Second Fitna - Knowledge

1368:, a companion of Muhammad and an ally of Ali, to fight the Umayyads. Calling themselves the "Tawwabin" (Penitents), they remained underground while the Umayyads controlled Iraq. After caliph Yazid's death and the subsequent ouster of Ibn Ziyad, the Tawwabin openly called for avenging Husayn's slaying. Although they attracted large-scale support in Kufa, they lacked a political program, their chief objective being to punish the Umayyads or sacrifice themselves in the process. When Mukhtar returned to Kufa, he attempted to dissuade the Tawwabin from their endeavor in favor of an organized movement to gain control of the city. Ibn Surad's stature prevented his followers from accepting Mukhtar's proposal. Out of the 16,000 men who enlisted, 4,000 mobilized for the fight. In November 684, the Tawwabin left to confront the Umayyads, after mourning for a day at Husayn's grave in Karbala. The two armies met in January 685 at the 1161: 1603:–Rabi'a alliance in Iraq and the eastern provinces. Together, these rivalries caused a realignment of tribal loyalties into two tribal confederations or "super-groups" across the caliphate: the "North Arab" or Qays/Mudar bloc, opposed by the "South Arabs" or Yemenis. These terms were political rather than strictly geographical, since the properly "northern" Rabi'a adhered to the "southern" Yemenis. The Umayyad caliphs tried to maintain a balance between the two groups, but their implacable rivalry became a fixture of the Arab world over the following decades. Even originally unaligned tribes were drawn to affiliate with one of the two super-groups. Their constant struggle for power and influence dominated the politics of the Umayyad caliphate, creating instability in the provinces, helping to foment the 1008: 1538: 1583:, like Dahhak and Ibn Khazim and various Iraqi nobles, to Ibn al-Zubayr during the civil war convinced Abd al-Malik that Mu'awiya's decentralized system was difficult to maintain. He thus set out to centralize his power. A professional army was developed in Syria and was used to impose government authority in the provinces. Moreover, key government positions were awarded to close relatives of the caliph. Abd al-Malik required the governors to forward the provincial surplus to the capital. In addition, Arabic was made the official language of the bureaucracy and a single Islamic currency replaced Byzantine and Sasanian coinage, giving the Umayyad administration an increasingly Muslim character. He terminated the permanent pensions of the participants in the 1624: 1316: 1468:

continued supporting the Zubayrids. Unable to defeat them in their fortified positions, Ibn Ziyad moved on to capture Mosul from Mukhtar's governor. Mukhtar sent a small army of 3,000 cavalrymen to retake the city. Despite its victory in the battle (July 686), the force retreated due to the Syrians' numerical superiority. A month later, Ibn Ziyad was killed by Mukhtar's reinforced army at the Battle of Khazir. With Ibn Ziyad dead, Abd al-Malik abandoned his plans to reconquer Iraq for several years and focused on consolidating Syria, where his rule was threatened by internal disturbances and renewed hostilities with the

39: 977:. He counseled that Ibn al-Zubayr and Husayn should be forced to give allegiance as they were dangerous, while Ibn Umar should be left alone since he posed no threat. Walid summoned the two, but Ibn al-Zubayr escaped to Mecca. Husayn answered the summons but declined to give allegiance in the secretive environment of the meeting, suggesting it should be done in public. Marwan threatened to imprison him, but due to Husayn's kinship with Muhammad, Walid was unwilling to take any action against him. A few days later, Husayn left for Mecca without giving allegiance. In the view of the 1081:

In addition to the growing influence of Ibn al-Zubayr in Medina, the city's inhabitants were disillusioned with Umayyad rule and Mu'awiya's agricultural projects, which included confiscation of their lands to increase government revenue. Yazid invited the notables of Medina to Damascus and tried to win them over with gifts. They were unpersuaded, however, and on their return to Medina narrated tales of Yazid's lavish lifestyle and practices considered by many to be impious, including drinking wine, hunting with hounds and his love for music. The Medinese, under the leadership of

1671:. Mukhtar applied the title of Mahdi to Ali's son Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya. Although the title had previously been applied to Muhammad, Ali, Husayn, and others as an honorific, Mukhtar employed the term in a messianic sense: a divinely guided ruler, who would redeem Islam. Ibn al-Zubayr's rebellion was seen by many as an attempt to return to the pristine values of the early Islamic community. His revolt was welcomed by a number of parties that were unhappy with Umayyad rule. To them, the defeat of Ibn al-Zubayr meant that all hope of restoring the old ideals of 924: 236: 229: 219: 169: 4655: 1484:, had captured Fars and Kirman from the Zubayrids in 685, and continued raiding his domains. The people of Kufa and Basra had also turned against him because of his massacres and repression of Mukhtar and Abd al-Malik's sympathizers. As a result, Abd al-Malik was able to secure the defections of many Zubayrid loyalists. With a significant number of his forces and his most experienced commander 1432:, Shabath ibn Rib'i and other Kufan refugees, who were anxious to return to their city and regain their lost privileges, persuaded its governor Mus'ab ibn al-Zubayr, the younger brother of Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr, to attack Kufa. Mukhtar sent his army to confront Mus'ab, but it was defeated in the first battle at Madhar located on the 1479:

in the Jazira. After failing to overpower them, he won over the Qays with concessions and promises of amnesty. Reinforcing his troops with these formerly Zubayrid allies, he moved to defeat Mus'ab, whose position in Iraq had been weakened by a number of factors. The Kharijites had resumed their raids

1303:

at the end of 685. He put an end to the inter-tribal fighting and defeated the Zunbil rebellion. In Khurasan, Salm kept the news of caliph Yazid's death secret for some time. When it became known, he obtained from his troops temporary allegiance to himself, but was soon after expelled by them. On his

1035:, then governor of Basra. On Yazid's instructions, Ibn Ziyad suppressed the rebellion and executed Ibn Aqil. Encouraged by his cousin's letter, and unaware of his execution, Husayn left for Kufa. To track him down, Ibn Ziyad stationed troops along the routes leading to the city. He was intercepted at 1467:

Following Marwan's accession in June 684, Ibn Ziyad had been sent to reconquer Iraq. It was then he defeated the Tawwabin at Ayn al-Warda. After their disastrous defeat at Marj Rahit, the Qays had regrouped in the Jazira and had hampered Ibn Ziyad's efforts to reconquer the province for a year. They

1308:, a Mudarite, as governor of Khurasan. Ibn Khazim recognized Ibn al-Zubayr but was overwhelmed by the Rabi'a–Mudar feuds. The Rabi'a opposed Zubayrid rule due to their hatred of the Mudarite Ibn Khazim, who ultimately suppressed them, but soon after faced rebellion from his erstwhile allies from the 1246:

expelled the Zubayrid governor of Egypt with the help of local tribes. The Zubayrid attack on Palestine led by Mus'ab was repulsed, but an Umayyad campaign to retake the Hejaz was defeated near Medina. Marwan dispatched Ibn Ziyad to restore Umayyad control in Iraq. After Marwan died in April 685, he

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to elect a new caliph. At first, Yazid tried placating him by sending gifts and delegations in an attempt to reach a settlement. After Ibn al-Zubayr's refusal to recognize him, Yazid sent a force led by Ibn al-Zubayr's estranged brother Amr to arrest him. The force was defeated and Amr was executed.

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After winning the war, Abd al-Malik enacted significant administrative changes in the caliphate. Mu'awiya had ruled through personal connections with individuals loyal to him and did not rely on his relatives. Although he had developed a highly trained army of Syrians, it was only deployed in raids

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in March 692. The siege lasted for six to seven months; the bulk of Ibn al-Zubayr's forces surrendered and he was killed fighting alongside his remaining partisans in October/November. With his death, the Hejaz came under Umayyad control, marking the end of the civil war. Soon afterwards, the Najda

1335:

During his revolt, Ibn al-Zubayr had allied with the Kharijites, who opposed the Umayyads and the Alids. After claiming the caliphate, he denounced their religious views and refused to accept their form of governance, which led to the breakup of their alliance. A group of Kharijites went to Basra,

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writes that contentions over the leadership of the Muslim community had not been settled in the First Fitna and resurfaced with the death of Mu'awiya in April 680. Before his death, Mu'awiya cautioned Yazid that Husayn and Ibn al-Zubayr might challenge his rule and instructed him to defeat them if

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Abd al-Malik made key reforms in the administrative structure of the caliphate, including increasing caliphal power, restructuring the army, and Arabizing and Islamizing the bureaucracy. The events of the Second Fitna intensified sectarian tendencies in Islam, and various doctrines were developed

1679:

ascribed to Muhammad during Ibn al-Zubayr's lifetime—quarrels over the caliphate after the death of a caliph (Mu'awiya I), escape of the Mahdi from Medina to Mecca, taking refuge in the Ka'aba, defeat of an army sent against him by a person whose maternal tribe is Banu Kalb (Yazid I), Mahdi's

1018:

