Classical culture
4721:According to the
4711:Rohingya refugees
4621:gender inequality
4433:and other areas.
4058:movement and the
4046:was divided into
4034:later split into
3910:Shi'a Muslims in
3808:Ali ibn Abi Talib
3675:identity politics
3567:Ruhollah Khomeini
3563:Abul A'la Maududi
3514:oppose secularism
3299:According to the
2514:Ruhollah Khomeini
2469:
2468:
2461:
2426:original research
2385:'s definition of
2309:secular democracy
2183:from 1911 to 1912
2173:Italo-Turkish War
2015:Battle of Plassey
1950:Kingdom of Mysore
1787:Islamic economics
1741:Gunpowder empires
1735:Gunpowder empires
1709:Islamic democracy
1705:socialism in Iran
1673:Toucouleur Empire
1546:Qutb ud-Din Aibak
1490:succession crisis
1462:Umayyad Caliphate
1442:Iberian Peninsula
1411:Arabian Peninsula
1334:
1333:
1326:
1225:
1224:
1155:Deobandi jihadism
338:Islamic conquests
253:
252:
245:
235:
234:
227:
192:original research
173:
172:
165:
147:
70:
16:(Redirected from
19204:
19157:Cultural regions
19129:
19128:
19121:Islam portal
19119:
19118:
19117:
18899:
18898:
18891:
18885:
18884:
18726:Medieval science
18669:
18668:
18659:
18653:
18652:
18310:Economic history
18293:
18292:
18269:
18268:
18255:Islam by country
18040:Bektashi Alevism
17678:
17677:
17669:Outline of Islam
17651:
17644:
17637:
17628:
17627:
17574:
17547:
17516:
17497:
17476:
17463:Brill Publishers
17453:
17424:
17395:
17368:
17334:
17307:
17277:
17242:
17241:
17239:
17237:
17217:
17200:
17199:
17197:
17195:
17176:
17170:
17169:
17153:
17147:
17146:
17138:
17132:
17131:
17129:
17127:
17116:
17110:
17109:
17107:
17105:
17094:
17088:
17087:
17085:
17083:
17072:
17066:
17065:
17063:
17061:
17050:
17044:
17043:
17041:
17039:
17028:""Calendars" in
17024:
17018:
17017:
17015:
17013:
16999:
16993:
16992:
16990:
16988:
16974:
16968:
16966:
16965:
16963:
16954:, archived from
16942:
16936:
16935:
16912:
16906:
16905:
16903:
16901:
16879:
16873:
16872:
16870:
16868:
16836:
16830:
16815:
16809:
16806:The Art Bulletin
16802:
16796:
16795:
16767:
16761:
16760:
16758:
16756:
16740:
16734:
16720:
16714:
16713:
16695:
16689:
16688:
16662:
16656:
16653:
16647:
16644:
16638:
16635:
16626:
16625:
16623:
16621:
16606:
16600:
16599:
16587:
16581:
16579:
16567:
16561:
16560:
16538:
16532:
16531:
16509:
16503:
16502:
16490:
16484:
16482:
16470:
16464:
16463:
16451:
16442:
16441:
16423:
16417:
16410:
16404:
16401:
16395:
16385:
16379:
16363:
16357:
16343:
16337:
16326:
16320:
16299:
16293:
16272:
16266:
16263:
16257:
16247:
16238:
16235:
16229:
16216:
16210:
16192:
16186:
16185:
16183:
16181:
16165:
16159:
16146:
16140:
16139:
16113:
16107:
16104:
16098:
16095:
16089:
16088:, 22 March 2003.
16069:
16063:
16060:
16054:
16047:
16041:
16030:Brill Publishers
16022:
16016:
16013:
16007:
16006:
15981:
15975:
15958:
15949:
15927:
15918:
15900:
15894:
15869:
15863:
15862:
15842:
15836:
15830:
15824:
15810:
15804:
15782:
15776:
15751:
15745:
15742:
15736:
15716:
15710:
15707:
15701:
15700:
15692:
15686:
15673:
15667:
15664:
15658:
15655:
15649:
15646:
15640:
15630:
15624:
15623:
15621:
15619:
15596:
15590:
15589:
15587:
15585:
15563:
15557:
15547:
15541:
15531:
15525:
15524:
15493:
15487:
15465:
15459:
15458:
15456:
15454:
15426:
15420:
15419:
15417:
15415:
15404:
15397:Melikian, Souren
15393:
15387:
15386:
15384:
15382:
15363:
15357:
15356:
15354:
15352:
15343:. 17 July 2013.
15333:
15327:
15326:
15311:
15305:
15304:
15302:
15300:
15294:
15287:
15279:
15264:
15263:
15261:
15259:
15244:
15238:
15237:
15235:
15233:
15218:
15212:
15211:
15209:
15207:
15192:
15186:
15185:
15183:
15181:
15166:
15160:
15159:
15157:
15155:
15140:
15134:
15133:
15131:
15129:
15114:
15108:
15107:
15105:
15103:
15097:
15090:
15082:
15076:
15075:
15073:
15071:
15051:
15045:
15044:
15023:
15017:
15016:
14998:
14992:
14991:
14989:
14987:
14973:
14967:
14966:
14945:
14939:
14938:
14918:
14912:
14911:
14890:
14884:
14883:
14876:
14870:
14869:
14862:
14856:
14855:
14848:
14842:
14841:
14833:
14827:
14826:
14790:
14784:
14783:
14762:
14756:
14755:
14753:
14746:
14738:
14732:
14731:
14710:
14704:
14703:
14685:
14679:
14678:
14676:
14674:
14646:
14640:
14639:
14619:
14613:
14598:
14592:
14591:
14573:
14567:
14566:
14548:
14542:
14521:
14515:
14514:
14490:
14484:
14483:
14481:
14479:
14470:. Archived from
14464:
14458:
14425:
14419:
14418:
14397:
14391:
14390:
14369:
14363:
14348:
14342:
14341:
14307:
14301:
14300:
14298:
14296:
14268:
14262:
14261:
14259:
14257:
14238:
14225:
14224:
14222:
14220:
14205:
14199:
14198:
14196:
14194:
14172:
14166:
14165:
14163:
14161:
14146:
14140:
14139:
14137:
14135:
14126:. 16 June 2015.
14120:
14114:
14113:
14106:
14104:
14083:
14077:
14076:
14071:
14069:
14060:. Archived from
14044:
14038:
14037:
14035:
14033:
14011:
14005:
14004:
14002:
14000:
13975:
13969:
13968:
13963:
13961:
13942:
13936:
13935:
13930:
13928:
13922:
13904:
13896:
13890:
13877:
13871:
13870:
13865:. Archived from
13855:
13849:
13848:
13846:
13844:
13829:
13823:
13822:
13796:
13790:
13789:
13787:
13785:
13779:
13772:
13764:
13758:
13757:
13755:
13753:
13738:
13732:
13731:
13729:
13727:
13711:
13705:
13704:
13702:
13700:
13685:
13679:
13678:
13667:
13661:
13660:
13638:
13632:
13631:
13610:
13604:
13603:
13601:
13599:
13593:
13587:. Pewforum.org.
13586:
13577:
13566:
13565:
13563:
13561:
13538:
13532:
13531:
13529:
13527:
13508:
13502:
13501:
13500:
13498:
13475:
13469:
13468:
13466:
13464:
13445:
13439:
13438:
13436:
13434:
13425:. CIA Factbook.
13419:
13413:
13412:
13410:
13408:
13385:
13379:
13378:
13376:
13374:
13358:
13352:
13351:
13345:
13343:
13319:
13311:
13305:
13304:
13298:
13296:
13276:
13270:
13269:
13268:on 7 March 2013.
13267:
13256:
13248:
13242:
13241:
13240:on 4 March 2016.
13236:. Archived from
13225:
13219:
13212:
13206:
13205:
13203:
13201:
13181:
13175:
13174:
13172:
13170:
13154:
13148:
13138:
13129:
13128:
13110:
13104:
13103:
13097:
13089:
13063:
13057:
13056:
13050:
13042:
13024:
13018:
13017:
13011:
13003:
12985:
12979:
12978:
12960:
12954:
12953:
12947:
12939:
12913:
12907:
12906:
12904:
12880:
12874:
12867:
12861:
12860:
12858:
12834:
12828:
12827:
12825:
12823:
12803:
12792:
12791:
12789:
12787:
12739:
12733:
12732:
12722:
12698:
12692:
12685:
12679:
12678:
12676:
12674:
12658:
12652:
12651:
12645:
12637:
12609:
12603:
12600:
12594:
12591:
12585:
12584:
12582:
12558:
12549:
12548:
12546:
12544:
12533:Oxford Reference
12525:
12519:
12518:
12507:
12501:
12500:
12489:
12483:
12482:, 7 January 2008
12476:
12470:
12469:
12462:
12456:
12455:
12448:
12442:
12441:
12434:
12428:
12427:
12420:
12414:
12413:
12401:
12395:
12394:
12387:
12381:
12380:
12373:
12367:
12366:
12364:
12351:
12343:
12337:
12336:
12334:
12332:
12313:
12307:
12306:
12304:
12302:
12287:
12281:
12280:
12269:
12263:
12262:
12260:
12258:
12252:
12245:
12237:
12231:
12230:
12228:
12226:
12211:
12205:
12204:
12202:
12200:
12191:. Archived from
12185:
12179:
12178:
12176:
12174:
12168:
12161:
12153:
12147:
12146:
12144:
12142:
12123:
12117:
12116:
12096:
12090:
12089:
12087:
12085:
12066:
12060:
12059:
12057:
12055:
12040:
12034:
12033:
12031:
12025:. Archived from
12024:
12016:
12010:
12009:
12004:. Archived from
11998:
11992:
11979:
11973:
11972:
11970:
11968:
11959:. Archived from
11949:
11943:
11942:
11935:
11929:
11928:
11926:
11924:
11910:
11904:
11903:
11901:
11899:
11884:
11878:
11866:
11860:
11859:
11852:
11846:
11845:
11843:
11841:
11827:
11821:
11820:
11815:. Archived from
11809:
11803:
11802:
11797:. Archived from
11791:
11785:
11784:
11782:
11780:
11765:
11759:
11758:
11756:
11754:
11748:
11742:. Archived from
11741:
11733:
11727:
11726:
11724:
11722:
11707:
11701:
11700:
11698:
11696:
11690:
11683:
11675:
11669:
11668:
11666:
11664:
11658:
11651:
11643:
11637:
11636:
11629:
11623:
11622:
11620:
11618:
11603:
11597:
11596:
11594:
11592:
11586:
11579:
11571:
11565:
11564:
11562:
11560:
11545:
11539:
11538:
11536:
11534:
11528:
11521:
11513:
11507:
11506:
11504:
11502:
11496:
11490:. Archived from
11489:
11481:
11475:
11474:
11472:
11470:
11464:
11457:
11449:
11443:
11442:
11440:
11438:
11432:
11425:
11417:
11411:
11410:
11408:
11406:
11387:
11381:
11364:
11358:
11357:
11355:
11349:. Archived from
11348:
11340:
11334:
11333:
11331:
11329:
11323:
11316:
11308:
11302:
11301:
11299:
11297:
11286:
11280:
11279:
11277:
11275:
11269:
11262:
11254:
11248:
11247:
11236:
11230:
11229:
11227:
11225:
11210:
11204:
11203:
11201:
11199:
11193:
11186:
11178:
11172:
11171:
11169:
11167:
11161:
11154:
11146:
11140:
11139:
11137:
11135:
11120:
11114:
11113:
11111:
11109:
11094:
11088:
11087:
11085:
11083:
11077:
11070:
11062:
11056:
11055:
11053:
11051:
11045:
11038:
11030:
11024:
11023:
11021:
11019:
11004:
10998:
10997:
10995:
10993:
10987:
10980:
10972:
10966:
10965:
10963:
10961:
10946:
10940:
10939:
10937:
10935:
10916:
10841:
10840:
10838:
10836:
10821:
10815:
10814:
10812:
10810:
10791:
10785:
10779:
10773:
10772:
10770:
10768:
10740:
10734:
10733:
10731:
10729:
10698:
10692:
10691:
10670:
10664:
10663:
10661:
10659:
10644:
10638:
10637:
10635:
10633:
10605:
10596:
10595:
10574:
10572:
10570:
10550:
10544:
10543:
10517:
10511:
10510:
10494:
10485:Wright, Lawrence
10481:
10475:
10474:
10472:
10470:
10408:
10399:
10398:
10386:
10380:
10379:
10377:
10375:
10333:
10322:
10321:
10315:
10310:
10308:
10300:
10292:
10286:
10285:
10267:
10261:
10260:
10258:
10256:
10237:
10226:
10225:
10223:
10221:
10202:
10193:
10192:
10190:
10188:
10179:. Archived from
10168:
10162:
10138:
10132:
10131:
10113:
10107:
10097:
10091:
10090:
10088:
10086:
10067:
10061:
10060:
10058:
10056:
10040:
10034:
10033:
10023:
10017:
10005:Majumdar, R.C.,
10003:
9997:
9994:
9988:
9985:
9979:
9976:
9970:
9969:
9967:
9965:
9930:
9919:
9918:
9913:
9911:
9895:
9889:
9888:
9883:
9881:
9861:
9852:
9851:
9849:
9847:
9819:
9808:
9807:
9805:
9803:
9783:
9777:
9771:
9762:
9761:
9750:
9744:
9743:
9730:
9728:
9717:"No God But God"
9712:
9706:
9705:
9703:
9701:
9685:
9679:
9678:
9676:
9674:
9665:. 2 April 2015.
9655:
9649:
9648:
9646:
9644:
9629:
9623:
9622:
9607:
9601:
9600:
9598:
9596:
9587:. Archived from
9577:
9571:
9570:
9568:
9566:
9547:
9541:
9540:
9539:
9537:
9516:
9510:
9509:
9507:
9505:
9486:
9480:
9479:
9474:. Archived from
9466:Yusuf, Imtiyaz.
9463:
9457:
9456:
9454:
9452:
9433:
9427:
9426:
9424:
9422:
9403:
9397:
9396:
9394:
9392:
9372:
9366:
9365:
9363:
9361:
9342:
9336:
9335:
9333:
9331:
9312:
9306:
9305:
9303:
9301:
9282:
9276:
9275:
9269:
9261:
9259:
9257:
9237:
9231:
9230:
9206:
9200:
9199:
9197:
9195:
9186:. 2 April 2015.
9176:
9170:
9169:
9147:
9137:
9131:
9130:
9121:
9119:
9110:. Archived from
9103:
9097:
9096:
9090:
9088:
9083:on 26 March 2017
9072:
9066:
9065:
9060:
9058:
9038:
9032:
9029:
9024:
9022:
8993:
8988:
8986:
8970:
8964:
8962:
8940:
8935:
8933:
8911:
8905:
8902:
8897:
8895:
8873:
8868:
8866:
8833:
8828:
8826:
8804:
8798:
8797:
8795:
8793:
8784:. Archived from
8778:
8772:
8771:
8769:
8767:
8752:
8746:
8745:
8743:
8741:
8721:
8715:
8714:
8712:
8710:
8691:
8685:
8684:
8682:
8680:
8665:"Region: Europe"
8661:
8655:
8654:
8638:
8632:
8631:
8629:
8627:
8608:
8602:
8601:
8599:
8597:
8578:
8572:
8571:
8569:
8567:
8547:
8541:
8540:
8538:
8536:
8517:
8511:
8510:
8508:
8506:
8501:on 20 March 2017
8497:. Archived from
8487:
8481:
8480:
8478:
8467:
8459:
8453:
8452:
8450:
8448:
8429:
8423:
8422:
8420:
8418:
8403:
8397:
8396:
8394:
8392:
8372:
8366:
8365:
8358:
8352:
8351:
8349:
8347:
8332:
8326:
8325:
8323:
8321:
8306:
8300:
8299:
8281:
8275:
8274:
8254:
8248:
8247:
8245:
8243:
8224:
8218:
8217:
8215:
8213:
8185:
8170:
8169:
8167:
8165:
8145:
8139:
8138:
8105:
8094:
8093:
8063:
8057:
8056:
8054:
8052:
8032:
8016:
8001:
7995:
7993:
7987:romanized:
7986:
7984:
7976:
7970:romanized:
7969:
7967:
7959:
7949:
7947:
7939:
7933:
7930:
7924:
7897:
7836:Islam by country
7826:Outline of Islam
7816:History of Islam
7790:
7785:
7784:
7776:
7771:
7770:
7762:
7757:
7756:
7755:
7734:
7715:
7700:
7684:Muslim girls at
7681:
7661:
7645:
7626:Islamic feminism
7536:Islamic calendar
7474:Iranian calendar
7435:
7434:
7429:
7428:
7427:سَنَة هِجْرِيَّة
7418:
7381:Islamic New Year
7330:great pilgrimage
7322:Islamic holidays
7310:Islamic calendar
7307:
7297:
7295:
7282:Islamic calendar
7238:
7222:
7202:
7187:
7171:
7115:
7114:
7038:
7022:
7007:
6898:
6862:
6850:
6838:
6823:Dome of the Rock
6692:
6664:
6640:
6625:Hazratbal Shrine
6620:
6595:
6576:
6557:
6538:
6513:
6490:
6468:
6454:Dome of the Rock
6450:
6431:
6430:
6423:), and military
6395:(public baths),
6373:multifoil arches
6359:geometric motifs
6316:history of Islam
6306:associated with
6152:Bengal Sultanate
6098:. Crops such as
6087:were developed.
5999:Jābir ibn Hayyān
5950:Tashrih al-badan
5895:
5879:
5857:
5837:
5807:
5785:
5764:Mansur ibn Ilyas
5759:
5750:. (13th century)
5738:
5719:
5718:
5647:and a critic of
5558:Hayy ibn Yaqdhan
5322:Hayy ibn Yaqdhan
5274:Layla and Majnun
5192:
5181:Maxfield Parrish
5173:
5153:
5131:
4993:Siege of Baghdad
4989:Mongol invasions
4952:Layla and Majnun
4948:
4926:
4910:
4889:
4867:
4842:
4812:
4794:Mahmud of Ghazni
4789:
4767:History of Islam
4684:
4668:
4652:
4632:
4546:
4534:
4518:
4329:
4317:
4305:
4293:
4278:in Pakistan are
4271:
4253:
4234:
4212:
4189:
4174:Quranist Muslims
4105:, Adjarites and
4052:Taiyabi Ismailis
4040:Musta’li Ismaili
3926:
3907:
3888:
3736:Islam by country
3671:Graham E. Fuller
3604:Muslim community
3571:Hassan Al-Turabi
3553:(founder of the
3436:
3432:
3430:
3429:
3420:
3416:
3414:
3413:
3404:
3400:
3398:
3397:
3388:
3384:
3382:
3381:
3372:
3368:
3366:
3365:
3356:
3352:
3350:
3349:
3340:
3336:
3334:
3333:
3324:
3320:
3318:
3317:
3286:
3284:
3283:
3264:
3262:
3261:
3251:
3249:
3248:
3238:
3236:
3235:
3225:
3223:
3222:
3212:
3210:
3209:
3199:
3197:
3196:
3186:
3184:
3183:
3173:
3171:
3170:
3160:
3158:
3157:
3147:
3145:
3144:
3134:
3132:
3131:
3121:
3119:
3118:
3108:
3106:
3105:
3095:
3093:
3092:
3082:
3080:
3079:
3069:
3067:
3066:
3056:
3054:
3053:
3043:
3041:
3040:
3030:
3028:
3027:
3017:
3015:
3014:
3004:
3002:
3001:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2962:
2960:
2959:
2949:
2947:
2946:
2936:
2934:
2933:
2923:
2921:
2920:
2910:
2908:
2907:
2897:
2895:
2894:
2884:
2882:
2881:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2858:
2856:
2855:
2845:
2843:
2842:
2832:
2830:
2829:
2819:
2817:
2816:
2806:
2804:
2803:
2793:
2791:
2790:
2780:
2778:
2777:
2767:
2765:
2764:
2754:
2752:
2751:
2741:
2739:
2738:
2728:
2726:
2725:
2692:
2690:
2689:
2679:
2677:
2676:
2666:
2664:
2663:
2653:
2651:
2650:
2640:
2638:
2637:
2627:
2625:
2624:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2601:
2599:
2598:
2568:school, and the
2506:Islamic republic
2473:Islam by country
2464:
2457:
2453:
2450:
2444:
2441:inline citations
2417:
2416:
2409:
2405:Islam by country
2278:Tripoli Campaign
2261:Postcolonial era
2244:
2230:
2215:
2192:
2168:
2144:
2128:
2065:
2049:
2036:and the Russian
2026:
2011:Nawabs of Bengal
1999:
1973:
1932:
1911:Great Divergence
1905:Great Divergence
1888:
1864:
1855:in October 1635.
