301:. The Ansar took the advantage in the early part of the battle, but were ultimately routed by Muslim's Syrian forces, who pursued the survivors into Medina. Muslim's troops subsequently plundered the city before he reined them in the following day. Afterward, he prosecuted the captive leaders of the revolt. Following his victory, Muslim put one of his deputies,
339:
dismissed the descriptions of Muslim and his actions in Medina by medieval Muslim sources as "exaggerations". He considered Muslim to be largely incorruptible and one of the Arab generals "whose talents contributed so much to establish the power of the
Umayyads". He further asserted that Muslim’s
284:). Muslim was sent at the head of an embassy by Yazid to bring the people of Medina into line with his rule, but this attempt was rebuffed. In response, Yazid again dispatched Muslim, this time as the commander of an expeditionary army, to subdue the people of Medina and
292:
who had been expelled from the town. They aided him with information about Medina's defenses. When he reached the town's outskirts, he encamped his army at Harrat Waqim, where he commenced three days of negotiations with the Ansar and
321:
In
Islamic tradition, the pillaging of Medina, one of Islam's holiest cities, by Muslim's army was one of the major crimes committed by the Umayyads. Muslim is the only person to be explicitly cursed in the work of the
334:
often disparagingly referred to him as "Musrif" (spendthrift or irresponsible actor), a play on his given name. However, in the typically contrarian fashion of
Orientalists, the 20th-century Orientalist historian
340:
career shows him to be “a convinced Muslim of a rectitude rare in this period of unsettlement, which saw so many extraordinary vicissitudes of fortune and wavering loyalties".
246:, though he was known not to have taken advantage of this post for self-enrichment. Later, when Mu'awiya was on his deathbed, he made Muslim and the governor of Damascus,
179:
in 683 and the subsequent pillaging of Medina by his army was considered among the major injustices carried out by the
Umayyads. Muslim died shortly after.
288:. At the time, Muslim was elderly and ill and had to be transported in a litter. En route to Medina, Muslim encountered a group of Umayyads at
242:
oasis in northern Arabia during a later battle. When Mu'awiya became caliph in 661, he gave Muslim the lucrative post of land tax collector in
297:
opponents of Yazid. When the negotiations failed, Muslim drew up plans for battle, which occurred on 26 August 683 and became known as the
42:
622:
548:
330:, who accused the general of committing a massacre and other major injustices in Medina. Islamic historians who sympathized with
583:
486:
617:
569:
313:. He died soon after and was buried in Mushallal, where his tomb long became a target of stone-throwing by passersby.
534:
510:
607:
272:
Mu'awiya died in 680 and Yazid acceded as caliph, though this dynastic succession, until then unprecedented in the
224:
204:
310:
247:
219:, Muslim distinguished himself at the head of a contingent of Syrian infantry in Mu'awiya's army at the
556:
302:
306:
131:
627:
187:
Details about Muslim's early life and career are scant. He was most likely born before the
8:
602:
327:
309:. On the way, he fell ill at Mushallal and transferred command of the army to his deputy
175:
for refusing to give Yazid the oath of allegiance. The victory of
Umayyad forces at the
560:
298:
176:
167:). The latter assigned Muslim, a staunch loyalist who had distinguished himself at the
93:
612:
579:
530:
506:
482:
238:) and his supporters. However, he was unable to wrest control from the latter of the
142:
61:
220:
191:
in 622, the start of the
Islamic calendar. He was the son of a certain Uqba of the
168:
80:
524:
500:
476:
239:
208:
122:
564:
552:
596:
544:
520:
336:
305:, in charge of Medina, while he set off for Mecca to subdue the rebel leader
277:
243:
212:
200:
146:
56:
323:
289:
88:
216:
75:
478:
Early Sunnī Historiography: A Study of the Tārīkh of Khalīfa b. Khayyāṭ
331:
192:
109:
505:. Translated by Ethel Broido. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
496:
273:
262:
266:
196:
294:
251:
157:
281:
188:
172:
285:
171:, to be the commander of an expedition against the people of
46:
526:
The First
Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyad Caliphate AD 661–750
429:
407:
405:
403:
401:
399:
228:
397:
395:
393:
391:
389:
387:
385:
383:
381:
379:
366:
364:
362:
360:
358:
356:
354:
352:
441:
453:
376:
349:
280:(the Islamic prophet Muhammad's early supporters in
136:
529:(Second ed.). London and New York: Routledge.
261:), returned to Syria from the battlefield with the
207:in the 630s. He became a committed partisan of the
417:
594:
250:, regents until his son and chosen successor,
570:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
578:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 693–694.
474:
459:
543:
519:
447:
435:
411:
370:
595:
141:; pre-622–683) was a general of the
16:Umayyad Caliphate general (died 683)
495:
423:
126:
13:
14:
639:
623:Generals of the Umayyad Caliphate
502:A History of Palestine, 634–1099
195:, a branch of the Arab tribe of
468:
256:
233:
162:
151:
127:مُسْلِم بْنِ عُقْبَة الْمُرِّيّ
199:. Muslim most likely moved to
1:
343:
316:
205:Muslim conquest of the region
145:during the reigns of caliphs
276:, was not recognized by the
211:of the province's governor,
156:) and his son and successor
7:
311:Husayn ibn Numayr al-Sakuni
248:al-Dahhak ibn Qays al-Fihri
137:
10:
644:
618:People of the Second Fitna
475:Anderson, Tobias (2018).