Husayn had considerable support in Kufa. The inhabitants of the town had fought the Umayyads and their Syrian allies during the First Fitna. They were dissatisfied with Hasan's abdication and strongly resented Umayyad rule. After the death of Hasan in 669, they had attempted unsuccessfully to

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there. Mukhtar and his remaining supporters took refuge in Kufa's palace, where they were besieged by Mus'ab. Four months later in April 687, Mukhtar was killed while attempting a sortie. Some 6,000 of his supporters surrendered, whom Mus'ab executed under pressure from Ibn al-Ash'ath's son

1799:

in 683, the resulting power vacuum caused the resumption of the anti-government activities of militant Kharijites, which in many cases consisted of raids against settled areas. Internal disputes and fragmentation weakened them considerably before their defeat by the Umayyad governor

940:

as his successor. In 676, he announced his nomination of Yazid. With no precedence in Islamic history, hereditary succession aroused opposition from different quarters and the nomination was considered the corruption of the caliphate into a monarchy. Mu'awiya summoned a

899:, broke away in protest, condemning his acceptance of arbitration as blasphemous. Arbitration could not settle the dispute between Mu'awiya and Ali. The latter was assassinated by a Kharijite in January 661, after Ali's forces had killed most of the Kharijites at the 1680:

recognition by the righteous people of Syria and Iraq—which then became characteristics of the Mahdi who was to appear in the future to restore the old glory of the Islamic community. This idea subsequently developed into an established doctrine in Islam.

1312:. The inter-tribal warfare over control of Khurasan continued for several years and Ibn Khazim was killed in 691. Ibn al-Zubayr's authority in these areas had been nominal, particularly in Khurasan where Ibn Khazim ruled with virtual independence. 1549:

With the victory of Abd al-Malik, Umayyad authority was restored and hereditary rule in the caliphate was solidified. Abd al-Malik and his descendants, in two cases his nephews, ruled for another fifty-eight years, before being overthrown by the

1523:

in 689. Instead of heading directly to Mecca, Hajjaj established himself in Ta'if and bested the Zubayrids in several skirmishes. In the meantime, Syrian forces captured Medina from its Zubayrid governor, later marching to aid Hajjaj, who

935:

writes: "The only precedents available to Mu'āwiya from Islamic history were election and civil war. The former was unworkable; the latter had obvious drawbacks." Mu'awiya wanted to settle the issue in his lifetime by designating his son

1637:

The death of Husayn produced widespread outcry and helped crystallize opposition to Yazid into an anti-Umayyad movement based on Alid aspirations. The Battle of Karbala contributed to the definitive break between what later became the

1402:, while declaring himself his representative. The defeat of the Tawwabin left him as the leader of the Kufan pro-Alids. In October 685, Mukhtar and his supporters, a significant number of whom consisted of local, non-Arab converts ( 1663:

concepts that influenced the later development of Shi'ism. The Abbasids exploited the underground network of Kaysanite propagandists during their revolution and the most numerous among their supporters were Shi'a and non-Arabs.

1712:

in the sense of test of faith of the believers, especially as a Divine punishment for sinful behavior. Historically, it came to mean civil war or rebellion which causes rifts in the unified community and endangers believers'

1472:. Nonetheless, he led two abortive campaigns in Iraq (689 and 690), and instigated a failed anti-Zubayrid revolt in Basra through his agents. Abd al-Malik's Basran supporters were severely repressed by Mus'ab in retaliation. 1039:, a desert plain north of Kufa. Some 4,000 troops arrived later to force his submission to Yazid. After a few days of negotiations and his refusal to submit, Husayn was killed along with some 70 of his male companions in the 1139:

ruler of the Hejaz and the rest of Arabia, and he openly declared himself caliph. Soon afterwards, he was recognized in Egypt, as well as in Iraq where the Umayyad governor Ibn Ziyad had been expelled by the tribal nobility

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The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XX: The Collapse of Sufyānid Authority and the Coming of the Marwānids: The Caliphates of Muʿāwiyah II and Marwān I and the Beginning of the Caliphate of ʿAbd al-Malik, A.D. 683–685/A.H.

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The weakening of central authority resulted in the outbreak of tribal factionalism and rivalries that the Arab emigrants of the Muslim armies had brought with them in the conquered lands. Talha's successor, who was from

961:, all of whom, by virtue of their descent, could also lay claim to the caliphal office, opposed the nomination. Mu'awiya's threats and the general recognition of Yazid throughout the caliphate forced them into silence. 1646:

denominations of Islam. This event catalyzed the transformation of Shi'ism, which hitherto had been a political stance, into a religious phenomenon. To this day it is commemorated each year by Shi'a Muslims on the

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on the throne. Ibn Ziyad convinced Marwan to put forward his own candidacy as Khalid was considered too young for the post by the non-Kalbites in the pro-Umayyad coalition. Marwan was acknowledged as caliph in a

1575:

or the Byzantines retained their positions. The native languages of the provinces continued to be used officially, and Byzantine and Sasanian coinage was used in the formerly Byzantine and Sasanian territories.

1116:

caught fire. Yazid's sudden death in November ended the campaign. After trying unsuccessfully to persuade Ibn al-Zubayr to accompany him to Syria and be declared caliph there, Ibn Numayr left with his troops.

895:. The battle ended in a stalemate in July 657 when Ali's forces refused to fight in response to Mu'awiya's calls for arbitration. Ali reluctantly agreed to talks, but a faction of his forces, later called the 766:, where Ibn al-Zubayr had established himself in opposition to Yazid. After Yazid died in November the siege was abandoned, and Umayyad authority collapsed throughout the caliphate except in certain parts of 1567:, rather than government officials, were the intermediaries between the provincial governors and the public. The military units in the provinces were derived from local tribes whose command also fell to the 1824:

Despite being awarded equality by Islam, most local converts were often treated as second-class citizens. They paid higher taxes than Arabs, were paid lower military salaries and were deprived of war booty.

1340:

in his opposition to Yazid. Ibn al-Zubayr denied him a prominent official position, which they had agreed upon earlier. In April 684, Mukhtar deserted him and went on to incite pro-Alid sentiment in Kufa.

1209:

was also leaning toward Ibn al-Zubayr. Moreover, many Umayyads, including Marwan ibn al-Hakam, the most senior among them at the time, were willing to recognize him. Pro-Umayyad tribes, particularly the

931:

The treaty brought a temporary peace, but no framework of succession was established. As it had in the past, the issue of succession could potentially lead to problems in the future. The orientalist

1571:. Provinces retained much of the tax revenue and forwarded a small portion to the caliph. The former administrative system of the conquered lands was left intact. Officials who had served under the 1412:, whom he awarded equal status with the Arabs, resulted in rebellion of the Arab tribal nobility. After crushing the rebellion, Mukhtar executed Kufans involved in the killing of Husayn, including 517: 4682: 969:

they did. Ibn al-Zubayr, in particular, was considered dangerous and was to be treated harshly, unless he came to terms. Upon his succession, Yazid charged the governor of Medina, his cousin

1655:

by redressing their grievances. Before then, non-Arab Muslims had not played any significant political role. Despite its immediate political failure, Mukhtar's movement was survived by the

4687: 1300: 1061:

Following Husayn's death, Yazid faced increased opposition to his rule from Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr, a son of Muhammad's companion Zubayr ibn al-Awwam and a grandson of the first caliph

1675:

was lost. In this atmosphere, Ibn al-Zubayr's role as the anti-caliph shaped the later development of the concept of the Mahdi. Some aspects of his career were already formulated into

3368: 510: 1408:), overthrew Ibn al-Zubayr's governor and seized control of Kufa. His control extended to most of Iraq and parts of north-western Iran. His preferential treatment of the 1475:

After entering a truce with the Byzantines and overcoming internal dissent, Abd al-Malik returned his attention to Iraq. In 691, he besieged the Qaysite stronghold of

1242:

Marwan's accession was a turning point as Syria was reunited under the Umayyads and the Umayyads' focus was turned to regaining lost territories. Marwan and his son

770:; most provinces recognized Ibn al-Zubayr as caliph. A series of pro-Alid movements demanding revenge for Husayn's death emerged in Kufa, beginning with Ibn Surad's 503: 1398:

Since his return to Kufa, Mukhtar had been calling for revenge against Husayn's killers and the establishment of an Alid caliphate in the name of Ali's son

1599:

between the Arab tribes of Syria and the Jazira developed. It was paralleled in the division and rivalry between the Mudar, led by the Banu Tamim, and the

1651:. This period also saw the end of purely Arab Shi'ism in the revolt of Mukhtar al-Thaqafi, who mobilized the marginalized and socioeconomically exploited 1480:

in Arabia, Iraq and Persia following the collapse of central authority as a result of the civil war. In eastern Iraq and Persia, a Kharijite faction, the

945:

in Damascus and persuaded representatives from various provinces by diplomacy and bribes. The sons of a few of Muhammad's prominent companions including

1376:(Upper Mesopotamia). The battle lasted for three days during which most of the Tawwabin, including Ibn Surad, were killed, while a few escaped to Kufa. 1101:, and the city was plundered for three days. Having forced the rebels to renew their allegiance, Yazid's army headed for Mecca to subdue Ibn al-Zubayr. 4314: 398: 1364:

A few prominent Alid supporters in Kufa seeking to atone for their failure to assist Husayn, which they considered a sin, launched a movement under

984:, "... tensions and pressures which had been suppressed by Mu'awiya came to the surface during Yazid's caliphate and erupted after his death, when 1222:

was related in marriage to the Sufyanid caliphs, and his tribe had held a privileged position under them. He wanted to see Yazid's younger son

1424:

to confront an approaching Umayyad army, led by Ibn Ziyad, which had been sent to reconquer the province. The Umayyad army was routed at the

1615:

writes: "As late as the nineteenth century, battles were still being fought in Palestine between groups calling themselves Qays and Yaman".