1840:
1817:
1798:
1717:Islamic republic
1691:, as opposed to
1685:Arab nationalism
1665:Sokoto Caliphate
1518:Muhammad of Ghor
1504:and finally the
1450:Byzantine Empire
1407:Islamic calendar
1399:new constitution
1356:Tabula Rogeriana
1338:History of Islam
1329:
1322:
1318:
1315:
1309:
1286:
1278:
1249:Tripoli Campaign
1217:
1210:
1203:
1189:Islam portal
1187:
1186:
1185:
585:
562:
561:
248:
241:
230:
223:
219:
216:
210:
207:inline citations
183:
182:
175:
168:
161:
157:
154:
148:
146:
105:
81:
73:
62:
40:
39:
32:
21:
18:Muslim countries
19212:
19211:
19207:
19206:
19205:
19203:
19202:
19201:
19197:Abrahamic world
19187:Regions of Asia
19162:Islamic culture
19142:
19141:
19140:
19135:
19115:
19113:
19097:
19019:Cultural Muslim
18990:
18957:
18903:Other religions
18893:
18889:
18871:
18806:
18773:
18720:
18663:
18661:Islamic studies
18657:
18639:
18473:
18418:
18395:
18342:
18287:
18286:
18259:
18208:Moral teachings
18151:
18133:
18107:Nation of Islam
18020:Twelver Shi'ism
17957:
17923:Religious texts
17917:
17835:Early conquests
17818:
17800:
17752:
17672:
17661:
17655:
17581:
17563:
17536:
17513:
17494:
17473:
17442:10.2307/1523219
17384:
17357:
17323:
17296:
17266:
17250:
17245:
17235:
17233:
17218:
17203:
17193:
17191:
17178:
17177:
17173:
17154:
17150:
17139:
17135:
17125:
17123:
17118:
17117:
17113:
17103:
17101:
17096:
17095:
17091:
17081:
17079:
17074:
17073:
17069:
17059:
17057:
17052:
17051:
17047:
17037:
17035:
17026:
17025:
17021:
17011:
17009:
17001:
17000:
16996:
16986:
16984:
16976:
16975:
16971:
16961:
16959:
16944:
16943:
16939:
16913:
16909:
16899:
16897:
16880:
16876:
16866:
16864:
16837:
16833:
16816:
16812:
16803:
16799:
16784:
16768:
16764:
16754:
16752:
16741:
16737:
16721:
16717:
16710:
16696:
16692:
16677:
16663:
16659:
16654:
16650:
16645:
16641:
16636:
16629:
16619:
16617:
16608:
16607:
16603:
16593:
16588:
16584:
16573:
16568:
16564:
16553:
16539:
16535:
16524:
16510:
16506:
16496:
16491:
16487:
16476:
16471:
16467:
16457:
16452:
16445:
16438:
16424:
16420:
16411:
16407:
16402:
16398:
16386:
16382:
16377:Wayback Machine
16364:
16360:
16344:
16340:
16327:
16323:
16313:Wayback Machine
16300:
16296:
16286:Wayback Machine
16273:
16269:
16264:
16260:
16256:(1), pp. 1–30 .
16248:
16241:
16236:
16232:
16227:Wayback Machine
16217:
16213:
16193:
16189:
16179:
16177:
16166:
16162:
16147:
16143:
16128:
16114:
16110:
16105:
16101:
16096:
16092:
16080:Wayback Machine
16070:
16066:
16061:
16057:
16048:
16044:
16023:
16019:
16014:
16010:
16003:
15982:
15978:
15968:Wayback Machine
15959:
15952:
15928:
15921:
15901:
15897:
15887:Wayback Machine
15870:
15866:
15859:
15843:
15839:
15831:
15827:
15821:Wayback Machine
15811:
15807:
15795:", pp. 95–101,
15793:Wayback Machine
15783:
15779:
15769:Wayback Machine
15752:
15748:
15743:
15739:
15717:
15713:
15708:
15704:
15693:
15689:
15683:Wayback Machine
15674:
15670:
15665:
15661:
15656:
15652:
15647:
15643:
15631:
15627:
15617:
15615:
15613:
15597:
15593:
15583:
15581:
15579:
15565:
15564:
15560:
15548:
15544:
15532:
15528:
15494:
15490:
15466:
15462:
15452:
15450:
15443:
15427:
15423:
15413:
15411:
15394:
15390:
15380:
15378:
15365:
15364:
15360:
15350:
15348:
15335:
15334:
15330:
15313:
15312:
15308:
15298:
15296:
15292:
15285:
15281:
15280:
15267:
15257:
15255:
15246:
15245:
15241:
15231:
15229:
15220:
15219:
15215:
15205:
15203:
15194:
15193:
15189:
15179:
15177:
15168:
15167:
15163:
15153:
15151:
15142:
15141:
15137:
15127:
15125:
15116:
15115:
15111:
15101:
15099:
15095:
15088:
15084:
15083:
15079:
15069:
15067:
15060:Scimago Journal
15052:
15048:
15038:
15024:
15020:
15013:
14999:
14995:
14985:
14983:
14975:
14974:
14970:
14960:
14946:
14942:
14935:
14919:
14915:
14905:
14891:
14887:
14878:
14877:
14873:
14864:
14863:
14859:
14850:
14849:
14845:
14834:
14830:
14791:
14787:
14777:
14763:
14759:
14751:
14744:
14740:
14739:
14735:
14725:
14711:
14707:
14700:
14686:
14682:
14672:
14670:
14663:
14647:
14643:
14636:
14620:
14616:
14599:
14595:
14588:
14574:
14570:
14563:
14549:
14545:
14531:Wayback Machine
14522:
14518:
14511:
14491:
14487:
14477:
14475:
14466:
14465:
14461:
14426:
14422:
14412:
14398:
14394:
14384:
14370:
14366:
14349:
14345:
14338:
14308:
14304:
14294:
14292:
14285:
14269:
14265:
14255:
14253:
14240:
14239:
14228:
14218:
14216:
14207:
14206:
14202:
14192:
14190:
14173:
14169:
14159:
14157:
14148:
14147:
14143:
14133:
14131:
14122:
14121:
14117:
14102:
14100:
14085:
14084:
14080:
14067:
14065:
14064:on 18 June 2013
14046:
14045:
14041:
14031:
14029:
14012:
14008:
13998:
13996:
13977:
13976:
13972:
13959:
13957:
13944:
13943:
13939:
13926:
13924:
13920:
13902:
13898:
13897:
13893:
13888:Wayback Machine
13878:
13874:
13857:
13856:
13852:
13842:
13840:
13831:
13830:
13826:
13811:
13797:
13793:
13783:
13781:
13777:
13770:
13766:
13765:
13761:
13751:
13749:
13740:
13739:
13735:
13725:
13723:
13712:
13708:
13698:
13696:
13687:
13686:
13682:
13669:
13668:
13664:
13653:
13639:
13635:
13625:
13611:
13607:
13597:
13595:
13591:
13584:
13578:
13569:
13559:
13557:
13540:
13539:
13535:
13525:
13523:
13510:
13509:
13505:
13496:
13494:
13477:
13476:
13472:
13462:
13460:
13447:
13446:
13442:
13432:
13430:
13421:
13420:
13416:
13406:
13404:
13387:
13386:
13382:
13372:
13370:
13359:
13355:
13341:
13339:
13332:
13312:
13308:
13294:
13292:
13277:
13273:
13265:
13254:
13250:
13249:
13245:
13226:
13222:
13213:
13209:
13199:
13197:
13182:
13178:
13168:
13166:
13155:
13151:
13139:
13132:
13125:
13111:
13107:
13091:
13090:
13086:
13064:
13060:
13044:
13043:
13039:
13025:
13021:
13005:
13004:
13000:
12986:
12982:
12975:
12961:
12957:
12941:
12940:
12936:
12914:
12910:
12881:
12877:
12868:
12864:
12835:
12831:
12821:
12819:
12804:
12795:
12785:
12783:
12740:
12736:
12699:
12695:
12687:Shepard, W. E.
12686:
12682:
12672:
12670:
12659:
12655:
12639:
12638:
12610:
12606:
12601:
12597:
12592:
12588:
12559:
12552:
12542:
12540:
12527:
12526:
12522:
12509:
12508:
12504:
12491:
12490:
12486:
12477:
12473:
12464:
12463:
12459:
12450:
12449:
12445:
12440:. 5 March 2019.
12436:
12435:
12431:
12422:
12421:
12417:
12402:
12398:
12389:
12388:
12384:
12375:
12374:
12370:
12362:
12349:
12345:
12344:
12340:
12330:
12328:
12315:
12314:
12310:
12300:
12298:
12289:
12288:
12284:
12271:
12270:
12266:
12256:
12254:
12250:
12243:
12239:
12238:
12234:
12224:
12222:
12213:
12212:
12208:
12198:
12196:
12187:
12186:
12182:
12172:
12170:
12166:
12159:
12155:
12154:
12150:
12140:
12138:
12125:
12124:
12120:
12113:
12097:
12093:
12083:
12081:
12068:
12067:
12063:
12053:
12051:
12042:
12041:
12037:
12029:
12022:
12018:
12017:
12013:
12000:
11999:
11995:
11989:Wayback Machine
11980:
11976:
11966:
11964:
11951:
11950:
11946:
11937:
11936:
11932:
11922:
11920:
11918:pssat.ugm.ac.id
11912:
11911:
11907:
11897:
11895:
11886:
11885:
11881:
11876:Wayback Machine
11867:
11863:
11854:
11853:
11849:
11839:
11837:
11829:
11828:
11824:
11811:
11810:
11806:
11793:
11792:
11788:
11778:
11776:
11767:
11766:
11762:
11752:
11750:
11746:
11739:
11735:
11734:
11730:
11720:
11718:
11709:
11708:
11704:
11694:
11692:
11688:
11681:
11677:
11676:
11672:
11662:
11660:
11656:
11649:
11645:
11644:
11640:
11631:
11630:
11626:
11616:
11614:
11605:
11604:
11600:
11590:
11588:
11584:
11577:
11573:
11572:
11568:
11558:
11556:
11547:
11546:
11542:
11532:
11530:
11526:
11519:
11515:
11514:
11510:
11500:
11498:
11494:
11487:
11483:
11482:
11478:
11468:
11466:
11462:
11455:
11451:
11450:
11446:
11436:
11434:
11430:
11423:
11419:
11418:
11414:
11404:
11402:
11389:
11388:
11384:
11374:Wayback Machine
11365:
11361:
11353:
11346:
11342:
11341:
11337:
11327:
11325:
11321:
11314:
11310:
11309:
11305:
11295:
11293:
11288:
11287:
11283:
11273:
11271:
11267:
11260:
11256:
11255:
11251:
11238:
11237:
11233:
11223:
11221:
11212:
11211:
11207:
11197:
11195:
11191:
11184:
11180:
11179:
11175:
11165:
11163:
11159:
11152:
11148:
11147:
11143:
11133:
11131:
11122:
11121:
11117:
11107:
11105:
11096:
11095:
11091:
11081:
11079:
11075:
11068:
11064:
11063:
11059:
11049:
11047:
11043:
11036:
11032:
11031:
11027:
11017:
11015:
11006:
11005:
11001:
10991:
10989:
10985:
10978:
10974:
10973:
10969:
10959:
10957:
10948:
10947:
10943:
10933:
10931:
10918:
10917:
10844:
10834:
10832:
10825:"Amman Message"
10823:
10822:
10818:
10808:
10806:
10793:
10792:
10788:
10780:
10776:
10766:
10764:
10757:
10741:
10737:
10727:
10725:
10718:
10699:
10695:
10688:
10671:
10667:
10657:
10655:
10646:
10645:
10641:
10631:
10629:
10622:
10606:
10599:
10592:
10568:
10566:
10551:
10547:
10540:
10518:
10514:
10507:
10482:
10478:
10468:
10466:
10443:
10409:
10402:
10387:
10383:
10373:
10371:
10356:
10334:
10325:
10313:
10311:
10302:
10301:
10293:
10289:
10282:
10268:
10264:
10254:
10252:
10241:"Islamic world"
10239:
10238:
10229:
10219:
10217:
10206:Ferguson, Niall
10203:
10196:
10186:
10184:
10169:
10165:
10161:, pages 259–261
10151:OECD Publishing
10141:Maddison, Angus
10139:
10135:
10128:
10114:
10110:
10098:
10094:
10084:
10082:
10081:on 24 July 2011
10069:
10068:
10064:
10054:
10052:
10041:
10037:
10024:
10020:
10004:
10000:
9995:
9991:
9986:
9982:
9977:
9973:
9963:
9961:
9954:
9931:
9922:
9909:
9907:
9896:
9892:
9879:
9877:
9862:
9855:
9845:
9843:
9836:
9820:
9811:
9801:
9799:
9784:
9780:
9772:
9765:
9752:
9751:
9747:
9726:
9724:
9713:
9709:
9699:
9697:
9686:
9682:
9672:
9670:
9657:
9656:
9652:
9642:
9640:
9631:
9630:
9626:
9608:
9604:
9594:
9592:
9579:
9578:
9574:
9564:
9562:
9549:
9548:
9544:
9535:
9533:
9518:
9517:
9513:
9503:
9501:
9488:
9487:
9483:
9464:
9460:
9450:
9448:
9435:
9434:
9430:
9420:
9418:
9405:
9404:
9400:
9390:
9388:
9373:
9369:
9359:
9357:
9344:
9343:
9339:
9329:
9327:
9314:
9313:
9309:
9299:
9297:
9284:
9283:
9279:
9263:
9262:
9255:
9253:
9238:
9234:
9227:
9207:
9203:
9193:
9191:
9178:
9177:
9173:
9160:
9138:
9134:
9117:
9115:
9104:
9100:
9086:
9084:
9073:
9069:
9056:
9054:
9039:
9035:
9020:
9018:
9011:
8984:
8982:
8973:
8960:
8958:
8943:
8931:
8929:
8916:
8912:
8908:
8893:
8891:
8876:
8864:
8862:
8849:
8844:Wayback Machine
8824:
8822:
8807:
8805:
8801:
8791:
8789:
8780:
8779:
8775:
8765:
8763:
8754:
8753:
8749:
8739:
8737:
8722:
8718:
8708:
8706:
8693:
8692:
8688:
8678:
8676:
8663:
8662:
8658:
8639:
8635:
8625:
8623:
8610:
8609:
8605:
8595:
8593:
8580:
8579:
8575:
8565:
8563:
8548:
8544:
8534:
8532:
8519:
8518:
8514:
8504:
8502:
8489:
8488:
8484:
8476:
8465:
8461:
8460:
8456:
8446:
8444:
8431:
8430:
8426:
8416:
8414:
8405:
8404:
8400:
8390:
8388:
8373:
8369:
8360:
8359:
8355:
8345:
8343:
8334:
8333:
8329:
8319:
8317:
8308:
8307:
8303:
8296:
8282:
8278:
8271:
8255:
8251:
8241:
8239:
8226:
8225:
8221:
8211:
8209:
8202:
8186:
8173:
8163:
8161:
8146:
8142:
8128:
8106:
8097:
8086:
8064:
8060:
8050:
8048:
8037:"Islamic world"
8033:
8029:
8025:
8020:
8019:
8002:
7998:
7940:
7936:
7931:
7927:
7898:
7894:
7889:
7884:
7841:Islamic studies
7831:Spread of Islam
7786:
7779:
7772:
7765:
7758:
7753:
7751:
7748:
7741:
7735:
7726:
7716:
7707:
7701:
7692:
7686:Istiqlal Mosque
7682:
7673:
7662:
7653:
7646:
7596:
7586:
7581:
7580:
7472:and is the one
7457:
7449:
7444:
7443:
7285:
7277:
7253:
7246:
7239:
7230:
7223:
7214:
7203:
7194:
7188:
7179:
7172:
7163:
7162:
7080:Arabic alphabet
7064:
7056:
7049:
7039:
7030:
7023:
7014:
7008:
6999:
6998:
6985:; metal, as at
6963:Penrose tilings
6881:
6873:
6866:
6863:
6854:
6851:
6842:
6839:
6808:Distinguishing
6762:
6756:
6720:
6714:
6703:
6693:
6684:
6679:is inspired by
6665:
6656:
6641:
6632:
6621:
6606:
6596:
6587:
6577:
6568:
6558:
6549:
6539:
6524:
6514:
6505:
6491:
6482:
6469:
6460:
6451:
6429:
6428:
6399:hospices (e.g.
6292:
6284:
6268:
6073:
6065:Main articles:
6035:
5983:Kitab al-Tasrif
5976:(also known as
5902:
5896:
5887:
5880:
5865:
5858:
5849:
5838:
5823:
5808:
5799:
5797:
5794:Kitab al-Tasrif
5786:
5771:
5760:
5751:
5739:
5717:
5695:
5689:
5673:inductive logic
5515:Islamic culture
5489:
5479:
5473:
5456:Robinson Crusoe
5311:(Abubacer) and
5297:Persian history
5242:Western culture
5234:Antoine Galland
5230:Indian elements
5200:
5193:
5184:
5174:
5165:
5154:
5145:
5135:Hadiqatus-suada
5132:
5123:
5117:
5111:
5069:, 12th century.
5045:
5039:
5033:civilizations.
4981:House of Wisdom
4977:Harun al-Rashid
4959:
4949:
4940:
4936:, studying the
4927:
4918:
4911:
4902:
4890:
4881:
4868:
4859:
4843:
4834:
4813:
4804:
4790:
4781:
4779:Spread of Islam
4765:Main articles:
4763:
4746:
4734:Syrian refugees
4703:
4696:
4685:
4676:
4671:Schoolgirls in
4669:
4660:
4653:
4644:
4637:Paktia Province
4633:
4557:
4550:
4547:
4538:
4535:
4526:
4519:
4407:Christian world
4340:
4338:Other religions
4333:
4330:
4321:
4318:
4309:
4306:
4297:
4294:
4283:
4272:
4263:
4254:
4245:
4235:
4226:
4213:
4204:
4190:
4142:Nizārī Ismā'īlī
3947:
3941:
3934:
3927:
3918:
3908:
3899:
3889:
3802:which selected
3788:
3783:
3771:North Macedonia
3738:
3721:
3708:
3702:
3697:
3696:
3614:Islamic revival
3551:Hassan al-Banna
3533:Islamic states.