303:Rawh ibn Zinba al-Judhami
138:Muslim ibn ʿUqba al-Murrī
105:
68:
52:
36:
28:
21:
119:Muslim ibn Uqba al-Murri
608:7th-century Arab people
307:Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr
213:Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan
203:from Arabia during the
182:
217:First Muslim Civil War
438:, pp. 693–694.
328:Khalifa ibn Khayyat
521:Hawting, Gerald R.
299:Battle of al-Harra
177:Battle of al-Harra
94:Battle of al-Harra
585:978-90-04-09419-2
549:"Muslim b. ʿUḳba"
488:978-90-04-38316-6
450:, pp. 47–48.
225:Upper Mesopotamia
143:Umayyad Caliphate
135:
116:
115:
62:Umayyad Caliphate
635:
589:
561:Heinrichs, W. P.
540:
516:
492:
463:
457:
451:
445:
439:
433:
427:
421:
415:
409:
374:
368:
260:
258:
237:
235:
221:Battle of Siffin
169:Battle of Siffin
166:
164:
155:
153:
140:
130:
128:
81:Battle of Siffin
19:
18:
643:
642:
638:
637:
636:
634:
633:
632:
593:
592:
586:
553:Bosworth, C. E.
537:
513:
489:
471:
466:
458:
454:
446:
442:
434:
430:
422:
418:
410:
377:
369:
350:
346:
319:
255:
240:Dumat al-Jandal
232:
227:against Caliph
185:
161:
150:
101:
60:
41:
24:
23:Muslim ibn Uqba
17:
12:
11:
5:
641:
631:
630:
625:
620:
615:
610:
605:
591:
590:
584:
557:van Donzel, E.
541:
535:
517:
511:
493:
487:
470:
467:
465:
464:
462:, p. 260.
452:
440:
428:
426:, p. 120.
416:
414:, p. 694.
375:
373:, p. 693.
347:
345:
342:
318:
315:
259: 680–683
236: 656–661
184:
181:
165: 680–683
154: 661–680
114:
113:
107:
103:
102:
100:
99:
98:
97:
86:
85:
84:
72:
70:
66:
65:
54:
50:
49:
38:
34:
33:
30:
26:
25:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
640:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
600:
598:
587:
581:
577:
573:
571:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
536:0-415-24072-7
532:
528:
527:
522:
518:
514:
512:0-521-59984-9
508:
504:
503:
498:
494:
490:
484:
480:
479:
473:
472:
461:
460:Anderson 2018
456:
449:
444:
437:
432:
425:
420:
413:
408:
406:
404:
402:
400:
398:
396:
394:
392:
390:
388:
386:
384:
382:
380:
372:
367:
365:
363:
361:
359:
357:
355:
353:
348:
341:
338:
337:Henri Lammens
333:
329:
325:
314:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
270:
268:
264:
253:
249:
245:
241:
230:
226:
222:
218:
215:. During the
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
180:
178:
174:
170:
159:
148:
144:
139:
133:
124:
120:
111:
108:
104:
95:
92:
91:
90:
87:
82:
79:
78:
77:
74:
73:
71:
67:
63:
58:
55:
51:
48:
44:
39:
35:
31:
27:
20:
575:
568:
525:
501:
477:
469:Bibliography
455:
448:Hawting 2000
443:
436:Lammens 1993
431:
419:
412:Lammens 1993
371:Lammens 1993
324:Sunni Muslim
320:
290:Wadi al-Qura
271:
209:Umayyad clan
186:
118:
117:
89:Second Fitna
69:Battles/wars
628:600s births
574:Volume VII:
565:Pellat, Ch.
545:Lammens, H.
76:First Fitna
603:683 deaths
597:Categories
497:Gil, Moshe
344:References
332:Shia Islam
326:historian
317:Assessment
263:Byzantines
193:Banu Murra
147:Mu'awiya I
110:Banu Murra
59:(657–661)
57:Mu'awiya I
53:Allegiance
499:(1997) .
481:. Brill.
274:caliphate
244:Palestine
132:romanized
106:Relations
64:(661–683)
43:Mushallal
613:Ghatafan
567:(eds.).
547:(1993).
523:(2000).
424:Gil 1997
267:Anatolia
197:Ghatafan
576:Mif–Naz
295:Quraysh
252:Yazid I
158:Yazid I
134::
112:(tribe)
32:pre-622
582:
563:&
533:
509:
485:
282:Medina
173:Medina
123:Arabic
551:. In
286:Mecca
278:Ansar
201:Syria
189:Hijra
96:(683)
83:(657)
47:Hejaz
580:ISBN
531:ISBN
507:ISBN
483:ISBN
183:Life
37:Died
29:Born
265:in
229:Ali
223:in
40:683
599::
572:.
559:;
555:;
378:^
351:^
269:.
257:r.
234:r.
163:r.
152:r.
129:,
125::
45:,
588:.
539:.
515:.
491:.
254:(
231:(
160:(
149:(
121:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.