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in August 686, Mukhtar and his supporters were slain by the Zubayrids in April 687 following a series of battles. Under the leadership of

4535: 1529:

Kharijites were defeated by Hajjaj. The Azariqa and other Kharijite factions remained active in Iraq until their suppression in 696–699.

1160: 1023:

of Kufa once again invited Husayn to lead them in revolt against Yazid. To assess the situation, the Mecca-based Husayn sent his cousin

3628: 3683: 1795:, they wanted a return to the pre-Islamic tribal society. The Umayyad governors kept them in check, but after the death of Caliph 1488:

away to guard Basra from the Kharijites, Mus'ab was unable to effectively counter Abd al-Malik. He was defeated and killed at the

1587:

and established a fixed salary for active servicemen. Abd al-Malik's model was adopted by many Muslim governments that followed.

907:

became caliph, but Mu'awiya challenged his authority and invaded Iraq. In August, Hasan abdicated the caliphate to Mu'awiya in a

973:, to secure allegiance from Husayn, Ibn al-Zubayr and Ibn Umar, with force if necessary. Walid sought the advice of his kinsman 4307: 391: 1436:

between Basra and Kufa. Mukhtar's army retreated to Harura, a village near Kufa but was annihilated by Mus'ab's forces in the

1336:

the rest to central Arabia, and began destabilizing his rule. Until then he had been supported by the pro-Alid Kufan nobleman

4464: 4429: 4202: 4112: 3960: 3892: 3868: 3820: 3775: 3524: 3396: 1181:

became caliph, but his authority was limited to certain parts of Syria. Mu'awiya II died after a few months with no suitable

1275:, who captured Ibn Ziyad's brother Abu Ubayda. Yazid ibn Ziyad attacked the Zunbil but was defeated and killed. His brother 1512: 3925: 1239:

in August. The pro-Zubayrid Qays under Dahhak's leadership were slaughtered and many of their senior leaders were slain.

4098: 4023: 3946: 3712: 3657: 3602: 730:, the Islamic community experienced its first civil war over the question of leadership, with the main contenders being 121: 4658: 1086: 635: 857:, refused to recognize Ali. They called for revenge against Uthman's killers and the election of a new caliph through 742:

the same year, Mu'awiya became the sole ruler of the caliphate. Mu'awiya's unprecedented decision to nominate his son

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as his heir sparked opposition, and tensions soared after Mu'awiya's death. Husayn ibn Ali was invited by the pro-

4047: 650: 3695: 3640: 4454: 4439: 4137: 4002: 3750: 1305: 1283:, which comprised present-day northern Iran as well as parts of Central Asia and present-day Afghanistan, sent 1028: 891:

to which Uthman belonged, also denounced Ali's legitimacy as caliph, and the two confronted each other at the

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in January 685. Kufa was then taken over by Mukhtar. Though his forces routed a large Umayyad army at the

1623: 1206: 1105: 249: 1537: 1499:

against Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr, who had been cornered in the Hejaz by another Kharijite faction led by

1299:. Tribal feuds consequently ensued, which continued at least until the arrival of the Zubayrid governor 1027:, who gained widespread support in Kufa and suggested Husayn join his sympathizers there. Yazid removed 4459: 4230: 4129: 1862: 1429: 1236: 1172: 1149: 607: 474: 4474: 1416:, the commander of the army that had killed Husayn. As a result of these measures, thousands of Kufan 4640: 4588: 4368: 4085: 3933: 1399: 958: 691:

in 680, and lasted for about twelve years. The war involved the suppression of two challenges to the

457: 1089:, and the Umayyads residing in the city. Yazid dispatched a 12,000-strong army under the command of 4469: 3812:

The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XIX: The Caliphate of Yazīd ibn Muʿāwiyah, A.D. 680–683/A.H. 60–64

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against the Byzantines. Domestically he relied upon his diplomatic skills to enforce his will. The

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The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century

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It was during this period, especially following the Battle of Marj Rahit, that the longstanding

4618: 4560: 4489: 4224: 1764: 1596: 1584: 1485: 1449:. Mukhtar's fall left the Umayyads and the Zubayrids as the remaining belligerents in the war. 1369: 1359: 1243: 1182: 775: 574: 434: 293: 4010: 1495:

Having secured Iraq, and consequently most of its dependencies, Abd al-Malik sent his general

1235:

in June 684. Pro-Zubayrid tribes refused to recognize Marwan and the two sides clashed at the

38: 4677: 4479: 3815:. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. 3770:. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. 3374: 1421: 1082: 1032: 846: 564: 339: 281: 185: 43:

Territorial control by the contenders to the caliphate during the peak of the civil war (686)

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Black Banners from the East: The Establishment of the ʻAbbāsid State: Incubation of a Revolt

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and had support in Damascus. They were determined to install an Umayyad. The Kalbite chief

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The dependencies of Iraq constituted all of the northern and eastern provinces, including

786:, the Umayyads reasserted control over the caliphate after defeating the Zubayrids at the 8: 4570: 4168: 1500: 1186: 868: 850: 759: 4274: 1287:

as the new governor of Sijistan. Talha ransomed Abu Ubayda but died shortly afterwards.

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to overthrow the Umayyads but was killed with his small company en route to Kufa at the

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With the demise of Yazid and the withdrawal of Syrian troops, Ibn al-Zubayr was now

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went on to reject any form of non-Kharijite government. According to the historian

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as governor due to his inaction over Ibn Aqil's activities and replaced him with

1024: 978: 888: 819: 723: 708: 692: 628: 158: 1193:

tribes supported Ibn al-Zubayr, as did the governors of the Syrian districts of

1085:, renounced their allegiance to Yazid and expelled the governor, Yazid's cousin 4623: 4613: 4348: 4093: 4081: 4018: 4014: 3941: 3929: 3707: 3699: 3652: 3644: 3597: 3593: 3510: 3486: 1660: 1639: 1276: 1215: 1198: 1144:). Coins bearing Ibn al-Zubayr's name were minted in parts of southern Persia ( 1097:(western Arabia). After failed negotiations, the Medinese were defeated in the 946: 696: 660: 585: 302: 3860:

The Great Arab Conquests: How the Spread of Islam Changed the World We Live In

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interest Husayn in revolting against Mu'awiya. After the latter died, the pro-

4671: 4494: 4338: 4284: 4262: 4089: 4037: 4006: 3970: 3916: 3902: 3785: 3760: 3726: 3703: 3687: 3679: 3671: 3648: 3632: 3624: 3616: 3589: 3478: 3427: 1648: 1202: 981: 932: 904: 884: 767: 739: 688: 676:

was a period of general political and military disorder and civil war in the

579: 235: 228: 218: 168: 72: 1722:

Political supporters of Ali and his descendants (Alids). The religious sect

1164:

Approximate map of areas under Ibn al-Zubayr's influence after the death of

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in November 656, thereupon moving his capital to the Iraqi garrison town of

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The Armies of the Caliphs: Military and Society in the Early Islamic State

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The Second Fitna also gave rise to the idea of the Islamic Messiah, the

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in September 683. The siege lasted for several weeks, during which the

880: 803: 539: 440: 135: 1611:. The division persisted long after the Umayyads' fall; the historian 1014:

depicted by Abbas Al-Musavi, late 19th century to early 20th century.

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tribe, was soon driven out by the Rabi'a's tribal opponents from the

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Madelung, Wilferd (1981). "ʿAbd Allāh b. al-Zubayr and the Mahdi".