3494:
3486:
3454:
3448:Islamic revival
3444:
3427:
3425:
3411:
3409:
3395:
3393:
3379:
3377:
3363:
3361:
3347:
3345:
3331:
3329:
3315:
3313:
3305:Muslim-majority
3297:
3292:
3281:
3279:
3275:
3270:
3259:
3257:
3246:
3244:
3233:
3231:
3220:
3218:
3207:
3205:
3194:
3192:
3181:
3179:
3168:
3166:
3155:
3153:
3142:
3140:
3129:
3127:
3116:
3114:
3103:
3101:
3090:
3088:
3077:
3075:
3064:
3062:
3051:
3049:
3038:
3036:
3025:
3023:
3012:
3010:
2999:
2997:
2986:
2984:
2973:
2968:
2957:
2955:
2944:
2942:
2931:
2929:
2918:
2916:
2905:
2903:
2892:
2890:
2879:
2877:
2866:
2864:
2853:
2851:
2840:
2838:
2827:
2825:
2814:
2812:
2801:
2799:
2788:
2786:
2775:
2773:
2762:
2760:
2749:
2747:
2736:
2734:
2723:
2721:
2707:Muslim-majority
2703:
2698:
2687:
2685:
2674:
2672:
2661:
2659:
2648:
2646:
2635:
2633:
2622:
2620:
2609:
2607:
2596:
2594:
2583:
2578:
2485:
2475:
2465:
2454:
2448:
2445:
2430:
2418:
2414:
2407:
2346:terrorist group
2269:
2263:
2256:
2245:
2236:
2231:
2222:
2216:
2207:
2201:Ottoman Hungary
2193:
2184:
2169:
2160:
2145:
2136:
2129:
2093:
2087:Colonial empire
2085:Main articles:
2083:
2076:
2066:
2057:
2050:
2041:
2027:
2018:
2000:
1991:
1988:Battle of Buxar
1974:
1934:
1921:
1913:
1907:
1900:
1889:
1880:
1877:Siege of Rhodes
1865:
1856:
1841:
1832:
1818:
1809:
1799:
1777:'s sixth ruler
1743:
1737:
1550:Delhi Sultanate
1384:Islamic prophet
1348:
1342:Spread of Islam
1336:Main articles:
1330:
1319:
1313:
1310:
1299:
1287:
1276:
1230:
1221:
1183:
1181:
1174:
1173:
1150:Salafi jihadism
1108:Other religions
1103:Arabic language
1065:
1055:
1054:
983:Moral teachings
874:
860:
859:
850:Spread of Islam
795:
785:
784:
772:(jurisprudence)
754:Qisas al-Anbiya
703:
702:
682:
681:
650:
640:
639:
595:
542:. Islam is the
323:Islamic prophet
249:
238:
237:
236:
231:
220:
214:
211:
196:
184:
180:
169:
158:
152:
149:
106:
104:
94:
82:
41:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
19210:
19200:
19199:
19194:
19189:
19184:
19179:
19174:
19169:
19164:
19159:
19154:
19137:
19136:
19134:
19133:
19123:
19110:
19107:
19106:
19103:
19102:
19099:
19098:
19096:
19095:
19090:
19085:
19080:
19075:
19070:
19065:
19060:
19055:
19054:
19053:
19043:
19042:
19041:
19036:
19031:
19021:
19016:
19015:
19014:
19009:
18998:
18996:
18995:Related topics
18992:
18991:
18989:
18988:
18983:
18978:
18973:
18967:
18965:
18959:
18958:
18956:
18955:
18950:
18945:
18940:
18935:
18930:
18929:
18928:
18923:
18918:
18907:
18905:
18895:
18894:
18881:
18880:
18877:
18876:
18873:
18872:
18870:
18869:
18864:
18857:
18852:
18851:
18850:
18840:
18835:
18830:
18825:
18820:
18814:
18812:
18808:
18807:
18805:
18804:
18799:
18794:
18789:
18783:
18781:
18775:
18774:
18772:
18771:
18766:
18761:
18756:
18751:
18746:
18741:
18736:
18730:
18728:
18722:
18721:
18719:
18718:
18713:
18708:
18703:
18698:
18693:
18688:
18683:
18677:
18675:
18665:
18664:
18649:
18648:
18645:
18644:
18641:
18640:
18638:
18637:
18632:
18631:
18630:
18618:
18616:Sources of law
18613:
18608:
18607:
18606:
18596:
18589:
18584:
18577:
18572:
18565:
18560:
18555:
18550:
18545:
18540:
18535:
18530:
18523:
18516:
18515:
18514:
18509:
18504:
18494:
18489:
18481:
18479:
18475:
18474:
18472:
18471:
18464:
18457:
18450:
18443:
18436:
18429:
18421:
18419:
18417:
18416:
18411:
18406:
18400:
18397:
18396:
18394:
18393:
18386:
18381:
18374:
18367:
18360:
18352:
18350:
18344:
18343:
18341:
18340:
18333:
18326:
18319:
18312:
18307:
18301:
18299:
18289:
18288:
18285:
18284:
18279:
18273:
18265:
18264:
18261:
18260:
18258:
18257:
18252:
18247:
18242:
18240:Social welfare
18237:
18232:
18225:
18220:
18215:
18210:
18205:
18200:
18195:
18190:
18185:
18180:
18175:
18170:
18165:
18160:
18154:
18152:
18150:
18149:
18144:
18138:
18135:
18134:
18132:
18131:
18126:
18121:
18120:
18119:
18109:
18104:
18103:
18102:
18097:
18096:
18095:
18090:
18089:
18088:
18083:
18078:
18065:
18051:
18050:
18049:
18044:
18043:
18042:
18032:
18027:
18022:
18012:
18007:
18006:
18005:
18004:
18003:
17993:
17988:
17983:
17978:
17967:
17965:
17959:
17958:
17956:
17955:
17948:
17943:
17938:
17933:
17927:
17925:
17919:
17918:
17916:
17915:
17914:
17913:
17908:
17903:
17898:
17893:
17888:
17883:
17878:
17866:
17861:
17854:
17847:
17845:Historiography
17842:
17837:
17832:
17827:
17821:
17819:
17817:
17816:
17811:
17805:
17802:
17801:
17799:
17798:
17791:
17784:
17777:
17770:
17762:
17760:
17754:
17753:
17751:
17750:
17745:
17740:
17733:
17728:
17723:
17718:
17717:
17716:
17706:
17699:
17698:
17697:
17686:
17684:
17674:
17673:
17666:
17663:
17662:
17654:
17653:
17646:
17639:
17631:
17625:
17624:
17619:
17614:
17609:
17603:
17593:
17580:
17579:External links
17577:
17576:
17575:
17561:
17548:
17534:
17521:
17511:
17498:
17492:
17477:
17471:
17454:
17425:
17413:10.2307/429655
17407:(4): 423–430.
17396:
17382:
17369:
17355:
17335:
17321:
17308:
17295:978-0300088694
17294:
17278:
17264:
17249:
17246:
17244:
17243:
17201:
17171:
17148:
17133:
17111:
17089:
17067:
17045:
17019:
16994:
16969:
16947:Hijri Calendar
16937:
16907:
16874:
16851:(1): 125–131.
16831:
16810:
16797:
16782:
16762:
16735:
16715:
16708:
16690:
16675:
16657:
16648:
16639:
16627:
16601:
16582:
16562:
16551:
16533:
16522:
16504:
16485:
16465:
16443:
16436:
16418:
16405:
16396:
16394:(1), pp. 1–30.
16380:
16358:
16338:
16321:
16294:
16267:
16258:
16239:
16230:
16211:
16187:
16160:
16141:
16126:
16108:
16099:
16090:
16064:
16055:
16042:
16017:
16008:
16001:
15985:Saliba, George
15976:
15950:
15919:
15895:
15864:
15857:
15837:
15825:
15805:
15777:
15746:
15737:
15711:
15702:
15687:
15668:
15659:
15650:
15641:
15625:
15611:
15591:
15577:
15558:
15542:
15526:
15513:10.1086/353360
15507:(4): 531–555.
15497:King, David A.
15488:
15460:
15441:
15432:Magic In Islam
15421:
15388:
15358:
15328:
15325:on 3 May 2012.
15306:
15265:
15239:
15213:
15187:
15161:
15135:
15109:
15077:
15046:
15036:
15018:
15011:
14993:
14968:
14958:
14940:
14933:
14913:
14903:
14885:
14871:
14857:
14843:
14828:
14801:(3): 114–118.
14785:
14775:
14757:
14733:
14723:
14705:
14698:
14680:
14661:
14641:
14634:
14614:
14600:Hill, Donald.
14593:
14586:
14568:
14561:
14543:
14516:
14509:
14485:
14459:
14420:
14410:
14392:
14382:
14364:
14343:
14336:
14302:
14283:
14263:
14226:
14209:"Shiite Islam"
14200:
14167:
14141:
14115:
14078:
14039:
14006:
13995:on 28 May 2010
13970:
13937:
13891:
13872:
13850:
13824:
13809:
13791:
13759:
13733:
13706:
13680:
13677:. 22 May 2024.
13662:
13651:
13633:
13623:
13605:
13567:
13533:
13503:
13470:
13440:
13414:
13380:
13353:
13330:
13306:
13271:
13243:
13220:
13207:
13176:
13149:
13130:
13123:
13105:
13084:
13058:
13037:
13019:
12998:
12980:
12973:
12955:
12934:
12908:
12875:
12862:
12829:
12793:
12734:
12693:
12680:
12653:
12604:
12595:
12586:
12550:
12520:
12502:
12484:
12471:
12457:
12443:
12429:
12415:
12396:
12382:
12368:
12338:
12308:
12282:
12264:
12232:
12206:
12180:
12148:
12118:
12111:
12091:
12061:
12035:
12011:
11993:
11974:
11944:
11930:
11905:
11879:
11861:
11847:
11822:
11804:
11786:
11760:
11728:
11702:
11670:
11638:
11635:. 2 June 2022.
11624:
11598:
11566:
11540:
11508:
11497:on 19 May 2017
11476:
11444:
11412:
11382:
11359:
11335:
11303:
11281:
11249:
11231:
11205:
11173:
11141:
11115:
11089:
11057:
11025:
10999:
10967:
10941:
10842:
10816:
10786:
10774:
10755:
10735:
10716:
10693:
10686:
10665:
10639:
10620:
10597:
10591:978-0415664523
10590:
10584:. p. 83.
10545:
10538:
10532:. p. 48.
10512:
10505:
10499:. p. 79.
10476:
10441:
10400:
10397:. p. 172.
10381:
10354:
10323:
10314:|journal=
10287:
10280:
10262:
10227:
10194:
10183:on 19 May 2014
10163:
10133:
10126:
10108:
10092:
10062:
10035:
10018:
9998:
9989:
9980:
9971:
9952:
9920:
9890:
9853:
9834:
9809:
9792:Foreign Policy
9778:
9763:
9745:
9707:
9680:
9650:
9639:. 6 April 2017
9624:
9602:
9572:
9542:
9511:
9481:
9458:
9428:
9398:
9367:
9337:
9307:
9277:
9232:
9225:
9201:
9171:
9158:
9132:
9098:
9067:
9033:
9031:
9030:
9009:
8994:
8971:
8941:
8906:
8904:
8903:
8874:
8847:
8799:
8788:on 4 June 2011
8773:
8747:
8716:
8686:
8656:
8633:
8603:
8573:
8542:
8512:
8482:
8454:
8424:
8398:
8367:
8353:
8327:
8301:
8294:
8276:
8269:
8249:
8219:
8200:
8171:
8154:Foreign Policy
8140:
8126:
8095:
8084:
8058:
8026:
8024:
8021:
8018:
8017:
8007:(30 July 2022
7996:
7934:
7925:
7891:
7890:
7888:
7885:
7883:
7880:
7879:
7878:
7873:
7868:
7863:
7858:
7853:
7848:
7843:
7838:
7833:
7828:
7823:
7818:
7813:
7808:
7803:
7798:
7792:
7791:
7777:
7774:Society portal
7763:
7747:
7744:
7743:
7742:
7736:
7729:
7727:
7717:
7710:
7708:
7702:
7695:
7693:
7683:
7676:
7674:
7663:
7656:
7654:
7647:
7640:
7590:Women in Islam
7585:
7582:
7528:vernal equinox
7470:solar calendar
7458:
7450:
7448:
7445:
7430:, abbreviated
7334:civil calendar
7326:annual fasting
7314:lunar calendar
7286:
7278:
7276:
7273:
7261:solar calendar
7257:lunar calendar
7252:
7249:
7248:
7247:
7240:
7233:
7231:
7224:
7217:
7215:
7211:Ottoman Empire
7204:
7197:
7195:
7189:
7182:
7180:
7173:
7166:
7086:. It includes
7065:
7057:
7055:
7052:
7051:
7050:
7040:
7033:
7031:
7024:
7017:
7015:
7009:
7002:
6967:Fatehpur Sikri
6959:Topkapı Scroll
6882:
6874:
6872:
6869:
6868:
6867:
6864:
6857:
6855:
6852:
6845:
6843:
6840:
6833:
6782:Ottoman Empire
6780:and under the
6758:Main article:
6755:
6752:
6716:Main article:
6713:
6710:
6707:
6706:
6705:
6704:
6694:
6687:
6685:
6667:The design of
6666:
6659:
6657:
6642:
6635:
6633:
6622:
6615:
6610:
6609:
6608:
6607:
6597:
6590:
6588:
6582:in Spain is a
6578:
6571:
6569:
6559:
6552:
6550:
6540:
6533:
6528:
6527:
6526:
6525:
6515:
6508:
6506:
6492:
6485:
6483:
6470:
6463:
6461:
6452:
6445:
6440:
6439:
6425:fortifications
6298:comprises the
6293:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6267:
6264:
6224:water turbines
6053:. (scene from
6043:Spinning wheel
6034:
6031:
6011:Ibn al-Haytham
5920:Jim Al-Khalili
5910:
5909:
5906:
5905:
5904:
5903:
5897:
5890:
5888:
5881:
5874:
5869:
5868:
5867:
5866:
5862:Elephant Clock
5859:
5852:
5850:
5839:
5832:
5827:
5826:
5825:
5824:
5809:
5802:
5800:
5787:
5780:
5775:
5774:
5773:
5772:
5761:
5754:
5752:
5740:
5733:
5728:
5727:
5691:Main article:
5688:
5685:
5637:Ibn al-Haytham
5630:existentialism
5615:Samuel Hartlib
5607:Robert Barclay
5475:Main article:
5472:
5469:
5370:feral children
5265:Persian poetry
5259:An example of
5238:cultural icons
5202:
5201:
5194:
5187:
5185:
5175:
5168:
5166:
5155:
5148:
5146:
5133:
5126:
5121:Islamic poetry
5113:Main article:
5110:
5107:
5065:) set, glazed
5038:
5035:
4961:
4960:
4950:
4943:
4941:
4932:Empire ruler,
4928:
4921:
4919:
4912:
4905:
4903:
4891:
4884:
4882:
4876:Mughal Emperor
4869:
4862:
4860:
4850:Safavid Empire
4844:
4837:
4835:
4832:Farrukh Yassar
4814:
4807:
4805:
4791:
4784:
4762:
4759:
4745:
4742:
4702:
4699:
4698:
4697:
4686:
4679:
4677:
4670:
4663:
4661:
4654:
4647:
4645:
4634:
4627:
4556:
4553:
4552:
4551:
4548:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4529:
4527:
4520:
4513:
4419:Constantinople
4339:
4336:
4335:
4334:
4331:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4288:
4285:
4284:
4273:
4266:
4264:
4255:
4248:
4246:
4240:living in the
4236:
4229:
4227:
4214:
4207:
4205:
4191:
4184:
4178:Ahmadi Muslims
4036:Nizari Ismaili
4026:(Sevener) and
3943:Main article:
3940:
3937:
3936:
3935:
3928:
3921:
3919:
3909:
3902:
3900:
3890:
3883:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3734:Main article:
3720:
3717:
3701:
3698:
3679:Following the
3658:" strategy of
3632:movement, and
3585:Westernization
3495:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3461:Benazir Bhutto
3443:
3440:
3439:
3438:
3422:
3406:
3390:
3374:
3358:
3342:
3326:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3290:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3268:
3255:
3242:
3229:
3216:
3203:
3190:
3177:
3164:
3151:
3138:
3125:
3112:
3099:
3086:
3073:
3060:
3047:
3034:
3021:
3008:
2995:
2981:
2977:Secular states
2972:
2971:Secular states
2969:
2967:
2966:
2953:
2940:
2927:
2914:
2901:
2888:
2875:
2862:
2849:
2836:
2823:
2810:
2797:
2784:
2771:
2758:
2745:
2732:
2718:
2714:state religion
2702:
2701:State religion
2699:
2697:
2696:
2683:
2670:
2657:
2644:
2631:
2618:
2605:
2591:
2587:Islamic states
2582:
2581:Islamic states
2579:
2577:
2574:
2471:Main article:
2467:
2466:
2421:
2419:
2412:
2406:
2403:
2323:Turkey, which
2317:secular values
2267:Decolonization
2262:
2259:
2258:
2257:
2246:
2239:
2237:
2232:
2225:
2223:
2217:
2210:
2208:
2194:
2187:
2185:
2181:Ottoman Empire
2170:
2163:
2161:
2146:
2139:
2137:
2130:
2123:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2077:
2067:
2060:
2058:
2051:
2044:
2042:
2028:
2021:
2019:
2001:
1994:
1992:
1977:Mughal Emperor
1975:
1968:
1954:Ottoman Empire
1914:
1909:Main article:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1901:
1893:Aceh Sultanate
1890:
1883:
1881:
1866:
1859:
1857:
1842:
1835:
1833:
1822:Mughal Emperor
1819:
1812:
1810:
1802:Safavid Empire
1800:
1793:
1739:Main article:
1736:
1733:
1701:Arab socialism
1661:Massina Empire
1601:Central Africa
1585:Songhai Empire
1466:Constantinople
1389:, a native of
1332:
1331:
1290:
1288:
1281:
1275:
1272:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1220:
1219:
1212:
1205:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1192:
1191:
1176:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1163:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1137:
1132:
1131:
1130:
1125:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1099:
1098:
1097:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1078:
1077:
1072:
1066:
1063:Related topics
1061:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1047:
1045:Social welfare
1042:
1037:
1036:
1035:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
939:
938:
933:
923:
922:
921:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
875:
866:
865:
862:
861:
858:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
831:
830:
823:
816:
808:
807:
802:
796:
791:
790:
787:
786:
783:
782:
774:
765:
764:
758:
750:
742:
733:
732:
712:
704:
701:
700:
695:
689:
688:
687:
684:
683:
680:
679:
674:
669:
663:
662:
657:
651:
646:
645:
642:
641:
638:
637:
635:Predestination
631:
630:
625:
619:
618:
616:Revealed Books
613:
607:
606:
596:
591:
590:
587:
586:
578:
577:
571:
570:
554:and those who
490:(primarily in
470:(primarily in
425:Southeast Asia
262:as population
251:
250:
233:
232:
187:
185:
178:
171:
170:
112:"Muslim world"
85:
83:
76:
71:
45:
44:
42:
35:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
19209:
19198:
19195:
19193:
19190:
19188:
19185:
19183:
19180:
19178:
19175:
19173:
19170:
19168:
19165:
19163:
19160:
19158:
19155:
19153:
19150:
19149:
19147:
19132:
19124:
19122:
19112:
19111:
19108:
19094:
19091:
19089:
19086:
19084:
19081:
19079:
19076:
19074:
19071:
19069:
19066:
19064:
19061:
19059:
19056:
19052:
19049:
19048:
19047:
19044:
19040:
19037:
19035:
19034:Post-Islamism
19032:
19030:
19027:
19026:
19025:
19022:
19020:
19017:
19013:
19010:
19008:
19005:
19004:
19003:
19000:
18999:
18997:
18993:
18987:
18984:
18982:
18979:
18977:
18974:
18972:
18969:
18968:
18966:
18964:
18960:
18954:
18951:
18949:
18946:
18944:
18941:
18939:
18936:
18934:
18931:
18927:
18926:Protestantism
18924:
18922:
18919:
18917:
18914:
18913:
18912:
18909:
18908:
18906:
18904:
18900:
18896:
18886:
18882:
18868:
18865:
18863:
18862:
18858:
18856:
18853:
18849:
18846:
18845:
18844:
18841:
18839:
18836:
18834:
18831:
18829:
18826:
18824:
18821:
18819:
18816:
18815:
18813:
18809:
18803:
18800:
18798:
18795:
18793:
18790:
18788:
18785:
18784:
18782:
18780:
18776:
18770:
18767:
18765:
18764:Ophthalmology
18762:
18760:
18757:
18755:
18752:
18750:
18747:
18745:
18742:
18740:
18737:
18735:
18732:
18731:
18729:
18727:
18723:
18717:
18714:
18712:
18709:
18707:
18704:
18702:
18699:
18697:
18694:
18692:
18689:
18687:
18684:
18682:
18679:
18678:
18676:
18674:
18670:
18666:
18662:
18654:
18650:
18636:
18633:
18629:
18628:
18624:
18623:
18622:
18619:
18617:
18614:
18612:
18609:
18605:
18602:
18601:
18600:
18597:
18595:
18594:
18590:
18588:
18585:
18583:
18582:
18578:
18576:
18573:
18571:
18570:
18566:
18564:
18561:
18559:
18556:
18554:
18551:
18549:
18546:
18544:
18541:
18539:
18536:
18534:
18531:
18529:
18528:
18524:
18522:
18521:
18517:
18513:
18512:Death penalty
18510:
18508:
18505:
18503:
18500:
18499:
18498:
18495:
18493:
18490:
18488:
18487:
18483:
18482:
18480:
18478:Other aspects
18476:
18470:
18469:
18465:
18463:
18462:
18458:
18456:
18455:
18451:
18449:
18448:
18444:
18442:
18441:
18437:
18435:
18434:
18430:
18428:
18427:
18423:
18422:
18420:
18415:
18412:
18410:
18407:
18405:
18402:
18401:
18398:
18392:
18391:
18387:
18385:
18382:
18380:
18379:
18375:
18373:
18372:
18368:
18366:
18365:
18361:
18359:
18358:
18354:
18353:
18351:
18349:
18345:
18339:
18338:
18334:
18332:
18331:
18327:
18325:
18324:
18320:
18318:
18317:
18313:
18311:
18308:
18306:
18303:
18302:
18300:
18298:
18294:
18290:
18283:
18282:Jurisprudence
18280:
18278:
18275:
18274:
18270:
18266:
18256:
18253:
18251:
18248:
18246:
18243:
18241:
18238:
18236:
18233:
18231:
18230:
18226:
18224:
18221:
18219:
18216:
18214:
18211:
18209:
18206:
18204:
18201:
18199:
18196:
18194:
18191:
18189:
18186:
18184:
18181:
18179:
18176:
18174:
18171:
18169:
18166:
18164:
18161:
18159:
18156:
18155:
18153:
18148:
18145:
18143:
18140:
18139:
18136:
18130:
18127:
18125:
18122:
18118:
18115:
18114:
18113:
18110:
18108:
18105:
18101:
18098:
18094:
18091:
18087:
18084:
18082:
18079:
18077:
18074:
18073:
18072:
18069:
18068:
18066:
18064:
18061:
18060:
18059:
18055:
18052:
18048:
18045:
18041:
18038:
18037:
18036:
18033:
18031:
18028:
18026:
18023:
18021:
18018:
18017:
18016:
18013:
18011:
18008:
18002:
17999:
17998:
17997:
17994:
17992:
17989:
17987:
17984:
17982:
17979:
17977:
17974:
17973:
17972:
17969:
17968:
17966:
17964:
17963:Denominations
17960:
17954:
17953:
17949:
17947:
17944:
17942:
17939:
17937:
17934:
17932:
17929:
17928:
17926:
17924:
17920:
17912:
17909:
17907:
17904:
17902:
17899:
17897:
17894:
17892:
17889:
17887:
17884:
17882:
17879:
17877:
17876:
17872:
17871:
17870:
17867:
17865:
17862:
17860:
17859:
17855:
17853:
17852:
17848:
17846:
17843:
17841:
17838:
17836:
17833:
17831:
17828:
17826:
17823:
17822:
17820:
17815:
17812:
17810:
17807:
17806:
17803:
17797:
17796:
17792:
17790:
17789:
17785:
17783:
17782:
17778:
17776:
17775:
17771:
17769:
17768:
17764:
17763:
17761:
17759:
17755:
17749:
17748:Holiest sites
17746:
17744:
17743:Judgement Day
17741:
17739:
17738:
17734:
17732:
17729:
17727:
17724:
17722:
17719:
17715:
17712:
17711:
17710:
17707:
17705:
17704:
17700:
17696:
17693:
17692:
17691:
17688:
17687:
17685:
17683:
17679:
17675:
17671:
17670:
17664:
17659:
17652:
17647:
17645:
17640:
17638:
17633:
17632:
17629:
17623:
17620:
17618:
17615:
17613:
17610:
17607:
17604:
17601:
17597:
17594:
17592:
17591:
17586:
17583:
17582:
17572:
17568:
17564:
17562:9781108485524
17558:
17554:
17549:
17545:
17541:
17537:
17531:
17527:
17522:
17520:
17514:
17508:
17504:
17499:
17495:
17489:
17485:
17484:
17478:
17474:
17468:
17464:
17460:
17455:
17451:
17447:
17443:
17439:
17435:
17431:
17426:
17422:
17418:
17414:
17410:
17406:
17402:
17397:
17393:
17389:
17385:
17379:
17375:
17370:
17366:
17362:
17358:
17352:
17349:. Macmillan.