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was independently ruled by the Banu Juland, while the situation in

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and contributing to the Umayyads' final fall at the hands of the

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About the time of caliph Yazid's death, the Umayyad governor of

4654: 4583: 4550: 4525: 4419: 4153:(in German). Wiesbaden: Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft. 3423: 1676: 1631: 1627: 1433: 1323: 1268: 1232: 843: 823: 815: 727: 685: 376: 67: 3293: 3224: 911:, thus ending the First Fitna. The capital was transferred to 867:. Ali emerged victorious against these early opponents at the 4683:

Wars of succession involving the states and peoples of Africa

4565: 4545: 4540: 2871: 2390: 2295: 2215: 2188: 2104: 2080: 1842: 1668: 1659:, a radical Shi'a sect, who introduced novel theological and 1542: 1403: 1296: 1094: 1073: 1020: 872: 859: 747: 677: 213: 128: 3791:

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of pro-Umayyad tribes summoned to the Kalbite stronghold of

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Wars of succession involving the states and peoples of Asia

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Die religiös-politischen Oppositionsparteien im alten Islam

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Islamic Messianism: The Idea of Mahdi in Twelver Shi'ism

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The Umayyad Caliphate, 65–86/684–705 (a Political Study)

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Slaves on Horses: The Evolution of the Islamic Polity

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After Yazid's death, his son and nominated successor

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Muhammad and the Believers, at the Origins of Islam

3113: 3029: 2966: 2907: 2883: 2789: 2669: 2633: 2539: 2524: 1994: 1804:after the caliphate had been reunited under Caliph 4177:. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. 4150:Die Umayyaden und der zweite Bürgerkrieg (680–692) 3738: 2554: 1428:in August 686 and Ibn Ziyad was killed. In Basra, 1185:(Umayyads of the line of Mu'awiya; descendants of 927:The main campaigns and battles of the Second Fitna 1046: 830:, a cousin and son-in-law of the Islamic prophet 4669: 3365:Abu Dawood, Sulaymān ibn al-Ash'ath al-Sijistani 1503:. Najda had established an independent state in 1189:) candidate to succeed him. The northern Syrian 1155: 3403:. Vol. 14. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation 1379: 1104:Ibn Uqba died on the way and command passed to 863:(consultation). These events precipitated the 4308: 3924:Lammens, Henri & Pellat, Charles (1993). 3923: 3863:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Da Capo Press. 2853: 1708:, meaning trial or temptation) occurs in the 1304:departure in the summer of 684, he appointed 684:. It followed the death of the first Umayyad 511: 392: 4322: 3516:The Ismāʿı̄lı̄s: Their History and Doctrines 3419:Sociology of Shiʿite Islam: Collected Essays 4107:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 1230–1238. 4032:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 1163–1169. 1726:emerged from this party of Alid supporters. 996: 774:, which was crushed by the Umayyads at the 738:in 661 and the abdication of his successor 240:Shurahabil ibn Dhi'l Kala al-Himyari 4315: 4301: 4269: 4247: 4099:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 4024:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 3947:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 3713:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 3658:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 3603:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 3363: 3299: 3230: 3170: 2945: 2877: 2771: 2723: 2651: 2615: 2603: 2401: 2340: 2316: 2301: 2221: 2197: 2158: 2110: 2086: 2059: 2020: 1452: 822:in 656, the rebels and the townspeople of 718:The roots of the civil war go back to the 518: 504: 399: 385: 4167: 3955:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 649–650. 3611:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 930–931. 3519:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3495:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3272: 1619:Sectarian and eschatological developments 1557: 790:in Iraq and killing Ibn al-Zubayr in the 762:in Medina in August 683 and subsequently 4121: 4075: 4044: 3997: 3741:Shi'a Islam: From Religion to Revolution 3448: 3415: 3391: 3335: 3323: 3311: 3287: 3260: 3245: 2032: 1622: 1536: 1420:fled to Basra. He then sent his general 1314: 1159: 1006: 991: 922: 4226:The Formative Period of Islamic Thought 3901: 3877: 3853: 3829: 3784: 3759: 3721:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 76–77. 3666:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 54–55. 3509: 3347: 3218: 3206: 3194: 3182: 3158: 3146: 3134: 3095: 3083: 3071: 3059: 3047: 3023: 3011: 2999: 2960: 2933: 2783: 2747: 2711: 2687: 2663: 2579: 2518: 2506: 2491: 2413: 2384: 2367: 2355: 2328: 2248: 2182: 2170: 2146: 2098: 2074: 2047: 1925: 1076:, though publicly he only called for a 842:belonged), led by Muhammad's prominent 4670: 4191: 4146: 3808: 3580: 3552: 2901: 2865: 2699: 2627: 2467: 2443: 2289: 2277: 2265: 2233: 2209: 2134: 2122: 1988: 1973: 1961: 1949: 1937: 1906: 1889: 1818: 699:, as well as his supporters including 16:Umayyad-era Muslim civil war (680–692) 4296: 3969: 3678: 3623: 3533: 3485: 3397:"The Concept of Mahdi in Sunni Islam" 3107: 3035: 2987: 2975: 2916: 2889: 2838: 2826: 2814: 2802: 2759: 2735: 2675: 2639: 2591: 2548: 2533: 2479: 2455: 2428: 2005: 1344: 988:authority was temporarily eclipsed." 918: 499: 380: 4219: 3733: 3122: 2560: 1349: 1254: 1705: 798:within what would later become the 13: 3839:. London and New York: Routledge. 1301:Abd al-Aziz ibn Abd Allah ibn Amir 1121:Counter-caliphate of Ibn al-Zubayr 1087:Uthman ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Sufyan 14: 4699: 724:assassination of the third caliph 4653: 3457:; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; 1545:allegedly depicting Abd al-Malik 760:assaulted anti-government rebels 608:Revolt of Muhammad the Pure Soul 406: 234: 227: 217: 167: 37: 4048:Journal of Near Eastern Studies 3534:Dixon, Abd al-Ameer A. (1971). 3471:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_22164 1827: 1810: 1782: 1770: 1745: 1729: 1590: 1067: 707:who rallied for his revenge in 4480:Revolt of Yazid b. al-Muhallab 4465:Second siege of Constantinople 4455:Muslim conquest of Transoxiana 4440:Muslim conquest of the Maghreb 3809:Howard, I. K. A., ed. (1990). 3465:(3rd ed.). Brill Online. 1716: 1690: 1330: 1306:Abd Allah ibn Khazim al-Sulami 1285:Talha ibn Abd Allah al-Khuza'i 1205:, while the Damascus governor 1047:Opposition in Mecca and Medina 565:Revolt of Yazid b. al-Muhallab 1: 4430:First siege of Constantinople 4276:The Arab Kingdom and Its Fall 1872: 1271:in the eastern dependency of 1156:Struggle for control of Syria 971:Walid ibn Utba ibn Abi Sufyan 809: 758:in October 680. Yazid's army 656:Kharijite Rebellion (866–896) 4510:Umayyad rule in North Africa 4450:Umayyad conquest of Hispania 1877: 1763:hegemony in Syria under the 1532: 1380:Revolt of Mukhtar al-Thaqafi 1263:(present-day eastern Iran), 1214:, dominated the district of 734:and Mu'awiya. Following the 7: 1267:, faced a rebellion of the 1029:Nu'man ibn Bashir al-Ansari 680:community during the early 250:Al-Hurr ibn Yazid Al-Tamimi 10: 4704: 4485:Revolt of Harith b. Surayj 4460:Umayyad campaigns in India 4231:Edinburgh University Press 4130:Cambridge University Press 4122:Madelung, Wilferd (1997). 4076:Madelung, Wilferd (1986). 3629:"ʿAbd Allāh ibn al-Zubayr" 3538:. London, England: Luzac. 3416:Arjomand, Saïd A. (2016). 3356: 1456: 1383: 1353: 1279:, the Umayyad governor of 1173:Battle of Marj Rahit (684) 1170: 1124: 1050: 1000: 959:Abd al-Rahman ibn Abi Bakr 570:Revolt of Harith b. Surayj 4651: 4641:Painting of the Six Kings 4599: 4518: 4412: 4331: 3684:"ʿAbd al-Malik b. Marwān" 3449:Campbell, Sandra (2009). 2854:Lammens & Pellat 1993 1400:Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya 1247:was succeeded by his son 535: 416: 142: 107: 47: 36: 28: 23: 4624:Great Mosque of Damascus 4470:Umayyad invasion of Gaul 4445:Revolt of Ibn al-Ash'ath 3564:Harvard University Press 3451:"ʿAbdallāh b. al-Zubayr" 1683: 997:Revolt of Husayn ibn Ali 806:denominations of Islam. 618:Qays–Yaman war (793–796) 555:Revolt of Ibn al-Ash'ath 362:Najda ibn Amir al-Hanafi 4229:. Edinburgh, Scotland: 4169:Sachedina, Abdulaziz A. 4147:Rotter, Gernot (1982). 3981:Oxford University Press 3908:Le Califat de Yazid Ier 1806:Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan 1776:After deserting Caliph 1757:Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr 1453:Victory of the Umayyads 1430:Muhammad ibn al-Ash'ath 1131:Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr 951:Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr 853:, and Muhammad's widow 820:assassination by rebels 814:After the third caliph 784:Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan 713:Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr 257:Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr 233:Khawli ibn Yazid 4619:Great Mosque of Aleppo 4475:Second Arab–Khazar War 4128:. Cambridge, England: 3463:Encyclopaedia of Islam 1634: 1558:Administrative changes 1546: 1486:Muhallab ibn Abi Sufra 1370:Battle of Ayn al-Warda 1360:Battle of Ayn al-Warda 1327: 1168: 1015: 928: 887:, and a member of the 834:, caliph. Most of the 776:Battle of Ayn al-Warda 458:Ibn al-Zubayr's Revolt 294:Muhallab ibn Abi Sufra 143:Commanders and leaders 4589:Arab–Sasanian coinage 4490:Revolt of Zayd b. Ali 3926:"Mus'ab b. al-Zubayr" 3401:Encyclopaedia Iranica 1759:out of opposition to 1626: 1579:The defection of the 1540: 1422:Ibrahim ibn al-Ashtar 1318: 1163: 1083:Abd Allah ibn Hanzala 1033:Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad 1010: 992:Revolts against Yazid 926: 847:Talha ibn Ubayd Allah 575:Revolt of Zayd b. Ali 340:Ibrahim ibn al-Ashtar 282:Ibrahim ibn al-Ashtar 186:Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad 4609:Umayyad architecture 2494:, pp. 239, 241. 