17348:
17344:
17340:
17336:
17332:
17328:
17324:
17322:9781590080436
17318:
17314:
17309:
17305:
17301:
17297:
17291:
17287:
17283:
17279:
17275:
17271:
17267:
17261:
17257:
17252:
17251:
17231:
17227:
17223:
17216:
17214:
17212:
17210:
17208:
17206:
17189:
17185:
17181:
17175:
17167:
17163:
17159:
17152:
17144:
17137:
17121:
17115:
17099:
17093:
17077:
17071:
17055:
17049:
17033:
17031:
17023:
17008:
17007:Al-Habib.info
17004:
16998:
16983:
16982:Al-Habib.info
16979:
16973:
16957:
16953:
16949:
16948:
16941:
16933:
16929:
16925:
16923:
16918:
16917:C.E. Bosworth
16911:
16895:
16891:
16890:
16885:
16878:
16862:
16858:
16854:
16850:
16846:
16842:
16835:
16828:
16824:
16820:
16814:
16807:
16801:
16793:
16789:
16785:
16779:
16775:
16774:
16766:
16750:
16746:
16739:
16733:
16729:
16725:
16719:
16711:
16709:0-300-06465-9
16705:
16701:
16694:
16686:
16682:
16678:
16672:
16668:
16661:
16652:
16643:
16634:
16632:
16615:
16611:
16605:
16597:
16591:
16586:
16577:
16571:
16566:
16559:
16554:
16552:9783848003808
16548:
16544:
16537:
16530:
16525:
16523:9780195309911
16519:
16515:
16508:
16500:
16494:
16489:
16480:
16475:, p. 295
16474:
16473:Petersen 1996
16469:
16461:
16455:
16450:
16448:
16439:
16437:9789004161658
16433:
16429:
16422:
16415:
16409:
16400:
16393:
16390:
16384:
16378:
16374:
16371:
16367:
16362:
16355:
16351:
16347:
16342:
16335:
16331:
16325:
16318:
16314:
16310:
16307:
16303:
16298:
16291:
16287:
16283:
16280:
16276:
16271:
16262:
16255:
16252:
16246:
16244:
16234:
16228:
16224:
16221:
16218:Peter J. Lu,
16215:
16208:
16207:0-691-12067-6
16204:
16200:
16198:
16191:
16175:
16171:
16164:
16158:
16154:
16151:
16145:
16137:
16133:
16129:
16123:
16119:
16112:
16103:
16094:
16087:
16086:
16081:
16077:
16074:
16068:
16059:
16052:
16046:
16039:
16038:90-04-09300-1
16035:
16031:
16028:, pp. 38–46,
16027:
16021:
16012:
16004:
16002:0-8147-8023-7
15998:
15994:
15990:
15986:
15980:
15973:
15969:
15965:
15962:
15957:
15955:
15947:
15946:0-19-820291-1
15943:
15939:
15935:
15931:
15926:
15924:
15916:
15915:0-7591-0190-6
15912:
15908:
15907:
15899:
15892:
15888:
15884:
15881:
15878:
15874:
15868:
15860:
15858:9781139828420
15854:
15850:
15849:
15841:
15834:
15829:
15822:
15818:
15815:
15809:
15802:
15798:
15794:
15790:
15787:
15781:
15774:
15770:
15766:
15763:
15760:
15756:
15750:
15741:
15735:
15734:0-87054-076-9
15731:
15727:
15725:
15720:
15715:
15706:
15698:
15691:
15684:
15680:
15677:
15672:
15663:
15654:
15645:
15639:
15638:0-8157-3283-X
15635:
15629:
15614:
15612:9780814780237
15608:
15605:. NYU Press.
15604:
15603:
15595:
15580:
15574:
15570:
15569:
15562:
15556:
15555:0-8157-3283-X
15552:
15546:
15540:
15539:81-7450-395-1
15536:
15530:
15522:
15518:
15514:
15510:
15506:
15502:
15498:
15492:
15485:
15484:0-8147-8023-7
15481:
15477:
15473:
15469:
15468:George Saliba
15464:
15448:
15444:
15438:
15434:
15433:
15425:
15410:
15409:
15403:
15398:
15392:
15376:
15372:
15368:
15362:
15346:
15342:
15338:
15332:
15324:
15320:
15316:
15310:
15291:
15284:
15278:
15276:
15274:
15272:
15270:
15253:
15249:
15243:
15227:
15223:
15217:
15201:
15197:
15191:
15175:
15171:
15165:
15149:
15145:
15139:
15123:
15119:
15113:
15094:
15087:
15081:
15065:
15061:
15057:
15050:
15043:
15039:
15037:9781000677782
15033:
15030:. Routledge.
15029:
15022:
15014:
15012:9780812202830
15008:
15004:
14997:
14982:
14978:
14972:
14965:
14961:
14959:9780429962004
14955:
14951:
14944:
14936:
14930:
14926:
14925:
14917:
14910:
14906:
14904:9781000677782
14900:
14897:. Routledge.
14896:
14889:
14881:
14875:
14867:
14861:
14853:
14847:
14839:
14832:
14824:
14820:
14816:
14812:
14808:
14804:
14800:
14796:
14789:
14782:
14778:
14776:9783857100406
14772:
14768:
14761:
14750:
14743:
14737:
14730:
14726:
14724:9781351510721
14720:
14716:
14709:
14701:
14699:9781351510721
14695:
14691:
14684:
14668:
14664:
14658:
14654:
14653:
14645:
14637:
14631:
14627:
14626:
14618:
14611:
14610:0-7486-0455-3
14607:
14603:
14597:
14589:
14587:9781444397291
14583:
14579:
14572:
14564:
14562:9781538124185
14558:
14554:
14547:
14540:
14536:
14533:, Zafer Mah.
14532:
14528:
14525:
14520:
14512:
14506:
14502:
14498:
14497:
14489:
14473:
14469:
14463:
14456:
14452:
14450:
14447:
14443:
14437:
14434:
14430:
14424:
14417:
14413:
14411:9780030525964
14407:
14403:
14396:
14389:
14385:
14383:9781135980795
14379:
14375:
14368:
14361:
14357:
14355:
14350:Öz, Mustafa,
14347:
14339:
14337:9780195305135
14333:
14329:
14325:
14321:
14317:
14313:
14306:
14290:
14286:
14284:9781118273913
14280:
14276:
14275:
14267:
14251:
14247:
14243:
14237:
14235:
14233:
14231:
14214:
14210:
14204:
14188:
14184:
14183:
14178:
14171:
14155:
14151:
14145:
14129:
14125:
14119:
14112:
14111:
14098:
14094:
14093:
14088:
14082:
14075:
14063:
14059:
14055:
14054:
14049:
14043:
14027:
14023:
14019:
14018:
14010:
13994:
13990:
13986:
13985:
13980:
13974:
13967:
13955:
13951:
13947:
13941:
13934:
13919:
13915:
13911:
13909:
13901:
13895:
13889:
13885:
13882:
13876:
13868:
13864:
13860:
13854:
13838:
13834:
13828:
13820:
13816:
13812:
13810:9780199891207
13806:
13802:
13795:
13776:
13769:
13763:
13747:
13743:
13737:
13721:
13717:
13710:
13694:
13690:
13684:
13676:
13672:
13666:
13659:
13654:
13652:9781440835575
13648:
13644:
13637:
13630:
13626:
13624:9780190869786
13620:
13616:
13609:
13590:
13583:
13576:
13574:
13572:
13555:
13551:
13547:
13543:
13537:
13521:
13517:
13513:
13507:
13492:
13488:
13484:
13480:
13474:
13458:
13454:
13450:
13444:
13428:
13424:
13418:
13402:
13398:
13394:
13390:
13384:
13368:
13364:
13357:
13350:
13337:
13333:
13331:9780195305135
13327:
13323:
13318:
13310:
13303:
13290:
13286:
13282:
13275:
13264:
13260:
13253:
13247:
13239:
13235:
13231:
13224:
13217:
13211:
13195:
13191:
13187:
13180:
13164:
13160:
13153:
13146:
13144:
13137:
13135:
13126:
13120:
13116:
13109:
13101:
13095:
13087:
13081:
13077:
13073:
13069:
13062:
13054:
13048:
13040:
13038:0-8014-3108-5
13034:
13030:
13023:
13015:
13009:
13001:
12999:0-8014-3108-5
12995:
12991:
12984:
12976:
12974:0-415-30173-4
12970:
12966:
12959:
12951:
12945:
12937:
12931:
12927:
12923:
12919:
12912:
12903:
12898:
12894:
12890:
12886:
12879:
12872:
12866:
12857:
12852:
12848:
12844:
12840:
12833:
12817:
12813:
12809:
12802:
12800:
12798:
12781:
12777:
12773:
12769:
12765:
12761:
12757:
12753:
12749:
12745:
12738:
12730:
12726:
12721:
12716:
12712:
12708:
12704:
12697:
12690:
12684:
12668:
12664:
12657:
12649:
12643:
12635:
12631:
12627:
12623:
12619:
12615:
12608:
12599:
12590:
12581:
12576:
12572:
12568:
12564:
12557:
12555:
12538:
12534:
12530:
12524:
12516:
12512:
12506:
12498:
12494:
12488:
12481:
12475:
12467:
12461:
12453:
12447:
12439:
12433:
12425:
12419:
12411:
12407:
12400:
12392:
12386:
12378:
12372:
12361:
12357:
12356:
12348:
12342:
12326:
12322:
12318:
12312:
12296:
12292:
12286:
12279:
12274:
12268:
12249:
12242:
12236:
12220:
12216:
12210:
12194:
12190:
12184:
12165:
12158:
12152:
12136:
12132:
12128:
12122:
12114:
12108:
12104:
12103:
12095:
12079:
12075:
12071:
12065:
12049:
12045:
12039:
12028:
12021:
12015:
12007:
12003:
11997:
11990:
11986:
11983:
11978:
11962:
11958:
11954:
11948:
11940:
11934:
11919:
11915:
11909:
11893:
11889:
11883:
11877:
11873:
11870:
11865:
11857:
11851:
11836:
11832:
11826:
11818:
11814:
11808:
11800:
11796:
11790:
11775:. 12 May 2021
11774:
11770:
11764:
11745:
11738:
11732:
11716:
11712:
11706:
11687:
11680:
11674:
11655:
11648:
11642:
11634:
11628:
11612:
11608:
11602:
11583:
11576:
11570:
11554:
11550:
11544:
11525:
11518:
11512:
11493:
11486:
11480:
11461:
11454:
11448:
11429:
11422:
11416:
11400:
11396:
11392:
11386:
11379:
11375:
11371:
11368:
11363:
11352:
11345:
11339:
11320:
11313:
11307:
11291:
11285:
11266:
11259:
11253:
11245:
11241:
11235:
11219:
11215:
11209:
11190:
11183:
11177:
11158:
11151:
11145:
11129:
11125:
11119:
11103:
11099:
11093:
11074:
11067:
11061:
11042:
11035:
11029:
11013:
11009:
11003:
10984:
10977:
10971:
10955:
10951:
10945:
10929:
10925:
10921:
10915:
10913:
10911:
10909:
10907:
10905:
10903:
10901:
10899:
10897:
10895:
10893:
10891:
10889:
10887:
10885:
10883:
10881:
10879:
10877:
10875:
10873:
10871:
10869:
10867:
10865:
10863:
10861:
10859:
10857:
10855:
10853:
10851:
10849:
10847:
10830:
10826:
10820:
10804:
10800:
10796:
10790:
10783:
10778:
10762:
10758:
10756:9781402098949
10752:
10748:
10747:
10739:
10723:
10719:
10713:
10709:
10708:
10703:
10697:
10689:
10683:
10679:
10675:
10669:
10653:
10649:
10643:
10627:
10623:
10621:9780231526623
10617:
10613:
10612:
10604:
10602:
10593:
10587:
10583:
10579:
10564:
10560:
10559:PBS Frontline
10556:
10549:
10541:
10535:
10531:
10527:
10523:
10516:
10508:
10502:
10498:
10493:
10492:
10486:
10480:
10464:
10460:
10456:
10452:
10448:
10444:
10442:9780511977367
10438:
10434:
10430:
10426:
10422:
10418:
10414:
10407:
10405:
10396:
10392:
10385:
10369:
10365:
10361:
10357:
10351:
10347:
10346:Facts On File
10343:
10339:
10332:
10330:
10328:
10319:
10306:
10298:
10291:
10283:
10281:9780739142943
10277:
10273:
10266:
10250:
10246:
10242:
10236:
10234:
10232:
10215:
10211:
10207:
10201:
10199:
10182:
10178:
10177:the Akbarnama
10174:
10167:
10160:
10156:
10152:
10148:
10147:
10142:
10137:
10129:
10127:9781783475728
10123:
10119:
10112:
10105:
10101:
10096:
10080:
10076:
10072:
10066:
10050:
10046:
10039:
10031:
10030:
10022:
10016:
10015:81-89118-06-4
10012:
10008:
10002:
9993:
9984:
9975:
9959:
9955:
9949:
9945:
9941:
9940:
9935:
9929:
9927:
9925:
9917:
9905:
9901:
9894:
9887:
9875:
9871:
9867:
9860:
9858:
9841:
9837:
9835:9781448131617
9831:
9827:
9826:
9818:
9816:
9814:
9797:
9793:
9789:
9782:
9775:
9770:
9768:
9760:
9755:
9749:
9742:
9740:
9736:
9722:
9718:
9711:
9695:
9691:
9684:
9668:
9664:
9660:
9654:
9638:
9634:
9628:
9621:
9617:
9613:
9606:
9590:
9586:
9582:
9576:
9560:
9556:
9552:
9546:
9531:
9527:
9526:
9521:
9515:
9499:
9495:
9494:@businessline
9491:
9485:
9477:
9473:
9469:
9462:
9446:
9442:
9438:
9432:
9416:
9412:
9408:
9402:
9386:
9382:
9378:
9371:
9355:
9351:
9347:
9341:
9325:
9321:
9317:
9311:
9295:
9291:
9287:
9281:
9273:
9267:
9251:
9247:
9243:
9236:
9228:
9226:9780415448512
9222:
9218:
9214:
9213:
9205:
9189:
9185:
9181:
9175:
9168:
9167:
9161:
9159:9781476733920
9155:
9151:
9146:
9145:
9136:
9129:
9127:
9113:
9109:
9102:
9095:
9082:
9078:
9071:
9064:
9052:
9048:
9044:
9037:
9028:
9016:
9012:
9010:9780313386985
9006:
9002:
9001:
8995:
8992:
8980:
8976:
8972:
8969:
8956:
8952:
8951:
8946:
8942:
8939:
8927:
8923:
8919:
8915:
8914:
8910:
8901:
8889:
8885:
8884:
8879:
8875:
8872:
8860:
8856:
8852:
8848:
8845:
8841:
8838:
8835:
8834:
8832:
8820:
8816:
8815:
8810:
8803:
8787:
8783:
8777:
8761:
8757:
8751:
8735:
8731:
8727:
8720:
8704:
8700:
8696:
8690:
8674:
8670:
8666:
8660:
8652:
8648:
8644:
8637:
8621:
8617:
8613:
8607:
8591:
8587:
8583:
8577:
8561:
8557:
8553:
8546:
8530:
8526:
8522:
8516:
8500:
8496:
8492:
8486:
8475:
8471:
8464:
8458:
8442:
8438:
8434:
8428:
8412:
8408:
8402:
8386:
8382:
8378:
8371:
8363:
8357:
8341:
8337:
8331:
8315:
8311:
8305:
8297:
8291:
8287:
8280:
8272:
8270:9781784710736
8266:
8262:
8261:
8253:
8237:
8233:
8229:
8223:
8207:
8203:
8201:9781850654933
8197:
8193:
8192:
8184:
8182:
8180:
8178:
8176:
8159:
8155:
8151:
8144:
8137:
8135:
8134:Islamic world
8129:
8127:9781933782652
8123:
8119:
8115:
8111:
8104:
8102:
8100:
8092:
8087:
8085:9780195305135
8081:
8077:
8073:
8069:
8062:
8046:
8042:
8038:
8031:
8027:
8014:
8010:
8006:
8000:
7992:
7980:
7975:
7963:
7958:
7952:
7943:
7938:
7929:
7922:
7918:
7914:
7910:
7906:
7905:Christian era
7902:
7896:
7892:
7877:
7874:
7872:
7869:
7867:
7864:
7862:
7859:
7857:
7854:
7852:
7849:
7847:
7844:
7842:
7839:
7837:
7834:
7832:
7829:
7827:
7824:
7822:
7819:
7817:
7814:
7812:
7809:
7807:
7804:
7802:
7799:
7797:
7794:
7793:
7789:
7783:
7778:
7775:
7769:
7764:
7761:
7750:
7740:
7733:
7728:
7724:
7720:
7714:
7709:
7706:
7699:
7694:
7691:
7687:
7680:
7675:
7671:
7667:
7660:
7655:
7651:
7644:
7639:
7638:
7637:
7635:
7631:
7627:
7623:
7619:
7615:
7610:
7606:
7601:
7598:According to
7595:
7591:
7578:
7574:
7570:
7566:
7564:
7560:
7556:
7552:
7547:
7545:
7541:
7537:
7533:
7529:
7523:
7521:
7517:
7513:
7508:
7506:
7502:
7498:
7494:
7490:
7487:
7483:
7479:
7478:March equinox
7475:
7471:
7467:
7463:
7455:
7441:
7437:
7421:
7416:
7412:
7408:
7404:
7403:
7398:
7394:
7390:
7386:
7382:
7378:
7374:
7369:
7367:
7363:
7359:
7355:
7351:
7347:
7343:
7339:
7335:
7331:
7327:
7323:
7319:
7315:
7311:
7306:
7300:
7291:
7283:
7272:
7270:
7266:
7262:
7258:
7244:
7237:
7232:
7228:
7221:
7216:
7212:
7208:
7201:
7196:
7192:
7186:
7181:
7177:
7170:
7165:
7164:
7160:
7159:calligraffiti
7156:
7152:
7148:
7144:
7142:
7137:
7134:
7130:
7126:
7122:
7117:
7109:
7105:
7101:
7097:
7093:
7089:
7085:
7081:
7077:
7073:
7069:
7062:
7047:
7043:
7037:
7032:
7028:
7021:
7016:
7012:
7006:
7001:
7000:
6996:
6992:
6988:
6984:
6980:
6976:
6972:
6968:
6964:
6960:
6956:
6954:
6950:
6946:
6944:
6939:
6935:
6931:
6927:
6923:
6919:
6917:
6914:
6910:
6906:
6902:
6897:
6892:
6888:
6887:
6879:
6861:
6856:
6849:
6844:
6837:
6832:
6831:
6830:
6828:
6824:
6819:
6815:
6811:
6806:
6805:, and so on.
6804:
6800:
6799:
6794:
6793:
6788:
6783:
6779:
6775:
6771:
6767:
6761:
6751:
6749:
6745:
6741:
6737:
6733:
6729:
6725:
6719:
6701:
6697:
6691:
6686:
6682:
6678:
6674:
6670:
6669:Faisal Mosque
6663:
6658:
6654:
6650:
6646:
6645:Id Kah Mosque
6639:
6634:
6630:
6626:
6619:
6614:
6613:
6612:
6611:
6604:
6600:
6594:
6589:
6585:
6584:Moorish-style
6581:
6575:
6570:
6566:
6562:
6556:
6551:
6547:
6543:
6537:
6532:
6531:
6530:
6529:
6522:
6518:
6512:
6507:
6503:
6499:
6495:
6489:
6484:
6481:
6480:Mughal Empire
6477:
6473:
6467:
6462:
6459:
6455:
6449:
6444:
6443:
6442:
6441:
6438:
6437:
6433:
6432:
6426:
6422:
6418:
6417:caravanserais
6414:
6410:
6406:
6402:
6398:
6394:
6390:
6386:
6382:
6378:
6374:
6370:
6369:
6364:
6360:
6356:
6352:
6348:
6344:
6340:
6336:
6332:
6328:
6324:
6322:
6317:
6313:
6309:
6305:
6301:
6297:
6290:
6279:
6277:
6273:
6263:
6261:
6257:
6253:
6252:Mughal Bengal
6250:
6246:
6242:
6238:
6237:ancient times
6234:
6233:manual labour
6229:
6225:
6221:
6216:
6212:
6208:
6204:
6200:
6196:
6192:
6188:
6184:
6180:
6176:
6172:
6168:
6164:
6160:
6155:
6153:
6149:
6145:
6141:
6137:
6133:
6129:
6125:
6121:
6120:Mediterranean
6117:
6113:
6109:
6105:
6101:
6097:
6093:
6088:
6086:
6082:
6078:
6072:
6068:
6060:
6057:, painted by
6056:
6052:
6048:
6044:
6039:
6030:
6028:
6024:
6020:
6016:
6012:
6008:
6004:
6000:
5995:
5993:
5989:
5985:
5984:
5979:
5975:
5971:
5968:. Avicenna's
5967:
5963:
5959:
5955:
5951:
5947:
5943:
5939:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5925:
5921:
5917:
5908:
5907:
5900:
5894:
5889:
5885:
5878:
5873:
5872:
5871:
5870:
5863:
5856:
5851:
5847:
5843:
5836:
5831:
5830:
5829:
5828:
5821:
5817:
5813:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5795:
5790:
5784:
5779:
5778:
5777:
5776:
5769:
5765:
5758:
5753:
5749:
5748:
5743:
5737:
5732:
5731:
5730:
5729:
5726:
5725:
5721:
5720:
5716:
5712:
5708:
5704:
5700:
5694:
5684:
5682:
5678:
5674:
5670:
5666:
5663:, founder of
5662:
5658:
5654:
5650:
5646:
5642:
5641:phenomenology
5638:
5633:
5631:
5627:
5623:
5618:
5616:
5612:
5608:
5604:
5600:
5596:
5592:
5588:
5584:
5580:
5576:
5572:
5568:
5564:
5560:
5559:
5554:
5550:
5545:
5543:
5538:
5536:
5535:
5530:
5529:
5524:
5520:
5516:
5508:
5504:
5501:
5497:
5493:
5488:
5484:
5478:
5468:
5466:
5462:
5458:
5457:
5452:
5448:
5444:
5440:
5436:
5432:
5428:
5424:
5420:
5416:
5412:
5408:
5404:
5400:
5397:
5393:
5389:
5387:
5386:coming of age
5383:
5379:
5375:
5374:desert island
5371:
5368:
5364:
5363:
5359:and Kamil in
5358:
5354:
5350:
5346:
5345:
5340:
5339:
5334:
5330:
5329:
5324:
5323:
5318:
5314:
5310:
5306:
5304:
5303:
5298:
5294:
5290:
5289:
5284:
5280:
5276:
5275:
5270:
5266:
5262:
5261:Arabic poetry
5257:
5255:
5251:
5247:
5243:
5239:
5235:
5231:
5227:
5226:
5221:
5217:
5213:
5209:
5208:
5198:
5191:
5186:
5182:
5178:
5172:
5167:
5163:
5159:
5156:The story of
5152:
5147:
5144:
5140:
5136:
5130:
5125:
5124:
5122:
5116:
5106:
5104:
5100:
5096:
5092:
5088:
5084:
5080:
5076:
5075:ceramic glaze
5068:
5064:
5060:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5034:
5032:
5028:
5024:
5020:
5016:
5012:
5008:
5003:
4999:
4994:
4990:
4986:
4982:
4978:
4974:
4970:
4966:
4957:
4953:
4947:
4942:
4939:
4935:
4931:
4925:
4920:
4916:
4909:
4904:
4901:
4898:
4895:
4888:
4883:
4880:
4877:
4873:
4866:
4861:
4858:
4854:
4851:
4847:
4841:
4836:
4833:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4817:
4811:
4806:
4803:
4799:
4795:
4788:
4783:
4782:
4780:
4776:
4772:
4768:
4758:
4755:
4751:
4741:
4739:
4735:
4731:
4726:
4724:
4717:, Bangladesh.
4716:
4712:
4707:
4694:
4690:
4683:
4678:
4674:
4667:
4662:
4658:
4651:
4646:
4642:
4638:
4631:
4626:
4625:
4624:
4622:
4618:
4614:
4610:
4606:
4602:
4598:
4593:
4589:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4562:
4545:
4540:
4533:
4528:
4524:
4517:
4512:
4511:
4510:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4496:
4491:
4489:
4485:
4480:
4476:
4472:
4468:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4452:
4451:Jewish Agency
4449:In 2018, the
4447:
4445:
4440:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4396:
4392:
4387:
4383:
4381:
4377:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4328:
4323:
4316:
4311:
4304:
4299:
4292:
4287:
4286:
4281:
4277:
4270:
4265:
4261:
4258:
4252:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4233:
4228:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4211:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4195:
4188:
4183:
4182:
4181:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4119:
4115:
4110:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4087:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4018:branches are
4017:
4012:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3993:
3991:
3990:
3985:
3984:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3955:
3951:
3946:
3932:
3925:
3920:
3917:
3913:
3906:
3901:
3898:
3894:
3887:
3882:
3881:
3880:
3878:
3873:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3778:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3759:Guinea-Bissau
3756:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3729:
3725:
3716:
3714:
3707:
3694:
3693:Islamic State
3690:
3686:
3685:post-Islamist
3682:
3678:
3676:
3672:
3667:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3656:revolutionary
3653:
3649:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3610:
3605:
3601:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3579:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3543:
3541:
3535:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3525:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3492:
3481:
3479:
3475:
3474:globalization
3466:
3463:, the former
3462:
3458:
3453:
3449:
3435:
3423:
3419:
3407:
3403:
3391:
3387:
3375:
3371:
3359:
3355:
3343:
3339:
3327:
3323:
3311:
3310:
3309:
3306:
3302:
3289:
3278:
3277:
3267:
3256:
3254:
3243:
3241:
3230:
3228:
3217:
3215:
3204:
3202:
3191:
3189:
3178:
3176:
3165:
3163:
3152:
3150:
3139:
3137:
3126:
3124:
3113:
3111:
3100:
3098:
3087:
3085:
3084:Guinea-Bissau
3074:
3072:
3061:
3059:
3048:
3046:
3035:
3033:
3022:
3020:
3009:
3007:
2996:
2994:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2978:
2965:
2954:
2952:
2941:
2939:
2928:
2926:
2915:
2913:
2902:
2900:
2889:
2887:
2876:
2874:
2863:
2861:
2850:
2848:
2837:
2835:
2824:
2822:
2811:
2809:
2798:
2796:
2785:
2783:
2772:
2770:
2759:
2757:
2746:
2744:
2733:
2731:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2711:
2708:
2695:
2684:
2682:
2671:
2669:
2658:
2656:
2645:
2643:
2632:
2630:
2619:
2617:
2606:
2604:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2573:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2530:Amman Message
2527:
2523:
2517:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2494:secular state
2490:
2484:
2480:
2474:
2463:
2460:
2452:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2428:
2427:
2422:This section
2420:
2411:
2410:
2402:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2379:
2377:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2362:
2359:, one of the
2358:
2357:Muhammad Atta
2354:
2353:Enlightenment
2350:
2347:
2344:
2341:
2337:
2332:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2285:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2268:
2254:
2250:
2243:
2238:
2235:
2229:
2224:
2220:
2214:
2209:
2206:
2205:Frans Geffels
2202:
2198:
2191:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2167:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2143:
2138:
2134:
2127:
2122:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2114:
2109:
2106:
2097:
2092:
2088:
2075:and Ottomans.
2074:
2070:
2064:
2059:
2055:
2048:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2025:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
1998:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1978:
1972:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1938:Mughal Empire
1933:
1930:
1926:
1925:
1918:
1912:
1898:
1894:
1887:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1863:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1839:
1834:
1831:Fort in 1568.
1830:
1826:
1823:
1816:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1797:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1775:Mughal Empire
1773:was ruled by
1772:
1768:
1765:, especially
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1742:
1732:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1713:republicanism
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1558:Razia Sultana
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1514:Ghurid Empire
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1328:
1325:
1317:
1307:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1291:This section
1289:
1285:
1280:
1279:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1256:
1254:
1253:Anglo-Russian
1250:
1245:
1241:
1240:
1235:
1218:
1213:
1211:
1206:
1204:
1199:
1198:
1196:
1195:
1190:
1180:
1179:
1178:
1177:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1161:
1160:Military laws
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1080:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1064:
1059:
1058:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1018:Proselytizing
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
937:
934:
932:
929:
928:
927:
926:Denominations
924:
920:
917:
916:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
876:
873:
869:
864:
863:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
832:
829:
828:
824:
822:
821:
817:
815:
814:
810:
809:
806:
803:
801:
798:
797:
794:
789:
788:
781:
779:
775:
773:
771:
767:
766:
762:
759:
757:
755:
751:
749:
747:
743:
741:
739:
735:
734:
730:
729:
724:
723:
718:
717:
713:
711:
710:
706:
705:
699:
696:
694:
691:
690:
686:
685:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
664:
661:
658:
656:
653:
652:
649:
644:
643:
636:
633:
632:
629:
626:
624:
621:
620:
617:
614:
612:
609:
608:
605:
601:
598:
597:
594:
589:
588:
584:
580:
579:
576:
573:
572:
568:
564:
563:
560:
557:
553:
552:embrace Islam
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
478:are known as
477:
473:
469:
465:
462:(87–90%) and
461:
457:
456:denominations
452:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
405:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
370:
366:
365:GDP (nominal)
361:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
303:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
280:Islamic world
277:
269:
265:
261:
257:
247:
244:
229:
226:
218:
208:
204:
200:
194:
193:
188:This article
186:
177:
176:
167:
164:
156:
145:
142:
138:
135:
131:
128:
124:
121:
117:
114: –
113:
109:
108:Find sources:
102:
98:
92:
91:
86:This article
84:
80:
75:
74:
69:
67:
60:
59:
54:
53:
48:
43:
34:
33:
30:
19:
19192:Afro-Eurasia
19167:Pan-Islamism
19046:Islamophobia
18911:Christianity
18859:
18792:Contemporary
18686:Architecture
18625:
18591:
18579:
18567:
18525:
18518:
18484:
18466:
18461:Nikah mut'ah
18459:
18452:
18445:
18438:
18431:
18424:
18388:
18376:
18369:
18362:
18355:
18335:
18328:
18321:
18314:
18227:
18141:
17950:
17874:
17856:
17849:
17793:
17786:
17779:
17772:
17765:
17758:Five Pillars
17735:
17701:
17690:God in Islam
17667:
17588:
17552:
17525:
17502:
17482:
17458:
17433:
17429:
17404:
17400:
17373:
17346:
17312:
17285:
17255:
17236:29 September
17234:. Retrieved
17225:
17192:. Retrieved
17188:the original
17183:
17174:
17165:
17161:
17151:
17142:
17136:
17124:. Retrieved
17114:
17102:. Retrieved
17092:
17080:. Retrieved
17070:
17058:. Retrieved
17048:
17036:. Retrieved
17029:
17022:
17010:. Retrieved
17006:
16997:
16985:. Retrieved
16981:
16972:
16960:, retrieved
16956:the original
16946:
16940:
16920:
16910:
16898:. Retrieved
16887:
16882:Paul Lunde.
16877:
16865:. Retrieved
16848:
16844:
16834:
16818:
16813:
16805:
16800:
16772:
16765:
16753:. Retrieved
16738:
16723:
16718:
16699:
16693:
16666:
16660:
16651:
16642:
16618:. Retrieved
16604:
16585:
16565:
16556:
16542:
16536:
16527:
16513:
16507:
16495:, p. 7.
16488:
16468:
16427:
16421:
16413:
16408:
16399:
16391:
16388:
16383:
16361:
16349:
16341:
16324:
16316:
16297:
16289:
16270:
16261:
16253:
16250:
16233:
16214:
16195:
16190:
16178:. Retrieved
16163:
16152:
16149:
16144:
16117:
16111:
16102:
16093:
16085:The Guardian
16083:
16067:
16058:
16050:
16045:
16025:
16020:
16011:
15988:
15979:
15971:
15933:
15930:G. J. Toomer
15903:
15898:
15890:
15872:
15867:
15847:
15840:
15828:
15808:
15796:
15780:
15772:
15754:
15749:
15740:
15722:
15714:
15705:
15696:
15690:
15671:
15662:
15653:
15644:
15628:
15616:. Retrieved
15601:
15594:
15582:. Retrieved
15567:
15561:
15545:
15529:
15504:
15500:
15491:
15471:
15463:
15451:. Retrieved
15431:
15424:
15412:. Retrieved
15406:
15391:
15379:. Retrieved
15370:
15361:
15349:. Retrieved
15340:
15331:
15323:the original
15309:
15297:. Retrieved
15256:. Retrieved
15242:
15230:. Retrieved
15216:
15204:. Retrieved
15190:
15178:. Retrieved
15164:
15152:. Retrieved
15138:
15126:. Retrieved
15112:
15100:. Retrieved
15093:the original
15080:
15068:. Retrieved
15059:
15049:
15041:
15027:
15021:
15002:
14996:
14984:. Retrieved
14980:
14971:
14963:
14949:
14943:
14923:
14916:
14908:
14894:
14888:
14874:
14860:
14846:
14831:
14798:
14794:
14788:
14780:
14766:
14760:
14736:
14728:
14714:
14708:
14689:
14683:
14671:. Retrieved
14651:
14644:
14624:
14617:
14601:
14596:
14577:
14571:
14552:
14546:
14535:Ahmet Yesevi
14519:
14495:
14488:
14476:. Retrieved
14472:the original
14462:
14439:
14423:
14415:
14401:
14395:
14387:
14373:
14367:
14351:
14346:
14315:
14305:
14293:. Retrieved
14273:
14266:
14254:. Retrieved
14245:
14217:. Retrieved
14203:
14191:. Retrieved
14180:
14170:
14158:. Retrieved
14144:
14132:. Retrieved
14118:
14109:
14108:
14101:. Retrieved
14090:
14081:
14073:
14066:. Retrieved
14062:the original
14051:
14042:
14030:. Retrieved
14016:
14009:
13997:. Retrieved
13993:the original
13982:
13973:
13965:
13958:. Retrieved
13949:
13940:
13932:
13925:. Retrieved
13906:
13894:
13875:
13867:the original
13862:
13853:
13841:. Retrieved
13827:
13800:
13794:
13782:. Retrieved
13762:
13750:. Retrieved
13736:
13724:. Retrieved
13709:
13697:. Retrieved
13683:
13674:
13665:
13656:
13642:
13636:
13628:
13614:
13608:
13596:. Retrieved
13558:. Retrieved
13545:
13536:
13524:. Retrieved
13515:
13506:
13495:, retrieved
13482:
13473:
13461:. Retrieved
13457:the original
13452:
13443:
13431:. Retrieved
13417:
13405:. Retrieved
13392:
13383:
13371:. Retrieved
13367:the original
13356:
13347:
13340:. Retrieved
13321:
13309:
13300:
13293:. Retrieved
13284:
13274:
13263:the original
13258:
13246:
13238:the original
13233:
13223:
13215:
13210:
13198:. Retrieved
13189:
13179:
13167:. Retrieved
13152:
13142:
13114:
13108:
13067:
13061:
13028:
13022:
12989:
12983:
12964:
12958:
12917:
12911:
12892:
12888:
12878:
12870:
12865:
12846:
12842:
12832:
12820:. Retrieved
12811:
12786:10 September
12784:. Retrieved
12754:(2): 73–96.