1519:in 688 and occupied 1463:Siege of Mecca (692) 1237:Battle of Marj Rahit 1057:Siege of Mecca (683) 736:assassination of Ali 711:, and the second by 529:the early Caliphates 270:Mus'ab ibn al-Zubayr 4571:al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf 4221:Watt, W. Montgomery 3326:, pp. 134–136. 3302:, pp. 509–510. 3233:, pp. 504–506. 2880:, pp. 188–189. 2856:, pp. 649–650. 2829:, pp. 127–129. 2817:, pp. 126–127. 2630:, pp. 104–105. 2458:, pp. 105–108. 2431:, pp. 104–105. 2416:, pp. 162–163. 2404:, pp. 185–186. 2304:, pp. 168–169. 2280:, pp. 181–182. 2236:, pp. 180–181. 2224:, pp. 152–156. 2200:, pp. 148–150. 2113:, pp. 145–146. 2089:, pp. 141–145. 1952:, pp. 161–162. 1940:, pp. 157–159. 1541:First Umayyad gold 1043:on 10 October 680. 975:Marwan ibn al-Hakam 903:. Ali's eldest son 869:Battle of the Camel 851:Zubayr ibn al-Awwam 560:Revolt of al-Ashdaq 450:Madhar & Harura 4561:Qays–Yaman rivalry 4505:Abbasid Revolution 4271:Wellhausen, Julius 4249:Wellhausen, Julius 3786:Hawting, Gerald R. 3696:Lévi-Provençal, E. 3641:Lévi-Provençal, E. 3453:. 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P. 3920: 3898: 3874: 3850: 3826: 3805: 3781: 3756: 3744: 3730: 3675: 3620: 3577: 3549: 3530: 3506: 3482: 3445: 3412: 3410: 3408: 3388: 3351: 3345: 3339: 3333: 3327: 3321: 3315: 3309: 3303: 3297: 3291: 3285: 3276: 3270: 3264: 3258: 3249: 3243: 3234: 3228: 3222: 3216: 3210: 3204: 3198: 3192: 3186: 3180: 3174: 3168: 3162: 3156: 3150: 3144: 3138: 3132: 3126: 3120: 3111: 3105: 3099: 3093: 3087: 3081: 3075: 3069: 3063: 3057: 3051: 3045: 3039: 3033: 3027: 3021: 3015: 3009: 3003: 2997: 2991: 2985: 2979: 2973: 2964: 2958: 2949: 2943: 2937: 2931: 2920: 2914: 2905: 2899: 2893: 2887: 2881: 2875: 2869: 2863: 2857: 2851: 2842: 2836: 2830: 2824: 2818: 2812: 2806: 2800: 2787: 2781: 2775: 2769: 2763: 2757: 2751: 2745: 2739: 2733: 2727: 2721: 2715: 2709: 2703: 2697: 2691: 2685: 2679: 2673: 2667: 2661: 2655: 2649: 2643: 2637: 2631: 2625: 2619: 2613: 2607: 2601: 2595: 2589: 2583: 2577: 2564: 2558: 2552: 2546: 2537: 2531: 2522: 2516: 2510: 2504: 2495: 2489: 2483: 2477: 2471: 2465: 2459: 2453: 2447: 2441: 2432: 2426: 2417: 2411: 2405: 2399: 2388: 2382: 2371: 2365: 2359: 2353: 2344: 2338: 2332: 2326: 2320: 2314: 2305: 2299: 2293: 2287: 2281: 2275: 2269: 2263: 2252: 2246: 2237: 2231: 2225: 2219: 2213: 2207: 2201: 2195: 2186: 2180: 2174: 2168: 2162: 2156: 2150: 2144: 2138: 2132: 2126: 2120: 2114: 2108: 2102: 2096: 2090: 2084: 2078: 2072: 2063: 2057: 2051: 2045: 2036: 2030: 2024: 2018: 2009: 2003: 1992: 1986: 1977: 1971: 1965: 1959: 1953: 1947: 1941: 1935: 1929: 1923: 1910: 1904: 1893: 1887: 1866: 1831: 1825: 1822: 1816: 1814: 1812: 1802:Hajjaj ibn Yusuf 1786: 1784: 1774: 1768: 1749: 1743: 1733: 1727: 1720: 1714: 1707: 1694: 1497:Hajjaj ibn Yusuf 1492:in October 691. 1490:Battle of Maskin 1459:Battle of Maskin 1426:Battle of Khazir 1394:Battle of Harura 1390:Battle of Khazir 1326:of Ibn al-Zubayr 1071: 1069: 893:Battle of Siffin 788:Battle of Maskin 780:Battle of Khazir 613:Battle of Fakhkh 530: 520: 513: 506: 497: 496: 411: 401: 394: 387: 378: 377: 370: 358: 336: 324: 312: 290: 278: 266: 246: 238: 231: 221: 210:Hajjaj ibn Yusuf 206: 194: 171: 49: 48: 41: 21: 20: 4703: 4702: 4698: 4697: 4696: 4694: 4693: 4692: 4668: 4667: 4666: 4661: 4647: 4595: 4531:Umayyad dynasty 4514: 4408: 4327: 4321: 4291: 4241: 4213: 4185: 4161: 4140: 4115: 4082:Bosworth, C. E. 3991: 3963: 3930:Bosworth, C. E. 3895: 3871: 3847: 3823: 3802: 3778: 3753: 3574: 3554:Donner, Fred M. 3546: 3527: 3511:Daftary, Farhad 3503: 3487:Crone, Patricia 3459:Rowson, Everett 3442: 3406: 3404: 3385: 3370:Sunan Abu Dawud 3359: 3354: 3346: 3342: 3334: 3330: 3322: 3318: 3310: 3306: 3300:Abu Dawood 2008 3298: 3294: 3290:, p. 1164. 3286: 3279: 3271: 3267: 3263:, p. 1231. 3259: 3252: 3244: 3237: 3231:Wellhausen 1927 3229: 3225: 3217: 3213: 3205: 3201: 3193: 3189: 3181: 3177: 3171:Wellhausen 1901 3169: 3165: 3157: 3153: 3145: 3141: 3133: 3129: 3121: 3114: 3106: 3102: 3094: 3090: 3082: 3078: 3070: 3066: 3058: 3054: 3046: 3042: 3034: 3030: 3022: 3018: 3010: 3006: 2998: 2994: 2986: 2982: 2974: 2967: 2959: 2952: 2946:Wellhausen 1927 2944: 2940: 2932: 2923: 2915: 2908: 2900: 2896: 2888: 2884: 2878:Wellhausen 1927 2876: 2872: 2864: 2860: 2852: 2845: 2837: 2833: 2825: 2821: 2813: 2809: 2801: 2790: 2782: 2778: 2772:Wellhausen 1927 2770: 2766: 2758: 2754: 2746: 2742: 2734: 2730: 2724:Wellhausen 1901 2722: 2718: 2710: 2706: 2698: 2694: 2686: 2682: 2674: 2670: 2662: 2658: 2652:Wellhausen 1901 2650: 2646: 2638: 2634: 2626: 2622: 2616:Wellhausen 1901 2614: 2610: 2604:Wellhausen 1901 2602: 2598: 2590: 2586: 2578: 2567: 2559: 2555: 2547: 2540: 2532: 2525: 2517: 2513: 2505: 2498: 2490: 2486: 2478: 2474: 2466: 2462: 2454: 2450: 2442: 2435: 2427: 2420: 2412: 2408: 2402:Wellhausen 1927 2400: 2391: 2383: 2374: 2366: 2362: 2354: 2347: 2341:Wellhausen 1927 2339: 2335: 2327: 2323: 2317:Wellhausen 1927 2315: 2308: 2302:Wellhausen 1927 2300: 2296: 2288: 2284: 2276: 2272: 2264: 2255: 2247: 2240: 2232: 2228: 2222:Wellhausen 1927 2220: 2216: 2208: 2204: 2198:Wellhausen 1927 2196: 2189: 2181: 2177: 2169: 2165: 2159:Wellhausen 1901 2157: 2153: 2145: 2141: 2137:, pp. 5–7. 2133: 2129: 2125:, pp. 2–3. 2121: 2117: 2111:Wellhausen 1927 2109: 2105: 2101:, pp. 5–6. 2097: 2093: 2087:Wellhausen 1927 2085: 2081: 2073: 2066: 2060:Wellhausen 1927 2058: 2054: 2046: 2039: 2031: 2027: 2021:Wellhausen 1927 2019: 2012: 2004: 1995: 1987: 1980: 1972: 1968: 1960: 1956: 1948: 1944: 1936: 1932: 1924: 1913: 1905: 1896: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1875: 1870: 1869: 1832: 1828: 1823: 1819: 1809: 1793:Montgomery Watt 1781: 1775: 1771: 1750: 1746: 1734: 1730: 1721: 1717: 1695: 1691: 1686: 1621: 1597:Qays–Kalb split 1593: 1585:early conquests 1560: 1535: 1465: 1457:Main articles: 1455: 1396: 1384:Main articles: 1382: 1362: 1354:Main articles: 1352: 1347: 1333: 1265:Yazid ibn Ziyad 1257: 1207:Dahhak ibn Qays 1175: 1158: 1133: 1125:Main articles: 1123: 1091:Muslim ibn Uqba 1066: 1059: 1051:Main articles: 1049: 1025:Muslim ibn Aqil 1005: 999: 994: 921: 812: 695:, the first by 693:Umayyad dynasty 670: 665: 531: 528: 526: 524: 494: 489: 412: 407: 405: 366: 360: 354: 338: 332: 326: 320: 314: 308: 292: 286: 280: 274: 268: 262: 248: 242: 239: 232: 222: 212: 208: 202: 196: 190: 184: 178: 172: 162: 159:Muslim ibn Uqba 156: 88: 87: 42: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4701: 4691: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4663: 4662: 4652: 4649: 4648: 4646: 4645: 4644: 4643: 4633: 4632: 4631: 4626: 4621: 4616: 4614:Desert castles 4605: 4603: 4597: 4596: 4594: 4593: 4592: 4591: 4586: 4581: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4533: 4528: 4522: 4520: 4516: 4515: 4513: 4512: 4507: 4502: 4497: 4492: 4487: 4482: 4477: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4442: 4437: 4432: 4427: 4422: 4416: 4414: 4410: 4409: 4407: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4391: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4356: 4351: 4346: 4341: 4335: 4333: 4329: 4328: 4320: 4319: 4312: 4305: 4297: 4290: 4289: 4267: 4245: 4239: 4217: 4211: 4189: 4183: 4165: 4159: 4144: 4138: 4119: 4113: 4086:van Donzel, E. 4073: 4061:10.1086/372899 4055:(4): 291–305. 4042: 3995: 3989: 3971:Lewis, Bernard 3967: 3961: 3934:van Donzel, E. 3921: 3903:Lammens, Henri 3899: 3893: 3875: 3869: 3851: 3845: 3827: 3821: 3806: 3800: 3782: 3776: 3763:, ed. (1989). 3761:Hawting, G. R. 3757: 3751: 3731: 3692:Kramers, J. H. 3688:Gibb, H. A. R. 3680:Gibb, H. A. R. 3676: 3637:Kramers, J. H. 3633:Gibb, H. A. R. 3625:Gibb, H. A. R. 3621: 3578: 3572: 3550: 3544: 3531: 3525: 3507: 3501: 3483: 3455:Krämer, Gudrun 3446: 3440: 3413: 3389: 3383: 3360: 3358: 3355: 3353: 3352: 3340: 3328: 3316: 3304: 3292: 3277: 3273:Sachedina 1981 3265: 3250: 3235: 3223: 3211: 3199: 3187: 3175: 3163: 3151: 3139: 3127: 3112: 3100: 3088: 3076: 3074:, p. 105. 3064: 3052: 3040: 3028: 3016: 3004: 2992: 2980: 2965: 2950: 2948:, p. 137. 2938: 2921: 2906: 2904:, p. 188. 2894: 2882: 2870: 2858: 2843: 2831: 2819: 2807: 2788: 2776: 2774:, p. 186. 2764: 2752: 2740: 2728: 2716: 2704: 2702:, p. 185. 2692: 2680: 2668: 2656: 2644: 2632: 2620: 2608: 2596: 2584: 2565: 2553: 2538: 2523: 2511: 2496: 2484: 2482:, p. 110. 2472: 2460: 2448: 2433: 2418: 2406: 2389: 2372: 2360: 2345: 2343:, p. 170. 2333: 2321: 2319:, p. 182. 2306: 2294: 2282: 2270: 2253: 2238: 2226: 2214: 2212:, p. 180. 2202: 2187: 2175: 2163: 2151: 2139: 2127: 2115: 2103: 2091: 2079: 2064: 2062:, p. 145. 2052: 2037: 2035:, p. 322. 