12751:
12747:
12737:
12713:(1): 35–54.
12710:
12706:
12696:
12688:
12683:
12671:. Retrieved
12665:. Politico.
12656:
12642:cite journal
12617:
12613:
12607:
12598:
12589:
12573:(1): 85–97.
12570:
12566:
12541:. Retrieved
12532:
12523:
12514:
12505:
12497:the original
12487:
12479:
12474:
12460:
12446:
12432:
12418:
12410:The Guardian
12409:
12399:
12385:
12371:
12353:
12341:
12329:. Retrieved
12320:
12311:
12299:. Retrieved
12285:
12276:
12267:
12255:. Retrieved
12235:
12223:. Retrieved
12209:
12197:. Retrieved
12193:the original
12183:
12171:. Retrieved
12151:
12141:13 September
12139:. Retrieved
12131:gulfnews.com
12130:
12121:
12101:
12094:
12082:. Retrieved
12073:
12064:
12052:. Retrieved
12047:
12038:
12027:the original
12014:
12006:the original
11996:
11977:
11965:. Retrieved
11961:the original
11956:
11947:
11933:
11923:24 September
11921:. Retrieved
11917:
11908:
11896:. Retrieved
11882:
11864:
11850:
11838:. Retrieved
11834:
11825:
11817:the original
11807:
11799:the original
11789:
11777:. Retrieved
11772:
11763:
11751:. Retrieved
11744:the original
11731:
11719:. Retrieved
11705:
11693:. Retrieved
11673:
11661:. Retrieved
11641:
11627:
11615:. Retrieved
11601:
11589:. Retrieved
11569:
11557:. Retrieved
11543:
11531:. Retrieved
11511:
11499:. Retrieved
11492:the original
11479:
11467:. Retrieved
11447:
11435:. Retrieved
11415:
11403:. Retrieved
11394:
11385:
11377:
11362:
11351:the original
11338:
11326:. Retrieved
11306:
11296:14 September
11294:. Retrieved
11284:
11272:. Retrieved
11252:
11243:
11234:
11222:. Retrieved
11208:
11196:. Retrieved
11176:
11164:. Retrieved
11144:
11132:. Retrieved
11118:
11106:. Retrieved
11092:
11080:. Retrieved
11060:
11048:. Retrieved
11028:
11016:. Retrieved
11002:
10992:27 September
10990:. Retrieved
10970:
10958:. Retrieved
10944:
10932:. Retrieved
10923:
10833:. Retrieved
10819:
10809:10 September
10807:. Retrieved
10798:
10789:
10777:
10765:. Retrieved
10745:
10738:
10726:. Retrieved
10706:
10696:
10677:
10668:
10656:. Retrieved
10652:the original
10642:
10630:. Retrieved
10610:
10577:
10567:. Retrieved
10558:
10548:
10528:, Maryland:
10521:
10515:
10490:
10479:
10467:. Retrieved
10416:
10390:
10384:
10372:. Retrieved
10341:
10305:cite journal
10290:
10271:
10265:
10253:. Retrieved
10244:
10218:. Retrieved
10185:. Retrieved
10181:the original
10176:
10166:
10144:
10136:
10117:
10111:
10104:Michael Adas
10099:
10095:
10083:. Retrieved
10079:the original
10074:
10065:
10053:. Retrieved
10038:
10028:
10021:
10006:
10001:
9992:
9983:
9974:
9962:. Retrieved
9938:
9915:
9908:. Retrieved
9903:
9893:
9885:
9880:19 September
9878:. Retrieved
9869:
9846:19 September
9844:. Retrieved
9824:
9800:. Retrieved
9791:
9781:
9773:
9757:
9748:
9739:Christianity
9732:
9727:24 September
9725:. Retrieved
9710:
9698:. Retrieved
9683:
9671:. Retrieved
9662:
9653:
9641:. Retrieved
9636:
9627:
9619:
9615:
9605:
9593:. Retrieved
9589:the original
9584:
9575:
9563:. Retrieved
9559:the original
9554:
9545:
9534:, retrieved
9525:The National
9523:
9514:
9502:. Retrieved
9493:
9484:
9476:the original
9471:
9461:
9449:. Retrieved
9440:
9431:
9419:. Retrieved
9410:
9401:
9389:. Retrieved
9380:
9370:
9358:. Retrieved
9349:
9340:
9328:. Retrieved
9319:
9310:
9298:. Retrieved
9289:
9280:
9254:. Retrieved
9246:The Diplomat
9245:
9235:
9211:
9204:
9192:. Retrieved
9183:
9174:
9165:
9163:
9143:
9135:
9125:
9123:
9116:. Retrieved
9112:the original
9101:
9092:
9085:. Retrieved
9081:the original
9070:
9062:
9055:. Retrieved
9051:the original
9046:
9036:
9026:
9019:. Retrieved
8999:
8990:
8983:. Retrieved
8979:the original
8966:
8961:24 September
8959:. Retrieved
8948:
8937:
8932:30 September
8930:. Retrieved
8921:
8909:
8899:
8892:. Retrieved
8888:the original
8881:
8870:
8863:. Retrieved
8830:
8825:24 September
8823:. Retrieved
8812:
8802:
8790:. Retrieved
8786:the original
8776:
8764:. Retrieved
8750:
8738:. Retrieved
8730:The Guardian
8729:
8719:
8707:. Retrieved
8698:
8689:
8677:. Retrieved
8668:
8659:
8646:
8636:
8624:. Retrieved
8615:
8606:
8594:. Retrieved
8585:
8576:
8564:. Retrieved
8555:
8545:
8533:. Retrieved
8524:
8515:
8503:. Retrieved
8499:the original
8494:
8485:
8474:the original
8469:
8457:
8445:. Retrieved
8436:
8427:
8415:. Retrieved
8401:
8389:. Retrieved
8370:
8356:
8344:. Retrieved
8330:
8318:. Retrieved
8304:
8285:
8279:
8259:
8252:
8240:. Retrieved
8231:
8222:
8212:19 September
8210:. Retrieved
8190:
8162:. Retrieved
8153:
8143:
8133:
8131:
8109:
8089:
8067:
8061:
8049:. Retrieved
8040:
8030:
7999:
7937:
7928:
7895:
7851:Pan-Islamism
7788:World portal
7760:Islam portal
7633:
7609:gender roles
7605:essentialism
7599:
7597:
7548:
7544:lunar months
7524:
7509:
7482:astronomical
7459:
7415:Anno Hegirae
7400:
7370:
7344:used in the
7318:lunar months
7287:
7254:
7193:calligraphy.
7138:
7118:
7107:
7066:
6977:such as the
6942:
6933:
6929:
6926:Syrian Roman
6921:
6920:
6909:architecture
6900:
6884:
6883:
6807:
6796:
6790:
6763:
6721:
6643:Entrance of
6435:
6434:
6366:
6339:Mesopotamian
6294:
6282:Architecture
6276:architecture
6269:
6156:
6146:include the
6116:trade routes
6089:
6074:
5996:
5988:pharmacology
5981:
5977:
5969:
5953:
5949:
5935:
5931:quasicrystal
5924:al-Khwarzimi
5913:
5884:Omar Khayyam
5815:
5792:
5745:
5723:
5722:
5634:
5619:
5603:George Keith
5562:
5556:
5546:
5539:
5532:
5526:
5512:
5464:
5461:Robert Boyle
5454:
5451:Daniel Defoe
5446:
5415:resurrection
5391:
5390:
5381:
5377:
5367:autodidactic
5360:
5356:
5353:protagonists
5348:
5342:
5336:
5326:
5320:
5313:Ibn al-Nafis
5307:
5302:Amir Arsalan
5300:
5293:Greater Iran
5286:
5272:
5258:
5224:
5223:
5205:
5203:
5197:Magic carpet
5176:
5161:
5157:
5139:Oghuz Turkic
5134:
5072:
5056:
4962:
4775:Islamization
4750:M. M. Knight
4747:
4727:
4720:
4594:
4590:
4558:
4503:Zoroastrians
4492:
4475:former sizes
4467:North Africa
4448:
4400:
4380:Zoroastrians
4341:
4276:Hunza Valley
4220:Nabi Shu'ayb
4111:
4088:
4013:
3994:
3987:
3981:
3959:
3933:, Bangladesh
3914:commemorate
3874:
3862:Central Asia
3816:
3812:
3789:
3743:
3739:
3709:
3700:Demographics
3668:
3645:
3638:anti-Zionist
3607:
3544:
3540:Robin Wright
3536:
3522:
3496:
3470:
3298:
3253:Turkmenistan
3201:Sierra Leone
3032:Burkina Faso
2974:
2704:
2681:Saudi Arabia
2584:
2518:
2486:
2455:
2446:
2423:
2398:
2390:
2380:
2373:
2369:
2355:principles.
2333:
2286:
2274:Pan-Islamism
2270:
2117:
2113:Pan-Islamism
2110:
2102:
2071:against the
2009:meeting the
2007:Robert Clive
1980:Shah Alam II
1942:Bengal Subah
1935:
1928:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1744:
1693:Pan-Islamism
1683:(especially
1667:of northern
1599:and western
1597:North Africa
1502:Third Fitnas
1434:spread Islam
1415:
1373:
1320:
1311:
1300:Please help
1295:verification
1292:
1260:geopolitical
1258:In a modern
1257:
1244:Pan-Islamism
1237:
1231:
1135:Islamophobia
914:Demographics
909:Circumcision
871:
825:
818:
811:
777:
769:
753:
745:
737:
726:
720:
714:
707:
453:
449:the Americas
447:, and 1% in
421:Central Asia
413:North Africa
406:
362:
304:
299:
292:geopolitical
279:
276:Muslim world
275:
273:
239:
221:
212:
189:
159:
150:
140:
133:
126:
119:
107:
95:Please help
90:verification
87:
63:
56:
50:
49:Please help
46:
29:
18916:Catholicism
18811:Other areas
18802:Theological
18797:Eschatology
18754:Mathematics
18691:Calligraphy
18621:Theological
18575:Inheritance
18492:Cleanliness
17864:Shi'a Imams
17858:Ahl al-Bayt
17343:Clute, John
17339:Grant, John
17194:4 September
16620:23 February
15453:18 November
15414:25 November
15299:13 December
15258:6 September
15232:6 September
15206:6 September
15180:6 September
15154:6 September
15128:14 December
14453:pp. 14–15,
14442:Family tree
14295:23 February
14256:4 September
13960:26 December
13927:1 September
13910:on Pakistan
13752:14 February
13526:22 December
13463:22 December
12822:23 December
12480:India Today
12331:22 December
12257:23 February
12173:23 February
12054:10 February
11967:24 November
11779:10 February
11753:23 February
11695:23 February
11663:23 February
11617:23 February
11591:23 February
11533:23 February
11501:23 February
11469:23 February
11437:23 February
11328:23 February
11274:23 February
11224:23 February
11198:23 February
11166:23 February
11108:27 November
11082:23 February
11050:23 February
11018:23 February
10960:23 February
10767:23 February
10395:I.B. Tauris
10212:. TED.com.
10085:28 December
10055:28 December
9565:22 December
9504:17 November
9411:www.cia.gov
9360:22 December
9330:22 December
8968:population.
8878:"Religions"
8865:20 December
8792:17 November
8766:17 November
8740:17 November
8417:27 November
8391:14 February
8346:16 December
8320:16 December
8013:Afghanistan
7796:Arabization
7664:A group of
7614:Asma Barlas
7555:Afghanistan
7551:zodiac sign
7540:solar years
7505:Sunni Islam
7468:. It is a
7269:Afghanistan
7141:Islamic art
7108:khatt Arabi
7076:calligraphy
7072:handwriting
6949:Darb-e Imam
6517:Shah Mosque
6504:, Indonesia
6272:Islamic art
6256:Tipu Sultan
6226:, employed
6220:crankshafts
6211:sugar mills
6207:steel mills
6203:stamp mills
6187:paper mills
6163:tidal power
6148:Mali Empire
6077:papermaking
6027:Ibn Khaldun
5677:Ibn Khaldun
5622:Mulla Sadra
5595:John Wallis
5575:materialism
5365:) who were
5225:Hezār Afsān
4715:Cox's Bazar
4641:Afghanistan
4611:(11.0) and
4570:Afghanistan
4463:Middle East
4089:Similarly,
4042:, and then
3897:Eid al-Adha
3856:(45%), and
3800:the Saqifah
3763:Ivory Coast
3681:Arab Spring
3664:Sayyid Qutb
3597:pan-Islamic
3593:nationalism
3559:Sayyid Qutb
3529:pan-Islamic
3434:Philippines
3402:Ivory Coast
2975:Twenty-two
2603:Afghanistan
2508:led by the
2391:jahliliyyah
2383:Sayyid Qutb
2253:Rif Berbers
2249:Melilla War
2221:(1830–1857)
2105:colonialism
2091:Colonialism
2081:Colonialism
2013:before the
1962:colonialism
1946:Tipu Sultan
1895:(in modern
1869:Janissaries
1851:recaptures
1845:Mughal Army
1689:Pan-Arabism
1681:nationalism
1595:, southern
1593:West Africa
1456:during the
1382:, when the
1358:, drawn by
1228:Terminology
813:Ahl al-Bayt
698:Foundations
556:leave Islam
488:West Africa
460:Sunni Islam
409:Middle East
374:Ivory Coast
19146:Categories
18976:Ex-Muslims
18861:Shu'ubiyya
18855:Psychology
18843:Literature
18833:Inventions
18779:Philosophy
18587:Leadership
18563:Honorifics
18218:Philosophy
18025:Isma'ilism
17986:Maturidism
17869:Caliphates
17840:Golden Age
17731:Revelation
17571:1192428976
17535:0292781490
17304:1035756076
16962:21 January
16827:0944940005
16685:1001744138
16170:"BBC News"
15936:, p. 222,
15618:24 October
15381:16 January
15102:24 October
15070:1 November
14673:21 October
14318:. Oxford:
13863:ucsm.ac.uk
13726:24 October
13699:24 October
13433:8 December
13342:3 February
13317:"Islamism"
13295:1 February
13281:"Islamism"
13200:17 January
13169:2 December
12673:6 February
12620:(2): 258.
12529:"Islamism"
12511:"Islamism"
12424:"Tanzania"
12391:"Ethiopia"
11898:5 November
11559:23 January
10924:WorldAtlas
10728:17 January
10569:18 October
10451:2010047275
10364:2008020716
10255:23 January
10245:Britannica
10159:9264104143
9906:(in Dutch)
9673:23 October
9643:2 February
9595:25 January
9536:13 January
9451:1 December
9441:Eurasianet
9421:1 December
9300:18 January
9256:7 February
9194:7 February
9118:21 October
9087:21 October
9057:20 October
9047:New Europe
8985:5 December
8051:29 January
8041:Britannica
7921:Jewish era
7913:Common Era
7882:References
7801:Arab world
7739:Bangladesh
7588:See also:
7563:leap years
7501:Shia Islam
7155:modern art
6913:interlaced
6748:iconoclasm
6567:, Malaysia
6355:arabesques
6347:decoration
6270:The term "
6241:mechanized
6215:tide mills
6199:ship mills
6183:gristmills
6171:watermills
6167:wind power
6159:hydropower
6108:al-Andalus
6092:irrigation
6055:Al-Maqamat
6033:Technology
5942:physiology
5918:of light.
5820:Automation
5768:Ak Koyunlu
5697:See also:
5583:John Locke
5553:Ibn Tufail
5507:Al-Andalus
5471:Philosophy
5417:, and the
5407:futurology
5333:Al-Ghazali
5309:Ibn Tufayl
5244:, such as
5212:folk tales
5162:Magic Tree
5109:Literature
5031:Phoenician
4963:The term "
4879:Shah Jahan
4855:meet with
4738:Bangladesh
4613:Kazakhstan
4605:Uzbekistan
4561:Azerbaijan
4439:Christians
4411:Alexandria
4344:Christians
4091:Kharijites
4032:Isma'ilism
4014:The major
3974:Kharijites
3866:Kazakhstan
3850:Azerbaijan
3846:Uzbekistan
3826:Kyrgyzstan
3704:See also:
3660:Islamizing
3652:grassroots
3266:Uzbekistan
3227:Tajikistan
3136:Kyrgyzstan
3110:Kazakhstan
3006:Azerbaijan
2756:Bangladesh
2642:Mauritania
2433:improve it
2375:jahiliyyah
2295:statesman
1731:and more.
1729:capitalism
1715:(see also
1699:(see also
1677:secularism
1637:Bangladesh
1574:Gao Empire
1570:Almoravids
1510:Ghaznavids
1484:since the
1482:Shia sects
1454:Asia Minor
1432:helped to
1242:described
1234:propaganda
1003:Philosophy
740:(exegesis)
677:Pilgrimage
667:Almsgiving
508:Bangladesh
439:, 1.4% in
429:South Asia
419:), 89% in
386:Mozambique
274:The terms
264:percentage
199:improve it
123:newspapers
52:improve it
19093:Symbolism
19051:Incidents
19029:Criticism
18921:Mormonism
18818:Astrology
18744:Cosmology
18739:Astronomy
18681:Arabesque
18548:Etiquette
18507:Blasphemy
18297:Economics
18112:Ahmadiyya
18054:Muhakkima
18001:Wahhabism
17991:Mu'tazili
17976:Ash'arism
17274:223231547
17038:11 August
16987:1 October
16932:1573-3912
16900:1 January
16792:707023033
16430:. Brill.
16136:224496901
15584:26 August
15521:144315162
15351:10 August
14823:149246793
14815:0272-6122
14541:, Turkey.
14354:madh'habs
14193:11 August
14160:11 August
14134:11 August
14103:28 August
14068:29 August
14032:7 October
13999:24 August
13843:10 August
13671:"Nigeria"
13598:17 August
13560:5 January
13479:"Preface"
13407:3 January
13094:cite book
13047:cite book
13008:cite book
12944:cite book
12768:1469-0764
12729:1469-0764
12634:145201910
12543:25 August
12070:"Senegal"
11840:14 August
11134:6 January
10582:Routledge
10526:Baltimore
10459:128049972
10421:Cambridge
9910:3 October
9266:cite news
8894:25 August
8709:3 January
8679:3 January
8626:3 January
8596:3 January
8447:3 January
8023:Citations
7951:romanized
7666:marabouts
7553:, and in
7493:UTC+03:30
7491:(52.5°E,
7373:Hijri era
7366:Palestine
7299:romanized
7191:Bismallah
6953:templates
6918:pattern.
6916:strapwork
6827:Taj Mahal
6774:miniature
6766:arabesque
6760:Arabesque
6754:Arabesque
6744:aniconism
6712:Aniconism
6673:Islamabad
6605:, Nigeria
6472:Taj Mahal
6458:Jerusalem
6409:fountains
6331:Byzantine
6304:buildings
6136:Silk Road
6132:Catalonia
6081:gunpowder
6059:al-Wasiti
6015:Al-Biruni
6003:al-Farabi
5978:Abulcasis
5948:entitled
5928:decagonal
5842:al-Biruni
5812:Banū Mūsā
5747:Astrolabe
5657:Al-Biruni
5655:(topos);
5435:cosmology
5431:astronomy
5419:afterlife
5355:(Hayy in
5288:Shahnameh
4930:Ilkhanate
4900:Mehmet II
4824:Safaviyya
4473:of their
4372:Mandaeans
4356:Buddhists
4130:Imamiyyah
4068:Akhbarism
4056:Qarmatian
4030:(Fiver).