2025: 2023:, p. 140. 2010: 1993: 1991:, p. 177. 1978: 1976:, p. 167. 1966: 1964:, p. 166. 1954: 1942: 1930: 1911: 1909:, p. 178. 1894: 1892:, p. 930. 1881: 1879: 1876: 1874: 1871: 1868: 1867: 1826: 1817: 1813: 685–705 1785: 656–661 1769: 1744: 1728: 1715: 1688: 1687: 1685: 1682: 1661:eschatological 1630:procession in 1620: 1617: 1592: 1589: 1559: 1556: 1534: 1531: 1526:besieged Mecca 1454: 1451: 1414:Umar ibn Sa'ad 1381: 1378: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1332: 1329: 1256: 1253: 1171:Main article: 1157: 1154: 1122: 1119: 1110:besieged Mecca 1070: 632–634 1048: 1045: 1001:Main article: 998: 995: 993: 990: 947:Husayn ibn Ali 920: 917: 811: 808: 792:siege of Mecca 764:besieged Mecca 697:Husayn ibn Ali 667: 666: 664: 663: 661:Zanj Rebellion 658: 653: 648: 643: 638: 633: 632: 631: 620: 615: 610: 605: 600: 599: 598: 588: 586:Yahya ibn Zayd 582: 577: 572: 567: 562: 557: 552: 547: 542: 536: 533: 532: 527:Civil wars of 523: 522: 515: 508: 500: 491: 490: 488: 487: 482: 477: 472: 467: 461: 460: 454: 453: 447: 437: 432: 426: 425: 417: 414: 413: 404: 403: 396: 389: 381: 373: 372: 364:(691/92) 345: 303:Husayn ibn Ali 299: 253: 164:Umar ibn Sa'ad 145: 144: 140: 139: 132: 125: 118: 110: 109: 105: 104: 101: 100: 94: 90: 89: 86: 85: 80: 75: 70: 64: 63: 61: 57: 56: 53: 45: 44: 34: 33: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4700: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4675: 4673: 4660: 4656: 4650: 4642: 4639: 4638: 4637: 4634: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4611: 4610: 4607: 4606: 4604: 4602: 4598: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4580: 4577: 4576: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4523: 4521: 4517: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4495:Berber Revolt 4493: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4417: 4415: 4411: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4336: 4334: 4330: 4325: 4318: 4313: 4311: 4306: 4304: 4299: 4298: 4295: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4277: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4255: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4240:9780852242452 4236: 4232: 4228: 4227: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4212:9789652235015 4208: 4204: 4201:. Jerusalem: 4200: 4199: 4194: 4193:Sharon, Moshe 4190: 4186: 4184:9780873954426 4180: 4176: 4175: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4160:9783515029131 4156: 4152: 4151: 4145: 4141: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4126: 4120: 4116: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4100: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4049: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4025: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4011:Ménage, V. L. 4008: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3990:9780191647161 3986: 3982: 3978: 3977: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3948: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3909: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3890: 3886: 3885: 3880: 3879:Kennedy, Hugh 3876: 3872: 3866: 3862: 3861: 3856: 3855:Kennedy, Hugh 3852: 3848: 3846:0-415-25093-5 3842: 3838: 3837: 3832: 3831:Kennedy, Hugh 3828: 3824: 3818: 3814: 3813: 3807: 3803: 3801:0-415-24072-7 3797: 3793: 3792: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3773: 3769: 3768: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3748: 3743: 3742: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3714: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3659: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3604: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3582:Gardet, Louis 3579: 3575: 3573:9780674050976 3569: 3565: 3561: 3560: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3545:9780718901493 3541: 3537: 3532: 3528: 3522: 3518: 3517: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3502:0-521-52940-9 3498: 3494: 3493: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3447: 3443: 3441:9789004326279 3437: 3433: 3429: 3428:South Holland 3425: 3421: 3420: 3414: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3384:9789960500157 3380: 3376: 3372: 3371: 3366: 3362: 3361: 3350:, p. 52. 3349: 3344: 3337: 3336:Campbell 2009 3332: 3325: 3324:Arjomand 2007 3320: 3313: 3312:Madelung 1981 3308: 3301: 3296: 3289: 3288:Madelung 1971 3284: 3282: 3274: 3269: 3262: 3261:Madelung 1986 3257: 3255: 3248:, p. 34. 3247: 3246:Arjomand 2016 3242: 3240: 3232: 3227: 3221:, p. 62. 3220: 3215: 3208: 3203: 3197:, p. 83. 3196: 3191: 3184: 3179: 3172: 3167: 3160: 3155: 3149:, p. 50. 3148: 3143: 3137:, p. 50. 3136: 3131: 3125:, p. 16. 3124: 3119: 3117: 3110:, p. 68. 3109: 3104: 3098:, p. 92. 3097: 3092: 3085: 3080: 3073: 3068: 3061: 3056: 3050:, p. 89. 3049: 3044: 3038:, p. 78. 3037: 3032: 3025: 3020: 3014:, p. 62. 3013: 3008: 3001: 2996: 2989: 2984: 2978:, p. 31. 2977: 2972: 2970: 2963:, p. 72. 2962: 2957: 2955: 2947: 2942: 2936:, p. 85. 2935: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2919:, p. 77. 2918: 2913: 2911: 2903: 2898: 2892:, p. 54. 2891: 2886: 2879: 2874: 2867: 2862: 2855: 2850: 2848: 2840: 2835: 2828: 2823: 2816: 2811: 2805:, p. 76. 2804: 2799: 2797: 2795: 2793: 2786:, p. 81. 2785: 2780: 2773: 2768: 2761: 2756: 2749: 2744: 2737: 2732: 2726:, p. 85. 2725: 2720: 2714:, p. 53. 2713: 2708: 2701: 2696: 2689: 2684: 2678:, p. 45. 2677: 2672: 2666:, p. 52. 2665: 2660: 2654:, p. 73. 2653: 2648: 2642:, p. 37. 2641: 2636: 2629: 2624: 2618:, p. 72. 2617: 2612: 2605: 2600: 2593: 2588: 2582:, p. 84. 2581: 2576: 2574: 2572: 2570: 2563:, p. 20. 2562: 2557: 2551:, p. 76. 2550: 2545: 2543: 2536:, p. 55. 2535: 2530: 2528: 2520: 2515: 2509:, p. 49. 2508: 2503: 2501: 2493: 2488: 2481: 2476: 2469: 2464: 2457: 2452: 2445: 2440: 2438: 2430: 2425: 2423: 2415: 2410: 2403: 2398: 2396: 2394: 2387:, p. 80. 2386: 2381: 2379: 2377: 2370:, p. 78. 2369: 2364: 2357: 2352: 2350: 2342: 2337: 2330: 2325: 2318: 2313: 2311: 2303: 2298: 2292:, p. 85. 2291: 2286: 2279: 2274: 2268:, p. 84. 2267: 2262: 2260: 2258: 2251:, p. 48. 2250: 2245: 2243: 2235: 2230: 2223: 2218: 2211: 2206: 2199: 2194: 2192: 2185:, p. 49. 2184: 2179: 2173:, p. 48. 2172: 2167: 2161:, p. 61. 2160: 2155: 2149:, p. 47. 2148: 2143: 2136: 2131: 2124: 2119: 2112: 2107: 2100: 2095: 2088: 2083: 2077:, p. 46. 2076: 2071: 2069: 2061: 2056: 2050:, p. 76. 2049: 2044: 2042: 2034: 2033:Madelung 1997 2029: 2022: 2017: 2015: 2008:, p. 67. 2007: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1990: 1985: 1983: 1975: 1970: 1963: 1958: 1951: 1946: 1939: 1934: 1928:, p. 77. 1927: 1922: 1920: 1918: 1916: 1908: 1903: 1901: 1899: 1891: 1886: 1882: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1830: 1821: 1807: 1803: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1779: 1773: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1748: 1741: 1737: 1732: 1725: 1719: 1711: 1703: 1699: 1693: 1689: 1681: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1665: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1649:Day of Ashura 1645: 1641: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1616: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1588: 1586: 1582: 1577: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1555: 1553: 1544: 1539: 1530: 1527: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1493: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1478: 1473: 1471: 1464: 1460: 1450: 1448: 1444: 1443:Abd al-Rahman 1439: 1438:second battle 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1406: 1401: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1377: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1361: 1357: 1342: 1339: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1311: 1307: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1288: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1252: 1250: 1245: 1240: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1174: 1167: 1162: 1153: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1138: 1132: 1128: 1118: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1102: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1079: 1075: 1064: 1058: 1054: 1044: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1013: 1009: 1004: 989: 987: 983: 982:G. R. Hawting 980: 976: 972: 967: 962: 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 939: 934: 933:Bernard Lewis 925: 916: 914: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 