4022:(Imami),
3877:Kharijite
3834:Indonesia
3728:Indonesia
3719:Geography
3648:reformist
3616:. Riḍā's
3600:Caliphate
3506:political
3502:religious
3097:Indonesia
2899:Palestine
2556:schools (
2536:schools (
2510:Ayatollah
2449:June 2018
2437:verifying
2327:with the
1897:Indonesia
1849:Aurangzeb
1697:socialism
1643:, etc.),
1578:Seljukids
1444:, to the
1438:Near East
1426:conquests
1360:Al-Idrisi
1314:June 2020
1239:The Times
1123:terrorism
1075:Criticism
1028:Sexuality
998:Mysticism
968:Festivals
948:Education
943:Economics
879:Academics
835:Caliphate
648:Practices
484:Indonesia
435:, 25% in
431:, 30% in
427:, 31% in
423:, 40% in
342:Caliphate
215:June 2020
203:verifying
153:June 2020
58:talk page
19131:Category
19024:Islamism
19007:Muhammad
18963:Apostasy
18938:Hinduism
18828:Feminism
18759:Medicine
18599:Military
18553:Gambling
18502:Apostasy
18497:Criminal
18409:Marriage
18378:Tayammum
18330:Murabaha
18203:Madrasas
18193:Holidays
18183:Clothing
18178:Children
18173:Calendar
18124:Quranism
18058:Khawarij
18030:Alawites
17981:Atharism
17875:Rashidun
17714:In Islam
17709:Muhammad
17608:, on NPR
17544:36438874
17436:: 1–10.
17430:Muqarnas
17392:14203815
17365:40347477
17331:66393160
17230:Archived
16894:Archived
16861:Archived
16749:Archived
16614:Archived
16373:Archived
16348:(1976).
16309:Archived
16282:Archived
16223:Archived
16180:11 April
16174:Archived
16076:Archived
15987:(1994).
15964:Archived
15932:(1996),
15883:Archived
15817:Archived
15789:Archived
15765:Archived
15728:, p. 10
15679:Archived
15470:(1994),
15447:Archived
15375:Archived
15345:Archived
15341:ABC News
15290:Archived
15252:Archived
15226:Archived
15200:Archived
15174:Archived
15148:Archived
15122:Archived
15064:Archived
14749:Archived
14667:Archived
14539:Istanbul
14527:Archived
14457:, 1873.)
14360:Istanbul
14289:Archived
14213:Archived
14187:Archived
14154:Archived
14128:Archived
14097:Archived
14026:Archived
13954:Archived
13918:Archived
13884:Archived
13837:Archived
13819:52362778
13775:Archived
13746:Archived
13720:Archived
13693:Archived
13589:Archived
13554:Archived
13520:Archived
13497:6 August
13491:archived
13427:Archived
13401:Archived
13336:Archived
13289:Archived
13194:Archived
13163:Archived
12816:Archived
12812:Newsweek
12780:Archived
12776:14540501
12667:Archived
12537:Archived
12360:Archived
12325:Archived
12295:Archived
12248:Archived
12225:18 March
12219:Archived
12199:18 March
12164:Archived
12135:Archived
12084:18 March
12078:Archived
11985:Archived
11892:Archived
11872:Archived
11721:18 March
11715:Archived
11686:Archived
11654:Archived
11611:Archived
11582:Archived
11553:Archived
11524:Archived
11460:Archived
11428:Archived
11399:Archived
11397:. 2002.
11370:Archived
11319:Archived
11265:Archived
11218:Archived
11189:Archived
11157:Archived
11128:Archived
11102:Archived
11073:Archived
11041:Archived
11012:Archived
10983:Archived
10954:Archived
10928:Archived
10835:21 April
10829:Archived
10803:Archived
10761:Archived
10722:Archived
10704:(2004).
10676:(1951).
10632:10 March
10626:Archived
10563:Archived
10487:(2006).
10463:Archived
10368:Archived
10249:Archived
10220:5 August
10214:Archived
10143:(2003):
10049:Archived
9958:Archived
9936:(2003).
9874:Archived
9840:Archived
9802:10 March
9796:Archived
9721:Archived
9700:18 April
9694:Archived
9667:Archived
9530:archived
9498:Archived
9445:Archived
9415:Archived
9385:Archived
9354:Archived
9324:Archived
9294:Archived
9250:Archived
9188:Archived
9015:Archived
8955:Archived
8926:Archived
8859:Archived
8840:Archived
8819:Archived
8760:Archived
8734:Archived
8703:Archived
8673:Archived
8651:Archived
8620:Archived
8590:Archived
8566:13 March
8560:Archived
8535:13 March
8529:Archived
8505:14 March
8441:Archived
8411:Archived
8385:Archived
8340:Archived
8314:Archived
8236:Archived
8206:Archived
8164:10 March
8158:Archived
8045:Archived
7919:for the
7911:for the
7903:for the
7746:See also
7577:Mongolia
7489:meridian
7389:Muhammad
7375:, whose
7251:Calendar
7133:aniconic
7125:idolatry
6975:madrasas
6907:used in
6728:idolatry
6702:, Russia
6683:'s tent.
6677:Pakistan
6653:Xinjiang
6565:Selangor
6548:, Turkey
6546:Istanbul
6401:khanqahs
6381:madrasas
6368:muqarnas
6363:minarets
6195:sawmills
6150:and the
6096:windmill
6019:Avicenna
5992:pharmacy
5814:'s work
5724:Sciences
5687:Sciences
5643:and the
5523:Ibn Sina
5521:scholar
5503:polymath
5399:polymath
5283:Ferdowsi
5254:Ali Baba
5216:Sanskrit
5160:and the
5099:Damascus
5091:fritware
5067:fritware
5058:shatranj
5037:Ceramics
5027:Egyptian
4991:and the
4958:painting
4818:between
4798:al-Qadir
4701:Refugees
4607:(11.5),
4601:graduate
4499:Buddhist
4391:Istanbul
4376:Yarsanis
4201:Omdurman
4080:Shaykism
4076:Alawites
4044:Mustaali
3804:Abu Bakr
3781:Religion
3775:Tanzania
3755:Ethiopia
3626:Egyptian
3498:Islamism
3491:Islamism
3484:Islamism
3442:Politics
3418:DR Congo
3370:Tanzania
3338:Ethiopia
2873:Maldives
2860:Malaysia
2782:Djibouti
2668:Pakistan
2572:school.
2349:Al-Qaeda
2343:Islamist
2321:Kemalist
2179:and the
2175:between
2151:between
2034:Ottomans
1879:in 1522.
1806:Zamburak
1781:through
1763:firearms
1725:feminism
1657:Anatolia
1653:Ottomans
1645:Safavids
1641:Pakistan
1605:Timbuktu
1566:Fatimids
1562:Abbasids
1446:Pyrenees
1422:Rashidun
1387:Muhammad
1169:Glossary
1145:Jihadism
1118:Violence
1113:Islamism
1084:Muhammad
1070:Apostasy
1013:Politics
963:Feminism
958:Exorcism
919:Diaspora
904:Children
899:Calendar
827:Rashidun
805:Muhammad
800:Timeline
761:Mathnawi
623:Prophets
567:a series
565:Part of
524:Americas
504:Pakistan
496:Caucasus
443:, 6% in
394:Suriname
326:Muhammad
19177:Muslims
19078:Nursing
19039:Qutbism
18953:Sikhism
18948:Judaism
18943:Jainism
18933:Druzism
18769:Physics
18716:Pottery
18701:Gardens
18696:Carpets
18611:Slavery
18533:Divorce
18520:Dhabiĥa
18348:Hygiene
18323:Takaful
18305:Banking
18235:Science
18229:Qurbani
18198:Mosques
18158:Animals
18147:Culture
18081:Nukkari
18076:Azzabas
18063:Azariqa
18047:Zaydism
18035:Alevism
17911:Ottoman
17901:Almohad
17896:Fatimid
17891:Córdoba
17886:Abbasid
17881:Umayyad
17814:Leaders
17809:History
17767:Shahada
17682:Beliefs
17450:1523219
17248:Sources
17162:Jamma'a
16867:6 March
15371:Reuters
14986:13 July
14496:Shi'ism
14478:5 March
14449:Tariqat
14446:Nusayri
14444:of the
14362:, 2011.
14314:(ed.).
14219:23 July
14182:Reuters
13859:"Shi'a"
13784:19 July
13373:7 March
13147:: p. 24
12301:22 June
12044:"Niger"
11858:. 2022.
11713:. ICL.
11405:24 June
10934:29 July
10469:12 July
10374:24 June
9964:23 July
9735:Judaism
9021:8 March
8918:"Shiʿi"
8851:"Sunni"
8242:22 July
8232:HISTORY
8228:"Islam"
8091:thought
7979:Kurdish
7953::
7942:Persian
7690:Jakarta
7594:Musawah
7573:Balkans
7532:Muslims
7422:
7383:in 622
7362:Lebanon
7340:, with
7336:is the
7312:, is a
7301::
7243:planets
7113:خط عربي
7096:Ottoman
7092:Persian
7082:or the
6983:Kayseri
6971:mosques
6891:Persian
6814:fractal
6803:minbars
6681:Bedouin
6655:, China
6631:, India
6586:mosque.
6502:Bandung
6421:bazaars
6405:zawiyas
6393:hammams
6389:palaces
6377:mosques
6335:Iranian
6312:secular
6191:hullers
6181:mills,
6179:fulling
6175:wheeled
6118:in the
6100:almonds
5958:nervous
5938:anatomy
5762:One of
5611:Quakers
5519:Persian
5439:geology
5427:biology
5396:Arabian
5269:romance
5246:Aladdin
5079:pottery
5019:Chinese
5015:Persian
5002:Córdoba
4985:Baghdad
4975:caliph
4973:Abbasid
4969:science
4915:Persian
4894:Ottoman
4853:Abbas I
4828:Shirvan
4822:of the
4792:Sultan
4744:Culture
4709:Muslim
4693:moulage
4689:anatomy
4617:Muslims
4595:A 2011
4444:Nigeria
4415:Antioch
4368:Yazidis
4360:Baháʼís
4282:Muslims
4280:Ismaili
4203:, Sudan
4197:dervish
4170:Taiyabi
4162:Alawite
4134:Ja'fari
4126:Hanbali
4122:Shafi'i
4099:Azariqa
4084:Alevism
4072:Usulism
4024:Ismaili
4020:Twelver
4009:Hanbali
4005:Shafi'i
3983:madhhab
3858:Nigeria
3852:(45%),
3848:(54%),
3844:(54%),
3840:(55%),
3836:(56%),
3832:(58%),
3828:(64%),
3824:(65%),
3822:Albania
3767:Nigeria
3751:Eritrea
3713:Karachi
3689:militia
3683:, many
3622:Arabist
3589:Zionism
3288:Lebanon
3188:Senegal
3175:Nigeria
2993:Albania
2951:Tunisia
2925:Somalia
2886:Morocco
2769:Comoros
2743:Bahrain
2730:Algeria
2564:), the
2558:Ja'fari
2552:), two
2550:Hanbali
2546:Shafi'i
2489:secular
2431:Please
2401:life."
2340:Wahhabi
2315:). The
2157:Morocco
2073:Mamluks
2038:Tsardom
1875:at the
1755:Ottoman
1751:Safavid
1669:Nigeria
1633:Mughals
1629:Somalia
1613:Oualata
1474:717–718
1470:674–678
1428:of the
1418:Caliphs
1274:History
1247:of the
1040:Slavery
1023:Science
978:Madrasa
973:Finance
884:Animals
872:society
868:Culture
840:Imamate
820:Sahabah
793:History
763:(Poems)
748:(creed)
672:Fasting
600:Oneness
593:Beliefs
492:Nigeria
441:Oceania
390:Nigeria
315:Muslims
284:Islamic
260:Muslims
197:Please
137:scholar
18890:
18848:poetry
18658:
18543:Ethics
18527:Dhimmi
18486:Baligh
18447:Mahram
18404:Family
18384:Toilet
18364:Miswak
18117:Lahori
18100:Najdat
17996:Salafi
17946:Seerah
17941:Tafsir
17936:Hadith
17906:Sokoto
17851:Sahaba
17726:Angels
17703:Tawhid
17660:topics
17569:
17559:
17542:
17532:
17509:
17490:
17469:
17448:
17421:429655
17419:
17390:
17380:
17363:
17353:
17329:
17319:
17302:
17292:
17272:
17262:
17168:: vii.
17126:6 July
17104:6 July
17082:6 July
17060:6 July
17012:8 July
16930:
16924:Online
16825:
16790:
16780:
16730:
16706:
16683:
16673:
16549:
16520:
16434:
16416:(2000)
16332:
16205:
16134:
16124:
16036:
15999:
15974:(1998)
15944:
15913:
15855:
15732:
15636:
15609:
15575:
15553:
15537:
15519:
15482:
15439:
15034:
15009:
14956:
14931:
14901:
14821:
14813:
14773:
14721:
14696:
14659:
14632:
14612:, p. 4
14608:
14584:
14559:
14507:
14455:Beirut
14429:aqidah
14408:
14380:
14334:
14281:
13817:
13807:
13649:
13621:
13328:
13145:, 1994
13121:
13082:
13035:
12996:
12971:
12932:
12774:
12766:
12727:
12632:
12109:
10753:
10714:
10684:
10658:28 May
10618:
10588:
10536:
10503:
10457:
10449:
10439:
10362:
10352:
10278:
10187:19 May
10157:
10124:
10013:
9950:
9832:
9391:25 May
9223:
9156:
9007:
8975:"Shia"
8292:
8267:
8198:
8124:
8082:
7962:Pashto
7723:Padang
7650:Kazakh
7569:Nowruz
7516:Hijrah
7407:Hijrah
7397:Medina
7358:Jordan
7290:Arabic
7207:amulet
7121:Qur'an
7104:Arabic
7098:, and
7088:Arabic
6810:motifs
6778:Persia
6700:Moscow
6523:, Iran
6521:Tehran
6498:Modern
6413:sabils
6371:, and
6357:, and
6337:, and
6239:to be
6134:. The
6124:Venice
6112:Hormuz
6104:citrus
6025:, and
5713:, and
5675:; and
5613:, and
5609:, the
5577:, and
5500:Muslim
5409:, the
5279:tragic
5220:fables
5143:Fuzûlî
5103:Tabriz
5095:Fustat
5053:Seljuq
5029:, and
5000:, and
4934:Ghazan
4897:Sultan
4820:Ismail
4816:Battle
4777:, and
4695:, Iran
4609:Kuwait
4578:Turkey
4488:Levant
4417:, and
4395:Turkey
4364:Druzes
4352:Hindus
4238:Ibadis
4224:Hittin
4158:Zahiri
4118:Maliki
4114:Hanafi
4107:Ibadis
4103:Najdat
4095:Sufris
4048:Hafizi
4007:, and
4001:Maliki
3997:Hanafi
3970:Shi'as
3966:Sunnis
3916:Ashura
3854:Russia
3830:Kosovo
3773:, and
3636:, the
3618:Salafi
3581:cleric
3575:Syrian
3524:sharia
3431:
3415:
3399:
3386:Russia
3383:
3367:
3351:
3335:
3319:
3285:
3273:Others
3263:
3250:
3240:Turkey
3237:
3224:
3211:
3198:
3185:
3172:
3159:
3146:
3133:
3123:Kosovo
3120:
3107:
3094:
3081:
3071:Guinea
3068:
3058:Gambia
3055:
3042:
3029:
3016:
3003:
2990:
2961:
2948:
2935:
2922:
2909:
2896:
2883:
2870:
2857:
2844:
2834:Kuwait
2831:
2821:Jordan
2818:
2805:
2792:
2779:
2766:
2753:
2740:
2727:
2710:states
2691:
2678:
2665:
2652:
2639:
2626:
2616:Brunei
2613:
2600:
2585:Eight
2570:Zahiri
2542:Maliki
2538:Hanafi
2528:. The
2522:Sharia
2399:jahili
2305:modern
1952:, the
1931:(1731)
1853:Orchha
1783:sharia
1767:cannon
1759:Mughal
1649:Persia
1621:Ajuran
1609:Djenne
1530:Bengal
1498:Second
1424:. The
1395:Medina
1364:Sicily
1344:, and
1094:Hadith
1008:Poetry
988:Mosque
953:Ethics
778:Sharia
746:Aqidah
738:Tafsir
722:Hadith
716:Sunnah
660:Prayer
611:Angels
540:Europe
538:, and
528:Russia
514:, and
445:Europe
402:Uganda
378:Guyana
354:Europe
352:, and
350:Africa
139:
132:
125:
118:
110:
19152:Islam
19012:Quran
18892:Other
18787:Early
18711:Music
18627:Kalam
18581:Jizya
18569:Hudud
18454:Nikah
18371:Najis
18357:Ghusl
18316:Sukuk
18245:Women
18213:Music
18188:Flags
18093:Sufri
18086:Wahbi
18071:Ibadi
17971:Sunni
17931:Quran
17788:Zakat
17774:Salah
17737:Qadar
17695:Allah
17658:Islam
17587:, on
17446:JSTOR
17417:JSTOR
16755:5 May
16155:(3).
15517:S2CID
15319:Zaman
15293:(PDF)
15286:(PDF)
15096:(PDF)
15089:(PDF)
15054:SCI.
14819:S2CID
14752:(PDF)
14745:(PDF)
13921:(PDF)
13903:(PDF)
13778:(PDF)
13771:(PDF)
13658:area.
13592:(PDF)
13585:(PDF)
13266:(PDF)
13255:(PDF)
13141:Roy,
12772:S2CID
12630:S2CID
12363:(PDF)
12350:(PDF)
12251:(PDF)
12244:(PDF)
12167:(PDF)
12160:(PDF)
12030:(PDF)
12023:(PDF)
11747:(PDF)
11740:(PDF)
11689:(PDF)
11682:(PDF)
11657:(PDF)
11650:(PDF)
11585:(PDF)
11578:(PDF)
11527:(PDF)
11520:(PDF)
11495:(PDF)
11488:(PDF)
11463:(PDF)
11456:(PDF)
11431:(PDF)
11424:(PDF)
11354:(PDF)
11347:(PDF)
11322:(PDF)
11315:(PDF)
11268:(PDF)
11261:(PDF)
11192:(PDF)
11185:(PDF)
11160:(PDF)
11153:(PDF)
11076:(PDF)
11069:(PDF)
11044:(PDF)
11037:(PDF)
10986:(PDF)
10979:(PDF)
10497:Knopf
10455:S2CID
9904:Trouw
9759:faith
9692:CNN.