861: 856: 852: 848: 845: 841: 840:early caliphs 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 817: 807: 805: 801: 795: 793: 789: 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 716: 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 687: 683: 679: 675: 662: 659: 657: 654: 652: 649: 647: 644: 642: 639: 637: 634: 630: 626: 625: 624: 621: 619: 616: 614: 611: 609: 606: 604: 601: 597: 594: 593: 592: 589: 587: 583: 581: 580:Berber Revolt 578: 576: 573: 571: 568: 566: 563: 561: 558: 556: 553: 551: 548: 546: 543: 541: 538: 537: 534: 521: 516: 514: 509: 507: 502: 501: 498: 486: 483: 481: 478: 476: 473: 471: 468: 466: 463: 462: 459: 456: 455: 451: 448: 446: 442: 438: 436: 433: 431: 428: 427: 423: 419: 418: 415: 410: 402: 397: 395: 390: 388: 383: 382: 379: 371: 369: 363: 359: 357: 351: 350: 346: 344: 341: 337: 335: 329: 325: 323: 317: 313: 311: 305: 304: 300: 298: 295: 291: 289: 283: 279: 277: 271: 267: 265: 259: 258: 254: 251: 247: 245: 237: 230: 225: 220: 215: 211: 207: 205: 199: 195: 193: 187: 183: 182: 177: 176: 170: 165: 161: 160: 155: 152: 151: 147: 146: 141: 138: 137: 133: 131: 130: 126: 124: 123: 119: 117: 116: 112: 111: 106: 98: 95: 92: 91: 84: 81: 79: 76: 74: 71: 69: 66: 65: 62: 59: 58: 54: 51: 50: 46: 40: 35: 32: 27: 22: 19: 4678:Second Fitna 4435:Second Fitna 4434: 4359:Abd al-Malik 4275: 4253: 4225: 4197: 4173: 4149: 4124: 4104: 4097: 4052: 4046: 4029: 4022: 3975: 3952: 3945: 3907: 3883: 3859: 3835: 3811: 3790: 3765: 3740: 3718: 3711: 3663: 3656: 3608: 3601: 3558: 3535: 3515: 3491: 3462: 3418: 3405:. 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After the 717: 674:Second Fitna 673: 671: 629:Abu'l-Saraya 623:Fourth Fitna 596:Ibadi revolt 550:Second Fitna 549: 435:Ayn al-Warda 409:Second Fitna 408: 367: 355: 347: 342: 333: 321: 309: 301: 296: 287: 275: 263: 255: 243: 203: 191: 181:Abd al-Malik 179: 173: 157: 148: 134: 127: 120: 113: 108:Belligerents 29:Part of the 24:Second Fitna 18: 4636:Umayyad art 4500:Third Fitna 4425:First Fitna 4389:Al-Walid II 4349:Mu'awiya II 4094:Pellat, Ch. 4028:Volume III: 4019:Schacht, J. 4015:Pellat, Ch. 3951:Volume VII: 3942:Pellat, Ch. 3735:Halm, Heinz 3708:Pellat, Ch. 3700:Schacht, J. 3653:Pellat, Ch. 3645:Schacht, J. 3598:Schacht, J. 3594:Pellat, Ch. 3432:E. J. Brill 2902:Donner 2010 2866:Rotter 1982 2700:Donner 2010 2628:Sharon 1983 2468:Rotter 1982 2444:Rotter 1982 2290:Rotter 1982 2278:Donner 2010 2266:Rotter 1982 2234:Donner 2010 2210:Donner 2010 2135:Howard 1990 2123:Howard 1990 1989:Donner 2010 1974:Donner 2010 1962:Donner 2010 1950:Donner 2010 1938:Donner 2010 1907:Donner 2010 1890:Gardet 1965 1839:Adharbayjan 1742:is unclear. 1605:Third Fitna 1331:Dissensions 1244:Abd al-Aziz 1179:Mu'awiya II 1166:Mu'awiya II 966:Fred Donner 865:First Fitna 720:First Fitna 651:Fifth Fitna 636:East Africa 591:Third Fitna 545:First Fitna 352:(685) 330:(687) 318:(685) 306:(680) 284:(691) 272:(691) 260:(692) 200:(686) 188:(686) 166:(686) 4672:Categories 4579:Gold dinar 4519:Government 4364:Al-Walid I 4339:Mu'awiya I 4139:0521646960 4078:"Al–Mahdi" 3979:. Oxford: 3752:1558761349 3607:Volume II: 3375:Darussalam 3108:Lewis 2002 3036:Lewis 2002 2988:Crone 1980 2976:Crone 1980 2917:Gibb 1960b 2890:Gibb 1960a 2839:Dixon 1971 2827:Dixon 1971 2815:Dixon 1971 2803:Gibb 1960b 2760:Dixon 1971 2736:Dixon 1971 2676:Dixon 1971 2640:Dixon 1971 2592:Dixon 1971 2549:Lewis 2002 2534:Gibb 1960a 2480:Dixon 1971 2456:Dixon 1971 2429:Dixon 1971 2006:Lewis 2002 1873:References 1789:Kharijites 1755:supported 1740:Hadhramaut 1657:Kaysanites 1517:Hadhramawt 1470:Byzantines 1445:and other 1310:Banu Tamim 1273:Zabulistan 1220:Ibn Bahdal 1187:Abu Sufyan 979:Islamicist 964:Historian 897:Kharijites 844:companions 810:Background 689:Mu'awiya I 627:Revolt of 584:Revolt of 540:Ridda Wars 475:Marj Rahit 441:al-Mukhtar 439:Revolt of 343:(Defected) 297:(Defected) 252:(defected) 136:Kharijites 4536:Governors 4404:Marwan II 4394:Yazid III 4285:752790641 4263:453206240 4103:Volume V: 4090:Lewis, B. 4069:161061748 4038:495469525 4007:Lewis, B. 3917:474534621 3727:495469456 3717:Volume I: 3704:Lewis, B. 3672:495469456 3662:Volume I: 3649:Lewis, B. 3617:495469475 3590:Lewis, B. 3479:1873-9830 3123:Halm 1997 2561:Watt 1973 1878:Citations 1847:Khuzistan 1696:The word 1533:Aftermath 1477:Qarqisiya 1212:Banu Kalb 1203:Palestine 1199:Qinnasrin 826:declared 485:2nd Mecca 470:1st Mecca 4556:al-Haras 4379:Yazid II 4369:Sulayman 4354:Marwan I 4273:(1927). 4251:(1901). 4223:(1973). 4195:(1983). 4171:(1981). 4105:Khe–Mahi 4096:(eds.). 4021:(eds.). 4001:(1971). 3973:(2002). 3944:(eds.). 3905:(1921). 3881:(2016). 3857:(2007). 3833:(2001). 3788:(2000). 3737:(1997). 3710:(eds.). 3682:(1960). 3655:(eds.). 3627:(1960). 3600:(eds.). 3584:(1965). 3556:(2010). 3513:(1990). 3489:(1980). 3461:(eds.). 3395:(2007). 3367:(2008). 1855:Sijistan 1851:Khurasan 1835:Arminiya 1767:caliphs. 1765:Sufyanid 1753:Qaysites 1609:Abbasids 1554:in 750. 1320:Sasanian 1281:Khurasan 1261:Sijistan 1183:Sufyanid 1137:de facto 1063:Abu Bakr 913:Damascus 881:Mu'awiya 832:Muhammad 794:in 692. 465:Al-Harra 175:Marwan I 60:Location 4601:Culture 4413:History 4399:Ibrahim 4374:Umar II 4344:Yazid I 4332:Caliphs 4003:"Imāma" 3953:Mif–Naz 3586:"Fitna" 3357:Sources 1761:Kalbite 1677:hadiths 1509:Yamamah 1482:Azariqa 1372:in the 1322:-style 1037:Karbala 986:Umayyad 836:Quraysh 678:Islamic 430:Karbala 424:risings 368:† 356:† 334:† 322:† 310:† 288:† 276:† 264:† 244:† 224:Hurmala 204:† 192:† 150:Yazid I 99:victory 97:Umayyad 55:680–692 4584:Dirham 4566:Mawali 4551:Shurta 4526:Caliph 4420:Uthman 4384:Hisham 4326:topics 4283: 4261: 4237: 4209: 4181: 4157: 4136: 4111: 4092:& 4067: 4036: 4030:H–Iram 4017:& 3987: 3959: 3940:& 3915: 3891: 3867: 3843: 3819: 3798: 3774: 3749: 3725: 3706:& 3670: 3651:& 3615: 3596:& 3570: 3542: 3523: 3499: 3477: 3438: 3424:Leiden 3381: 1863:Kirman 1861:, and 1713:faith. 1710:Qur'an 1702:Arabic 1653:mawali 1632:Tehran 1628:Ashura 1581:ashraf 1569:ashraf 1565:ashraf 1447:ashraf 1434:Tigris 1418:ashraf 1410:mawali 1405:mawali 1392:, and 1374:Jazira 1324:dirham 1293:Rabi'a 1269:Zunbil 1233:Jabiya 1224:Khalid 1216:Jordan 1150:Kirman 1142:ashraf 1114:Ka'aba 1108:, who 855:A'isha 824:Medina 816:Uthman 728:Uthman 686:caliph 480:Maskin 445:Khazir 226: 216: 93:Result 78:Jazira 68:Arabia 31:Fitnas 4659:Media 4546:Barid 4541:Diwan 4080:. In 4065:S2CID 4005:. In 3928:. In 3767:64–66 3686:. In 3631:. In 3588:. In 3407:2 May 1843:Jibal 1797:Yazid 1724:Shi'a 1698:fitna 1684:Notes 1669:Mahdi 1644:Sunni 1640:Shi'a 1543:dinar 1521:Ta'if 1513:Yemen 1501:Najda 1297:Mudar 1229:shura 1095:Hejaz 1078:shura 1074:Mecca 1021:Alids 943:shura 938:Yazid 905:Hasan 885:Syria 873:Basra 871:near 860:shura 804:Shi'a 800:Sunni 768:Syria 748:Alids 744:Yazid 740:Hasan 214:Shimr 129:Alids 73:Syria 4281:OCLC 4259:OCLC 4235:ISBN 4207:ISBN 4203:JSAI 4179:ISBN 4155:ISBN 4134:ISBN 4109:ISBN 4034:OCLC 3985:ISBN 3957:ISBN 3913:OCLC 3889:ISBN 3865:ISBN 3841:ISBN 3817:ISBN 3796:ISBN 3772:ISBN 3747:ISBN 3723:OCLC 3668:OCLC 3613:OCLC 3568:ISBN 3540:ISBN 3521:ISBN 3497:ISBN 3475:ISSN 3436:ISBN 3409:2019 3379:ISBN 1859:Fars 1751:The 1736:Oman 1706:فتنة 1642:and 1515:and 1507:and 1505:Najd 1461:and 1358:and 1277:Salm 1201:and 1195:Hims 1191:Qays 1148:and 1146:Fars 1129:and 1055:and 957:and 877:Kufa 849:and 802:and 752:Kufa 709:Iraq 703:and 672:The 422:Alid 420:Pro- 83:Iraq 52:Date 4057:doi 3719:A–B 3664:A–B 3609:C–G 3467:doi 1778:Ali 1601:Azd 1152:). 828:Ali 818:'s 750:of 732:Ali 4674:: 4233:. 4205:. 4132:. 4101:. 4088:; 4084:; 4063:. 4053:40 4051:. 4026:. 4013:; 4009:; 3983:. 3949:. 3936:; 3932:; 3715:. 3702:; 3698:; 3694:; 3690:; 3660:. 3647:; 3643:; 3639:; 3635:; 3605:. 3592:; 3566:. 3473:. 3434:. 3430:: 3426:, 3422:. 3399:. 3377:. 3280:^ 3253:^ 3238:^ 3115:^ 2968:^ 2953:^ 2924:^ 2909:^ 2846:^ 2791:^ 2568:^ 2541:^ 2526:^ 2499:^ 2436:^ 2421:^ 2392:^ 2375:^ 2348:^ 2309:^ 2256:^ 2241:^ 2190:^ 2067:^ 2040:^ 2013:^ 1996:^ 1981:^ 1914:^ 1897:^ 1857:, 1853:, 1849:, 1845:, 1841:, 1837:, 1815:). 1811:r. 1783:r. 1704:: 1388:, 1251:. 1197:, 1068:r. 953:, 949:, 915:. 879:. 726:, 715:. 4316:e 4309:t 4302:v 4287:. 4265:. 4243:. 4215:. 4187:. 4163:. 4142:. 4117:. 4071:. 4059:: 4040:. 3993:. 3965:. 3919:. 3897:. 3873:. 3849:. 3825:. 3804:. 3780:. 3755:. 3729:. 3674:. 3619:. 3576:. 3548:. 3529:. 3505:. 3481:. 3469:: 3444:. 3411:. 3387:. 3338:. 3314:. 1808:( 1780:( 1700:( 1140:( 1065:( 519:e 512:t 505:v 452:) 443:( 400:e 393:t 386:v 154:#

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