8477:(PDF)
8466:(PDF)
7887:Notes
7866:Sīrah
7670:Quran
7624:like
7584:Women
7520:Islam
7411:Latin
7402:ummah
7393:Mecca
7377:epoch
7354:Syria
7151:Naskh
7147:Kufic
7042:Girih
7027:Girih
7013:tiles
7011:Girih
6991:Cairo
6945:tiles
6943:girih
6934:Girih
6930:girih
6922:Girih
6901:gereh
6886:Girih
6878:Girih
6871:Girih
6818:piers
6798:naskh
6792:kufic
6647:with
6603:Lagos
6496:with
6385:tombs
6327:Roman
6308:Islam
6228:gears
6140:Timur
6128:Genoa
6061:1237)
5653:place
5505:from
5487:Kalam
5214:from
5141:poet
5087:Basra
5063:chess
5023:Vedic
5011:Roman
5007:Greek
4998:Cairo
4938:Quran
4872:Quran
4723:UNHCR
4657:Niger
4586:Egypt
4495:Hindu
4484:Druze
4427:Islam
4260:Imams
4257:Zaydi
4242:M'zab
4216:Druze
4166:Druze
4154:Ibadi
4150:Zaydi
4146:Alevi
4138:Usuli
4060:Druze
4028:Zaidi
4016:Shi'a
3962:sects
3931:Dhaka
3796:Shura
3786:Islam
3609:ulema
3578:Sunni
3518:Islam
3510:Islam
3354:China
3322:India
3214:Sudan
3162:Niger
2938:Syria
2912:Qatar
2847:Libya
2795:Egypt
2694:Yemen
2566:Ibadi
2562:Zaidi
2534:Sunni
2387:Islam
2370:ummah
2365:Quran
2311:(see
2177:Italy
2153:Spain
1825:Akbar
1589:Sahel
1542:Islam
1538:dawah
1494:First
1478:Sunni
1403:Hijra
1391:Mecca
1268:Egypt
1140:Jihad
1089:Quran
1050:Women
993:Music
931:Sunni
780:(law)
728:Sirah
709:Quran
693:Texts
575:Islam
536:China
532:India
516:Egypt
500:India
468:Ibadi
382:Gabon
334:sects
319:Quran
288:Ummah
144:JSTOR
130:books
18673:Arts
18604:POWs
18538:Diet
18468:Zina
18440:Mahr
18426:Haya
18390:Wudu
18337:Riba
18250:LGBT
18142:Life
18015:Shia
18010:Sufi
17795:Hajj
17781:Sawm
17590:Aeon
17567:OCLC
17557:ISBN
17540:OCLC
17530:ISBN
17517:See
17507:ISBN
17488:ISBN
17467:ISBN
17388:OCLC
17378:ISBN
17361:OCLC
17351:ISBN
17327:OCLC
17317:ISBN
17300:OCLC
17290:ISBN
17270:OCLC
17260:ISBN
17238:2020
17196:2022
17128:2013
17106:2013
17084:2013
17062:2013
17040:2012
17014:2024
16989:2023
16964:2017
16928:ISSN
16902:2019
16869:2024
16823:ISBN
16788:OCLC
16778:ISBN
16757:2014
16728:ISBN
16704:ISBN
16681:OCLC
16671:ISBN
16622:2007
16596:help
16576:help
16547:ISBN
16518:ISBN
16499:help
16479:help
16460:help
16432:ISBN
16330:ISBN
16203:ISBN
16182:2014
16132:OCLC
16122:ISBN
16034:ISBN
15997:ISBN
15942:ISBN
15911:ISBN
15904:New
15853:ISBN
15730:ISBN
15634:ISBN
15620:2012
15607:ISBN
15586:2012
15573:ISBN
15551:ISBN
15535:ISBN
15501:Isis
15480:ISBN
15455:2020
15437:ISBN
15416:2013
15383:2018
15353:2013
15301:2016
15260:2018
15234:2018
15208:2018
15182:2018
15156:2018
15130:2015
15104:2012
15072:2017
15032:ISBN
15007:ISBN
14988:2019
14954:ISBN
14929:ISBN
14899:ISBN
14811:ISSN
14771:ISBN
14719:ISBN
14694:ISBN
14675:2016
14657:ISBN
14630:ISBN
14606:ISBN
14582:ISBN
14557:ISBN
14505:ISBN
14480:2015
14436:fiqh
14406:ISBN
14378:ISBN
14332:ISBN
14297:2021
14279:ISBN
14258:2013
14221:2016
14195:2017
14162:2017
14136:2017
14105:2010
14070:2010
14034:2015
14001:2010
13962:2016
13929:2010
13845:2016
13815:OCLC
13805:ISBN
13786:2015
13754:2015
13728:2012
13701:2012
13647:ISBN
13619:ISBN
13600:2012
13562:2012
13528:2011
13499:2014
13465:2011
13435:2010
13409:2012
13375:2017
13344:2017
13326:ISBN
13297:2017
13234:MEMO
13202:2023
13171:2017
13119:ISBN
13100:link
13080:ISBN
13053:link
13033:ISBN
13014:link
12994:ISBN
12969:ISBN
12950:link
12930:ISBN
12824:2015
12788:2021
12764:ISSN
12725:ISSN
12675:2023
12648:link
12545:2023
12333:2011
12303:2015
12259:2017
12227:2015
12201:2015
12175:2017
12143:2020
12107:ISBN
12086:2015
12056:2022
11969:2014
11925:2022
11900:2013
11842:2023
11781:2022
11755:2017
11723:2015
11697:2017
11665:2017
11619:2017
11593:2017
11561:2022
11535:2017
11503:2017
11471:2017
11439:2017
11407:2017
11330:2017
11298:2023
11276:2017
11226:2017
11200:2017
11168:2017
11136:2012
11110:2010
11084:2017
11052:2017
11020:2017
10994:2022
10962:2017
10936:2020
10837:2021
10811:2021
10769:2021
10751:ISBN
10730:2018
10712:ISBN
10682:ISBN
10660:2011
10634:2021
10616:ISBN
10586:ISBN
10571:2011
10534:ISBN
10501:ISBN
10471:2021
10447:LCCN
10437:ISBN
10376:2021
10360:LCCN
10350:ISBN
10318:help
10276:ISBN
10257:2019
10222:2014
10189:2014
10155:ISBN
10122:ISBN
10087:2010
10057:2010
10011:ISBN
9966:2020
9948:ISBN
9912:2017
9882:2017
9848:2017
9830:ISBN
9804:2017
9737:and
9729:2013
9702:2015
9675:2018
9645:2023
9597:2022
9567:2011
9538:2019
9506:2019
9453:2019
9423:2019
9393:2017
9362:2011
9332:2011
9302:2018
9272:link
9258:2017
9221:ISBN
9196:2017
9154:ISBN
9120:2015
9089:2015
9059:2015
9023:2020
9005:ISBN
8987:2011
8963:2013
8934:2019
8913:See
8896:2010
8867:2012
8827:2013
8794:2008
8768:2008
8742:2008
8711:2012
8681:2012
8628:2012
8598:2012
8568:2017
8537:2017
8507:2017
8449:2012
8419:2023
8393:2018
8348:2017
8322:2017
8290:ISBN
8265:ISBN
8244:2020
8214:2017
8196:ISBN
8166:2017
8122:ISBN
8080:ISBN
8053:2017
7915:and
7876:OPEC
7705:Chad
7592:and
7466:Iran
7460:The
7420:lit.
7364:and
7350:Iraq
7267:and
7265:Iran
7149:and
7129:Kufa
7100:Urdu
7074:and
6973:and
6795:and
6746:and
6736:sura
6623:The
6476:Agra
6419:and
6411:and
6397:Sufi
6274:and
6266:Arts
6254:and
6222:and
6165:and
6130:and
6102:and
6069:and
6041:The
5990:and
5960:and
5940:and
5860:The
5846:moon
5551:was
5485:and
5459:and
5437:and
5263:and
5252:and
5195:The
4846:Shah
4673:Gaza
4584:and
4582:Iran
4574:Chad
4566:Mali
4507:Iran
4465:and
4455:Jews
4378:and
4348:Jews
4194:Sufi
4176:and
4168:and
4082:and
4070:and
4050:and
4038:and
3989:fiqh
3972:and
3912:Iran
3875:The
3838:Mali
3792:imam
3591:and
3504:and
3450:and
3149:Mali
3045:Chad
2808:Iraq
2655:Oman
2629:Iran
2554:Shia
2481:and
2303:, a
2247:The
2197:Buda
2171:The
2155:and
2147:The
2131:The
2089:and
1843:The
1785:and
1757:and
1703:and
1687:and
1651:and
1625:Adal
1615:and
1520:and
1500:and
1480:and
1472:and
1374:The
1354:The
1033:LGBT
936:Shia
870:and
770:Fiqh
512:Iran
472:Oman
464:Shia
437:Asia
417:MENA
400:and
398:Togo
346:Asia
332:and
305:The
278:and
116:news
18414:Sex
18277:Law
18163:Art
17438:doi
17409:doi
16853:doi
15877:cf.
15759:cf.
15509:doi
14803:doi
14501:154
14324:doi
13072:doi
12922:doi
12897:doi
12851:doi
12756:doi
12715:doi
12622:doi
12575:doi
10429:doi
9616:NPR
9217:193
8556:CNN
8470:Pew
8114:doi
8072:doi
7688:in
7620:of
7575:to
7395:to
7227:Ali
7106:as
6989:in
6981:in
6896:گره
6724:God
6698:in
6671:in
6651:in
6627:in
6601:in
6563:in
6544:in
6519:in
6474:in
6456:in
6407:),
6403:or
6302:of
6235:in
5818:on
5791:'s
5744:'s
5463:'s
5453:'s
5425:of
5335:'s
5285:'s
5271:is
5267:on
5240:in
5179:by
5137:by
4983:in
4848:of
4713:in
4639:of
4509:.
3992:).
3895:on
3557:),
2435:by
2381:By
2319:of
2005:'s
1964:'.
1948:'s
1827:'s
1804:'s
1719:),
1711:),
1695:),
1655:in
1647:in
1617:Gao
1516:of
1468:in
1452:in
1362:of
1304:by
1128:war
889:Art
604:God
602:of
266:in
201:by
99:by
19148::
17565:.
17538:.
17465:.
17461:.
17444:.
17434:12
17432:.
17415:.
17405:33
17403:.
17386:.
17359:.
17341:;
17325:.
17298:.
17268:.
17228:.
17224:.
17204:^
17182:.
17166:23
17164:.
17160:.
17005:.
16980:.
16950:,
16886:.
16859:.
16849:69
16847:.
16843:.
16786:.
16747:.
16726:,
16679:.
16630:^
16555:.
16526:.
16446:^
16392:46
16368:,
16315:,
16304:,
16288:,
16277:,
16254:46
16242:^
16172:.
16153:12
16130:.
16082:,
16032:,
15991:.
15970:,
15953:^
15940:,
15922:^
15893:).
15889:,
15799:,
15775:).
15771:,
15721:,
15515:.
15505:74
15503:.
15478:,
15445:.
15405:.
15369:.
15339:.
15317:.
15268:^
15250:.
15224:.
15198:.
15172:.
15146:.
15062:.
15058:.
15040:.
14979:.
14962:.
14907:.
14817:.
14809:.
14799:19
14797:.
14779:.
14727:.
14665:.
14503:.
14414:.
14386:.
14330:.
14322:.
14287:.
14248:.
14244:.
14229:^
14185:.
14179:.
14152:.
14107:.
14089:.
14072:.
14056:.
14050:.
14024:.
14020:.
13987:.
13981:.
13964:.
13948:.
13931:.
13912:.
13905:.
13861:.
13835:.
13813:.
13773:.
13744:.
13673:.
13655:.
13627:.
13570:^
13548:.
13544:.
13514:.
13485:,
13481:,
13451:.
13395:.
13391:.
13346:.
13334:.
13299:.
13257:.
13232:.
13192:.
13188:.
13161:.
13133:^
13096:}}
13092:{{
13078:.
13049:}}
13045:{{
13010:}}
13006:{{
12946:}}
12942:{{
12928:.
12891:.
12887:.
12845:.
12841:.
12814:.
12810:.
12796:^
12778:.
12770:.
12762:.
12752:10
12750:.
12746:.
12723:.
12709:.
12705:.
12644:}}
12640:{{
12616:.
12571:37
12569:.
12565:.
12553:^
12535:.
12531:.
12513:.
12408:.
12358:.
12352:.
12319:.
12246:.
12217:.
12162:.
12129:.
12072:.
12046:.
11955:.
11916:.
11890:.
11833:.
11771:.
11684:.
11652:.
11609:.
11580:.
11551:.
11522:.
11458:.
11426:.
11393:.
11376:,
11317:.
11263:.
11242:.
11216:.
11187:.
11155:.
11126:.
11100:.
11071:.
11039:.
11010:.
10981:.
10952:.
10922:.
10845:^
10827:.
10801:.
10797:.
10759:.
10720:.
10624:.
10600:^
10557:.
10524:.
10461:.
10453:.
10445:.
10435:.
10423::
10419:.
10415:.
10403:^
10366:.
10358:.
10326:^
10309::
10307:}}
10303:{{
10247:.
10243:.
10230:^
10208:.
10197:^
10175:.
10153:,
10149:,
10102:,
10073:.
9956:.
9946:.
9923:^
9914:.
9902:.
9884:.
9872:.
9868:.
9856:^
9838:.
9812:^
9794:.
9790:.
9766:^
9731:.
9661:.
9635:.
9618:.
9614:.
9583:.
9553:.
9522:,
9492:.
9470:.
9443:.
9439:.
9413:.
9409:.
9379:.
9348:.
9318:.
9288:.
9268:}}
9264:{{
9248:.
9244:.
9219:.
9182:.
9162:.
9152:.
9150:29
9122:.
9091:.
9061:.
9045:.
9025:.
9013:.
8989:.
8965:.
8947:.
8936:.
8920:.
8898:.
8880:.
8869:.
8857:.
8853:.
8829:.
8811:.
8806:*
8732:.
8728:.
8697:.
8667:.
8649:.
8645:.
8614:.
8584:.
8558:.
8554:.
8523:.
8493:.
8468:.
8435:.
8409:.
8383:.
8379:.
8312:.
8234:.
8230:.
8204:.
8174:^
8156:.
8152:.
8130:.
8120:.
8098:^
8088:.
8078:.
8043:.
8039:.
8009:CE
8005:AH
7985:,
7981::
7977:;
7968:,
7964::
7960:;
7948:,
7944::
7917:AM
7909:CE
7907:,
7901:AD
7648:A
7565:.
7522:.
7512:CE
7507:.
7417:,
7413::
7385:CE
7360:,
7356:,
7352:,
7296:,
7292::
7271:.
7094:,
7090:,
6893::
6675:,
6391:,
6387:,
6383:,
6379:,
6365:,
6353:,
6333:,
6329:,
6323:.
6262:.
6213:,
6209:,
6205:,
6201:,
6197:,
6193:,
6189:,
6185:,
6126:,
6029:.
6021:,
6017:,
6013:,
6009:,
6005:,
6001:,
5994:.
5709:,
5705:,
5701:,
5683:.
5667:;
5632:.
5617:.
5605:,
5601:,
5597:,
5593:,
5589:,
5585:,
5573:,
5569:,
5498:,
5467:.
5433:,
5429:,
5413:,
5405:,
5299:.
5256:.
5248:,
5081:.
5055:,
5051:A
5025:,
5021:,
5017:,
5013:,
5009:,
4913:A
4830:,
4773:,
4769:,
4580:,
4572:,
4568:,
4413:,
4393:,
4382:.
4374:,
4370:,
4366:,
4362:,
4358:,
4354:,
4350:,
4346:,
4192:A
4164:,
4160:,
4156:,
4152:,
4148:,
4144:,
4140:,
4128:,
4124:,
4120:,
4116:,
4109:.
4101:,
4097:,
4086:.
4078:,
4011:.
4003:,
3999:,
3968:,
3964::
3864:.
3769:,
3765:,
3761:,
3757:,
3753:,
3643:.
3587:,
3573:.
3565:,
3561:,
3549:,
3527:,
3480:.
2560:,
2548:,
2544:,
2540:,
2516:.
2512:,
2378:.
2307:,
2280:;
2199:,
1944:,
1927:,
1899:).
1753:,
1727:,
1723:,
1679:,
1671:,
1663:,
1659:,
1639:,
1631:,
1623:,
1619:,
1611:,
1607:,
1591:,
1580:,
1576:,
1572:,
1568:,
1564:,
1544:.
1496:,
1413:.
1380:CE
1340:,
1251:,
1236:.
725:,
569:on
534:,
530:,
526:,
510:,
506:,
458::
451:.
396:,
392:,
388:,
384:,
380:,
376:,
348:,
313:.
61:.
18056:/
17650:e
17643:t
17636:v
17573:.
17546:.
17515:.
17496:.
17475:.
17452:.
17440::
17423:.
17411::
17394:.
17367:.
17333:.
17306:.
17276:.
17240:.
17198:.
17130:.
17108:.
17086:.
17064:.
17042:.
17032:"
17016:.
16991:.
16967:.
16934:.
16904:.
16871:.
16855::
16829:.
16794:.
16759:.
16712:.
16687:.
16624:.
16598:)
16578:)
16501:)
16481:)
16462:)
16440:.
16356:.
16319:.
16292:.
16209:.
16184:.
16138:.
16040:.
16005:.
15948:.
15917:.
15803:.
15622:.
15588:.
15523:.
15511::
15486:.
15457:.
15418:.
15385:.
15355:.
15303:.
15262:.
15236:.
15210:.
15184:.
15158:.
15132:.
15106:.
15074:.
15015:.
14990:.
14937:.
14868:.
14825:.
14805::
14702:.
14677:.
14638:.
14590:.
14565:.
14513:.
14482:.
14451:,
14340:.
14326::
14260:.
14223:.
14197:.
14164:.
14138:.
14036:.
14003:.
13847:.
13821:.
13788:.
13756:.
13730:.
13703:.
13602:.
13564:.
13530:.
13467:.
13437:.
13411:.
13377:.
13204:.
13173:.
13127:.
13102:)
13088:.
13074::
13055:)
13041:.
13016:)
13002:.
12977:.
12952:)
12938:.
12924::
12905:.
12899::
12893:7
12859:.
12853::
12847:7
12826:.
12790:.
12758::
12731:.
12717::
12711:8
12677:.
12650:)
12636:.
12624::
12618:1
12583:.
12577::
12547:.
12517:.
12454:.
12412:.
12379:.
12335:.
12305:.
12261:.
12229:.
12203:.
12177:.
12145:.
12115:.
12088:.
12058:.
11971:.
11927:.
11902:.
11844:.
11783:.
11757:.
11725:.
11699:.
11667:.
11621:.
11595:.
11563:.
11537:.
11505:.
11473:.
11441:.
11409:.
11332:.
11300:.
11278:.
11246:.
11228:.
11202:.
11170:.
11138:.
11112:.
11086:.
11054:.
11022:.
10996:.
10964:.
10938:.
10839:.
10813:.
10732:.
10690:.
10662:.
10636:.
10594:.
10573:.
10542:.
10509:.
10473:.
10431::
10378:.
10320:)
10316:(
10299:.
10284:.
10259:.
10224:.
10191:.
10130:.
10089:.
10059:.
9968:.
9944:5
9850:.
9806:.
9704:.
9677:.
9647:.
9599:.
9569:.
9508:.
9455:.
9425:.
9395:.
9364:.
9334:.
9304:.
9274:)
9260:.
9229:.
9198:.
8796:.
8770:.
8744:.
8713:.
8683:.
8630:.
8600:.
8570:.
8539:.
8509:.
8451:.
8421:.
8395:.
8350:.
8324:.
8298:.
8246:.
8216:.
8168:.
8116::
8074::
8055:.
7923:.
7721:(
7672:.
7456:.
7433:ھ
7348:(
7284:.
7245:.
7229:.
7213:.
7161:.
7110:(
7063:.
7048:.
6997:.
6889:(
6880:.
6427:.
6291:.
5952:(
5886:.
5848:.
5822:.
5766:(
5509:.
5325:(
5199:.
5183:.
5164:.
5061:(
4659:.
4643:.
4397:.
4136:-
4132:-
3980:(
3620:-
3493:.
2462:)
2456:(
2451:)
2447:(
2429:.
2056:.
2040:.
2017:.
1990:.
1808:.
1327:)
1321:(
1316:)
1312:(
1298:.
1216:e
1209:t
1202:v
731:)
719:(
415:(
411:-
372:-
246:)
240:(
228:)
222:(
217:)
213:(
195:.
166:)
160:(
155:)
151:(
141:·
134:·
127:·
120:·
93:.
68:)
64:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.